79:(WHO) is:- Any specified substances in or on food, agricultural commodities or animal feed resulting from the use of a pesticide. The term includes any derivatives of a pesticide, such as conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance. The term “pesticide residue” includes residues from unknown or unavoidable sources (e.g. environmental) as well as known uses of the chemical. The definition of a residue for compliance with maximum residue limits (MRLs) is that combination of the pesticide and its metabolites, derivatives and related compounds to which the MRL applies.
767:, and measures are taken to keep pesticide residues below the tolerances. The US EPA has a web page for the allowable tolerances. In order to assess the risks associated with pesticides on human health, the EPA analyzed individual pesticide active ingredients as well as the common toxic effect that groups of pesticides have, called the cumulative risk assessment. Limits that the EPA sets on pesticides before approving them includes a determination of how often the pesticide should be used and how it should be used, in order to protect the public and the environment. In the US, the
2155:
931:. Due to similarities in brain biochemistry among many different organisms, there is much speculation that these chemicals can have a negative impact on humans as well. Children are especially vulnerable to exposure to pesticides, especially at critical windows of development. Infants and children consume higher amounts of food relative to their body-weight, and have a more permeable
860:
of agricultural workers due to exposure to pesticides is a very serious matter resulting in many deaths and hospitalizations. The effects of pesticides at high concentrations on human health is a thus a matter of much study, resulting in many publications on the toxicology of pesticides. However the
188:
Pre-harvest intervals are also set to require a crop or livestock product not be harvested before a certain period after application in order to allow the pesticide residue to decrease below maximum residue limits or other tolerance levels. Likewise, restricted entry intervals are the amount of time
750:
Monitoring of pesticide residues in the UK began in the 1950s. From 1977 to 2000 the work was carried out by the
Working Party on Pesticide Residues (WPPR), until in 2000 the work was taken over by the Pesticide Residue Committee (PRC). The PRC advise the government through the Pesticides Safety
786:
data. This list is generally considered misleading and lacks scientific credibility because it lists detections without accounting for the risk of the usually small amount of each residue with respect to consumer health. In 2016, over 99% of samples of US produce had no pesticide residue or had
888:
in 2012, they found that "current evidence does not support any meaningful nutritional benefits or deficits from eating organic compared with conventionally grown foods, and there are no well-powered human studies that directly demonstrate health benefits or disease protection as a result of
33:
of these residues in foods are stipulated by regulatory bodies in many countries. Regulations such as pre-harvest intervals also prevent harvest of crop or livestock products if recently treated in order to allow residue concentrations to decrease over time to safe levels before harvest.
720:
The
European Union has a searchable database with the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for 716 pesticides. Under the previous system, revised in 2008, certain pesticide residues were regulated by the commission; others were regulated by Member States, and others were not regulated at all.
935:, all of which can contribute to increased risks from exposure to pesticide residues. However, in 2008 the OECD report that the existing guideline represents the best available science for assessing the potential for developmental neurotoxicity in human health risk assessment.
169:. Persistent pesticides are no longer used for agriculture, and will not be approved by the authorities. Because the half life in soil is long (for DDT 2–15 years) residues can still be detected in humans at levels 5 to 10 times lower than found in the 1970s.
1750:
1098:
Pesticide Usage in the United States: History, Benefits, Risks, and Trends; Bulletin 1121, November 2000, K.S. Delaplane, Cooperative
Extension Service, The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
913:. It resulted in over 300 cases of poisoning and 3 deaths. Also, there was a case where a large number of students were poisoned and 23 of them were hospitalized because of vegetables that contained excessive pesticide residues.
872:
there is no evidence that pesticide residues increase the risk of people getting cancer. The ACA advises washing fruit and vegetables before eating to remove both pesticide residue and other undesirable contaminants.
99:) and plant derived products. Most of these were abandoned because they were highly toxic and ineffective. Since World War II pesticides composed of synthetic organic compounds were the most important form of
782:, is known for creating a list of fruits and vegetables referred to as the Dirty Dozen; it lists produce with the highest number of distinct pesticide residues or most samples with residue detected in
209:(WHO) in 1963 to develop international food standards, guidelines codes of practices, and recommendation for food safety. Currently the CODEX has 185 Member Countries and 1 member organization (EU).
1028:
135:
were also found at this time. Those pesticides were widely used due to their effective pest control. Problems with environmental issues of DDT became increasingly apparent, since it is
897:
In China, a number of incidents have occurred where state limits were exceeded by large amounts or where the wrong pesticide was used. In August 1994, a serious incident of
823:
185:(ADI). The level of food additive usage varies by country because forms of agriculture are different in regions according to their geographical or climatical factors.
905:
crops occurred in
Shandong province, China. Because local farmers were not fully educated in the use of insecticides, they used the highly-toxic pesticide named
819:
202:
1158:
Lobe, J (16 September 2006), "WHO urges DDT for malaria control
Strategies," Inter Press Service, cited from Commondreams.org. Retrieved on 15 September 2007
166:
1733:
1697:
826:
have jointly established mechanisms and working procedures relating to maximum residue limit standards, while updating them continuously, according to the
831:
998:
1032:
189:
to allow residue concentrations to decrease before a worker can reenter without protective equipment an area where pesticides have been applied.
807:
764:
1417:
2403:
1776:
Forman, Joel; Silverstein, Janet; Committee on
Nutrition; Council on Environmental Health; American Academy of Pediatrics (November 2012).
842:, from Maximum Residue Limits for 12 Pesticides to 85 pesticides, they have improved the standards in response to Chinese national needs.
1583:
1133:
1623:
1101:
1711:
1675:
865:
of pesticides in food are low, and are carefully set by the authorities to ensure, to their best judgement, no health impacts.
959:
1443:
2051:
735:
954:
2174:
1945:"A Retrospective Performance Assessment of the Developmental Neurotoxicity Study in Support of OECD Test Guideline 426"
1395:
1168:
2014:
1334:
2398:
739:
730:
2329:
715:
1751:"ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention – Common questions about diet and cancer"
2339:
949:
881:
1994:
1499:"Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues from Commodities Alleged to Contain the Highest Contamination Levels"
1194:
2214:
2169:
969:
800:
768:
136:
2388:
2357:
2184:
779:
56:: organisms dangerous to cultivated plants or to animals. The term applies to various pesticides such as
1347:
2352:
2279:
2199:
1775:
2334:
2249:
738:
develops the standards for levels of pesticide residues in foods through a consultation process. The
206:
76:
876:
There are many studies on the health differences between consumers of organic foods vs consumers of
2289:
2284:
2209:
2194:
2044:
1297:
1372:
1219:
2189:
1754:
1421:
932:
869:
763:
In the US, tolerances for the amount of pesticide residue that may remain on food are set by the
212:
The following is the list of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for spices adopted by the commission.
182:
810:
through the Drug and Food Safety
Committee. Unlisted residue amounts are restricted to 0.01ppm.
2302:
1447:
1653:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2204:
1840:
1068:
862:
752:
178:
30:
1304:. Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 15 November 2018
2393:
2324:
2269:
1854:
827:
2009:
8:
2383:
2362:
2254:
2037:
1609:
1198:
974:
898:
857:
276:
1858:
103:. The growth in these pesticides accelerated in late 1940s after Paul Müller discovered
2259:
1969:
1925:
1877:
1842:
1631:
1565:
1525:
1498:
1245:
1108:
198:
742:
publishes the maximum limits of pesticide residues for foods produced in New
Zealand.
2274:
1974:
1929:
1917:
1882:
1807:
1799:
1727:
1691:
1530:
1127:
944:
922:
657:
92:
1569:
1146:
1008:
2244:
1964:
1956:
1909:
1872:
1862:
1789:
1557:
1520:
1510:
1322:
1012:
1003:
555:
144:
2024:
2019:
1944:
2229:
242:
140:
1054:
2308:
1610:"The Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemical Residues in Foods"
1561:
2377:
2295:
1913:
1803:
1007:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
928:
521:
153:
148:
53:
1016:
2219:
2124:
2097:
2092:
1978:
1921:
1899:
1886:
1867:
1811:
1794:
1777:
1534:
910:
902:
885:
877:
851:
445:
297:
255:
162:
100:
1841:
Marina Bjørling-Poulsen; Helle Raun
Andersen; Philippe Grandjean. (2008).
1515:
2139:
2119:
2082:
1149:, Patricia Muir at Oregon State University. Last updated 22 October 2012.
964:
695:
57:
1472:
2179:
2129:
1824:
1624:"Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture Released MRL Standards"
1612:(Press release). The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation. May 2006.
1271:
775:
also routinely check food for the actual levels of pesticide residues.
674:
644:
589:
576:
403:
390:
369:
335:
69:
43:
2154:
1960:
1900:
Bernard Weiss; Sherlita Amler; Robert W. Amler. (2004). "Pesticides".
1778:"Organic foods: health and environmental advantages and disadvantages"
2144:
2134:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2077:
2068:
2060:
2004:
1548:
Gribble, Gordon W. (3 March 2013). "Food chemistry and chemophobia".
1335:
CODEX International Food
Standards, Maximum Residue Limits for Spices
1069:"Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food"
906:
623:
534:
508:
487:
466:
124:
120:
65:
61:
49:
26:
22:
1843:"Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe"
1825:"Environmental Pesticide Pollution and Its Countermeasures in China"
87:
Prior to 1940, pesticides consisted of inorganic compounds (copper,
979:
314:
229:
112:
1654:"China released 85 kinds of food pesticide maximum residue limits"
2087:
2025:
Pesticides and Food:What the Pesticide Residue Limits are on Food
602:
348:
88:
1831:
Vol. 32, No. 1 (February 2003), pp. 78-80 Published by: Springer
927:
Many pesticides achieve their intended use of killing pests by
424:
128:
116:
108:
2029:
1630:. Press Office of the Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from
197:
Some countries use the International Maximum Residue Limits -
132:
1827:
Xu Hui, Qian Yi, Peng Bu-zhuo, Jiang Xiliu and Hua Xiao-mei
1678:(in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 December 2012
52:
is a substance or a mixture of substances used for killing
1999:
783:
772:
96:
788:
177:
Each country adopts their own agricultural policies and
158:
104:
25:
that may remain on or in food, after they are applied to
75:
The definition of residue of pesticide according to the
203:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
201:
to define the residue limits; this was established by
165:. DDT was banned for agricultural use in 1972 and the
1584:"How Organic Produce Can Make America Less Healthy"
1396:"CRD | About PRiF | The Role of the PRiF"
1298:"Pesticides - Re-entry Interval : OSH Answers"
1094:
1092:
799:In Japan, pesticide residues are regulated by the
1246:"Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Factsheet"
1195:"Approval of pesticides and herbicides in the EU"
1031:. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
2375:
1732:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1714:. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012
1696:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1089:
2020:CODEX Alimentarius International Food Standards
1325:(23 October 2012) Retrieved on October 28, 2012
1337:(23 October 2012) Retrieved on 28 October 2012
2045:
1420:. Access.gpo.gov. 1 July 2004. Archived from
2010:International Maximum Residue Level Database
1995:WHO fact sheet on pesticide residues in food
1656:. World agricultural network Chinese network
1541:
107:in 1939. The effects of pesticides such as
2052:
2038:
1893:
1712:"Maximum Residue Limits for 85 Pesticides"
1676:"Maximum Residue Limits for 12 Pesticides"
1496:
1490:
1076:International programme on chemical safety
1968:
1876:
1866:
1793:
1524:
1514:
1250:Center for disease control and prevention
1224:Center for disease control and prevention
916:
1834:
2000:The European Pesticide Residue Workshop
1547:
1497:Winter, Carl K.; Katz, Josh M. (2011).
1278:. National Pesticide Information Center
1066:
982:- method for testing pesticide residues
2376:
1942:
1745:
1743:
1467:
1465:
1132:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1057:epa.gov. Retrieved on 24 October 2012.
808:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
778:A US organic food advocacy group, the
2033:
1477:U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
1173:EPA (environmental protection agency)
1021:
960:Environmental issues with agriculture
791:tolerance levels for each pesticide.
892:
806:Pesticide tolerances are set by the
736:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
2404:Environmental impact of agriculture
1740:
1628:China Pesticide Information Network
1462:
1375:. New Zealand Food Safety Authority
955:Environmental effects of pesticides
13:
1323:CODEX International Food Standards
1004:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
14:
2415:
1988:
1949:Environmental Health Perspectives
1446:. 17 October 2014. Archived from
1053:US Environmental (24 July 2007),
845:
745:
740:New Zealand Food Safety Authority
731:Pesticide residues in New Zealand
709:
2153:
2015:US EPA Pesticide Chemical Search
1220:"National Biomonitoring Program"
758:
716:Pesticides in the European Union
192:
1936:
1818:
1769:
1704:
1668:
1646:
1616:
1602:
1576:
1444:"Pesticides: Health and Safety"
1436:
1410:
1393:
1387:
1365:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1290:
1264:
1238:
1212:
2059:
1187:
1169:"About Pesticide Registration"
1161:
1152:
1140:
1060:
1047:
992:
882:American Academy of Pediatrics
830:and regulations issued by the
787:residue levels well below the
724:
172:
1:
986:
929:disrupting the nervous system
82:
37:
2215:Persistent organic pollutant
1147:"A history of pesticide use"
970:List of environmental issues
889:consuming an organic diet."
769:Food and Drug Administration
221:Group or sub-group of spices
7:
2358:Index of pesticide articles
2185:Agricultural spray adjuvant
2005:Pesticide residue in Europe
1981:– via EHP publishing.
1418:"Protection of Environment"
938:
884:reviewed the literature on
780:Environmental Working Group
10:
2420:
2353:Integrated Pest Management
2200:Integrated pest management
950:Dose–response relationship
920:
856:Accidental or inadvertent
849:
728:
713:
41:
2348:
2317:
2250:Paradox of the pesticides
2162:
2151:
2067:
1943:Makris, Susan L. (2009).
1562:10.1007/s12571-013-0251-2
207:World Health Organization
77:world health organisation
2399:Food and the environment
2290:Pesticide Action Network
2210:Non-pesticide management
1914:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1030
1473:"Pesticide Data Program"
1348:"Maximum Residue Levels"
813:
794:
157:to illustrate a risk of
31:maximum allowable levels
2190:Biological pest control
1755:American Cancer Society
1067:Sheffer, Marla (2009).
1017:10.1351/goldbook.P04520
878:organically grown foods
870:American Cancer Society
824:Ministry of Agriculture
183:Acceptable Daily Intake
2303:The Pesticide Question
1868:10.1186/1476-069X-7-50
1795:10.1542/peds.2012-2579
917:Child neurodevelopment
863:maximum residue limits
179:Maximum Residue Limits
161:and how it threatened
2205:Maximum residue limit
2175:Environmental effects
1503:Journal of Toxicology
1272:"Preharvest Interval"
753:Food Standards Agency
2363:Pesticide categories
1847:Environmental Health
1055:What is a pesticide?
751:Directorate and the
143:in the body and the
1908:(4 Suppl): 1030–6.
1859:2008EnvHe...7...50B
1634:on 27 February 2015
1516:10.1155/2011/589674
1450:on 10 February 2003
1398:. Pesticides.gov.uk
1352:European commission
1199:European Commission
1029:"Pesticide Residue"
975:Pesticide poisoning
933:blood–brain barrier
899:pesticide poisoning
277:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
2389:Soil contamination
1424:on 4 February 2012
820:Ministry of Health
700:Entire spice group
199:Codex Alimentarius
2371:
2370:
1961:10.1289/ehp.11447
1788:(5): e1406–1415.
1009:pesticide residue
945:Child development
923:Child development
893:Chinese incidents
868:According to the
707:
706:
683:Roots or rhizomes
681:Fruits or berries
658:Pirimiphos-methyl
632:Roots or rhizomes
630:Fruits or berries
611:Roots or rhizomes
609:Fruits or berries
564:Roots or rhizomes
562:Fruits or berries
543:Roots or rhizomes
541:Fruits or berries
496:Roots or rhizomes
494:Fruits or berries
475:Roots or rhizomes
473:Fruits or berries
454:Roots or rhizomes
452:Fruits or berries
433:Roots or rhizomes
431:Fruits or berries
412:Roots or rhizomes
410:Fruits or berries
378:Roots or rhizomes
376:Fruits or berries
357:Roots or rhizomes
355:Fruits or berries
323:Roots or rhizomes
304:Roots or rhizomes
302:Fruits or berries
285:Roots or rhizomes
283:Fruits or berries
264:Roots or rhizomes
262:Fruits or berries
19:Pesticide residue
2411:
2157:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2030:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1797:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1666:
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1663:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1373:"Food Standards"
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:. 16 August 2021
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:. 4 January 2024
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1107:. Archived from
1106:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
996:
679:Seeds sub group
664:Fruits sub group
581:Entire Group 028
556:Parathion-methyl
526:Entire Group 028
395:Entire Group 028
340:Entire Group 028
247:Entire Group 028
234:Entire Group 028
215:
214:
147:. In the 1960s,
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2344:
2313:
2158:
2149:
2063:
2058:
1991:
1986:
1941:
1937:
1898:
1894:
1839:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1542:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1114:on 13 June 2010
1111:
1104:
1102:"Archived copy"
1100:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
997:
993:
989:
941:
925:
919:
895:
854:
848:
828:food safety law
816:
801:Food Safety Act
797:
761:
748:
733:
727:
718:
712:
689:
687:
682:
680:
668:
663:
662:Seeds sub group
638:
636:
631:
629:
617:
615:
610:
608:
570:
568:
563:
561:
549:
547:
542:
540:
502:
500:
495:
493:
481:
479:
474:
472:
460:
458:
453:
451:
439:
437:
432:
430:
418:
416:
411:
409:
384:
382:
377:
375:
363:
361:
356:
354:
329:
327:
322:
320:
308:
303:
291:
289:
284:
282:
270:
268:
263:
261:
243:Azinphos-methyl
195:
175:
85:
46:
40:
12:
11:
5:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:European Union
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2309:Toxicity class
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2335:New Zealand
2240:Degradation
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2225:Application
2140:Rodenticide
2120:Insecticide
2083:Bactericide
1761:12 December
1718:16 November
1682:16 November
1660:16 November
1638:16 November
1379:20 February
1118:10 November
965:Food safety
909:instead of
880:. When the
725:New Zealand
696:Vinclozolin
173:Regulations
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2384:Pesticides
2378:Categories
2318:By country
2275:Resurgence
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2180:Fumigation
2130:Nematicide
2061:Pesticides
1902:Pediatrics
1782:Pediatrics
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1454:8 February
1357:16 January
1039:9 November
987:References
921:See also:
771:(FDA) and
714:See also:
675:Quintozene
645:Pirimicarb
590:Phenthoate
577:Permethrin
404:Endosulfan
391:Disulfoton
370:Dimethoate
336:Dichlorvos
205:(FAO) and
181:(MRL) and
145:food chain
137:persistent
83:Background
70:nematocide
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2255:Poisoning
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535:Parathion
509:Metalaxyl
488:Malathion
467:Iprodione
218:Pesticide
125:parathion
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1979:19165382
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