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485:, in 1921, Zapffe learned for the first time about mountaineering, beginning with climbing challenges in Bærum, in Kolsås, the first mountain he climbed. In 1924 he was the first person to climb the top of Tommeltott in Ullsfjorden; in 1925, the Småting (south side) in Kvaløya; and the Bentsjordtind between Malangen and Balsfjorden. And in the same year: Okshorn, Snekollen and Mykkjetind were climbed. In 1926 it was a summit in Senja and also the Hollenderan summit in Kvaløya, first trodden by him: in 1987 the highest peak of the Hollenderan in Kvaløya was named after him. Today the summit is called "Zapffes tind" ('the top of Zapffe'). In 1928, Zapffe climbed the first summit of Skamtinden and was also the first to climb the front side of Svolværgeita.
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Zapffe's hobbies were varied, showing an early enthusiasm for painting. However, photography occupied him since the age of 12 through his father (himself a photographer), who lent his photographic equipment to his son. This also meant a kind of compensation for his myopia. The impact of his work as a
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Zapffe remarked that children are brought into the world without consent or forethought: "In accordance with my conception of life, I have chosen not to bring children into the world. A coin is examined, and only after careful deliberation, given to a beggar, whereas a child is flung out into the
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is the "fixation of points within, or construction of walls around, the liquid fray of consciousness". The anchoring mechanism provides individuals with a value or an ideal to consistently focus their attention on. Zapffe also applied the anchoring principle to society and stated that "God, the
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Zapffe left Tromsø on June 5, 1929. He found a room on Erling
Skjalgssøns street in Kristiania, living quite frugally and in a mentally catastrophic state: "The idea of death as the greatest consolation and escape, and which is always at hand, penetrates me with even greater force".
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is the refocusing of energy away from negative outlets, toward positive ones. The individuals distance themselves and look at their existence from an aesthetic point of view (e.g., writers, poets, painters). Zapffe himself pointed out that his produced works were the product of
533:, in which he described himself as a nihilist: "I am not a pessimist. I am a nihilist. Namely, not a pessimist in the sense that I have upsetting apprehensions, but a nihilist in a sense that is not moral".
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is when "one limits attention to the critical bounds by constantly enthralling it with impressions". Distraction focuses all of one's energy on a task or idea to prevent the mind from turning in on itself.
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Zapffe married
Bergljot Espolin Johnsen in 1935; they divorced in 1941. He married Berit Riis Christensen in 1952, they remained together until his death in 1990; Berit died in May 2008. Zapffe remained
526:, he lived from 1978 on a state pension. In 1987 he received the Honor Award from the Fritt Ord Foundation for "the original and versatile character of his literary work".
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has a need that nature cannot satisfy. The tragedy, following this theory, is that humans spend all their time trying not to be human. The human being, therefore, is a
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but was rejected. However, in 1965 he was accepted into a mountaineering society but as an honorary member, and again in 1987 in a mountaineering club from Tromsø.
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DS «Isbjørn», Zapffe served as German interpreter, his father was also on board: the expedition was then to search for the missing
Amundsen, but was unsuccessful.
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from his photographic documentation during his trips to the mountains. Much of his photographic production is currently cultural heritage.
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Son of the apothecary Fritz
Gottlieb Zapffe and Gudrun Wessel, Zapffe was related on his maternal side to the Danish-Norwegian admiral
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In "The Last
Messiah", Zapffe described four principal defense mechanisms that humankind uses to avoid facing this paradox:
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Zapffe's view is that humans are born with an overdeveloped skill (understanding, self-knowledge) which does not fit into
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386:, fate, the laws of life, the people, the future" are all examples of collective primary anchoring firmaments.
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357:'s design. The human craving for justification on matters such as life and death cannot be satisfied, hence
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is "a fully arbitrary dismissal from consciousness of all disturbing and destructive thought and feeling".
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411:(1983) was published. The two had known each other already for many years. Tønnessen had studied at the
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Zapffe was the author of many humorous short stories about climbing and other adventures in nature.
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In his last years of life, when he was frequently visited by journalists, he had an interview with
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561:. He was lifelong friends with the Norwegian philosopher and fellow mountaineer,
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I Choose the Truth. A Dialogue
Between Peter Wessel Zapffe and Herman Tønnessen
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333:. His thoughts regarding the error of human life are presented in the essay "
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The
Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical
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On the occasion of the 65th birthday of the
Norwegian–Canadian philosopher
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The
Logical Sandpit: Elementary Logic for University and Individual Study
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Den logiske sandkasse. Elementær logikk for universitet og selvstudium
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Reed, Peter; Rothenberg, David, eds. (1993). "Peter Wessel Zapffe".
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325:. His system of philosophy was inspired by the German philosopher
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Rough Joys, and other themes from a life lived under the open sky
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Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist
Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar
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The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror
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Wisdom in the Open Air: The Norwegian Roots of Deep Ecology
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Barske glæder og andre temaer fra et liv under åpen himmel
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Sense and Nonsense: Short Stories from Troms and Nordland
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Peter Wessel Zapffes fotografier til Nasjonalbiblioteket
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Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900
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The Secret of the Kingdom: A Short Biography of Jesus
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Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering
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Naken under kosmos: Peter Wessel Zapffe, en biografi
1453:Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives
635:), by Ib Henriksen (pseudonym.), Oslo, 1974. Play.
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639:Rikets hemmelighet. En kortfattet Jesus-biografi
633:With Doctor Wangel: An Earnest Jest in Five Acts
305:(18 December 1899 – 12 October 1990) was a
97:Philosopher, author, artist, lawyer, mountaineer
629:Hos doktor Wangel. En alvorlig spøk i fem akter
545:photographer can be seen reflected in his work
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623:Blissful Pentecost: Four Dialogues with Jørgen
589:Den fortapte sønn. En dramatisk gjenfortælling
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1134:(1990 documentary, subtitled in English) by
890:(1990 documentary, subtitled in English) by
703:Vett og uvett. Stubber fra Troms og Nordland
619:Lyksalig pinsefest. Fire samtaler med Jørgen
549:(1969), where it seems that he reconstructs
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693:Hvordan jeg blev sĂĄ flink og andre tekster
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930:Zapffe, Peter Wessel (March–April 2004).
680:Spøk og alvor. Epistler og leilighetsvers
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593:The Prodigal Son: A Dramatic Renarration
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309:philosopher, author, artist, lawyer and
860:Tangenes, Gisle R. (March–April 2004).
697:How I Became So Clever, and other texts
585:, translated by Ryan L. Showler (2024).
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886:cosmic brutality without hesitation."
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1418:Pessimism: A History and a Criticism
1328:The World as Will and Representation
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709:) by Einar K. Aas and P. W. Zapffe,
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1566:20th-century Norwegian male writers
1114:Norwegian Pessimistic Anti-Natalism
650:Collections of his shorter writings
603:Introduction to Literary Dramaturgy
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1490:History of philosophical pessimism
833:"Biography of Peter Wessel Zapffe"
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431:and took a very early interest in
329:, as well as his firm advocacy of
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1426:The Philosophy of Disenchantement
1401:Works by philosophical pessimists
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908:Zapffe, P.W. (25 November 2016).
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16:Norwegian philosopher (1899–1990)
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1391:Discomfort and Moral Impediment
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684:Jest and Earnest: epistles and
599:Indføring i litterær dramaturgi
439:sprung from the intent, not of
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1561:20th-century Norwegian lawyers
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488:In 1940 Zapffe applied to the
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1350:Philosophy of the Unconscious
1088:University of Minnesota Press
1028:Zapffe, Peter Wessel (1937).
1006:Zapffe, Peter Wessel (1969).
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754:
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1515:Benatar's asymmetry argument
1357:The Philosophy of Redemption
862:"The View from Mount Zapffe"
313:. He is often noted for his
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1596:Norwegian mountain climbers
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315:philosophically pessimistic
10:
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1126:The View from Mount Zapffe
1086:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
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507:on the way back to Italy.
1616:University of Oslo alumni
1611:Philosophers of pessimism
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1122:by Thomas Hylland Eriksen
495:In 1928, due to a storm,
423:Other interests and works
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259:, philosophical pessimism
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1606:Philosophers of nihilism
1376:A Short History of Decay
1156:University of the Arctic
1116:by Ole Martin Moen, 2022
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540:Zapffe with camera, 1949
531:Asker og Bærum Budstikke
190:Fritt Ord Honorary Award
137:Bergliot Espolin Johnson
1591:Norwegian photographers
1505:Philosophical pessimism
1202:Philosophical pessimism
230:Philosophical pessimism
205:20th-century philosophy
1132:The Humorous Pessimist
1120:Philosopher of tragedy
971:Haave, Jørgen (1999).
888:The Humorous Pessimist
771:Silhouettes of people
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437:nature conservationism
427:Zapffe was a prolific
286:Remedies against panic
220:Continental philosophy
164:Berit Riis Christensen
1525:Wild animal suffering
1500:Pessimism controversy
1449:(Frederick C. Beiser)
1384:The Human Predicament
1370:(Peter Wessel Zapffe)
1352:(Eduard von Hartmann)
1330:(Arthur Schopenhauer)
1051:"Peter Wessel Zapffe"
1008:"Parting with Gausta"
715:Kaare Espolin Johnson
713:1942. Illustrated by
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468:
443:, but to avoid human
150: 1935;
1461:(Mara van der Lugt)
1258:Peter Wessel Zapffe
1248:Eduard von Hartmann
1228:Arthur Schopenhauer
1037:Open Air Philosophy
1015:Open Air Philosophy
837:Open Air Philosophy
660:Essays and epistles
559:childless by choice
382:Church, the State,
327:Arthur Schopenhauer
303:Peter Wessel Zapffe
25:Peter Wessel Zapffe
1601:People from Tromsø
1485:Depressive realism
1361:Philipp Mainländer
1338:(Giacomo Leopardi)
1243:Philipp Mainländer
1218:Hegesias of Cyrene
1151:University of Oslo
932:"The Last Messiah"
910:"The Last Messiah"
799:Existential crisis
656:Essays og epistler
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460:Peter Tordenskjold
413:University of Oslo
349:Philosophical work
282:"The Last Messiah"
88:University of Oslo
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1532:
1468:
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1336:Small Moral Works
1166:OpenAirPhilosophy
1128:by Gisle Tangenes
1097:978-0-8166-2150-7
1061:on 8 October 2021
581:, 1941 and 1983.
499:'s zeppelin, the
441:protecting nature
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1473:Related articles
1437:(Thomas Ligotti)
1368:The Last Messiah
1345:(Julius Bahnsen)
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1223:Giacomo Leopardi
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1161:Family genealogy
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335:The Last Messiah
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1510:Problem of evil
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1455:(Colin Feltham)
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1386:(David Benatar)
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103:Notable work
70:(1990-10-12)
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1551:1990 deaths
1546:1899 births
1520:Weltschmerz
1495:Misanthropy
1299:Misanthropy
1263:Emil Cioran
912:. After us.
794:Emil Cioran
776: 1950
758: 1945
740: 1945
524:Emil Cioran
522:Similar to
447:of nature.
429:mountaineer
407:, the book
396:Sublimation
390:Distraction
311:mountaineer
253:Metaphysics
1540:Categories
1055:Hemneslekt
547:Rough Joys
513:icebreaker
483:Kristiania
319:fatalistic
49:1899-12-18
1410:Secondary
1030:"Stetind"
711:Trondheim
563:Arne Næss
475:Arne Næss
417:Arne Næss
379:Anchoring
373:Isolation
345:, 1941).
323:existence
307:Norwegian
242:Norwegian
1282:Concepts
1065:7 August
993:44854528
941:12 April
871:12 April
842:7 August
809:Nihilism
789:Biosophy
783:See also
551:ekphrase
384:morality
359:humanity
278:Biosophy
257:nihilism
239:Language
225:Biosophy
78:, Norway
59:, Norway
1320:Primary
722:Gallery
505:crashed
471:Stetind
363:paradox
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127:Spouses
1294:Duḥkha
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501:Italia
477:, 1937
355:nature
212:School
192:(1987)
186:Awards
57:Tromsø
1313:Works
1033:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
815:Notes
705:(En:
695:(En:
682:(En:
676:1969.
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641:(En:
631:(En:
621:(En:
611:(En:
601:(En:
591:(En:
473:with
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76:Asker
1092:ISBN
1067:2020
989:OCLC
979:ISBN
943:2020
873:2020
844:2020
674:Oslo
579:Oslo
317:and
152:div.
65:Died
43:Born
1136:NRK
892:NRK
672:),
481:In
201:Era
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
