Petre P. Carp - Knowledge

2875:. Going against the grain, Carp was for honoring the previous commitment, asking for Romania to declare war on the Entente, and therefore on Russia. He and King Carol were the only two statesmen who supported that option during the Crown Council of August 3, where a majority decided in favor of prolonged neutrality. The king and his former minister were saddened by the circumstances of their defeat: when Carp stated that the majority was legitimate but regrettable, Carol shook his hand and called him "a true statesman". During the Council, Carp first made public his belief that the Central Powers were unbeatable, and reprimanded the PNL men who voted for neutrality: "Nice one you pulled off. You have wrecked Romania." 2077: 3032:) lineage. To his "No Hohenzollern was ever defeated", Ferdinand tacitly acknowledged the issue: "I have already defeated one" (that is, himself). Carp then shocked the audience by stating: "I shall pray to God that the Romanian army be defeated", or, "I wish you'd be vanquished, for your victory would mean the country's destruction and demise." Sources also diverge on what Carp said next. One story is that he promised to sacrifice his sons for a cause he did not believe in, by allowing them to be drafted into the Romanian military. According to others, what he actually meant was that the three young men would be serving the Central Powers. 4127:, taking with it the legacy of 19th-century conservatism. According to Bulei, "a wave of indignation and oblivion" erased Carp's political precepts from Romanian public life. Writing in 2010, Bocancea suggested that Carp's disappearance was the loss of a political model, characterized by "conviction", "the refusal to compromise", and "civility". She notes: "Sadly, the political model that stood for did not generate as many followers as to form a critical mass that would dominate Romanian political life". Bocancea and Nemoianu also write that, once left vacant, the Conservatives' position was abusively taken up by the 10028: 2371:. This highly popular and young Conservative, who preserved strong links with the PNL, helped swing the vote in favor of Cantacuzino. Carp sincerely believed that Ionescu was a problem for the Conservative Party, and stated that his major goal was proving to the world that Ionescu was not a genuine politician. He was especially vexed by Ionescu's indifference to an unwritten law, according to which the King had an ultimate say in foreign policies. Carp's influence was also being contested by the new current formed around the Conservative Study Circle. Through its speakers Filipescu and 2016:

soon after the deal was sealed: "only now can we say that has her future ensured." Celebrated by those who opposed Russia, the treaty was for long kept a secret. Besides the Premier, Carp, and Maiorescu, only eight other politicians and none of the succeeding Ambassadors to Austria were informed of Brătianu's action, down to 1914. Although the Triple Alliance regrouped Romania and Austria-Hungary, Carp opposed the Austrians for discriminating against Romania on the issue of navigation, and resented their attempts to direct Germany's foreign policies.

2993: 3265: 3505: 1452: 4109: 3120: 3736: 3209:, and Bukovina too was incorporated. The developments perplexed Carp, leaving him to comment: "Romania is so lucky, that she can do without her statesmen." By early 1919, he was living in seclusion at his Țibănești manor. During May, the King's Commissioner began an investigation into Germanophile activities, questioning Carp about his wartime activities, and, more insistently, about those of his disciples. This action sparked protests in the media. Even the formerly Ententist 2614: 2752:

Conservative Chapter was sacked before Police could intervene. The Conservatives responded with a peaceful show of unity, during which Carp accused the opposition of sparking revolution to preserve a mere business interest. King Carol decided to mediate, asking Carp to seek a rapprochement with the Conservative-Democrats, but Take Ionescu posed unlikely conditions, such as a reformed constitutional regime and a public apology from Carp to Ion I. C. Brătianu.

2629:, coordinated by Marghiloman, were allegedly carried out with widespread intimidation and fraud. Reportedly, the Minister initially negotiated with the PNL and Take Ionescu, offering 55 seats to the opposition, but, being refused, allowed them only 42 seats at the vote count. The events only escalated Carp's conflict with Ionescu. The Conservative-Democrat leader stated that the new administration was illegitimate in front of both country and Crown. 4057:. His Shakespearean translations are, according to Călinescu, "bad". It remains unclear whether Carp truly followed the English originals: when a journalist expressed his doubts about his linguistic proficiency, Carp visited him and calmly addressed him what may have been English words of profanity. Carp's claim has again been placed in doubt when, generations later, it surfaced that he took his notes from the German-language Shakespeare editions. 1103: 2281:" of his cadres, explicitly denied him entry into his cabinet, but Carp still applauded its "modern" policies from the side. Although related to Sevastia Carp, Manu reportedly hated his Conservative colleague, probably because of their unequal boyar status. Carp was similarly marginalized during the fourth and final Catargiu administration (1891), but still described it as "one of the most fertile and useful" Romanian governments. 3540:, Carp urged the Romanian underclass to enrich itself through private enterprise, but came to the conclusion that Romanians were naturally inclined to evade work. His attempt to regulate the alcohol industry was related to that discourse: Carp stated that peasants "should be protected from their own vices", and once told an irate Eminescu that, in addition to being "lazy", the Romanians were "drunks". Such attitudes lead scholar 2832:, head of the Bucharest Conservative Club. This time around, it was accepted. In one of his letters, Negruzzi discussed how Carp braved his political isolation with jokes and wit, but noted: "Only he knows how it really feels deep down. As the saying goes: a man will do things to himself that the devil will not even venture to attempt." At the time, Carp's son Grigore was also coming under attack from the political opposition. 2967:

warned that the reported sufferings of the Transylvanian folk were a minor issue when compared with the need to preserve Romania's independence. This notion was expressed in his last speech to Parliament, a reply to Take Ionescu's pro-Entente rhetoric (December 1915)—as various commentators have noted, it was not Carp's greatest proof of elocution. Others, however, deem it "memorable", "unequaled", or at least "remarkable".

3817:. He witnessed with concern how antisemitism damaged Western attitudes about Romania. In the early 1870s, when Bismarck implied that Romania's Jews risked being stoned by their Christian neighbors, he replied (probably tongue-in-cheek): "Your Excellency should not forget that the Romanian has barely emerged out of the Stone Age." His unpopular ideas on the Jewish issue only had one prominent Romanian disciple, the 2528:. Cantacuzino hastily reconciled himself with Carp and Maiorescu, attempting to consolidate his parliamentary support in times of trouble. The same year, Carp was elected Chairman of the reunified party. When it came to handling the disturbances, Carp summarized the Conservative position for the government's benefit: "First you repress, then we'll advise." A letter of his, published in Austria-Hungary by the 1775: 2534:, even demanded foreign intervention against the rebels, and left Carp exposed to much criticism from within Romania's Parliament. A while after, Carp may have been a witness as Carol, overstepping his attributes, hoarded away from public scrutiny all documents which recorded the death toll caused by repression. Again noted for his reaction against antisemitism, Carp also demanded, and obtained, the 2339:, son of the PNL's Dimitrie Sturdza, who was by then the acting Premier. Despite their 1888 quarrel and their positioning on different sides of the political divide (which added journalistic interest to the wedding), Carp and Premier Sturdza were both dedicated Germanophiles. As a result of a government arrangement, Alexandru spent the next 12 years in Germany, where he trained with the 3043:, before friends persuaded him to join them in Bucharest. He was in the city as Romanian troops registered crushing defeats, and watched on as the King and his ministers followed the army on a hasty retreat into Moldavia. As the Romanian authorities established a provisional capital in Iași, the indignant Carp personally witnessed the triumphal entry of German troops into Bucharest. 31: 3759:

absolutely nothing in social life, he is an uncultured being, who never had a chance of knowing how varied, how many, there are manifestations of human thinking." As Carp noted, the natural breakdown of "forms without content", and the disruption of traditional lifestyles, had made it tempting for regular Romanians, and for crowd-pleasing orators, to use the Jew as a

2761: 3096:, deserted from the Moldavian front and made his way to Bucharest. He claimed that Russia had effectively occupied Moldavia, and wanted to organize a rival Romanian Army to liberate Iași. Some sources state that Carp immediately repudiated him upon arrival, but one account places Sturdza among Carp's visitors and confidants, as late as December 1917. 3028:). The news was communicated to the country's statesmen at a new Crown Council, on August 27, 1916. There followed a heated exchange between Carp and the King, as witnessed by the other participants—including arch-rival Take Ionescu, who noted " is Shakespearean in his error." Prophesying defeat, Carp brought into discussion Ferdinand's German ( 3393:. For millenniums now, the crowd and the rabble keep on working, and the elite keeps on governing". In his definition, the office holders needed to remain at all times separate from the passionate crowd. A physician, he argued, could trust his patients to describe their symptoms, but should not take their orders on what medicine to prescribe. 1859:. Eventually, on September 28, 1878, after a lengthy debate in Parliament and a convincing speech by Foreign Minister Kogălniceanu, the vote swung and the territorial exchange was given official endorsement. The government insisted that the incorporation was not a pittance or spoils of war, but the recovery of ancient Wallachian territory. 2805:, posing various threats to Romanian territorial ambitions. The mood in Bucharest was pro-war, and the populace saw an opportunity for hitting the interests of the Triple Alliance. Unusually, Carp numbered himself among the more hawkish proponents of a preemptive war with Bulgaria, suggesting outright the annexation of 4068:, but Carp always imposed himself by being "intelligent and concise", in sharp contrast with the "Romantic phraseology" of his contemporaries. As a public speaker, Carp sometimes resumed his earlier press debates with the PNL, notably by reproaching on his adversaries that they were enshrining Romania's own version of 2512:. In the background, the P. P. Carp–Take Ionescu debate, popularly known as "Take v. Petrache", was growing into a clash of doctrines. Ionescu's effort to make himself liked by King Carol, with the intention of toppling Chairman Cantacuzino, contributed to the inauguration of Romania's National Exhibit of 1906. The 2430:, and witnessed the first political disagreements between the two friends. Maiorescu was becoming convinced that Carp's ambitions could prove dangerous for their party, and privately complained that his friend still prioritized familial obligations over the business of state. The King too worried that the 3763:. Carp's political isolation was only increased by such discourse. According to Virgil Nemoianu, Carp was his usual "trenchant" speaker on this subject as well. Historian Armin Heinen notes that, with the minor socialist movement and, at times, Maiorescu, Carp was one of the very few to demand collective 2719:. He rejected Aromanian pleas to demand concessions from the Greek government, noting: "I shan't allow Romanian Macedonians to interfere with Romania's foreign policy." The Carp administration, and even its Aromanian public servants, opined that the Aromanian community was small in numbers and virtually 3869:

and offer the Romanian throne to a German or an Austrian prince. Romanian monarchism, Carp thought, was doomed either way, since Ferdinand's Russian allies were only going to depose him in due course. According to diaries kept by his Germanophile friends, he even began referring to Ferdinand as "that

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The Conservative Party was again divided, as an "Ententist" bloc emerged around Nicolae Filipescu; the most prominent and committed "Germanophiles" were Carp, Maiorescu, Th. Rosetti and Marghiloman. Within the latter camp, Carp was the more radical, for demanding a quick intervention. He continuously

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His main contribution was Romania's alignment with the Triple Alliance, negotiated by him in meetings with Bismarck. He was immersed in this project, as noted by historian Rudolf Dinu: " activity in certain moments exceeded by far the level of a mere negotiator". Brătianu personally thanked his envoy

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founders. Maiorescu was the only core member not to come from a wealthy family, and privately resented his aristocratic colleagues, Carp included, for their condescending behavior. However, Carp also used his nobleman's upbringing to Maiorescu's advantage, when he promised to duel all those who would

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was scandalous, because (he claimed) the territorial demands of Romania's lesser adversaries had taken precedence over Germany's long-term projects. Reputedly, he and Beldiman worked hard to undermine Marghiloman's reputation with the German side. Carp's refusal to participate in the 1918 Parliament

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rejoiced, claiming that, other than Carp's "anemic" followers, "the entire Conservative Party rallies, with greatest enthusiasm, to the call of Mr. Take Ionescu". Caragiale, much upset by the Conservative policies on the peasant revolt, joined Ionescu in his effort. He also began referring to Carp's

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As the territorial acquisitions and criticism from some Western observers were returning to the public agenda the issue of naturalization for non-Christians, Carp again spoke out in support of the Romanian Jews. The citizenship rights had by then been extended, under Western pressure, to accommodate

4022:"lacks common sense", according to George Călinescu. Carp contended that the work, a "mystification" of little artistic worth, should never even have been made public. Hasdeu defied his rival with similar jibes, and, when he put out a new edition of the work, even used Carp's article as a foreword. 3928:

largely failed at generating great literature; he includes Carp in a category of society members who are "either outside literature, or forgotten." Other readers have also argued that the Constitutionalist spokesman had effectively squandered his literary chances, a "prodigal son" who missed out on

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Lucian Boia believes that Marghiloman's rise to power in early 1918 was Ferdinand's compromise with the moderate Germanophiles: " had not turned more German than the Germans, as Carp had done. He had not spoken out against the dynasty, although he let it be understood that the king might reconsider

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asserted: "Should one have limited them to the Carpists? Could one, in the name of holy justice, punish them, without also punishing Carp, their leader and inspiration? And would it have been politically sound to prosecute Carp, at his more than 80 years of age, after his 50 years of honest public

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What happened next shocked Carp, and ruined his friendship with Maiorescu. In April 1912, the latter extended his hand to Ionescu and Filipescu, and a new coalition was created against both Brătianu and Carp. Once Maiorescu took over as Premier, Carp handed in his resignation from the post of party

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men, he denounced Catargiu as a figure from the past, and noted that the party's other program was exceptionally vague and "anodyne". In contrast to the PNL's reinvention into an articulate and unitary structure, the Conservative Party was still a loose association of clubs, called "cadre party" by

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views of his contemporaries: all ethnic Romanian immigrants to the province, including the new arrivals from Transylvania, were raised to the same level of citizenship as the local Muslims. In unison, Carp again overrode the Aromanian issue, resuming friendly relations with the Aromanians' nominal

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property). These policies angered the opposition Conservative-Democrats, who complained that Carp had "monkeyed" their own reform program. By January 1912, they joined up with the PNL in organizing mass demonstrations, calling for an immediate transfer of power, and alleging that a mass repression

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was the parliamentary opposition, while the "United Opposition" of Catargiu took its battle to the streets. The general public began to suspect that the PNL leader was backing the unpopular alliance with Germany, and Bismarck himself expressed concern that a neutralist policy would overturn Carp's

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emerging from the historical estates. Additionally, the Romanian aristocrat opposed on principle the idea that the state should become involved in redistribution, arguing that the landless would in time purchase, and "slowly" learn to make the best of, their own parcels. In line with this vision,

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Although he was no longer on speaking terms with Carp, Maiorescu valued his hard-line stance on the sensitive land reform issue, and, as new National Liberal cabinet was in the making, urged Carol to accept Carp as Leader of the Opposition. This offer was again dismissed by Carp, who felt himself

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bloc, who supported Carp for that same position, boycotted the event, and Ionescu soon discovered that the monarch disliked him even more than he resented Carp. In early 1907, negotiations between Carp and Cantacuzino came to nothing: to the displeasure of Maiorescu, Carp refused to integrate his

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were necessary improvements: "it is good for a party not to hold on to power for too long, and I believe that, in fact, from time to time, it is good for one party to step down and leave room for the other." When the PNL organized a retaliatory investigation of "White" management, Carp was one of

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Carp eventually incited the Conservative coalition to concede power. In an interview with his sympathizer Missir, he informed the suspicious public that, far from being a ruse, the move evidenced his party's "moral duty", that of not holding on to power against all odds. In 1898, Carp's daughter

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Despite the schism being formalized in this manner, the Constitutional group, with its weak electoral basis, was closely allied to the mainstream Conservatives, and participated the "Conservative concentration" governments of 1891–1896. There were still significant tensions between the various

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Still a legalist, Carp refused to enact such a program before Ferdinand and his government had been completely defeated. Reputedly, he informed the occupiers: "get moving and drive the Russians entirely out of the country—then we'll be talking about organizing and creating my administration."

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etc.) created the faction of "Conservative-Progressives", who demanded the enactment of some political reforms not found in Maiorescu's program. Unlike Carp, Maiorescu had already decided to retire, but only did so when he made sure that his disciple Marghiloman would succeed him (June 1914).

1127:(the first step to a unified Romania). He returned to Iași in autumn 1862, having just turned 25, and soon after dedicated himself to reanimating the city's intellectual scene. Carp embarked on a long friendship with the like-minded Titu Maiorescu. They shared an appreciation of Prussia and a 3865:, summarized its immediate goals: "we must reform the very foundation of internal administration, primary schooling, agrarian relations and the peasant issue; we must again generate the conditions for a well-governed state." Carp himself came to the conclusion that it was necessary to depose 3758:

P. P. Carp was an outspoken critic of generic intolerance, seeing it as the enemy of civic values. Speaking in 1892, he theorized: "Culturally speaking, the first sign of a backward state is intolerance. When somebody thinks that only he is right, that there is nothing outside his brain and

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as a basic requirement, but argued that its import of "forms" had rendered politicians unwilling to address the "content". He once noted: "For some, science is all that which has seen print. They discovered, already black on white, the ideas of some author, picked up his ideas, without ever

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stayed on. Amid this group of older and newer arrivals the man who synthesized its political action, Mr. P. Carp, with his recognized talent of capturing and rendering the characteristic note of any situation". Carp had a similar role in shaping the Conservative Party—in his own words, the

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From November 1891, Catargiu assigned him the portfolio of Agriculture and Industry, where he replaced Manu. In this capacity, he passed the 1895 Law on Mining, which created the opportunities for industrial growth at a national level. His other contributions were a new Law on Forestry, the

2008:, appointed by the Brătianu cabinet. He mistrusted the Premier's sincerity, but argued: "he cannot back out, everything is directed against Russia and for sure things are going to stay put for two or three years." His diplomatic skill was invoked in settling a major litigious issue, that of 4099:

metaphorically offered his own head if Carp would renounce fiscal reform, Carp retorted, deadpan: "I'd have no use for it." In reference to Take Ionescu's public speaking abilities, he argued: "Talent does not justify all avatars, just as beauty does not justify all forms of prostitution".

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the PNL as a party of thieves. The legal face-off between the Tramcar Society and the authorities who attempted to dissolve it was advantageous to the former, and hurt Marghiloman's prestige. The Interior Minister was caught up and mauled in a PNL-instigated public rally, and the Bucharest

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Carp saw himself as a pragmatic man, noting that his interest in policy was determined by real needs, rather than by political schemes, "literary phantasmagoria" or "abstract theories". In effect, commentators propose, Carp and Maiorescu were the exponents of a liberal-conservative and

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to behave in the same manner. However, researchers suggest, his cooperative stance was always more controversial than that of his nominal enemy Maiorescu. The latter politely refused offers for joining Kostaki's ministry, and remained loyal to Ferdinand until the moment of his death.

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reported that, although a man with "genius ideas", the Germanophile Premier was "coarse", annoying, and inclined "to throw himself in head-first". Eight years on, the French press was reporting with displeasure on Carp's strictness, fearing that it led Romania into becoming "a German

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at the helm. This period, known to the conservatives as the "Great government", managed to bring together all "White" factions. The quinquennial political crisis, that had almost prompted Carol to present his resignation, ended with that, and Romania experienced social development.

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In 1917, the massive failure of pro-Entente forces seemed to confirm that P. P. Carp had been right to press for a German alliance. Carp's supporters, and probably Carp as well, believed that the occupation signaled a "renaissance of the Romanian state". A conjectural supporter,

4033:: "Carp's language stepped out of its temporal framework and placed itself 60 years ahead in time . Carp has contributed to purifying and renovating our literary language". Between successive editions, his translations were purged of residual and odd neologisms, adopting pure 3234:

According to Carp's own words: "We have entered the era of revenge acts initiated by scoundrels and nitwits." However, the National Liberal establishment was itself unsure about how to approach the Carp dilemma. Discussing the 1919 prosecutions in his later essays, PNL leader

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were outraged that, prioritizing differences of opinion, Catargiu and his followers had refused to contribute their share in creating the 1881 Kingdom. Another point of contention was Catargiu's refusal to endorse one of Carp's cherished projects: Romania's adherence to the

1992:, alongside the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Italy. This perspective on foreign politics reunited Carp with King Carol and Ion Brătianu, who secretly convened that, after the taking of the Budjak, Romania needed to find herself in an anti-Russian defensive alliance. 1395:

sent Carp on his first diplomatic assignment, a secret mission to Napoleon III—Carp was to inquire about possible French objections to the enthronement of this Prussian prince, and recorded the Emperor's mild approval. Ghica and Carp, who were trying to contain a wave of

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not to switch to the "enemies of Romania" side, playing down the riots as a short-lived liberal nuisance (the "Strousberg Affair" was only solved in 1880, when the Romanian state purchased the German stock). Following this venture, Carp was also dispatched to the

2904:, held by Russia since 1812. Carp again advised against war on the Central Powers for the taking of Transylvania: "If we take Transylvania and lose the Mouths of the Danube, we are lost and so is Transylvania. If, on the other hand, we extend our borders to the 2979:

region, and if the legal status of Transylvanian Romanians would be improved. Sources record Marghiloman's attempt to mediate a new understanding between Carp and Maiorescu, rejected by Carp with the words: "Never, nothing with Maiorescu." The Entente's envoy

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the situation and abdicate. In circumstances where defeat was being acknowledged, Marghiloman seemed to be the one solution. Carp was too old, too intransigent and too isolated." Moreover, before becoming Premier, Marghiloman had categorically denounced the

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Although Carp had publicized his detailed program of government, the focus fell on a scandalous "Tramcar Affair", which the Premier was keen to exploit. At election time, Marghiloman revealed that the PNL had patronized a corruption network which misused the

4012:; contrarily, Carp wrote that "tyranny and cruelty" could never serve the public, and that Hasdeu's favorite was merely a glorified sadist. His stance on the issue was of contemporary interest, because Carp implicitly criticized those "Reds" who supported 3107:"). It was in effect a list of signatures for creating a Carp dictatorship upon the end of war, and its social impact, even in the context of occupation, was minor. Meanwhile, plagued by heart trouble and depression, Maiorescu died, an event which pushed 1494:'s policy toward Romania, which he regarded as callous and menacing, and believed that members of some other ethnic communities needed to be kept under watch. He therefore officially demanded a probe into the pro-Russian politics of Bulgarian committees. 2410:

also resisted the move—the other shareholders ultimately agreed to purchase government stock, and to provide future loans for the state. As an alternative measure, Carp leased the state tobacco monopoly to a bankers' syndicate. In Education, Minister

3480:. He expressed the opinion that any strict control coming in from Bucharest with the purpose of erasing regional loyalties, could never expect to turn locals into better citizens. As noted by Lucian Boia, Carp's main priorities, from the recovery of 3054:

promptly rejected this offer. Carp himself referred to the project as "nonsense", and bluntly refused to be contacted by Maiorescu for further deliberation on the subject. Soon however, a core group of "Carpist" supporters, headed by the bureaucrat

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was another sign of dissatisfaction. According to his political ally Nenițescu: "Neither Carp nor I shall be taking part in parliamentary procedures. This legislature is a sham. They elected many Liberals and who have fled to Marghiloman's camp."

4004:'s politically charged fables, Carp asserted that nobody but Sion could ever comprehend them: "the only clear things about are portrait and the preface". In a more famous debate, he rejected Hasdeu's attempt to introduce a Romantic cult around 1223:

The literary reunions attracted interest and became noisy banquets, the atmosphere of which is documented by Negruzzi's memoirs. He notes that Carp hardly ever consumed alcohol in public, but that, when he did, he was a sentimental drunk. The

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The "New Conservatives" eventually caucused with the Conservative Party, and effectively formed a single group in Parliament (more evidently so when Carp was out of the country). Carp and the others were however revolted when Catargiu joined

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According to Marghiloman, he later reduced such demands, only urging the Germans to quickly nominate their own choice of a Romanian king. He irritated the occupiers, addressing them as equals or posing more direct demands, and advising

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began meeting with the Russian envoys; Carp regretted Ottoman indifference, stating: "abandoned by all, we have been pushed into the arms of Russia". He also asked, rhetorically, "what is our guarantee against Russia?" Just before the

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described Carp, Marghiloman and most other Germanophiles in harsh terms, insisting that their platform was of marginal importance. Such interpretations were opposed by other authors, including the political history essays of Carpist

3727:, squeezes him and will squeeze him till he's choking." Shortly after the "Hot Iron" speech of 1911, he addressed Brătianu an equally famous exhortation: "Always be fair in your private life, always be selfless in your public life." 3991:

Carp's work as a reviewer blended politics with aesthetics, a "ferociously destructive" or "excessively incisive" attack on the supremacy of dilettante Romantics. He was at times only interested in pure derision, and, together with

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cabinet. The sovereign's own notes explain that he deeply mistrusted the United Opposition, and only called on "people devoted to me, who have always acted in the appropriate manner: Rosetti , Carp and Maiorescu" (alongside his own

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men into state affairs. Iacob Negruzzi, who initially complained ("That's how politics more or less tears apart our literary club. A shame in God's eyes!"), was soon co-opted into political life, leaving for Bucharest in mid-1870.

3451:. Thus, citing "our historical experience", Carp produced the slogan: "Under no circumstances us and Russia together", shortened by some to "Never with Russia". In 1915, he assessed that Russia was secretly planning to occupy the 2138:

During the troubled 1887–1888 period, when Catargiu and other opposition Conservatives left Parliament to push for the fall of Brătianu's cabinet, Carp's group stayed behind, and pursued dialogue with those in power. For a while,

2680:(thus ingratiating himself with the tavern-keeping lobby), and allowed soldiers to vote and run in elections. Carp also sought some bipartisan solutions, but had to deal with accusations of incompetence: the promotion of General 7447: 1679:. Carp resented the republicans, and noted that the riots were an opportunity for Carol to arrest the entire "Red" leadership. Epureanu's government fell in December 1870, but the "Whites" returned to power in March 1871, with 2191:. Locals were disheartened that a landowning party had been granted power, and rebelled. Carol felt threatened by the events, urging the troops to show "no mercy" when quashing the revolt, and blaming them on a Russian-style " 3666:

was largely incompatible with Bismarck's own economic tactics and political maneuvering. However, Stanomir argues, Carp did in fact conceive of an "embryonic" welfare state, "following in the trail of Bismarckian endeavors."

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budget, meaning that various National Liberal figures risked being arrested. Carp refused to negotiate on the issue, even after the two opposition parties embarked on their anti-government campaign. Through its junior member

3690:" and possibly theatrical at times. To his contemporaries, he seemed uncompromising to the brink of arrogance. Reportedly, Carol I once confessed: "I never felt less a King than when Carp had the reins of government", while 1490:, from ever becoming full citizens. On May 29, 1867, Carp joined some conservatives and centrist liberals who petitioned Carol, asking him to stop the "Reds" from expelling Moldavian Jews. Carp was equally alarmed about the 1734:, had agreed to caucus with Catargiu's conservatives. The Catargiu cabinet had Maiorescu as Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, but the latter resigned due to a political scandal. Carp was called in to replace his 1802:

seat. He watched with concern as the PNL drew Romania closer to Russia, and as Russia prepared to confront the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans refused to guarantee Romanian neutrality in the case of war, and Foreign Minister

2012:. Brătianu hoped that Carp could persuade the German side in the Danube Commission to vote against the Austrians, allowing Romania to fully control its territorial waters. Carp accomplished his task with unexpected ease. 4269:

officially adopted a thinly revised version of Kirițescu's stance, viewing Germanophila with a mixture of condemnation and embarrassment. Some new paths to interpreting Carp's policies were only made available after the

2790:, and became the only head of a parliamentary party not to hold a seat. In 1913, he tried to reaffirm his position in the Conservative Party by convening an irregular Party Congress, but effectively lost the leadership. 890:

and criticized modern experiments in governance. The two Carp administrations are remembered for their fiscal reforms, their encouragement of foreign investments, and their attempted clampdown on political corruption.

3092:. The Carpists were still committed to the cause of Bessarabia, and Kostaki assured his backers that, with German help, the province would eventually be made part of Romania. Early in 1917, Carp's son in law, Colonel 4087:, the Conservative doyen easily made himself enemies with his wit, and was often misunderstood by his peers. Carp, she writes, had the character of a spoiled "only child", and was constantly "ahead of his time". His 2908:, the Transylvania issue will be there to solve for future generations, with ease and without going into conflict with the Austro-Hungarian Empire." He explained his rationale in more detail within the 1915 brochure 1757:: according to Carp, the agreement implicitly recognized Romania's right to trade, and effectively ended her subordination to the Ottoman Empire. The "Red" liberals and former "Whites" such as Epureanu set up the 861:

Widely seen as unyielding and trenchant in his public stance, and respected as an orator, P. P. Carp stood against the majority current in various political debates. His entire discourse was an alternative to the

4242:("P. P. Carp, the Literary Critic and Man of Letters"), by Lovinescu, the former Ententist supporter. Lovinescu noted that Carp's "never with Russia" was prophetic, and that it naturally applied to the spread of 1862:

Carp watched in disbelief as the PNL's hold on power, by far the longest of its era, sent the "Whites" into a crisis. As a loyalist, he reacted strongly against Catargiu and other conservative leaders when their

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was to be enacted by his cabinet, he was more focused on tackling the economic slump. The dire economic situation had already brought down a Conservative cabinet, in which Take Ionescu was the Finance Minister.

2147:

The United Opposition staged a riot against the PNL in March 1888. Carp was shocked by the violent backlash, and, although he did not sign up to a common platform, joined the peaceful March of Mourning into the

1565:

closed down in May 1868, and reemerged for a second and last edition between January and July 1870. At that stage, it had allied itself with the monarchist wing of "Red" liberalism, in power with Prime Minister

3653:

clubs in Moldavia. Carp called them a "social disease", but, as Premier, toned down repression against all socialist groups. While Carp is often perceived as an uncompromising disciple of German nation-builder

3590:

For different reasons, Carp and Maiorescu preferred agriculture to industry, and were just as likely to demand checks on urban and industrial growth. Carp's own solution to urban proletarization was grassroots

2330:

loyalism (even though, in private, Carp described Popovici's effort as unrealistic). Popovici too became Carp's enthusiastic follower among the Transylvanians, counting him and Maiorescu as his personal idols.

3836:, for whom Carp is, "by Romanian standards", the "most magnanimous" and "altruistic" of 19th-century legislators. However, Oldson cautions, Carp's own project granted "piecemeal" concessions to local Jews. As 3162:, signed by 40 of his supporters, describing him as a providential figure, and calling on him to fulfill his political mission of governing Romania. In addition to senior Carpists, the signers included poet 2063:

s tone, telling Maiorescu to "make sure and calm down that Eminescu". Eminescu's quick sinking into a mental disorder put an end to such concerns, but the apparent string of coincidences continues to fuel a

3722:

and Brătianu, Carp attacked the PNL as a sanctuary of endemic corruption: "I know Mr. Brătianu does not desire , but corruption does desire him, and, with invisible but numerous arms, like those of a giant

2468:

as the "empty-headed old youth", whose politics were "jokes and jibes". Carp also registered a personal defeat when he resigned from the Jockey Club, which had rejected the application of his young protégé

2043:

rally in Iași. When the PNL rank and file threatened with a republican revolt, Carp issued a scornful reply. The Transylvanian problem also expanded the gap between the various Conservatives. The favorite

3358:, he stated, were "planting flowers into sandy soil" or building "a castle on sands". In order to elevate the "content", Carp suggested a slow build-up of civic consciousness and a steady increase of the 2974:

came out under the headline "We Want War with Russia". The Maiorescu-Marghiloman faction opted instead for friendly neutrality—they only envisaged active participation if the Austrians were to hand over

1467:(1st College). He carried the vote, and, joining the conservative ("White") section of Parliament, and proceeded to reorganize the conservative movement. Carp found the new regime, as inaugurated by the 3963:

it blended with Romanticism. The entire club was, as theater historian Marina Cap Bun writes, "obsessed" with the work of Shakespeare. Carp's other references, upheld in front of other authors, include

4238:(1940), it became apparent that, contrary to Carp's advice, Greater Romania had failed to conceive of any long-term strategy for territorial guarantees. This was notably acknowledged in the 1941 book 2703:. That push offered political ammunition to Ionescu, who called Carp's religious policy "debauchery". Mironescu held his seat for forty days, but eventually resigned in protest, and was replaced with 1148:, considered the fourth founder, joined in 1863, followed in 1864 by Negruzzi. Although the society was always dominated by Francophiles, Carp and Maiorescu together exercised such authority that the 2363:

was again merged into the Conservative Party. That year, Catargiu died, leaving open the issue of his succession to the Conservative Chairmanship. Carp took part in the subsequent race, but lost to

1816:

for allowing safe passage to Russian troops. His argument was that the intrusion of "30,000 foreign bayonets" posed a great threat for Romania's future. Still a skeptic, Carp welcomed his country's

2460:

but attracted in a large loan from the BNR. The budget reflected Carada's belief in self-reliance, to the detriment of Carp's international openness. Arch-rival Cantacuzino jubilated. His tribune (

2200: 3342:. Although for long informal, Carp's role as Conservative mentor was universally acknowledged: in seriousness or in jest, his contemporaries would almost always address him as "Your Excellency". 1363: 1631:. It placed Romania in a delicate situation, while exacerbating the internal tensions between "Red" Francophiles and "White" Germanophiles. Carp's ministry also faced a regional crisis when the 3154:

Later, some Carpists joined Marghiloman's administration as it attempted to restore order in the land, but most continued to campaign for their own leader to take hold of government. On Carp's

3412:

a far too advanced option for Romania. Revisiting the issue in 1914, Carp also implied that the only result would be a generalized fraud, forever advantageous to the PNL. Political scientist

2434:

budgetary policy was a failure, and Carp, announcing that he was retreating to a private life in the country, handed in his resignation. Although the monarch rejected it, Parliament passed a

3908:

was incidental, and his choice of literary subjects evoked political priorities. That political propensity even touched his work as translator: as Nemoianu writes, Carp and the other early

2846:

betrayed a second time when Maiorescu ran unopposed for the Conservative chairmanship (November 1913). During early 1914, the Conservatives faced another split, when some of their members (

1655:" conspiracy. This was the start of a major republican unrest, sparked by those "Reds" who wanted to stop the penetration of foreign capital. The republican movement was spurred on by the " 8515: 4091:

sarcasm was transferred into his political discourse, and some of his caustic remarks have been preserved in cultural memory. During the battle for Conservative leadership, Carp addressed

1362:, whereas the other contributors remained neutral on the issue. In February 1866, Carp joined the political conspiracy which forced Alexander John Cuza into exile. Romania's Regents (the 4215:(both 1936), while Lovinescu rediscovered Carp the literary figure in his 1932 anthology on "occasional writers". Among the 1930s intellectual youth, some, including Lovinescu disciple 3349:

cultural metaphor, that of "forms without content"—namely, the belief that Romanian society had swallowed up modern ideas without adapting them to its backward realities. Carp welcomed

3111:

farther on the road to collapse. Carp made a point of not attending his rival's funeral, commenting: "Why should I pay Maiorescu a courtesy visit that he will never be able to return?"

9491: 6995: 3618:. Political scientist Victor Rizescu even suggests that his flexible economic model was a "more authentic" liberalism than the one professed by PNL men. Similarly, Matei calls Carp's " 7302:

Alberto Basciani, "La frontiera tra Bulgaria e Romania nel Basso Danubio dalla Pace di Santo Stefano alle guerre balcaniche. 1878–1913", in Marta Petricioli, Vittore Collina (eds.),

3484:

to the protection of the Delta, mainly concerned his native Moldavia: "a national program for sure, but with an undeniable Moldavian flavor." Academic Ion Agrigoroaiei also writes: "

3076:, arranging the removal of most bureaucrats who had been left behind by the Brătianu cabinet, or drafting plans for a future Carp cabinet in conversations with German military ruler 2605:

described the Conservative response to Aromanian pleas as "cynical", and the "Hecuba" comment was an object of derision and journalistic metaphors for the remainder of Carp's life.

4301:, then turned into a center of learning for traditional handicrafts. Sturdza is a descendant of Elsa Carp-Sturdza, and has successfully sued the state for the property rights. The 11644: 2352: 2109: 2005: 1870: 1688: 1582:

called it "grand" news, Hasdeu's pamphlet regarded the leu as the newest symbol of Carlist usurpation. Meanwhile, the Western world was becoming outraged about discrimination and

2936: 9674:

Lisa Meyerhofer, "Making Friends and Foes: Occupiers and Occupied in First World War Romania, 1916–1918", in Heather Jones, Jennifer O'Brien, Christoph Schmidt-Supprian (eds.),

9501: 2470: 2108:

party found itself exposed to criticism from all sides, which Carp countered with his trademark sarcastic speeches. The dialogue between the two sides did not stop, and, in the

1471:, to be a good foundation stone: preserving the Constitution became a main priority of the "Whites". This period also marked Carp's first contacts with the conservative wing of 1412: 6089: 2100:

program as its very own (1884). They were again in disagreement with the PNL, once Brătianu pushed through legislation that expanded the electoral basis and renounced the old

1708: 4509: 2156:, grabbing him by the collar and pointing to the dead body: "You rascal, these are your deeds!" When government briefly arrested two United Opposition agitators, the PNL man 8367: 5896: 4274:. Even then, Lucian Boia notes, historians tended to minimize or simply omit references to Carp's support for the Central Powers, which, to them, still contradicts standard 2621:

In December 1910, Brătianu relinquished government. Carp was again appointed Premier and Minister of Finance, in what was to be his last presence in government. Under Carp,

4804: 2398:

and forestry to foreign investments, and introduced budget cuts in local administration. As a leading measure, the Premier attempted to relinquish the state's share in the

2923:

collaborators. The paper postulated that "Germany is invincible", and that national unity "can only begin with the liberation of Bessarabia". The staff included co-editor

1714:

In November 1873, Carp ended his assignment and returned to the Romanian political scene. He soon after married to a fellow aristocrat, Sevastia Cantacuzino. Hailing from

1597:

joined the Epureanu conservative cabinet (or "Hen and Fledgling Government"), as Minister of Foreign Affairs. From May 23, 1870, Carp also replaced his colleague Pogor as

3488:

had the merit of drawing attention to Bessarabia, a region that some considered as lost." Among the dedicated Moldavian Carpists, some were highly critical of rule from

4278:. In tandem with its reevaluation by other scholars, Carp's historical role has been repeatedly invoked by conservative individuals, think tanks and political groups in 1381: 2884: 2211:

Although Carp still had the political initiative, he was not considered for the premiership. Instead, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs and (until November 11, 1888)

1598: 963:, formed over the centuries by the accumulation of yeomen farmland and still a lucrative business in their lifetime. Carp's father, also known as Petre (Petru), was a 854: 3081: 2676:

Accused of having sacked non-Conservatives from national administration and of censoring the opposition, the Premier liberalized the trade in alcohol, overturned the

2372: 11460: 2710:

The Carp cabinet still managed to impose its policies on other contentious topics. By March 1912, when he passed a new law on Northern Dobruja, Carp had adopted the

2152:. Carp thus witnessed the unresolved shooting incident, during which an Assembly usher was shot dead. It has been reported that Carp verbally assaulted PNL minister 3584: 1955:

Although he personally drafted such policy proposals, Carp refused to actually join the Conservative Party, and for long remained its non-partisan ally. Like other

3862: 3183: 2168:

attempt: "If impertinence were enough to hide a murder, the government would be clean as snow; if numbers were enough to guarantee impunity, you'd go unpunished."

2036: 9078: 3832:

Although Carp's views on Jewish integration were exceptionally modern, his philosemitism had its specific limitations. These were discussed by cultural historian

2415:

imposed a norm against the accumulation of offices in the academic system, a measure largely directed at PNL-ist staff. Through his Minister of Internal Affairs (

2215: 1960:

political scientist Silvia Bocancea. Carp alternated his belonging to such societies with a membership in non-explicitly political venues, such as the Bucharest

11580: 4072:. He was especially upset by the accolades bestowed on PNL men for their supposed roles in obtaining Romanian independence. In 1886 Carp offered an alternative 10609: 8560: 4018: 3143:, also attempted to take part in brokering this deal, but found the treaty to be very unfair toward his defeated country. Meanwhile, in March, the Bessarabian 3093: 2336: 1335: 9473: 7759: 2824:

erupted, in which Romania joined the regional coalition against Bulgaria and occupied all the Dobrujan South. While the Maiorescu administration prepared the

2488:. The writer had been a mild critic of Carp throughout the 1890s. Around 1905, after Caragiale settled in Germany with his family, he vacationed with Carp in 11679: 4000:

ironist. In reference to Hasdeu's historiographic tracts, Carp wrote: "To even discuss his parchments is but the custom of parvenus." Similarly, in tackling

2786:

leader (stating "I'll not sacrifice immortal ideas for a passing chairmanship"), but his colleagues refused to accept it; he did not present himself for the

9878: 9204: 5332: 4709: 2696: 2180: 2081: 9287: 4632: 3354:

considering whether the theory agrees with the practice, whether the difficulties of accomplishing it are subject to abstract aspirations". The wholesale

9145: 9094: 8682: 8281: 6625: 6584: 5960: 5713: 3833: 2834: 1869:

newspaper began attacking Carol over his partnership with the National Liberals, and demanded ideological purity. He was returned to the Assembly in the

1656: 822:, the Romanian diplomatic corps, and ultimately electoral politics. A speaker for aristocratic sentiment and the Romanian gentry, Carp helped create the 539: 9275: 3575:

peasants threatened to stop working on the estates, he proposed sending in armed soldiers as their supervisors. His belief in labor as an instrument of

3228: 1551:, and later associated in the public mind with Carp himself. Its vision was reflected in Carp's parliamentary speeches. In April 1868, he condemned the 11689: 9661: 9653: 9460: 8174: 7098: 6287: 3611:. He intervened personally to help the schoolchildren on his Țibănești domain, donating money and participating on a student examination board (1886). 3541: 532: 190: 3638:

among local businesses. The main institutional consequence, his 1895 Law on Mining, was condemned by the PNL as a huge concession to foreign capital.

3431:" from the "Red" camp during the late 1860s, young Carp mockingly stated that his priorities were in fact elsewhere: "I am not a Germanophile, I am a 1270:

By 1865, Carp had all but abandoned the cultivation of literature, throwing his hat into politics: following Th. Rosetti's intercession, he became an

11709: 11629: 11540: 11414: 9565: 8894: 3794:, but that they feigned innocence whenever European observers were brought in. These pronouncements also impacted on Carp's traditional rivalry with 2981: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2669: 2196: 952: 11764: 7338: 3017:

In the second half of 1916, the Germanophile option was ruled out by Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu. With Ferdinand's acquiescence, Brătianu signed the

11674: 11639: 9085: 3786:", and later to the PNL's overall antisemitism, but Carp also shunned antisemites in his own camp, including Eminescu. During its brief existence, 3634:

as an extra precaution. He adamantly supported foreign investments in front of repeated criticism, noting that, at the very least, they stimulated

2403: 2203:. The plan failed, as Fleva asked for a totally free scrutiny, to which Carp allegedly replied: "No free elections! But we'll get real elections!" 1695:, where he served until April 1873 and negotiated further German credits for the Railways. It was in part a mission of appeasement: Carp persuaded 9676:

Untold War: New Perspectives in First World War Studies. Papers from the Third Conference of the International Society for First World War Studies

3686:

principles of sincerity and honesty", whereas Maiorescu "had submitted himself to reality". Carp's attitudes, according to Silvia Bocancea, were "

1761:(PNL), which managed to topple the conservative cabinet. Upon losing his ministerial office, Carp commented that the alternation in power and the 9912: 9771: 9110: 4220: 3413: 3089: 2928: 9582: 5686: 4297:. Founded in 1867, the local primary school was renamed in his honor. Carp's manor, fallen into disrepair by 2008, was refurbished by architect 3046:

The occupiers, especially Germans, regarded Carp as a friend, or, according to researcher Lisa Meyerhofer, "a natural ally." Through negotiator

2652:("Captaincies"). Although such measures were not effected, the new administration was successful in tackling other issues: both deficit and the 1639:

and the Russian government pressured Romania to accept military tutelage; he resisted the Russian demands, even against the liberals' appeal to

9545: 8615: 8257: 6747: 3879: 3178:. However, he chose not to take part in proceedings, and his seat was left vacant. His political line was expressed by means of a new gazette, 3064: 3056: 2924: 923: 9814:"Les dilemmes, les controverses et les conséquences d'une alliance politique conjecturale. Les relations roumaino-russes des années 1877–1878" 7200: 5004: 3059:, became the nominal civil administration of occupied Romania. The exercise of powers by the new apparatus varied greatly: Kostaki, appointed 11494: 8673: 6992: 4123:

A few years after Carp's death, despite Marghiloman's revival attempts, the Conservative Party diminished and was absorbed into the eclectic

7347: 5013: 1983:. The Carp program was not popular with the mainstream, or "Old", Conservatives, and, in 1882, the Party split. In particular, Carp and the 11654: 11368: 5841:"Un raport diplomatic întocmit de C. Diamandy cu privire la reacția opiniei publice din Italia față de reînnoirea Triplei Alianțe din 1912" 2266: 4095:'s claim to have the purity and transparency of crystals, informing him that see-through beakers were usually empty. In 1901, when deputy 4060:

Carp made his leading contribution with speeches, and is traditionally regarded as one of the top orators in his generation. According to

11754: 9428: 8068: 7864: 7280: 6813: 6420: 5568: 5407: 4061: 3783: 2889: 1909: 1213: 823: 712: 2056:, was noted for his anti-Austrian or anti-Hungarian invectives, and becoming an embarrassment to his patrons. Reportedly, Carp disliked 11699: 11664: 10602: 9114: 6914: 3496:. Carp's Ententist adversaries seized on this ambiguity, accusing Carp of being not just a traitor, but also a Moldavian secessionist. 1423:, and replacing Bălăceanu from May 1867. He gave much importance to personal diplomacy, and regularly attended social functions at the 10027: 2593:

as the Aromanian land was divided between other states. There followed an intense media campaign against Carp: according to historian

11694: 11684: 6086: 1605:, helping him recover from a damaging confrontation with the liberal teaching staff. Carp still made occasional contributions to the 1440: 6494: 6362: 6217: 4868: 4665: 2367:, who probably received decisive support from King Carol. During the election, Carp found himself a new adversary, in the person of 11704: 11669: 11659: 9871: 6709: 4506: 3377:, and argued that careers in politics should only be opened to those who already had a major source of income ("starting at 40,000 3135:

took Russia out of the war, and Ferdinand eventually appointed Marghiloman Premier, allowing him to sign Romania's disadvantageous

2449:

agenda, the cabinet received much German encouragement before Carp's awkward management of the crisis shook Kiderlen's confidence.

2009: 1726:. Sevastia would have five children from Carp: daughter Elisabeta (Elsa), sons Jean (Ion), Grigore, Petre and Nicu. Meanwhile, the 9325: 9002: 5893: 5339: 4716: 3334:

proposes that, from the early 1870s, their participation in government, with all its contradictions, hastened the emergence of a "

11714: 9609: 9586: 9152: 8901: 8181: 7208: 5977: 5161: 4909: 4801: 2375:, the Circle began analyzing the need for complex electoral reforms. Filipescu admired the senior leader, but Carp felt that the 2316:

of his Constitutional Party membership. He continued to advise caution on the issue of Transylvanian irredenta, rekindled by the

2088:

government (November 1888). In the "old era", peasants feed their masters; in Carp's "new era", the roles are politely alternated

1087:, and was remarked by the visitor for his "clear" and intellectually honest political stance. Carp's future colleague, Moldavian 8395: 7023: 6457: 6337: 5199: 4289:Țibănești hosts two busts in Carp's likeness, respectively donated by rival groups which claim his inspiration: the (post-2005) 3976:

in general aesthetics—his expectation that these models would interest his contemporaries were, according to cultural historian

2249:

itself became the Constitutional Party. Its main figures were Carp, Maiorescu, Th. Rosetti, Negruzzi and Marghiloman. Soon, the

947:

class in Moldavia: his family has attested roots going back to the 17th century, and believed by some to have originated in the

11568: 11442: 9902: 8004: 6255: 4283: 4170:(better known as literary historian and liberal theorist) also fictionalized Carp's encounters with Eminescu in the 1934 novel 3920:, such cultural efforts were in the end "consumed by the torch of political passion". Writing in the 1940s, literary historian 3826: 2633: 2308:

Lacking popular appeal, Carp was interested in a rapprochement with Catargiu, and, as a gesture of good-will, stripped the old

2184: 1758: 9222: 7632: 5934: 11739: 10618: 10595: 10374: 9787: 9724: 9687: 9641: 9573: 9497: 9392: 8568: 7311: 6303: 2692:. It began when the Conservatives, wishing to overturn the PNL's partnership with members of the clergy, attempted to topple 1543:

within a moderate conservative framework. Its content made it a tribune for a distinct group of conservatives: the so-called

1432: 244: 9208: 8285: 6862: 6588: 2187:). The news generated even more trouble, as the outgoing PNL administration had made vague promises of a land reform in the 1586:

in Romania. The nationality law was strongly supported by the liberal left, and, trying to appease the foreign governments,

11734: 9851: 4124: 2383: 1283: 143: 930:

territorial government. This final project caused his fall into disgrace once the legitimate government regained control.

11729: 11649: 9864: 9559: 7159: 3871: 2131:("The Ostrich-Camel"). At around that time, Carp was witness to a duel of pistols between Maiorescu and the PNL politico 1843:

Carol and the Brătianu government reluctantly approved this deal, but a parliamentary faction, comprising Carp and PNL's

1220:. He also lectured freely on literary or historical subjects, including "Ancient and Modern Tragedy" or "Three Caesars". 1028:

headmaster, L'Hardy. Young Carp received a classical education in literature, and was noted as a connoisseur of works by

7549: 2035:, with a Romanian plurality. The negotiation effort and even normal diplomatic contacts were jeopardized when the PNL's 2004:

constituted itself into an independent group and was courted by the other political poles. In that context, Carp became

1278:. The interval corresponded with the emergence of major political currents, formed around the two halves of a pro-Cuza " 11769: 11724: 9248: 4294: 3206: 2535: 1333:

satire of Hasdeu's historical method. In 1867, he also gave an exceptionally harsh review to Hasdeu's historical play,

4945: 2549:

took over the Premiership for the PNL. Carp was an adversary of Brătianu the younger, but had a sympathy for his wife

2500:, found himself disregarded by his mentors Carp and Maiorescu, and eventually split with the Conservative mainstream. 2195:" conspiracy. In this context, Carp proceeded to negotiate with the United Opposition, offering to make Fleva head of 11744: 11592: 11487: 9750: 9669: 9513: 9379: 9356: 9348: 6526: 5729: 4342: 3844:, whose naturalization was energetically opposed by the PNL antisemites. By 1912, Carp's own law excluded Jewish and 3400:, but criticized the PNL's way of handling the process as a "top-down revolution", and saw the 1884 abolition of the 2525: 2395: 2096:

group, also calling itself the "New Conservatives" or "Tomorrow's Conservatives", adopted an extended version of the

1809: 1068:

his views and his public persona, from "the slightly aggressive ego" and the passion for dueling to the wearing of a

11624: 7756: 3790:

attacked "Red" politics as duplicitous, noting that the liberals arbitrarily expelled Jews from Romania and excused

2723:. This stance was mirrored by Carol's, who ordered absolute neutrality on the issue of ethnic clashes in Macedonia. 2716: 1021: 11361: 10643: 9407: 9284: 5844: 4065: 4026: 4025:

In matters of literary style, Carp tried to follow his own guidelines, and played a minor but relevant part in the

3424:"became, with P. P. Carp, one of the instruments with which the new conservatives sought to reorganize the state." 3148: 2896:("The National Ideal"), he implied that Romania's very survival was uncertain as long as Russia still bordered the 2660:

trebled, and some palliatives were introduced in lieu of a land reform (the promised tax cuts, plus the freeing of

1704: 8770: 6253:"Familia regală și Comisia Europeană a Dunării la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea" 4008:. Hasdeu believed that, in his constant battle against the medieval aristocracy and the clergy, Ion Vodă served a 3566:. Carp argued that the land's division into small plots was inoperable, and therefore not desirable, and only saw 1851:; the opposition saw Northern Dobruja as a marshy, toxic, territory, and worried that it was largely inhabited by 9762:"Elita conservatoare și problema modernizării sistemului electoral din România la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea" 8637: 8072: 4235: 3099:

In summer 1917, Lupu Kostaki issued a document popularly known under the archaic, and possibly mocking, title of

2667:

was being organized against them by government troops—claims met with sarcasm by Conservative newspapers such as

11774: 8404: 8190: 6554: 3302:

defines their effort as "a bitter combat for 'disciplining' Romanian culture, for its emergence from dilettante

2581:. Geographically cut off from its Romanian protectors, this population risked being divided between non-related 1908:: as a challenge to the PNL's grip on power, they consolidated the "White" movement from within, and set up the 10653: 7868: 5721: 4049:. However, Carp passes for, at best, an acceptable writer—"very good", but still not "great", according to his 3175: 3155: 2787: 2626: 2542: 2453: 1487: 1460: 1077: 9610:"Portrete ale oamenilor politici români de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea în documente diplomatice germane" 2127:, the PNL dissident, in creating the Conservative-Liberal Party, its existence enshrined in popular memory as 1877:

Northern Dobrujan Muslims, but the Jews were still excluded in practice. A year before, Carp had published in

1753:

program. He also stood by the Catargiu government after it had signed the controversial trade convention with

1400:

and anti-Prussian movements at home, registered a moral victory (made possible by the assistance of socialite

1290:. More attracted to the "White" half of the spectrum, Carp became especially active in the national journals ( 811:

as a literary society, and then helped transform it into a political club. He left behind a budding career as

11759: 11749: 11133: 10326: 9404:"Activitatea politico-diplomatică a lui I.C. Brătianu în ultimii ani ai marii guvernări liberale (1884–1888)" 9019: 7284: 6506: 3933:. Nevertheless, Carp still managed to maintain a reputation as the "harshest and most cultured critic" among 3558:

goal was the complete integration into society of people with no wealth of their own—or, as he called them, "

3144: 2828:, and after failed efforts to make himself obeyed by fellow Conservatives, Carp presented his resignation to 2554: 2427: 1944:. Keeping up with his mistrust of Russia, Carp was also the first to suggest building fortifications between 384: 9343:, "Building the State from the Roof Down: Varieties of Romanian Liberal Nationalism", in Iván Zoltán Dénes, 7798: 6282: 4685: 4226:

Carp's ideas regarding Russia and the need to defend eastern Romania were again invoked in conjunction with

3822: 3050:, the invading force initially called on Carp and Maiorescu to join their effort of pacifying Romania; both 3047: 11480: 11249: 10438: 10114: 10099: 9716: 8373: 6053: 4290: 4092: 4076:

narrative of how "national sovereignty" came about, with only two actors: "the king and the foot soldier".

3695: 3201:

The new context again cemented the Ententists' reputation: the country, now joined with Bessarabia, became

2442: 2439: 2364: 1817: 1468: 1004:. When he was still a young child, his father took him on his first trip out of Moldavia: they traveled by 990: 835: 79: 11113: 2916:

was the stuff of utopia, and stressed that Transylvania's Romanians could benefit from Austrian loyalism.

11472: 11354: 10658: 10012: 9992: 9847: 9039: 7335: 6367: 5523: 4271: 4117: 3799: 3770:

Carp's openness on this issue dated back to his political debut, and was at the time compatible with the

3370: 2340: 2076: 1912:. Carp, its main doctrinaire, outlined its governing principles and its pledges in the celebrated speech 1548: 1202:, probably done from the English. He kept a vivid interest in such work over the next years, translating 562: 267: 9967: 9629: 9082: 5411: 3447:". He repeatedly cautioned the public that Russia's agenda, menacing for Romania, corresponded with the 2882:. Between March 1915 and August 1916, with private German funding, Carp put out the political newspaper 2640:

for industrial workers or tax cuts for the rural poor). There was also rumor that Carp, the opponent of

2557:, which was immediately felt as a major coup by the Carp loyalists. The Conservative-Democratic gazette 2553:, a self-confessed admirer of Carp. Also in 1908, Take Ionescu and his supporters established their own 1667:, but Carp and his colleagues insisted that, far from being a disgrace for the "Whites", the scandalous 438: 11634: 10724: 10709: 10364: 10271: 9371: 9318:"«La question juive» dans la premiere partie de l'anée 1868. Une perspective conservatrice: la gazette 8620:"The 'Judaisation' of the Enemy in the Romanian Political Culture at the Beginning of the 20th Century" 6295: 4262: 3892: 3136: 3018: 3003: 2825: 2149: 1163:, were a famous political clan, and he was himself the brother-in-law of united Romania's first ruler, 1033: 970: 914:. During that time, he was the only prominent public figure to demand a declaration of war against the 291: 11346: 9630:"Problematica românilor balcanici în viziunea șefilor de partide și a liderilor de opinie (1878–1914)" 8630: 7031: 6924: 6596: 6515: 6372: 3035:

In fact, Lieutenant Petre Carp Jr died shortly after, serving as a Ferdinand loyalist in the abortive

3021:, which attached Romania to the Entente and promised her the annexation of Transylvania and Bukovina ( 1847:, explicitly condemned it. Their resolution stipulated that annexing Northern Dobruja was against the 11512: 11386: 10306: 9887: 9761: 5683: 4662:

Studiĭ și documente privitoare la istoria românilor. Cărți domnești, zapise și documente. II: Prefață

3306:

and the adoption of a responsible and rigorous attitude". P. P. Carp embodied the political force of

3243:

After illness, Petre P. Carp died in Țibănești, on June 19, 1919, being almost 82 years of age. In a

3151:, which, to his contemporaries, seemed to confirm that Carp had been right about the outcome of war. 2984:

perceived Maiorescu as more flexible, and repeatedly tried to talk him out of Germanophile politics.

1820:

on the Ottomans, but continued to warn his peers about any unwanted effects of the Russian alliance.

1424: 1389: 1192:

activities was as a man of letters. In a public reading at Maiorescu's home, the first such event in

798: 586: 46: 11244: 10455: 4978: 3231:

expressed concern that "a moribund" was being hassled while "so many common delinquents roam free".

3063:(temporary administrator) at the Interior Ministry, could only advise on some policy matters, while 7197: 5001: 3969: 3795: 3390: 3385:", and even proposed the reduction of parliamentary seats by half. Carp believed that: "Since the 3339: 3029: 2693: 2689: 2688:) turned into prolonged scandals. Another political controversy opposed Carp to the leaders of the 2399: 2318: 1498: 1483: 1306: 1287: 1279: 8670: 4083:

once acknowledged that P. P. Carp was "the most spiritual man of his time." However, according to

3806:" Moldavians, and continued to periodically target Carp which such remarks for over thirty years. 3706:

By the 1880s, Carp suggested, the territorial administration had been redesigned to function as a

3476:

With his critique of centralism, P. P. Carp advocated not just communal self-governance, but also

2704: 2508:

From 1904 to 1907, Romania was governed by G. Cantacuzino, whose administration was closed to all

1482:

After accepting the Constitution, Carp stood against the political majority in what concerned the

11123: 11072: 11066: 11045: 10291: 10261: 7545: 4677: 4134:

Carp is an incidental presence in various literary works. Very early examples include a fable by

3809:

As an extension of his ideas on industriousness, Carp also advised Romanians to reject the PNL's

3635: 3409: 3132: 2772: 2737: 2589:

in summer 1908, Carp noted that, pressed upon by other priorities, Romania could only watch like

2435: 1824: 1750: 1676: 1640: 10673: 9613: 9416: 6263: 4286:, effected by 2007, implicitly confirmed, re-contextualized and avenged Carp's external policy. 4203: 4005: 1855:

or disgruntled Bulgarians. Carp personally worried that the region was indefensible in front of

1652: 1318: 793:

statesman, political scientist and culture critic, one of the major representatives of Romanian

11035: 10968: 10339: 10244: 10234: 10169: 9713:

Inventing the Jew. Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central East-European Cultures

4199: 3866: 3603:

with "solidarity" and "prestige". Carp imagined a guild network supported by and supporting an

3567: 3563: 3477: 3381:"). From early on, he spoke of the actual nation as being a country's ruling class, excluding " 3195: 3036: 3024: 2879: 2867:

in August 1914 was a moment of deep crisis for Romania. The country was still aligned with the

2641: 1989: 1933: 1921: 1472: 1217: 919: 907: 11410: 11118: 10765: 10749: 10703: 9937: 9833: 9270: 5623:"«La Californie des Roumains»: L’intégration de la Dobroudja du Nord à la Roumanie, 1878–1913" 3841: 3389:, the demagogues have been inciting the passions of the plebs and preaching democracy and the 3219:, that the effort to make Carp incriminate himself was "a despicable calumny." Similarly, the 2416: 1804: 1672: 11558: 11536: 11420: 11087: 11024: 10875: 10626: 10392: 10286: 10204: 10149: 9528: 9161: 8779: 7807: 6871: 6226: 6062: 5986: 5943: 5695: 5127: 4918: 4351: 3810: 3521: 3216: 2872: 2622: 2116: 1696: 1632: 1377: 1124: 1081: 915: 875: 819: 485: 338: 11004: 10952: 10931: 10911: 10885: 10199: 10184: 10159: 10139: 10124: 9947: 9932: 6817: 5280: 3694:

simply believed Carp to be "senile". Such mistrust also came from foreign sources. In 1903,

3678:, Carp fashioned himself into "the apostle of honesty and selfless civic-mindedness", with " 2546: 2234:

promises. However, the "Old Conservatives" preserved a grudge, and maneuvered against their

1602: 1076:

that Carp made his debut as an orator. On behalf of the student fraternities, Carp welcomed

124: 11619: 11614: 11306: 11291: 11270: 11260: 10854: 10714: 10546: 10518: 10449: 10255: 10074: 10007: 9987: 9779: 9658:

Boierii minții: intelectualii români între grupurile de prestigiu și piața liberă a ideilor

9646:

Nadia Manea, "1870. Deschiderea 'Hotelului' sau 'Palatului de monetă' de la București", in

9518: 9403: 4034: 3980:, unrealistic. Against those with "corrupted" tastes, Carp also upheld a local figure, the 3845: 3608: 3604: 3436: 3335: 3163: 3077: 2912:("Romania and the European War"), issued with Poporul S. A., where he noted that a unified 2406:, who informed Carp that there was little chance of profitable privatization. BNR Governor 1929: 1567: 1416: 1347: 1128: 980: 794: 279: 30: 11326: 10947: 10813: 10798: 10770: 10759: 10281: 10154: 10049: 9452: 7004: 4637: 2809:. Instead, Maiorescu signed a Russian-brokered peace deal, through which Romania received 8: 11574: 11503: 11448: 11281: 11265: 11156: 10942: 10729: 10683: 10415: 10349: 9696: 9213: 9119: 8910: 8524: 8262: 8013: 6718: 6491: 6466: 6400: 6346: 6214: 5965: 5348: 5208: 5170: 4877: 4865: 4725: 4660: 4518: 4108: 3973: 3965: 3905: 3775: 3764: 3533: 2794: 2412: 2387: 2071: 1731: 1722:(who was Carp's political ally). Her mother was Maria Mavros, a direct descendant of the 1628: 1615: 1540: 1169: 1056: 1051: 1037: 844: 11311: 11296: 11219: 11166: 10803: 10276: 9438: 6706: 6046: 4335: 3921: 3607:

that, unlike the one conceived by PNL-backed educationists, was to be decentralized and

3182:("The Renaissance"), published by Nenițescu with assistance from Kostaki, Radu Rosetti, 2847: 2132: 633: 11719: 11377: 11014: 10936: 10844: 10834: 10785: 10739: 10648: 10630: 10224: 10214: 10189: 10174: 10144: 10036: 9942: 9813: 9522: 8999: 8376:

Iași County Branch, Item 2540, Fund 1040, January 20, 2011; retrieved February 23, 2012

7435: 5336: 4713: 4279: 4266: 4216: 4151: 3739: 3295: 3128: 2992: 2728: 2681: 2578: 2485: 2423:, after which riots and bloodshed occurred throughout the poorer regions of Wallachia. 2188: 2124: 1976: 1719: 1715: 1420: 1385: 1091:, also briefly met him as a student, and first noticed in him the potential statesman. 1047: 1013: 903: 416: 112: 67: 10957: 10818: 10311: 10164: 10079: 10064: 10054: 10044: 10017: 10002: 9957: 9708: 9697:"Dezbateri parlamentare și de presă din România în perioada neutralității (1914–1916)" 9317: 9149: 8898: 8178: 6179: 5974: 5840: 5158: 4906: 4902: 3525: 2842:, noting that Grigore had taken a position of power inside the Bucharest bureaucracy. 1680: 1305:

This was the time of Carp's first-ever polemic with the historian and "Red" ideologue

831: 609: 508: 11564: 11454: 11151: 11092: 11051: 11040: 11030: 11009: 10973: 10926: 10916: 10859: 10839: 10089: 9800: 9783: 9746: 9720: 9683: 9665: 9637: 9569: 9509: 9505: 9464: 9388: 9375: 9352: 9253: 8564: 8392: 7554: 7307: 6522: 6454: 6401:"Pregătirea ofițerilor români în Germania și Austro-Ungaria. Convenția din anul 1898" 6334: 6299: 5970: 5725: 5196: 4250: 4096: 4009: 3985: 3952: 3715: 3707: 3655: 3279: 2821: 2645: 2493: 2327: 2294: 2161: 2065: 1941: 1848: 1799: 1699: 1660: 1578:, her nominal overlord, but was received with alarm by leftists such as Hasdeu—while 1322: 1251: 1242:

to have been identified as such. The inside joke was replicated among the more minor

766: 365: 11316: 11214: 10688: 10678: 10490: 10426: 10421: 9972: 9837: 9280: 8001: 6252: 4298: 4265:

in 1949), and some members were forced into internal exile. Beginning in the 1960s,

4253:, installed in 1948, simply dismissed Carp and all his generation as unfrequentable 4084: 4030: 3504: 3264: 3127:

By early 1918, the government in Iași was experiencing a major military crisis. The

3072: 3040: 2573:

Additionally, Carp was facing backlash for his comments on the volatile question of

2550: 1570:. The newspaper gave favorable coverage to the adoption of a national currency, the 1428: 960: 682: 11276: 11255: 11171: 11056: 10983: 10906: 10890: 10880: 10865: 10849: 10824: 10808: 10668: 10535: 10387: 10119: 10109: 10094: 10084: 9679: 9532: 9345:

Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires

9044: 8666: 7873: 7637: 7289: 6822: 6752: 6425: 5931: 5416: 4673: 4175: 4155: 3849: 3627: 3167: 2960: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2777: 2768: 2733: 2700: 2637: 2290: 2258: 2245:

and their sympathizers established a "Constitutional Club" in Parliament; in 1891,

2153: 2119:

was elected to the legislature with support from both P. P. Carp and Ion Brătianu.

1856: 1852: 1844: 1832: 1762: 1738:

colleague, and filled the post for the remaining two months of conservative power.

1436: 1351: 927: 326: 91: 11239: 11176: 10998: 10540: 10529: 10496: 10354: 10194: 5718:

A Providential Anti-Semitism. Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Romania

3912:

were trying to raise the expectations of Romanians by familiarizing them with the

3435:." Carp, expressing alarm over the "Russian danger" in much the same terms as his 2871:, through the Triple Alliance, but the Romanian public was largely supporting the 11108: 11077: 11061: 10793: 10775: 10754: 10744: 10734: 10693: 10638: 10501: 10432: 10059: 9977: 9926: 9843: 9446: 9421: 9291: 9156: 9089: 9023: 9006: 8905: 8774: 8677: 8641: 8626: 8399: 8185: 8008: 7802: 7763: 7659:

Boia (2010), p.43; Bulei (1999), p.30. Two variants in Ionescu & M. Șt., p.44

7342: 7204: 6999: 6866: 6859: 6713: 6510: 6498: 6461: 6341: 6291: 6259: 6221: 6093: 6057: 5981: 5938: 5900: 5690: 5573: 5528: 5343: 5285: 5203: 5165: 5132: 5008: 4949: 4913: 4872: 4861: 4808: 4720: 4689: 4669: 4513: 4346: 4212: 4208: 4167: 4147: 3917: 3724: 3659: 3649:

projects. Beginning in 1881, he and Maiorescu spoke out against the emergence of

3460: 3401: 3397: 3331: 3202: 3140: 2913: 2851: 2407: 2230:

were again sharing power, the latter having convinced the former to stand by the

2192: 2101: 1980: 1972: 1925: 1917: 1754: 1514: 1177: 1145: 1009: 993:. His wife, Petre P. Carp's mother, was Smaranda Radul, from the boyar branch of 461: 314: 237: 225: 11229: 10963: 9490:

Rudolf Dinu, "Introduction", in Alin Ciupală, Rudolf Dinu, Antal Lukács (eds.),

5361:

Balan, p.70; Bulei (1999), p.29; Ornea (1998), pp.183, 213; Matei, p.106; Radu,

3779: 3626:

a "second liberal tradition". Against PNL nationalists, Carp proposed to tackle

2813:. This concession failed to satisfy Carp and his supporters, and also sparked a 2386:

between July 7, 1900 and February 13, 1901. Although rumors were spreading that

2023:

left open another issue on the nation's agenda: the Austro-Hungarian regions of

1813: 1451: 11546: 11438: 11432: 11321: 11301: 11224: 11146: 11097: 10921: 10896: 10698: 10587: 10553: 10397: 10134: 9982: 9920: 9552:: part I, November 1995, pp. 37–39; part II, December 1995, pp. 49–52 9340: 9218: 8704:

Boia (2010), pp.44–45, 315, 330–331; Bulei (1999), pp.30–31; Ornea (1975), p.42

7585:

Boia (2010), pp.37–38, 42. See also Ornea (1975), pp.41, 42; Milian, pp.272–279

5626: 5622: 4042: 3951:

of its liberal adversaries, demanding clarity in style and the preservation of

3938: 3813:, insisting that the solution to all real economic problems was the capitalist 3771: 3440: 3374: 3350: 3171: 3085: 2868: 2748: 2653: 2598: 2376: 2323: 2049: 1836: 1723: 1575: 1491: 1401: 1160: 1088: 879: 808: 621: 473: 136: 11181: 10359: 7198:"Liberalii și problema reformei electorale în România (1866 — 1914) (II)" 3119: 3080:. The proposed government was to include Kostaki, Barnoschi, Radu Rosetti and 1439:. Specifically, Golescu had ordered him to lie about Romanian support for the 1372:. Carp soon rallied with the supporters of rule by a foreign dynasty, and, in 1046:

with the highest grade of his class, and then studied Law and Politics at the

11608: 11161: 11102: 11019: 10993: 10901: 10870: 10523: 10478: 10466: 10301: 10266: 10229: 10069: 9856: 9385:"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial 4656: 4054: 4001: 3956: 3913: 3646: 3631: 3615: 3614:

In his defense of organic capitalist enterprise, Carp also opposed the PNL's

3600: 3579:

was taken up in his own private life: at age 70, Carp could be seen planting

3562:". This, more than the protection of landed property, inspired him to oppose 3428: 3355: 3251:", "a man of too great dimensions to be fighting against such small people". 3224: 3198:

sealed the fate of Germanophiles and brought the Ententists back into focus.

2927:, who published "Carpist" opinion pieces. Carp's ideas were also taken up by 2892:

writes, "was entirely against the nation's current." In his first editorial,

2829: 2720: 2685: 2684:, a suspected embezzler, and the mishandling of public works (scrutinized by 2657: 2298: 2274: 2206: 2157: 2028: 1886: 1827:, Carp was especially alarmed by the territorial exchanges: Romania lost the 1692: 1610: 1530: 1476: 1065: 956: 948: 895: 863: 520: 405: 6919: 2793:

These events coincided with a new international crisis, centered on the new

2613: 1766:

only three former ministers against whom no accusation could be formulated.

979:. Educated abroad during the earliest wave of Westernization, fascinated by 11586: 11286: 11209: 10978: 10573: 10506: 10484: 10472: 10460: 10403: 10344: 10179: 9625: 9595: 9336: 9296: 6487: 5905: 4942: 4231: 4227: 4069: 4029:. He was interested in cohesion and modernity, as acknowledged by linguist 3993: 3735: 3691: 3529: 3469: 3452: 3444: 3378: 3359: 2998: 2952: 2897: 2594: 2530: 2368: 2302: 2068:, according to which Carp and Maiorescu have framed and silenced Eminescu. 2024: 1798:

After partial elections for Vaslui's 2nd College (April 1877), Carp took a

1583: 1571: 1262:

staged a puppet show in which Carp and Maiorescu were the main characters.

1259: 1159:

group supported dialogue over class divides. Theodor Rosetti's family, the

1149: 1135: 1132: 1084: 867: 818:

s polemicist and cultural journalist, joining the state bureaucracy of the

775: 574: 178: 11502: 8501:

Matei, pp.95–96, 106; Stanomir, pp.95–100, 108, 124, 131, 135–136, 169–170

6180:"În linie dreaptă: Conservatorul Petru Th. Missir și statul reprezentativ" 4339: 4302: 1949: 1901: 11234: 11082: 10988: 10512: 10409: 10382: 10334: 10316: 10296: 10249: 10239: 10219: 10209: 9792: 9483:

Sorin Cristescu, " 'Țăranii au respect față de gloanțele ascuțite' ", in

9361: 7046:

Filitti (January 2011), p.70; (November 2011), p.59; (January 2012), p.43

4258: 4254: 4080: 3948: 3803: 3687: 3671: 3619: 3592: 3559: 3545: 3448: 3432: 3405: 3303: 3299: 3248: 3236: 3159: 2948: 2864: 2711: 2452:

Carp's Liberal in-law Dimitrie Sturdza ascended to power, and, after the

2402:(BNR). The project was opposed by BNR founder and National Liberal doyen 2313: 2273:

Conservatives as the factions alternated in government. In 1889, Premier

2219: 2040: 1961: 1937: 1831:

region to Russia and, in addition to international recognition, received

1659:", when the scale of (supposedly privileged) Prussian involvement in the 1366:) appointed him their Intimate Secretary. He was also kept on as auditor 1298:), mainly as a critic of Romania's "Red" liberalism and of some emergent 1061: 911: 899: 9804: 9598:, M. Șt., "14/27 august 1916: Consiliul de Coroană de la Cotroceni", in 9468: 7099:"Structura constituțională a Bisericii Ortodoxe Române. Repere istorice" 6630: 4016:

Cuza's authoritarianism. However, Carp's later condemnation of Hasdeu's

3404:

as untimely and absurd. Even before 1911, while debating the issue with

3211: 2538:

of farmers' unions, allowing representation to the Jewish leaseholders.

1900:

From 1880, Carp was primarily based in Bucharest, owning a townhouse in

1144:, originally a literary club with only some political ambitions. Lawyer 11376: 11191: 11141: 10569: 9227: 8767: 6855: 6559: 5679: 4275: 4243: 4198:

As noted by Boia, Carp and his wartime attitude were prime targets for

4139: 3814: 3700: 3548: 3537: 3493: 3481: 3421: 3417: 3330:

party life was self-contradictory and the party line was "hodgepodge".

3104: 3011: 2901: 2900:; he therefore urged Romanians to focus on taking back the province of 2814: 2636:, still made overtures toward Ionescu (including the promise to uphold 2574: 2446: 2286: 2262: 1746: 1636: 1397: 1230: 1173: 1005: 965: 887: 883: 801:(1900–1901, 1910–1912). His youth was intertwined with the activity of 412: 8634: 6993:"Discursurile politicienilor români la 'revoluția' de acum 100 de ani" 4037:, and helped define standard theatrical jargon. Under his management, 3345:

An essential contribution of his was creating a political avatar of a

2020: 1945: 1535: 1446: 11186: 10663: 9997: 9962: 9952: 9701: 9328: 4192: 4185: 4128: 3760: 3679: 3650: 3576: 3572: 3508: 3489: 3464: 3275: 3187: 2662: 2480:

society. After leaving office, Carp enjoyed close ties with a former

2457: 2420: 1741:

In 1874, P. P. Carp was formally recognized as the political head of

1392: 1317:("P. the Bully"), attacked Hasdeu's biography of the medieval despot 1299: 1275: 1120: 985: 8722:

Boia (2010), pp.46–48, 315; Floru (II), pp.51–52; Ornea (1975), p.42

4154:. The subject of a similar debate over his Germanophile activities, 2322:

scandal. He and the other Conservative front men publicly supported

1769: 1663:

was revealed to a Francophile public. The incidents were covered by

1643:

brotherhood, and expressed more support for France than for Russia.

1102: 1000:

The future Conservative leader was born in the Moldavian capital of

910:, but his external policy became entirely unpopular by the start of 10443: 9729: 6210: 3977: 3675: 3456: 2976: 2905: 2839: 2810: 2677: 2541:

Despite their reconciliation, the Conservatives fared badly in the

2226:, and for toning down tensions with Germany. The Conservatives and 2223: 2218:. His term is remembered for the creation of the original national 2177: 2165: 2032: 1601:. As such, he reinstated Maiorescu to his teaching position at the 1526: 1368: 1326: 1165: 1025: 871: 826:

from the various "White" conservative clubs (1880), but also led a

786: 666: 9634:

Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX

9014: 8369:Școala primară rurală din Țibănești. Inventar (1867–1929; 39 u.a.) 6503: 1556: 1459:

Carp returned to Moldavia in autumn, and ran in elections for the

11201: 9891: 8654:

Balan, p.72; Evans-Gordon, p.191; Oișteanu (2009), p.139, 159–160

7795: 7175:

Ornea (1975), pp.38–40, 41. See also Filitti (January 2012), p.45

4680: 4180: 4113: 3711: 3580: 3386: 3366: 3270: 2743:

In November 1911, P. P. Carp gave his locally famous "Hot Iron" (

2582: 2394:

Unable to contract more foreign loans, Carp opened the country's

1779: 1668: 1250:(pretending to follow the obscure lexical theories of folklorist 1204: 1198: 1180:

notes, Rosetti and Carp were the highest-ranked boyars among the

1140: 1108: 1069: 994: 975: 803: 790: 707: 696: 686: 8518:

Panteon Regăsit. O galerie ilustrată a oamenilor politici români

7668:

Boia (2010), p.43; Ionescu & M. Șt., pp.44–45; Milian, p.273

6783:

Floru (I), p.39; Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.167; Stanomir, pp.68–69

6284:

Aurel C. Popovici (1863 – 1917). Bibliotheca Brvkenthal XXI

6050: 5758:

Stanomir, pp.59, 64–67, 165–176. See also Matei, pp.90–91, 95–96

5281:"Tribulațiile unui partid de cadre. Partidul Conservator (1880)" 4305:

townhouse, another landmark closely associated with Carp, hosts

3338:", or "B-conservatism", that eventually restructured Catargiu's 2351: 1574:. This step signaled Romania's unilateral emancipation from the 1001: 662: 9431:, "P. P. Carp – un aristocrat al politicii românești", in 8290: 8077: 7034: 6927: 6599: 6375: 4306: 3791: 3778:. It was opposed to the antisemitic program adopted in 1860 by 3674:

against institutional failure. According to cultural historian

2590: 2489: 1865: 1828: 1774: 1627:

The major challenge of Carp's term as Foreign Minister was the

1552: 1464: 1042: 1017: 420: 7699:; Bulei (1999), p.30; Meyerhofer, p.124sqq; Ornea (1975), p.42 5307:

Boia (2000), pp.294–295; Ornea (1998), pp.297–298; Vianu, p.77

4162:("On the Eve of the Revolution"), disguised under the name of 3194:

went down in late November 1918, shortly after the unexpected

2959:

also offered ample space to the Bessarabian-born Germanophile

2545:, only receiving 29% of the vote, or 5,729 electors. In 1908, 1513:("Political, Literary and Commercial Paper"), and published a 1196:

history, he introduced his own translation from Shakespeare's

951:. The Carps were related to other noble houses, including the 4188: 4045:

of other press venues and adopting the standards of cultural

3596: 3382: 1529:" of "Red" politics, in particular the opinions expressed by 1339:, and attacked his historical research in the "White" review 1271: 1234:. Young Carp casually addressed the audience with the insult 1029: 944: 5316:

Călinescu, p.440; Ornea (1998), pp.105–106, 298; Vianu, p.78

2878:

Carol died on September 27, and was succeeded by his nephew

2760: 1475:, and, in 1868, he was initiated into the "Star of Romania" 1435:, concerning the conspiratorial activities of refugees from 16:

Moldavian political scientist and culture critic (1837–1919)

9776:

Spiritul conservator. De la Barbu Catargiu la Nicolae Iorga

7500:

Boia (2010), p.35, 37–39, 42–51, 93; Ionescu & M. Șt.,

6492:"De la lupta de rasă la lupta de clasă. C. Rădulescu-Motru" 3517: 2888:, which popularized his take on the war, and, as historian 2597:, the Romanian press was unwilling to accept a "pragmatic, 1073: 830:

dissident wing against the Conservative mainstream leaders

9561:

Miniștrii de interne (1862 – 2007). Mică enciclopedie

7306:, Associazione Culturale Mimesis, Milan, 2000, pp.21–23. 7055:

Filitti (January 2011), pp.69–70; (January 2012), pp.44–45

6387:

Brătescu, p.154; Dinu, pp.xxxix, xliii–xliv, xlix–li, liii

6298:& Editura Altip, Alba-Iulia, 2008, pp.157, 161, 174. 4202:. This process began in the 1920s, when popular historian 3852:

from even being considered in the naturalization process.

3798:. Hasdeu dismissed young Carp, Maiorescu and their patron 3714:

pseudo-democracy, as opposed to a working and transparent

2503: 1646: 1559:, and described emancipation as an issue of human rights. 9590:

Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica (AUASH)

9351:, Budapest & New York City, 2006, pp. 367–397. 3583:

or packing butter, although, to the left-wing journalist

1892: 1609:

literary press and, the same year, published a review of

1238:("dopes"), and it became a badge of pride for the oldest 439:

Minister of Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Property

9443:

Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent

5486:

Călinescu, pp.257, 991; Ornea (1998), p.298; Vianu, p.78

5128:"P.P. Carp. Cariera politică a unui conservator convins" 4041:

newspaper had an informative and calm tone, defying the

3630:

by contracting foreign loans, although he supported the

3298:, and not least of all for German influences. Historian 3174:. On Marghiloman's list, Carp was elected deputy in the 2524:

Soon after, the Conservative government was rocked by a

1265: 7482:

Boia (2010), pp.152–153, 156, 162–163, 220–221, 302–303

7103:

INTER. Revista Română de Studii Teologice și Religioase

6518: 5495:

Giura & Giura, pp.165–166; Ornea (1998), pp.212–213

3682:" effects. He proposes that Carp still maintained "the 2171:

Eventually, King Carol appointed Th. Rosetti to lead a

1486:. This explicitly proscribed non-Christians, primarily 9636:, Vol. IV, TechnoMedia, Sibiu, 2009, pp. 13–30. 9132:

Boia (2010), pp.27–28, 364–365; Bulei (1999), pp.31–32

8393:"Ideologii și istorii ideologice: tradiția românească" 8258:"Românii, moldovenii, ceafa groasă și clișeele etnice" 6707:"Orizonturile politice ale lui Duiliu Zamfirescu (II)" 6087:"Mineriada din timpul lui Carol I (13–15 martie 1888)" 3247:

epitaph, Șeicaru deplored the departure of one great "

1971:

and the National Liberals agreed on the next stage of

1651:

Eventually, Epureanu saw himself confronted with the "

9493:

Documente diplomatice române. Series I, Vol. 11: 1883

7016: 7014: 5961:"Un poet jurnalist: 'lucrul cel mai prost din lume'?" 3840:

leader, he did not intervene to help Jewish linguist

3067:

had a free say in organizing the Justice department.

4223:, rediscovered Carp as a political and moral guide. 4178:

preserves the statesman's memory in the "Petre Carp

3645:, Carp included, were also critics of most emerging 3587:, he still appeared a generally listless character. 2747:) speech in Parliament, announcing his intention of 2521:

unless promised the leadership of Internal Affairs.

1407:

On May 11, 1866, that is a day after Carol was made

959:

and the Kostakis. They owned the manorial estate of

540:

Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Instruction

11645:

Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians

9735:"Apusul unei prietenii: Maiorescu — Carp", in 9538:Georgeta Filitti, "România acum o sută de ani", in 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4802:"Cum era sa fie înlocuit Ferdinand cu Franz Joseph" 4158:gave Carp a fictional portrayal in his 1930s novel 3874:a most suitable candidate for the Romanian throne. 3742:

map of 1899, showing the distribution of citizens (

3416:

concludes that, once distinguished from the PNL's "

3070:Carp did not hold an official post, but he was the 2476:There followed a period of readjustment inside the 2216:

Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Royal Domains

1384:. When the list of candidates was narrowed down to 9411:Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica 9174:Boia (2010), pp.12–13. See also Stanomir, pp.43–44 7633:"Memoria cărții poștale. Dilema regelui Ferdinand" 7011: 5848:Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica 5684:"Tot despre senzațional în istoriografia literară" 3855: 3039:. The loss greatly affected Carp, who withdrew to 2072:"Tomorrow's Conservatives" and "United Opposition" 1427:. In the end he resigned over a disagreement with 1309:. Carp's 1865 piece, published in the local paper 1216:cultural press, and the scientific travelogues of 886:, his vision of development nonetheless rested on 9217:, Nr. 505, December 2009; Matei, pp.77, 112–113; 8597:Oișteanu (2009), p.160; Stanomir, pp.105–106, 109 8162:Balan, p.69, 72; Milian, p.273; Vitcu, pp.106–107 7504:; Ornea (1975), pp.41–42. See also Stanomir, p.72 7212:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica 5894:"Un episod clasic din publicistica lui Caragiale" 5571:, "Liberalii și conservatorii în proces (I)", in 4676:, Bucharest, 1882, pp.7–8 (online version at the 3670:One of Carp's other priorities was upholding the 3114: 2987: 1770:Romanian independence and Northern Dobruja debate 997:. The couple had another son, who died at birth. 989:, he took part in political agitation before the 785:; 28 or 29 June 1837 – 19 June 1919) was a 11606: 10617: 8557:Rumänien, der Holocaust und die Logik der Gewalt 7141:Filitti (January 2011), p.69; Ornea (1975), p.38 4959: 4866:"Junimea: continuități și rețele internaționale" 4507:"Petre P. Carp – un suflet, un caracter, o idee" 3139:. Carp, together with the Germanophile diplomat 2207:Rosetti cabinet and "Conservative concentration" 2027:, where a Romanian majority was threatened with 1590:Carol ceased all collaboration with the "Reds". 1329:. A year later, Carp was lending his pen to the 1282:": the "Red" camp, as an early manifestation of 8864:Călinescu, p.440; Ornea (1998), pp.105–106, 298 8359: 8357: 7787: 7785: 7513:Bulei (1999), pp.29–30; Milian, pp.270–271, 272 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4174:. Outside this realm of literature and satire, 3123:Țibănești Manor, partially reconstructed (2008) 2963:, Carp's former rival in the "Tramcar Affair". 2943:. Other interventions were signed by Negruzzi, 2740:(a project which the PNL itself later buried). 2238:partners, provoking Rosetti's fall from power. 1185:mention Maiorescu's alleged sexual misconduct. 9886: 9799:, Vol. II, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1971. 9745:, Vol. II, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998. 7748: 7746: 7241:Ornea (1975), pp.39–40, 41; Stanomir, pp.68–70 7072: 7070: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6748:"Culisele Expoziției Generale Române din 1906" 6739: 6737: 6421:"Lumea diplomatică la început de secol XX (I)" 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4649: 4647: 4261:. The Carp family was evicted from Țibănești ( 3825:, who used them in denouncing the antisemitic 3658:, he had an ambiguous take on the Bismarckian 2919:Such ideas were also being expressed by other 1995: 1501:and Aristide Pascal as co-editor of the daily 1228:debates were lively and sprinkled with biting 1119:Carp was in Prussia when Moldavia merged with 11488: 11457:(Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and Domains) 11362: 10603: 9872: 9223:"Filonul neexplorat: electoratul conservator" 8221:Stanomir, pp.59–60, 66, 166–167, 170, 175–176 8194:, Nr. 296. See also Bulei (1999), p.30, 31–32 8061: 8059: 7981: 7979: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7151: 7149: 7147: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6834: 6832: 6626:"Ieri și Azi: Moartea unei actrițe de 19 ani" 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6446: 6444: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6171: 6169: 6167: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 4993: 4991: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 3499: 2838:, the satirical magazine, accused Carp Sr of 2419:), Carp also imposed strict measures against 1246:. They casually misspelled Carp's surname as 11680:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 8354: 8274: 8272: 7993: 7991: 7960: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7782: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7304:Barriera o incontro? I confini nel XX secolo 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 6968: 6966: 6885: 6883: 6881: 5601: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 4925: 4702: 4700: 4698: 3718:. Even after the 1882 rapprochement between 1358:. He and Pogor were the two anti-Cuzists of 433:31 October 1882 – 21 September 1884 9476:, "Însăilări de amintiri din viața-mi", in 8384: 8382: 8312:Stanomir, pp.131–135, 167, 172–173, 174–176 8249: 8247: 8245: 8002:"Pamfil Șeicaru admirator al lui P.P. Carp" 7973:Boia (2010), p.343, 345; Ornea (1975), p.43 7770:online edition; retrieved February 10, 2012 7743: 7166:online edition; retrieved February 10, 2012 7160:"Scandal politic pentru tramvaiul electric" 7067: 6947: 6945: 6841: 6734: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6595:, Nr. 37-40/1921, pp.5–7 (digitized by the 6480: 6478: 6476: 6203: 6201: 6121: 6119: 6100:online edition; retrieved February 10, 2012 6069: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5867: 5865: 5594: 5592: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 4827: 4815:online edition; retrieved February 10, 2012 4644: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 3947:was mainly directed at the Romanticism and 3205:when the Romanian Transylvanians voted for 2625:took over as Minister of the Interior. The 1599:Minister of Education and Religious Affairs 1152:platform was never challenged from within. 938: 902:, Carp gathered consensus for steering the 11577:(Religious Affairs and Public Instruction) 11495: 11481: 11451:(Religious Affairs and Public Instruction) 11369: 11355: 10610: 10596: 9879: 9865: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8056: 7976: 7922:Boia (2010), p.204, 247; Cioculescu, p.369 7913:Boia (2010), p.51, 157, 163, 174, 204, 247 7904:Boia (2010), p.51, 125, 153, 157, 174, 219 7886:Bulei (1999), p.31; Ornea (1975), p.42, 43 7850: 7525: 7522:Milian, p.269, 271; Ornea (1975), pp.41–42 7406: 7144: 6975: 6898:Cioculescu, pp.271–272; Stanomir, pp.68–70 6829: 6531: 6441: 6317: 6164: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5526:, " 'La Palat! Trăiască Republica!' ", in 5319: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 4988: 4766: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 3891:conspiracy. In Carp's view, Marghiloman's 3767:in the final quarter of the 19th century. 3554:In the 1880s, Carp openly stated that the 3427:While exposing himself to accusations of " 2456:, the PNL-dominated legislature preserved 2326:, the Transylvanian activist who espoused 1782:in 1878, showing emancipated territories ( 737: 1874⁠–⁠1919) 498:18 December 1891 – 3 October 1895 29: 11690:Ambassadors of Romania to Austria-Hungary 9413:, Nr. III-IV, 2006–2007, pp. 149–167 9249:"Bronzul conservator și piatra democrată" 8713:Boia (2010), p.47; Ornea (1975), p.42, 43 8452: 8450: 8347: 8345: 8269: 7988: 7955: 7943: 7729: 7588: 7453: 7363: 7244: 6963: 6878: 5823: 5821: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5036: 4695: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4257:, and viewed all sides of World War I as 3317:s literary activity ceased in Iași, when 2601:, unemotional" perspective on Macedonia. 2269:, effectively a Constitutionalist paper. 1904:area. The year brought a victory for the 1873:, again elected in Vaslui's 1st College. 1509:, "The Country"). It was introduced as a 1447:"White" spokesman and Epureanu's minister 1441:Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee 1274:for Cuza's Council of State, leaving for 257:20 April 1870 – 14 December 1870 203:29 December 1910 – 28 March 1912 104:29 December 1910 – 28 March 1912 11710:Romanian people of the Second Balkan War 11630:People from the Principality of Moldavia 9632:, in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), 8510:Bulei (1999), p.29; Ornea (1975), p.39; 8379: 8242: 8099:Barbu & Preda, p.445; Stanomir, p.60 6942: 6906: 6904: 6691: 6473: 6198: 6116: 6011: 5999:Radu (2005), p.118; Stanomir, pp.165–176 5862: 5589: 5473: 5471: 5412:" 'Destinul omului e în mâna Domnului' " 5365:; Stanomir, pp.54–56, 59–60, 95, 160–176 4150:) and the invectives of poet-journalist 4107: 3899: 3734: 3503: 3310:, a fact once noted by Maiorescu: "When 3263: 3118: 2991: 2759: 2644:, had designed a project to replace the 2612: 2350: 2075: 1773: 1450: 1386:Carol (Karl) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 1286:; the "Whites", as mainly proponents of 1101: 599:30 January 1876 – 30 March 1876 11675:Ministers of foreign affairs of Romania 11640:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 9844:Newspaper clippings about Petre P. Carp 9368:Istorie și mit în conștiința românească 8752: 7030:, Nr. 4/1911, pp.2–3 (digitized by the 6774:Cioculescu, pp.271–272; Floru (I), p.39 6593:Buletinul Societății Numismatice Române 6589:"Domnul M. C. Sutzu la Banca Națională" 6371:, Nr. 17/1898, p.204 (digitized by the 5661: 5559:Ornea (1998), p.230; Stanomir, pp.58–59 5215: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4367: 4319: 4064:, his voice was shrill, with an exotic 3274:public lectures, listing Christianity, 3006:. Romania as one of the client states ( 2755: 2504:Conservative leadership and 1908 schism 2052:, at the time the main staff writer at 1671:had been agreed between "Red" minister 1619:, but the various assignments absorbed 1613:'s collection of fables in Maiorescu's 922:, when he inspired fellow Conservative 918:. He came out of retirement during the 552:23 May 1870 – 14 December 1870 451:4 June 1888 – 11 November 1888 156:7 July 1900 – 13 February 1901 59:7 July 1900 – 13 February 1901 11607: 9903:List of heads of government of Romania 9592:, Nr. 2-3, 1998–1999, pp. 161–175 9000:"Eugen Lovinescu: lecturi eminesciene" 8968:Ornea (1975), p.43; Stanomir, pp.72–79 8447: 8342: 7686:Boia (2010), p.327; Ornea (1975), p.42 7184:Ornea (1975), pp.38–39; Stanomir, p.70 5818: 5702: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4545: 3996:, remains recognized as the "acerbic" 3010:), extending into the western half of 2608: 1376:gazette, advocated the dissolution of 1212:patronage in 1868), articles from the 807:club, which he co-founded with critic 304:22 March 1888 – 22 March 1889 11765:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni 11476: 11350: 10591: 9860: 9326:Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava 9083:"Geo Bogza comentat de N. Steinhardt" 7931:Boia (2010), p.51; Bulei (1999), p.31 6901: 5468: 4240:P. P. Carp, critic literar și literat 4211:and the apologetic Carp biography by 3662:program. Nemoianu thus suggests that 3037:Romanian expedition into Transylvania 2346: 1916:("The New Era"). It was a defense of 1885:, written by the Jewish intellectual 1266:1866 conspiracy and mission to France 1188:P. P. Carp's initial contribution to 1020:, Petre Jr enlisted at the bilingual 765: 9558:Constantin Gheorghe, Miliana Șerbu, 9548:, "Întâlniri cu Titu Maiorescu", in 9498:Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9419:, "Bismarck și Ion C. Brătianu", in 6923:, Nr. 6/1908, p.3 (digitized by the 6407:, Nr. 3-24/2010, pp.101–102, 104–105 5749:Călinescu, pp.554, 1005; Vianu, p.78 5020: 4979:"Junimea – cultură și politică" 4525: 3492:, almost to the point of advocating 2955:, and various pseudonymous authors. 2632:The cabinet, which had Filipescu as 2382:P. P. Carp was Romanian Premier and 2355:Carp's official photograph, ca. 1900 1404:, a personal friend of Napoleon's). 11655:Ministers of agriculture of Romania 9682:, Leiden, 2008, pp. 119–149. 9587:1 December University of Alba Iulia 8923:Bulei (1999), pp.27–28; Vianu, p.15 8671:"Un savant călcat în picioare (II)" 8179:"Perspective la început de mileniu" 7829:Boia (2010), pp.45–46; Coandă, p.76 7209:1 December University of Alba Iulia 6792:Floru (I), p.39; Ornea (1975), p.41 6215:"Delavrancea si ravagiile cenzurii" 5932:" 'Și mai potoliți-l pe Eminescu' " 5779:Brătescu, p.154; Brătianu, pp.13–14 4732: 3924:assessed that the first-generation 3254: 2858: 2484:figure, the dramatist and satirist 1730:club, answering a proposal made by 1547:("Young Right") society, headed by 1511:D̦iar politic, literar și comercial 1321:, and specifically its advocacy of 1094: 1050:. Carp affiliated with a notorious 13: 11755:Translators of William Shakespeare 11506:(29 December 1910 – 28 March 1912) 9619:, Vol. VII, 2008, pp. 147–173 9040:"Înapoi la bucătăria tradițională" 7285:"Dobrogea. O scurtă istorie (III)" 6620:Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp.143–144; 5797:Brătianu, p.13; Dinu, pp.xlvii–lii 5550:Giura & Giura, pp.165–166, 171 4309:'s diplomatic mission to Romania. 4282:. Others additionally assert that 3929:improving the literary content of 3599:that were supposed to provide the 2426:The Carp cabinet had Maiorescu as 2289:", education campaigns to improve 1060:. According to literary historian 14: 11786: 11700:Ambassadors of Romania to Germany 11665:Ministers of education of Romania 9824: 9705:, Vol. XL, 2010, pp. 267–279 9566:Romanian Ministry of the Interior 9531:, London, 1903 (digitized by the 9508:, Bucharest, 2006, pp.xxxv–lix. 9349:Central European University Press 9150:"Rădulescu-Motru a avut dreptate" 7085:Filitti (November 2011), pp.60–61 6521:, Cluj-Napoca, 2007, pp.190–200. 5815:Brătianu, p.14; Dinu, pp.liii–liv 5337:"Junimea, societate secretă (II)" 4907:"Din nou despre duelul la români" 4633:"Omul potrivit la locul potrivit" 3916:. According to Carp's biographer 3259: 2135:, which ended without bloodshed. 11695:Ambassadors of Romania to France 11685:Members of the Senate of Romania 11380:(7 July 1900 – 13 February 1901) 10580:indicates current office holder. 10026: 9820:, Nr. 14 (2008), pp. 77–117 9408:Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu 9260: 9238: 9195: 9186: 9177: 9168: 9135: 9126: 9115:"Pelerinajul Mandarinului Valah" 9101: 9069: 9060: 9051: 9029: 8989: 8980: 8971: 8962: 8953: 8944: 8935: 8926: 8917: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8743: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8707: 8698: 8689: 8657: 8648: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8573: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8504: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8474:Filitti (January 2011), pp.70–71 8468: 8459: 8438: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8120: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8084: 8047: 8038: 8029: 8020: 7967: 7934: 7925: 7916: 7907: 7898: 7889: 7880: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7773: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7689: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7622: 7613: 7604: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7550:"P.P. Carp și Uniunea Europeană" 7516: 7507: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7354: 7325: 7316: 7296: 7271: 7262: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7187: 7178: 7169: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7088: 7079: 7064:Filitti (January 2012), pp.44–45 7058: 7049: 7040: 6954: 6933: 6892: 6804: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6725: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6614: 6605: 6575: 6566: 6432: 6363:"Ce e nou? O nuntă la Bucureșci" 5975:"Politizarea bolii lui Eminescu" 5845:Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu 5420:, March 16, 2007; Stanomir, p.88 4027:development of literary Romanian 3730: 3443:, is sometimes described as an " 3158:(June 29, 1918), he received an 2006:Ambassador to the Austrian Court 1354:regime slowly introduced by the 1024:, and lived in the house of its 848:, and founder of the newspapers 35:P. P. Carp (pre-1900 photograph) 11705:Ambassadors of Romania to Italy 11670:Ministers of finance of Romania 11660:Ministers of culture of Romania 9650:, November 2011, pp. 83–88 9487:, November 2001, pp. 62–65 9435:, December 1999, pp. 27–32 9387:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010. 9333:, Nr. 14 (2008), pp. 63–76 8950:Bulei (1999), p.29; Vianu, p.78 8537:Bulei (1999), p.28; Vianu, p.79 7940:Boia (2010), p.51, 231, 295–297 7820:Boia (2010), p.45; Coandă, p.76 6410: 6390: 6381: 6353: 6308: 6272: 6242: 6233: 6189: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6109:Bulei (1999), p.28; Cristescu, 6103: 6036: 6027: 6002: 5993: 5950: 5921: 5912: 5883: 5874: 5853: 5830: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5580: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5398: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5355: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5186: 5177: 5148: 5139: 4893: 4884: 4818: 4757: 3959:was complete, whereas in other 3420:" and Catargiu's "immobilism", 2736:, PNL also began agitating for 1593:In April 1870, the 33-year-old 734: 11715:Romanian people of World War I 9768:, Nr. 4/2005, pp. 112–122 9583:"Otto von Bismarck și românii" 9581:Maura G. Giura, Lucian Giura, 9425:, October 1997, pp. 13–17 8435:Gheorghe & Șerbu, pp.88–89 7757:"Trădarea colonelului Sturdza" 7385:Ionescu & M. Șt., p.37, 39 7024:"Fapte și lucruri din România" 6519:Center for Imagination Studies 5722:American Philosophical Society 4748: 4364:Evans-Gordon, pp.168, 191, 304 4358: 4284:Romania's European integration 3524:(repeatedly invoked by Carp), 3511:of Wallachia, depicted in 1880 3290:Initially a cultural venture, 3115:1918 reversal and Carp's death 2988:Carp and the German occupation 2253:slogan was also taken up by a 2084:cartoon, poking fun at Carp's 1497:In November 1867, Carp joined 1064:, this aristocratic influence 838:. He was a contributor to the 1: 11134:Socialist Republic of Romania 9502:Romanian Diplomatic Institute 9307: 9013:, Nr. 9/2009 (republished by 8686:, Nr. 152, January 2009, p.10 7132:Filitti (November 2011), p.59 7035:Transsylvanica Online Library 6928:Transsylvanica Online Library 6600:Transsylvanica Online Library 6376:Transsylvanica Online Library 6113:; Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.124 5724:, Philadelphia, 1991, p.100. 5504:Giura & Giura, pp.165–166 3145:Moldavian Democratic Republic 2555:Conservative-Democratic Party 2010:free navigation on the Danube 1896:politics and Kingdom creation 1647:Catargiu's "Great government" 11740:Romanian opinion journalists 11593:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 10619:Foreign Ministers of Romania 9739:, April 1975, pp. 38–43 9717:University of Nebraska Press 9480:, March 2008, pp. 74–77 8645:, 2007, pp.138–139, 140, 148 8492:Stanomir, pp.95–100, 169–170 8374:National Archives of Romania 8286:"D-ale 'spiritului critic' " 8230:Oișteanu (2009), pp.139, 160 8090:Matei, p.91, Stanomir, p.100 7123:Filitti (May 2011), pp.73–74 7076:Filitti (January 2011), p.70 6860:"Memoriile soților Brătianu" 6399:Petre Otu, Maria Georgescu, 4824:Cristescu, p.64; Vianu, p.83 4714:"Junimea, societate secretă" 4093:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 3827:Democratic Nationalist Party 3750:) and non-citizen subjects ( 3544:to conclude that Carp was a 3396:Carp did not object to more 3176:legislative election of 1918 2910:România și Războiul European 2801:of 1912 opened the way to a 2443:Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter 2365:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 2160:and the junior Conservative 1964:and Carol's own Regal Club. 1920:in front of PNL promises of 1455:Photograph of Carp, ca. 1870 1131:, but joined hands with the 991:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 943:Carp was a scion of the old 933: 920:German occupation of Romania 836:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 80:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 7: 11735:Romanian newspaper founders 9848:20th Century Press Archives 9602:, June 1973, pp. 37–45 9235:), Nr. 1073, September 2010 9066:Stanomir, pp.60–61, 130–137 8563:, Munich, 2007, pp.50–51. 7726:Boia (2010), p.45, 163, 295 7214:, Nr. 6/I, 2002, pp.141–145 6661:Filitti (July 2002), pp.5–6 6652:Ioniță, pp.155–156, 157–158 6611:Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.168 6572:Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.144 6405:Revista de Istorie Militară 6161:Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.124 6042:Călinescu, p.404. See also 6033:Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.163 5880:Brătianu, p.14; Dinu, p.liv 5640:Vitcu, pp.104–108, 116, 117 4890:Călinescu, pp.395, 399, 506 4272:Romanian Revolution of 1989 3800:Manolache Costache Epureanu 3520:ethos, with models such as 2937:Marin Simionescu-Râmniceanu 2526:nationwide peasants' revolt 1996:Joining the Triple Alliance 1549:Manolache Costache Epureanu 1505:(an antiquated spelling of 1433:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1411:, Carp became Secretary of 1138:; the three of them set up 563:Manolache Costache Epureanu 268:Manolache Costache Epureanu 245:Minister of Foreign Affairs 10: 11791: 11730:Romanian newspaper editors 11650:Prime ministers of Romania 9285:"Monumente și meșteșuguri" 9057:Boia (2010), pp.12, 16, 18 8212:Boia (2010), pp.67–68, 256 8073:"Elita modernă românească" 7869:"Acum 90 de ani... (XXIX)" 7619:Ionescu & M. Șt., p.45 7610:Ionescu & M. Șt., p.40 6296:Brukenthal National Museum 5859:Gheorghe & Șerbu, p.80 4943:"Caragiale și Shakespeare" 4922:, Nr. 37/2005; Vianu, p.34 4280:post-revolutionary Romania 3823:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 3500:Carp on social improvement 3294:fought for a new order in 3166:and Caragiale's two sons, 3048:Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș 3019:secret treaty of Bucharest 2627:elections of February 1911 1881:a review of the epic poem 1718:, she was the daughter of 1106:The building once housing 797:, and twice the country's 292:Nicolae Calimachi-Catargiu 11770:University of Bonn alumni 11725:Romanian literary critics 11589:(Agriculture and Domains) 11529: 11511: 11403: 11385: 11335: 11200: 11132: 10784: 10625: 10563: 10373: 10325: 10035: 10024: 9911: 9898: 9141:Boia (2010), pp.364–365; 9098:, Nr. 210, June 2011, p.4 8588:Balan, p.65, 67–68, 70–71 7717:Boia (2010), pp.43–46, 47 7436:"Petre P. Carp și ziarul 6563:, Nr. 1080, November 2010 4251:Romanian communist regime 4103: 3937:affiliates (according to 3365:However, as the voice of 2931:(Virgil Arion's nephew), 2285:construction of several " 2224:Romanian Telegraph Agency 2199:, in preparation for the 2104:. At the time, the whole 1835:(formerly in the Ottoman 1810:Russo-Turkish War of 1877 1751:constitutional-monarchist 1709:Romanian diplomatic agent 752: 744: 718: 702: 692: 672: 652: 647: 643: 627: 615: 603: 592: 580: 568: 556: 545: 538: 526: 514: 502: 491: 479: 467: 455: 444: 437: 426: 411: 401: 390: 382: 371: 363: 359: 355: 348: 344: 332: 320: 308: 297: 285: 273: 261: 250: 243: 231: 219: 207: 196: 184: 172: 160: 149: 142: 130: 118: 108: 97: 85: 73: 63: 52: 47:Prime Minister of Romania 44: 40: 28: 21: 11745:Romanian philanthropists 8855:Ornea (1998), pp.297–298 8801:Ornea (1998), p.113, 298 8483:Barbu & Preda, p.372 8444:Ornea (1998), pp.312–314 8044:Stanomir, pp.95–100, 133 7336:"Cațavencii de altădată" 6838:Filitti (May 2007), p.68 6670:Filitti (July 2002), p.6 6125:Giura & Giura, p.174 5918:Ornea (1998), pp.186–187 5909:, Nr. 416, February 2012 5577:, January 1973, pp.25–30 5374:Evans-Gordon, pp.166–168 4312: 3970:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 3872:Prince Frederick William 3796:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 3391:redistribution of wealth 3340:traditional conservatism 3030:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2781:cartoon (August 6, 1913) 2690:Romanian Orthodox Church 2585:nations. Interviewed by 2562:"stupidity", and to the 2471:Constantin Alimănișteanu 2400:National Bank of Romania 2319:Transylvanian Memorandum 2000:Before the end of 1882, 1825:Peace Congress of Berlin 1812:, he criticized Premier 1691:to the newly proclaimed 1499:Nicolae Moret Blaremberg 1484:Romanian nationality law 1307:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1288:traditional conservatism 1155:From its inception, the 939:Early life and education 11583:(Industry and Commerce) 10631:Principality of Romania 8846:Boia (2000), pp.294–295 8631:Babeș-Bolyai University 8528:, Nr. 90, November 2001 8108:Radu (2005), p.117, 118 8081:, Nr. 63, February 2009 7546:Horia-Roman Patapievici 7360:Boia (2010), p.251, 264 7032:Babeș-Bolyai University 6925:Babeș-Bolyai University 6915:"Partidul ambițioșilor" 6597:Babeș-Bolyai University 6516:Babeș-Bolyai University 6438:Radu (2005), pp.119–120 6373:Babeș-Bolyai University 6008:Radu (2005), pp.117–119 5892:Codrin Liviu Cuțitaru, 4985:, Nr. 257, January 2010 4678:University of Bucharest 4631:Adriana Oprea-Popescu, 4219:and political essayist 3904:Carp's contribution to 3410:universal male suffrage 3268:An 1879 program of the 3133:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2773:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 2738:universal male suffrage 2436:motion of no confidence 1745:, drafting the group's 1380:in preparation for the 1022:Französisches Gymnasium 763:Romanian pronunciation: 9836:, presentation at the 8977:Călinescu, pp.340, 427 8941:Bulei (1999), pp.27–28 8516:"Politică. Ioan Adam, 8426:Bulei (1999), pp.28–29 7708:Meyerhofer, pp.124–126 7232:Ornea (1975), p.39, 40 7223:Ornea (1975), p.39, 41 6705:Gheorghe I. Florescu, 6643:Ornea (1975), pp.39–40 6553:Mihail Gr. Romașcanu, 5969:, Nr. 376, June 2007; 5524:Șerban Rădulescu-Zoner 4200:historical revisionism 4120: 4118:Nicolae Petrescu-Găină 3893:separate peace of 1918 3863:Alexandru Al. Beldiman 3755: 3568:industrial agriculture 3512: 3287: 3196:Armistice with Germany 3184:Alexandru Al. Beldiman 3124: 3084:, alongside zoologist 3025:Romania in World War I 3014: 2817:reaction in Bulgaria. 2782: 2618: 2356: 2201:November 1888 election 2089: 1795: 1759:National Liberal Party 1675:and Prussian investor 1456: 1218:Alexander von Humboldt 1116: 767:[ˈpetrepekarp] 11625:Politicians from Iași 11559:Mihail G. Cantacuzino 11537:Alexandru Marghiloman 11421:Alexandru Marghiloman 10627:United Principalities 9913:United Principalities 9840:Commune official site 9743:Junimea și junimismul 9279:, December 11, 2008; 9271:"Iată marea delăsare" 9192:Boia (2010), pp.21–28 9183:Boia (2010), pp.13–21 8837:Călinescu, p.257, 991 7105:, Nr. 1-2/2007, p.246 6314:Stanomir, pp.207, 208 6269:, Vol. V, 2006, p.134 5850:, Nr. II, 2005, p.242 5621:Constantin Iordachi, 4763:Boia (2010), pp.62–63 4236:cession of Bessarabia 4160:În preajma revoluției 4111: 3900:Literary contribution 3856:Carpist "renaissance" 3811:economic antisemitism 3738: 3522:Alexis de Tocqueville 3507: 3267: 3217:Constantin Costa-Foru 3215:daily noted, through 3122: 3082:Dimitrie S. Nenițescu 2995: 2767:: Carol I "stealing" 2763: 2705:Conon Arămescu-Donici 2623:Alexandru Marghiloman 2616: 2373:Dimitrie S. Nenițescu 2354: 2257:weekly, co-edited by 2117:Alexandru Marghiloman 2079: 1857:Bulgarian irredentism 1790:) over the old ones ( 1777: 1635:was mobilized on the 1633:Imperial Russian Army 1539:paper, and advocated 1525:reacted against the " 1454: 1346:As a defender of the 1125:United Principalities 1105: 820:United Principalities 660:June 28 (or 29), 1837 486:Alexandru N. Lahovari 339:Alexandru N. Lahovari 11760:Neoclassical writers 11750:Romanian translators 9782:, Bucharest, 2008. 9780:Editura Curtea Veche 9664:, Bucharest, 2007. 9617:Anale. Seria Istorie 9614:University of Galați 9519:William Evans-Gordon 9463:, Bucharest, 1974. 9417:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 9209:"România de Dreapta" 8561:R. Oldenbourg Verlag 8330:Stanomir, pp.174–176 8203:Stanomir, pp.170–171 8126:Stanomir, pp.172–174 7268:Floru (II), pp.49–51 6679:Cioculescu, pp.21–23 6267:Anale. Seria Istorie 6264:University of Galați 6251:Constantin I. Stan, 5532:, October 1972, p.20 5522:Beatrice Marinescu, 5159:"Banchete junimiste" 4340:"O adresă high-life" 4204:Constantin Kirițescu 4184:", an assortment of 4035:phonemic orthography 4006:Ion Vodă cel Cumplit 3696:Ambassador Kinderlen 3585:Constantin Bacalbașa 3336:liberal conservatism 3164:Alexandru Macedonski 3094:Alexandru D. Sturdza 3078:August von Mackensen 2756:1913 marginalization 2694:Metropolitan-Primate 2337:Alexandru D. Sturdza 2277:, objecting to the " 1930:separation of powers 1653:Republic of Ploiești 1568:Alexandru G. Golescu 1469:Constitution of 1866 1461:Assembly of Deputies 1364:Princely Lieutenancy 1350:, Carp disliked the 1348:parliamentary system 1319:Ion Vodă cel Cumplit 1254:); also, during one 981:Enlightenment ideals 874:tendencies of "Red" 795:liberal conservatism 748:Diplomat, politician 724:Sevastia Cantacuzino 587:Nicolae Gr. Racoviță 385:Assembly of Deputies 350:Additional positions 280:Alexandru G. Golescu 11775:Diplomats from Iași 11575:Constantin C. Arion 11504:Second Carp cabinet 11449:Constantin C. Arion 11411:Constantin Olănescu 9524:The Alien Immigrant 9374:, Bucharest, 2000. 9300:, Nr. 379, May 2011 9214:Observator Cultural 9120:Observator Cultural 9079:Constantin Cubleșan 8911:Convorbiri Literare 8873:Ornea (1998), p.298 8819:Ornea (1998), p.123 8810:Ornea (1998), p.106 8546:Stanomir, pp.98–100 8525:Observator Cultural 8417:Matei, pp.77, 95–96 8339:Ornea (1998), p.189 8321:Ornea (1998), p.185 8303:Matei, pp.90–91, 96 8014:Convorbiri Literare 6719:Convorbiri Literare 6467:Convorbiri Literare 6455:"Evocări junimiste" 6347:Convorbiri Literare 6152:Cristescu, pp.64–65 6143:Cristescu, pp.62–63 5966:Observator Cultural 5465:Ornea (1998), p.212 5349:Convorbiri Literare 5209:Convorbiri Literare 5171:Convorbiri Literare 5017:, February 28, 2006 4977:Constantin Coroiu, 4878:Convorbiri Literare 4726:Convorbiri Literare 4641:, December 12, 2005 4522:, 22 September 2007 3974:Arthur Schopenhauer 3966:Jean de La Fontaine 3906:Romanian literature 3782:and the Moldavian " 3776:Alexander John Cuza 3765:Jewish emancipation 3534:economic liberalism 3459:, to take over the 3286:("moral epidemics") 3207:their own union act 2795:Kingdom of Bulgaria 2729:Bucharest Town Hall 2609:Second Carp cabinet 2496:, another literary 2445:, who welcomed its 2417:Constantin Olănescu 2413:Constantin C. Arion 2388:Jewish emancipation 2164:, Carp denounced a 1879:Convorbiri Literare 1805:Mihail Kogălniceanu 1786:) and new borders ( 1732:Gheorghe Costa-Foru 1687:Carp was appointed 1673:Mihail Kogălniceanu 1629:Franco-Prussian War 1616:Convorbiri Literare 1541:Jewish emancipation 1313:under the pen name 1284:Romanian liberalism 1170:Alexander John Cuza 1038:William Shakespeare 876:Romanian liberalism 845:Convorbiri Literare 657:Petre Petrache Carp 144:Minister of Finance 11581:Dimitrie Nenițescu 11549:(External Affairs) 11461:Ion C. Grădișteanu 11423:(External Affairs) 11378:First Carp cabinet 11202:Romania since 1989 11005:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10953:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10932:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10912:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10886:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10786:Kingdom of Romania 10725:Calimachi-Catargiu 10710:Calimachi-Catargiu 10375:Romania since 1989 10200:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10185:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10160:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10140:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10125:Ion I. C. Brătianu 10037:Kingdom of Romania 9719:, Lincoln, 2009. 9290:2012-05-04 at the 9205:Bedros Horasangian 9155:2015-02-04 at the 9123:, Nr. 14, May 2000 9088:2012-04-25 at the 9048:, January 21, 2009 9022:2011-09-02 at the 9005:2012-04-15 at the 8932:Boia (2000), p.309 8904:2012-04-24 at the 8792:Ornea (1998), p.48 8773:2016-03-04 at the 8766:Simona Vasilache, 8676:2012-04-25 at the 8640:2010-03-29 at the 8625:2012-02-24 at the 8398:2012-04-25 at the 8184:2012-04-25 at the 8117:Radu (2005), p.119 8007:2009-03-08 at the 7985:Boia (2010), p.343 7964:Bulei (1999), p.31 7847:Boia (2010), p.219 7838:Ornea (1975), p.43 7801:2011-08-26 at the 7779:Boia (2010), p.173 7762:2012-01-10 at the 7650:Milian, pp.273–274 7601:Ornea (1975), p.42 7567:Bulei (1999), p.30 7558:, January 11, 2007 7434:Ion Agrigoroaiei, 7376:Ornea (1975), p.41 7351:, November 8, 2005 7341:2012-04-26 at the 7259:Ornea (1975), p.40 7203:2012-04-25 at the 7097:Paul Brusanovski, 7008:, January 18, 2012 6998:2014-03-02 at the 6972:Ornea (1975), p.38 6889:Bulei (1999), p.27 6865:2016-05-31 at the 6826:, February 2, 2007 6712:2009-03-07 at the 6509:2008-06-25 at the 6497:2011-07-27 at the 6460:2008-01-23 at the 6340:2009-02-15 at the 6290:2012-04-25 at the 6258:2012-04-25 at the 6220:2015-09-24 at the 6186:, Nr. 7/2011, p.69 6092:2017-02-20 at the 6056:2016-03-04 at the 6024:Bulei (1999), p.28 5980:2015-09-24 at the 5937:2011-05-18 at the 5930:Valentin Olteanu, 5899:2012-02-09 at the 5871:Bulei (1999), p.29 5689:2015-09-24 at the 5598:Bulei (1999), p.32 5342:2004-08-10 at the 5333:Mihai Dim. Sturdza 5298:Stanomir, pp.46–54 5202:2009-02-21 at the 5197:"Păpușile Junimii" 5164:2012-04-24 at the 5007:2014-03-02 at the 5002:"Balurile Junimii" 4948:2012-04-26 at the 4912:2011-11-09 at the 4871:2012-04-24 at the 4807:2016-05-07 at the 4800:Petre Brașoveanu, 4719:2012-04-24 at the 4710:Mihai Dim. Sturdza 4688:2016-03-31 at the 4668:2012-06-16 at the 4512:2014-02-23 at the 4345:2016-06-02 at the 4291:Conservative Party 4267:national communism 4217:Nicolae Steinhardt 4121: 3756: 3740:Kingdom of Romania 3605:educational system 3595:, with modernized 3513: 3463:, and to turn the 3369:, Carp criticized 3288: 3149:union with Romania 3137:peace with Germany 3129:October Revolution 3125: 3015: 2826:Peace of Bucharest 2783: 2699:with support from 2697:Atanasie Mironescu 2682:Alexandru Averescu 2656:dropped while the 2619: 2547:Ion I. C. Brătianu 2486:Ion Luca Caragiale 2464:) referred to the 2379:was unbridgeable. 2357: 2347:First Carp cabinet 2181:Constantin Barozzi 2125:George D. Vernescu 2090: 2082:Constantin Jiquidi 1979:, with Carol I as 1977:Kingdom of Romania 1975:, proclaiming the 1910:Conservative Party 1796: 1720:Ion C. Cantacuzino 1716:Cantacuzino boyars 1603:University of Iași 1457: 1425:Court of Compiègne 1413:Romania's Legation 1176:). As philosopher 1117: 1052:student fraternity 1048:University of Bonn 904:Kingdom of Romania 824:Conservative Party 713:Conservative Party 125:Ion I. C. Brătianu 11635:Romanian nobility 11602: 11601: 11565:Nicolae Filipescu 11470: 11469: 11455:Nicolae Filipescu 11344: 11343: 11339: 11338:* denotes interim 11250:Popescu-Tăriceanu 11114:Niculescu-Buzești 10659:Papadopol-Calimah 10654:Rosetti-Bălănescu 10585: 10584: 10439:Popescu-Tăriceanu 9818:Codrul Cosminului 9788:978-973-669-521-6 9725:978-0-8032-2098-0 9688:978-90-04-16659-2 9642:978-606-8030-53-1 9574:978-973-745-048-7 9506:Editura Academiei 9474:Grigore T. Coandă 9453:Șerban Cioculescu 9449:, Bucharest, 1986 9393:978-973-50-2635-6 9330:Codrul Cosminului 9254:Evenimentul Zilei 9146:Gheorghe Grigurcu 9016:România Culturală 8998:Ioan Pop Curșeu, 8768:"Fiii risipitori" 8731:Boia (2010), p.48 8695:Boia (2010), p.44 8569:978-3-486-58348-9 8465:Boia (2010), p.47 8282:Gheorghe Grigurcu 8026:Boia (2010), p.62 7952:Boia (2010), p.51 7740:Boia (2010), p.45 7677:Meyerhofer, p.124 7576:Boia (2010), p.94 7555:Evenimentul Zilei 7464:Boia (2010), p.68 7403:Boia (2010), p.96 7312:978-88-87231-68-7 7005:Jurnalul Național 6939:Cioculescu, p.272 6801:Cioculescu, p.269 6756:, October 7, 2010 6746:Bădescu Emanuel, 6624:Dana G. Ionescu, 6585:Ioan G. Bibicescu 6304:978-973-117-141-8 5971:Nicolae Manolescu 5714:William O. Oldson 5658:Vitcu, pp.107–108 5649:Vitcu, pp.106–107 5279:Silvia Bocancea, 5126:Silvia Bocancea, 4638:Jurnalul Național 4505:Mircea Dumitriu, 4097:Grigore Trandafil 4010:national interest 3986:Vasile Alecsandri 3953:classical unities 3834:William O. Oldson 3716:liberal democracy 3708:political machine 3656:Otto von Bismarck 3628:deficit spendings 3387:Pharaohs of Egypt 2996:German plans for 2970:In January 1916, 2822:Second Balkan War 2717:Kingdom of Greece 2494:Duiliu Zamfirescu 2440:German Ambassador 2162:Nicolae Filipescu 2066:conspiracy theory 2039:attended a large 2037:Petre Grădișteanu 1942:industrialization 1849:national interest 1700:Otto von Bismarck 1697:German Chancellor 1661:Romanian Railways 1657:Strousberg Affair 1323:absolute monarchy 1252:Ioan D. Caragiani 1036:, and especially 756: 755: 639: 638: 366:Senate of Romania 11782: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11474: 11473: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11348: 11347: 11337: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10589: 10588: 10576:office holders. 10030: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9858: 9857: 9832: 9811: 9797:Scriitori români 9759: 9694: 9680:Brill Publishers 9662:Editura Compania 9654:Sorin Adam Matei 9624: 9608:Nicolae Ioniță, 9607: 9580: 9557: 9542:, various issues 9533:Internet Archive 9461:Editura Eminescu 9439:George Călinescu 9402:Liviu Brătescu, 9401: 9315: 9301: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9166: 9162:România Literară 9144: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9124: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9049: 9045:Ziarul Financiar 9037: 9033: 9027: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8986:Călinescu, p.761 8984: 8978: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8915: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8880: 8874: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8784: 8780:România Literară 8765: 8761: 8750: 8749:Călinescu, p.397 8747: 8741: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8696: 8693: 8687: 8667:Laszlo Alexandru 8665: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8646: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8598: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8580: 8577: 8571: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8529: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8409: 8391:Victor Rizescu, 8390: 8386: 8377: 8365: 8361: 8352: 8349: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8280: 8276: 8267: 8255: 8251: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8195: 8175:Alexandru George 8173: 8169: 8163: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8127: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8091: 8088: 8082: 8067: 8063: 8054: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8027: 8024: 8018: 7999: 7995: 7986: 7983: 7974: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7953: 7950: 7941: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7905: 7902: 7896: 7895:Coandă, pp.75–76 7893: 7887: 7884: 7878: 7874:Ziarul Financiar 7863: 7859: 7848: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7812: 7808:România Literară 7793: 7789: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7754: 7750: 7741: 7738: 7727: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7669: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7638:Ziarul Financiar 7630: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7586: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7451: 7433: 7429: 7404: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7322:Călinescu, p.434 7320: 7314: 7300: 7294: 7290:Ziarul Financiar 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7158:Cătălin Fudulu, 7157: 7153: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7106: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7065: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7009: 6990: 6986: 6973: 6970: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6912: 6908: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6876: 6872:România Literară 6854: 6850: 6839: 6836: 6827: 6823:Ziarul Financiar 6818:"421, nu 11.000" 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6753:Ziarul Financiar 6745: 6741: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6704: 6700: 6689: 6688:Călinescu, p.495 6686: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6603: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6555:"Eugeniu Carada" 6552: 6548: 6529: 6504:Caietele Echinox 6486: 6482: 6471: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6436: 6430: 6426:Ziarul Financiar 6418: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6379: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6332: 6328: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6227:România Literară 6209: 6205: 6196: 6195:Floru (II), p.52 6193: 6187: 6177: 6173: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6114: 6107: 6101: 6084: 6080: 6067: 6063:România Literară 6047:Ioana Pârvulescu 6045: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6009: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5987:România Literară 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944:România Literară 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5816: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5711: 5700: 5696:România Literară 5678: 5674: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5620: 5616: 5599: 5596: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5477:Călinescu, p.400 5475: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5417:Ziarul Financiar 5406: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5330: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5278: 5274: 5213: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5175: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5125: 5121: 5034: 5031: 5018: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4976: 4972: 4957: 4941:Marina Cap Bun, 4940: 4936: 4923: 4919:România Literară 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4860: 4856: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4799: 4795: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4730: 4708: 4704: 4693: 4674:Romanian Academy 4655: 4651: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4543: 4542:Călinescu, p.440 4540: 4523: 4504: 4500: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4352:România Literară 4336:Ioana Pârvulescu 4334: 4330: 4295:Democratic Party 4176:Romanian cuisine 4156:Constantin Stere 4116:, caricature by 3922:George Călinescu 3870:ass", and found 3850:Northern Dobruja 3542:Sorin Adam Matei 3449:Pan-Slavic ideal 3316: 3296:Romanian culture 3255:Political vision 2961:Constantin Stere 2894:Idealul național 2859:World War I hawk 2848:Simion Mehedinți 2807:Southern Dobruja 2803:Greater Bulgaria 2799:First Balkan War 2769:Southern Dobruja 2734:Constantin Stere 2701:Gherasim Safirin 2638:social insurance 2575:Aromanian people 2438:. Backed by the 2428:Justice Minister 2384:Finance Minister 2291:animal husbandry 2259:Petru Th. Missir 2197:Internal Affairs 2154:Dimitrie Sturdza 2133:Eugeniu Stătescu 2062: 1845:Dimitrie Sturdza 1833:Northern Dobruja 1818:independence war 1763:two-party system 1705:Kingdom of Italy 1677:B. H. Strousberg 1641:Eastern Orthodox 1463:constituency of 1437:Ottoman Bulgaria 1419:, serving under 1382:April plebiscite 1258:party, novelist 1129:German education 1115:s printing press 1114: 928:collaborationist 817: 769: 764: 738: 736: 679: 648:Personal details 634:Alexandru Orăscu 630: 618: 606: 597: 583: 571: 559: 550: 533:Gheorghe Pallade 529: 517: 505: 496: 482: 470: 458: 449: 431: 395: 376: 346: 345: 335: 327:Mihail Pherekyde 323: 311: 302: 288: 276: 264: 255: 234: 222: 210: 201: 191:Gheorghe Pallade 187: 175: 163: 154: 133: 121: 102: 92:Dimitrie Sturdza 88: 76: 57: 33: 19: 18: 11790: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11525: 11507: 11501: 11471: 11466: 11399: 11381: 11375: 11345: 11340: 11331: 11196: 11128: 11073:Petrescu-Comnen 10819:Ion C. Brătianu 10780: 10629: 10621: 10616: 10586: 10581: 10559: 10369: 10321: 10055:Ion C. Brătianu 10045:Ion C. Brătianu 10031: 10022: 10018:Ion C. Brătianu 9907: 9894: 9888:Prime Ministers 9885: 9830: 9827: 9812:Dumitru Vitcu, 9809: 9757: 9737:Magazin Istoric 9709:Andrei Oișteanu 9692: 9648:Magazin Istoric 9622: 9605: 9600:Magazin Istoric 9578: 9555: 9550:Magazin Istoric 9540:Magazin Istoric 9485:Magazin Istoric 9478:Magazin Istoric 9447:Editura Minerva 9433:Magazin Istoric 9422:Magazin Istoric 9399: 9313: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9292:Wayback Machine 9269:Claudia Craiu, 9266: 9265: 9261: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9157:Wayback Machine 9142: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9090:Wayback Machine 9075: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9024:Wayback Machine 9007:Wayback Machine 8995: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8906:Wayback Machine 8891: 8890: 8886: 8882:Balan, pp.72–73 8881: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8775:Wayback Machine 8763: 8762: 8753: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8678:Wayback Machine 8663: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8642:Wayback Machine 8627:Wayback Machine 8614: 8610: 8606:Balan, pp.68–70 8605: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8400:Wayback Machine 8388: 8387: 8380: 8366:Suzana Bodale, 8363: 8362: 8355: 8351:Stanomir, p.169 8350: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8278: 8277: 8270: 8253: 8252: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8186:Wayback Machine 8171: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144:Balan, pp.70–71 8143: 8139: 8135:Stanomir, p.165 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8035:Vianu, pp.78–79 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6248: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6222:Wayback Machine 6207: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6178:Mircea Platon, 6175: 6174: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134:Cristescu, p.64 6133: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6094:Wayback Machine 6082: 6081: 6070: 6058:Wayback Machine 6043: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5982:Wayback Machine 5959:Ilina Gregori, 5956: 5955: 5951: 5939:Wayback Machine 5927: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5901:Wayback Machine 5889: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788:Brătescu, p.154 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5712: 5703: 5691:Wayback Machine 5676: 5675: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5618: 5617: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5574:Magazin Istoric 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541:Balan, pp.66–67 5540: 5536: 5529:Magazin Istoric 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456:Balan, pp.67–68 5455: 5451: 5447:Manea, pp.84–85 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383:Manea, pp.83–84 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5344:Wayback Machine 5331: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5286:Sfera Politicii 5276: 5275: 5216: 5204:Wayback Machine 5192: 5191: 5187: 5183:Vianu, pp.17–18 5182: 5178: 5166:Wayback Machine 5154: 5153: 5149: 5145:Vianu, pp.76–77 5144: 5140: 5133:Sfera Politicii 5123: 5122: 5037: 5032: 5021: 5009:Wayback Machine 4997: 4996: 4989: 4974: 4973: 4960: 4950:Wayback Machine 4938: 4937: 4926: 4914:Wayback Machine 4903:Andrei Oișteanu 4899: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4873:Wayback Machine 4862:Virgil Nemoianu 4858: 4857: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4809:Wayback Machine 4797: 4796: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4733: 4721:Wayback Machine 4706: 4705: 4696: 4690:Wayback Machine 4682:Unibuc CLASSICA 4670:Wayback Machine 4653: 4652: 4645: 4628: 4627: 4546: 4541: 4526: 4514:Wayback Machine 4502: 4501: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4347:Wayback Machine 4332: 4331: 4320: 4315: 4213:Constantin Gane 4209:Ioan C. Filitti 4168:Eugen Lovinescu 4148:Reynard the Fox 4146:, a variant of 4142:(where Carp is 4106: 4019:Răzvan și Vidra 3918:Constantin Gane 3902: 3858: 3733: 3660:State Socialism 3636:competitiveness 3526:François Guizot 3502: 3461:Turkish Straits 3402:census suffrage 3398:democratization 3332:Virgil Nemoianu 3314: 3284:Epidemii morale 3262: 3257: 3203:Greater Romania 3141:Ioan C. Filitti 3117: 2990: 2982:Carlo Fasciotti 2945:Andrei Corteanu 2941:D. V. Barnoschi 2933:Ioan D. Filitti 2914:Greater Romania 2861: 2852:Dimitrie Onciul 2758: 2715:oppressor, the 2648:with so-called 2634:Minister of War 2611: 2506: 2462:Steaua Olteniei 2408:Mihail C. Sutzu 2349: 2312:and republican 2241:From 1889, the 2209: 2150:Assembly Palace 2102:census suffrage 2074: 2060: 1998: 1990:Triple Alliance 1973:nation-building 1928:and the strict 1926:self-governance 1918:landed property 1898: 1772: 1755:Austria-Hungary 1689:Head of Mission 1681:Lascăr Catargiu 1649: 1519:Le Pays Roumain 1515:French-language 1449: 1341:Gazeta de Iassi 1336:Răzvan și Vidra 1296:Revista Dunării 1268: 1208:(printed under 1178:Virgil Nemoianu 1146:Theodor Rosetti 1112: 1100: 1010:Austrian Empire 941: 936: 908:Triple Alliance 832:Lascăr Catargiu 815: 781:, occasionally 762: 740: 732: 728: 725: 711: 703:Political party 681: 677: 661: 659: 658: 628: 616: 610:Lascăr Catargiu 604: 598: 593: 581: 569: 557: 551: 546: 527: 515: 509:Lascăr Catargiu 503: 497: 492: 480: 468: 462:Theodor Rosetti 456: 450: 445: 432: 427: 396: 391: 377: 372: 351: 333: 321: 315:Theodor Rosetti 309: 303: 298: 286: 274: 262: 256: 251: 238:Theodor Rosetti 232: 226:Emil Costinescu 220: 208: 202: 197: 185: 173: 161: 155: 150: 131: 119: 103: 98: 86: 74: 58: 53: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11788: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11595:(Public Works) 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11547:Titu Maiorescu 11544: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11517: 11515: 11513:Prime Minister 11509: 11508: 11500: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11477: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11463:(Public Works) 11458: 11452: 11446: 11439:Iacob Lahovari 11436: 11433:Titu Maiorescu 11430: 11424: 11418: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11391: 11389: 11387:Prime Minister 11383: 11382: 11374: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11351: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10897:Iacob Lahovary 10894: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10790: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10635: 10633: 10623: 10622: 10615: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10592: 10583: 10582: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10412: 10407: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10041: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9884: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9841: 9826: 9825:External links 9823: 9822: 9821: 9807: 9790: 9769: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9740: 9727: 9706: 9702:Revista Crisia 9690: 9672: 9651: 9644: 9620: 9603: 9593: 9576: 9553: 9543: 9536: 9516: 9488: 9481: 9471: 9450: 9436: 9426: 9414: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9382: 9359: 9341:Cristian Preda 9334: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9281:Șerban Sturdza 9276:Ziarul de Iași 9259: 9257:, July 2, 2006 9247:Mara Popescu, 9237: 9219:Sever Voinescu 9194: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9134: 9125: 9100: 9068: 9059: 9050: 9028: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8884: 8875: 8866: 8857: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8751: 8742: 8733: 8724: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8688: 8656: 8647: 8635:Studia Judaica 8608: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8572: 8555:Armin Heinen, 8548: 8539: 8530: 8514:Magda Răduță, 8503: 8494: 8485: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8446: 8437: 8428: 8419: 8410: 8378: 8353: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8296: 8268: 8266:, May 14, 2009 8263:România Liberă 8241: 8232: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8164: 8155: 8153:Brătianu, p.14 8146: 8137: 8128: 8119: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8078:Cadran Politic 8055: 8053:Stanomir, p.98 8046: 8037: 8028: 8019: 7987: 7975: 7966: 7954: 7942: 7933: 7924: 7915: 7906: 7897: 7888: 7879: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7794:Rodica Zafiu, 7781: 7772: 7742: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7688: 7679: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7631:Călin Hentea, 7621: 7612: 7603: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7524: 7515: 7506: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7452: 7450:), Nr. 45/2006 7444:Revista Română 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7362: 7353: 7334:Silvia Craus, 7324: 7315: 7295: 7293:, July 1, 2010 7270: 7261: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7186: 7177: 7168: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7087: 7078: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7028:Românul (Arad) 7010: 6991:Simona Lazăr, 6974: 6962: 6953: 6941: 6932: 6900: 6891: 6877: 6840: 6828: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6733: 6731:Stanomir, p.69 6724: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6634:, June 7, 2011 6613: 6604: 6574: 6565: 6530: 6472: 6440: 6431: 6429:, May 26, 2011 6409: 6389: 6380: 6352: 6316: 6307: 6271: 6241: 6232: 6197: 6188: 6184:Caiete Critice 6163: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6115: 6102: 6068: 6051:"Știați că..." 6035: 6026: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5949: 5920: 5911: 5882: 5873: 5861: 5852: 5839:Daniel Crețu, 5829: 5817: 5808: 5806:Brătianu, p.13 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5701: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5631:, Nr. 1-2/2002 5600: 5588: 5579: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5397: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5354: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5214: 5212:, October 2008 5185: 5176: 5147: 5138: 5035: 5019: 5000:Silvia Craus, 4987: 4958: 4956:, Nr. 1-2/2005 4924: 4892: 4883: 4826: 4817: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4731: 4694: 4643: 4544: 4524: 4519:România Liberă 4366: 4357: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4299:Șerban Sturdza 4125:People's Party 4105: 4102: 4085:Eliza Brătianu 4079:The PNL's own 4066:Moldavian lilt 4043:sensationalism 4031:I. E. Torouțiu 3972:in drama, and 3939:Iacob Negruzzi 3901: 3898: 3857: 3854: 3848:immigrants to 3842:Lazăr Șăineanu 3732: 3729: 3501: 3498: 3441:Mihai Eminescu 3408:, Carp deemed 3375:natural rights 3351:Westernization 3261: 3260:General traits 3258: 3256: 3253: 3229:Pamfil Șeicaru 3116: 3113: 3086:Grigore Antipa 3073:éminence grise 2989: 2986: 2873:Entente Powers 2869:Central Powers 2860: 2857: 2788:1912 elections 2765:Kleptoroumania 2757: 2754: 2654:cost of living 2617:Carp, ca. 1914 2610: 2607: 2570:("upstarts"). 2505: 2502: 2404:Eugeniu Carada 2377:generation gap 2348: 2345: 2324:Aurel Popovici 2279:Junimification 2208: 2205: 2073: 2070: 2050:Mihai Eminescu 1997: 1994: 1897: 1891: 1837:Danube Vilayet 1771: 1768: 1648: 1645: 1576:Ottoman Empire 1492:Russian Empire 1448: 1445: 1429:Ștefan Golescu 1402:Hortense Cornu 1280:National Party 1267: 1264: 1123:to create the 1099: 1093: 1089:Iacob Negruzzi 1082:French Emperor 1057:Corps Borussia 1040:. He took his 1012:, and then to 971:Princely Court 940: 937: 935: 932: 916:Entente Powers 880:Westernization 809:Titu Maiorescu 799:Prime Minister 754: 753: 750: 749: 746: 742: 741: 730: 726: 723: 722: 720: 716: 715: 704: 700: 699: 694: 690: 689: 680:(aged 81) 674: 670: 669: 656: 654: 650: 649: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 625: 624: 622:Titu Maiorescu 619: 613: 612: 607: 605:Prime Minister 601: 600: 590: 589: 584: 578: 577: 572: 566: 565: 560: 558:Prime Minister 554: 553: 543: 542: 536: 535: 530: 524: 523: 518: 512: 511: 506: 504:Prime Minister 500: 499: 489: 488: 483: 477: 476: 474:Titu Maiorescu 471: 465: 464: 459: 457:Prime Minister 453: 452: 442: 441: 435: 434: 424: 423: 409: 408: 403: 399: 398: 388: 387: 383:Member of the 380: 379: 369: 368: 364:Member of the 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 324: 318: 317: 312: 310:Prime Minister 306: 305: 295: 294: 289: 283: 282: 277: 271: 270: 265: 263:Prime Minister 259: 258: 248: 247: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 223: 217: 216: 211: 209:Prime Minister 205: 204: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 176: 170: 169: 164: 162:Prime Minister 158: 157: 147: 146: 140: 139: 137:Titu Maiorescu 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 77: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 50: 49: 42: 41: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11787: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11579: 11576: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11553:Petre P. Carp 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11521:Petre P. Carp 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11498: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11484: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11428: 11427:Petre P. Carp 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11395:Petre P. Carp 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11379: 11372: 11367: 11365: 11360: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11349: 11334: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10902:Ioan Lahovary 10900: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10871:Ioan Lahovary 10869: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740:Ion Bălăceanu 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10608: 10606: 10601: 10599: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10340:Gheorghiu-Dej 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10327:R.P.R.—R.S.R. 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9968:C. Crețulescu 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948:N. Crețulescu 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9933:N. Crețulescu 9931: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9882: 9877: 9875: 9870: 9868: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9831:(in Romanian) 9829: 9828: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9772:Ioan Stanomir 9770: 9767: 9763: 9758:(in Romanian) 9756: 9752: 9751:973-21-0562-3 9748: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9695:Radu Milian, 9693:(in Romanian) 9691: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9671: 9670:973-8119-81-2 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623:(in Romanian) 9621: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9606:(in Romanian) 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9579:(in Romanian) 9577: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9556:(in Romanian) 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9514:973-27-1460-3 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9400:(in Romanian) 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9380:973-50-0055-5 9377: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9357:963-7326-44-8 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267:(in Romanian) 9263: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9245:(in Romanian) 9241: 9234: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9206: 9202:(in Romanian) 9198: 9189: 9180: 9171: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9143:(in Romanian) 9138: 9129: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9111:Ioan Stanomir 9108:(in Romanian) 9104: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9076:(in Romanian) 9072: 9063: 9054: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036:(in Romanian) 9032: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8996:(in Romanian) 8992: 8983: 8974: 8965: 8956: 8947: 8938: 8929: 8920: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8892:(in Romanian) 8888: 8879: 8870: 8861: 8852: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8764:(in Romanian) 8760: 8758: 8756: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8664:(in Romanian) 8660: 8651: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8543: 8534: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8519: 8512:(in Romanian) 8507: 8498: 8489: 8480: 8471: 8462: 8456:Ioniță, p.156 8453: 8451: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8389:(in Romanian) 8385: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8364:(in Romanian) 8360: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279:(in Romanian) 8275: 8273: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254:(in Romanian) 8250: 8248: 8246: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8172:(in Romanian) 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8096: 8087: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066:(in Romanian) 8062: 8060: 8050: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8017:, August 2005 8016: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8000:Liviu Papuc, 7998:(in Romanian) 7994: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7970: 7961: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7937: 7928: 7919: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7877:, May 7, 2009 7876: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862:(in Romanian) 7858: 7856: 7854: 7844: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7811:, Nr. 23/2011 7810: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7792:(in Romanian) 7788: 7786: 7776: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7755:Cornel Ilie, 7753:(in Romanian) 7749: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7698: 7695:Boia (2010), 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7641:, May 7, 2009 7640: 7639: 7634: 7629:(in Romanian) 7625: 7616: 7607: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7582: 7573: 7564: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7543:(in Romanian) 7539: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7519: 7510: 7503: 7497: 7491:Milian, p.274 7488: 7479: 7473:Milian, p.273 7470: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7432:(in Romanian) 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7400: 7394:Milian, p.272 7391: 7382: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7357: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7332:(in Romanian) 7328: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7278:(in Romanian) 7274: 7265: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7194:(in Romanian) 7190: 7181: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7156:(in Romanian) 7152: 7150: 7148: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7104: 7100: 7095:(in Romanian) 7091: 7082: 7073: 7071: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021:(in Romanian) 7017: 7015: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6989:(in Romanian) 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6957: 6948: 6946: 6936: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911:(in Romanian) 6907: 6905: 6895: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6875:, Nr. 40/1999 6874: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6853:(in Romanian) 6849: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811:(in Romanian) 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744:(in Romanian) 6740: 6738: 6728: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6703:(in Romanian) 6699: 6697: 6695: 6685: 6676: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622:(in Romanian) 6617: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582:(in Romanian) 6578: 6569: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551:(in Romanian) 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6528: 6527:2-905725-06-0 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6485:(in Romanian) 6481: 6479: 6477: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6453:Liviu Papuc, 6451:(in Romanian) 6447: 6445: 6435: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6419:Daniel Cain, 6417:(in Romanian) 6413: 6406: 6402: 6397:(in Romanian) 6393: 6384: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6360:(in Romanian) 6356: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333:Liviu Papuc, 6331:(in Romanian) 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6279:(in Romanian) 6275: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6249:(in Romanian) 6245: 6239:Ioniță, p.155 6236: 6230:, Nr. 35/1999 6229: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6208:(in Romanian) 6204: 6202: 6192: 6185: 6181: 6176:(in Romanian) 6172: 6170: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6083:(in Romanian) 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6066:, Nr. 14/2004 6065: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6044:(in Romanian) 6039: 6030: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6005: 5996: 5990:, Nr. 34/2000 5989: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957:(in Romanian) 5953: 5947:, Nr. 22/2002 5946: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5928:(in Romanian) 5924: 5915: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5890:(in Romanian) 5886: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5856: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5837:(in Romanian) 5833: 5824: 5822: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5730:0-87169-193-0 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5699:, Nr. 22/2000 5698: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5677:(in Romanian) 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5583: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5405:(in Romanian) 5401: 5395: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277:(in Romanian) 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5195:Liviu Papuc, 5193:(in Romanian) 5189: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5157:Liviu Papuc, 5155:(in Romanian) 5151: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124:(in Romanian) 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4998:(in Romanian) 4994: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4975:(in Romanian) 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4939:(in Romanian) 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4900:(in Romanian) 4896: 4887: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859:(in Romanian) 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4821: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4798:(in Romanian) 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4707:(in Romanian) 4703: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4657:Nicolae Iorga 4654:(in Romanian) 4650: 4648: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629:(in Romanian) 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4503:(in Romanian) 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4355:, Nr. 25/2010 4354: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333:(in Romanian) 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259:imperialistic 4256: 4255:reactionaries 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234:obtained the 4233: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4221:Petre Pandrea 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:N. T. Orășanu 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4055:A. D. Xenopol 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002:Gheorghe Sion 3999: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3957:Neoclassicism 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914:Western canon 3911: 3907: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731:Philosemitism 3728: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3647:welfare state 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632:gold standard 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:protectionism 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:working class 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546:paternalistic 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532:. Supporting 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Ioan Stanomir 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3225:Iancu Flondor 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090:Victor Verzea 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:Dinu C. Arion 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863:The start of 2856: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830:Ioan Lahovary 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Nicolae Fleva 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658:bank reserves 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:1907 election 2539: 2537: 2536:desegregation 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492:. Meanwhile, 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:1901 election 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2341:Imperial Army 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299:Sulina branch 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275:Gheorghe Manu 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:Bărăgan Plain 2186: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Nicolae Fleva 2155: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2129:Struțo-cămila 2126: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110:1884 election 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Magyarization 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967:In 1881, the 1965: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1887:Ronetti Roman 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1871:May 1879 race 1868: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693:German Empire 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1611:Gheorghe Sion 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531:C. A. Rosetti 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1488:Romanian Jews 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477:Masonic Lodge 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Ion Bălăceanu 1418: 1417:French Empire 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:authoritarian 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:Elena Rosetti 1171: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987: 982: 978: 977: 972: 968: 967: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Baltic region 946: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:protectionist 859: 857: 856: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 814: 810: 806: 805: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 773: 772:Petrache Carp 768: 760: 759:Petre P. Carp 751: 747: 743: 721: 717: 714: 710: 709: 705: 701: 698: 695: 691: 688: 684: 676:June 19, 1919 675: 671: 668: 664: 655: 651: 646: 642: 635: 632: 626: 623: 620: 614: 611: 608: 602: 596: 591: 588: 585: 579: 576: 573: 567: 564: 561: 555: 549: 544: 541: 537: 534: 531: 525: 522: 521:Gheorghe Manu 519: 513: 510: 507: 501: 495: 490: 487: 484: 478: 475: 472: 466: 463: 460: 454: 448: 443: 440: 436: 430: 425: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 406:Vaslui County 404: 400: 394: 389: 386: 381: 375: 370: 367: 362: 358: 354: 347: 343: 340: 337: 331: 328: 325: 319: 316: 313: 307: 301: 296: 293: 290: 284: 281: 278: 272: 269: 266: 260: 254: 249: 246: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 200: 195: 192: 189: 183: 180: 177: 171: 168: 165: 159: 153: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 129: 126: 123: 117: 114: 111: 107: 101: 96: 93: 90: 84: 81: 78: 72: 69: 66: 62: 56: 51: 48: 43: 39: 32: 27: 23:Petre P. Carp 20: 11587:Ion Lahovari 11552: 11520: 11426: 11394: 11109:M. Antonescu 11103:I. Antonescu 11057:V. Antonescu 11036:Vaida-Voevod 10969:Vaida-Voevod 10829: 10766:Kogălniceanu 10750:Kogălniceanu 10719: 10704:Kogălniceanu 10577: 10565: 10552: 10545: 10528: 10511: 10489: 10477: 10465: 10448: 10431: 10414: 10402: 10254: 10245:Vaida-Voevod 10235:Vaida-Voevod 10170:Vaida-Voevod 10129: 10104: 9938:Kogălniceanu 9925: 9817: 9796: 9775: 9765: 9760:Sorin Radu, 9742: 9736: 9712: 9700: 9675: 9657: 9647: 9633: 9626:Stoica Lascu 9616: 9599: 9596:Take Ionescu 9589: 9560: 9549: 9546:Ion S. Floru 9539: 9529:W. Heinemann 9523: 9492: 9484: 9477: 9457:Caragialiana 9456: 9442: 9432: 9420: 9410: 9384: 9367: 9344: 9337:Daniel Barbu 9329: 9319: 9316:Dinu Balan, 9297:Dilema Veche 9295: 9274: 9262: 9252: 9240: 9232: 9226: 9212: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9165:, Nr. 1/1999 9160: 9137: 9128: 9118: 9103: 9093: 9071: 9062: 9053: 9043: 9038:Ioana Mitu, 9031: 9015: 9010: 8991: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8919: 8909: 8899:"Junimismul" 8887: 8878: 8869: 8860: 8851: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8783:, Nr. 5/2012 8778: 8745: 8740:Coandă, p.76 8736: 8727: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8691: 8681: 8659: 8650: 8633: 8616:George Voicu 8611: 8602: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8556: 8551: 8542: 8533: 8523: 8517: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8461: 8440: 8431: 8422: 8413: 8403: 8368: 8335: 8326: 8317: 8308: 8299: 8294:, Nr. 9/2009 8289: 8261: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8189: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8076: 8049: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8012: 7969: 7936: 7927: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7872: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7806: 7775: 7767: 7722: 7713: 7704: 7696: 7691: 7682: 7673: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7636: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7553: 7518: 7509: 7501: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7443: 7437: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7356: 7346: 7327: 7318: 7303: 7298: 7288: 7273: 7264: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7211: 7196:Sorin Radu, 7189: 7180: 7171: 7163: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7110: 7102: 7090: 7081: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7027: 7003: 6956: 6935: 6918: 6913:N. N. Popp, 6894: 6870: 6821: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6751: 6727: 6717: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6629: 6616: 6607: 6592: 6577: 6568: 6558: 6502: 6488:Marta Petreu 6465: 6434: 6424: 6412: 6404: 6392: 6383: 6366: 6355: 6345: 6310: 6283: 6274: 6266: 6244: 6235: 6225: 6191: 6183: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6110: 6105: 6097: 6061: 6038: 6029: 6004: 5995: 5985: 5964: 5952: 5942: 5923: 5914: 5906:Dilema Veche 5904: 5885: 5876: 5855: 5847: 5832: 5827:Dinu, p.xliv 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5717: 5694: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5628:Balkanologie 5627: 5582: 5572: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5415: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5362: 5357: 5347: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5284: 5207: 5188: 5179: 5174:, April 2010 5169: 5150: 5141: 5131: 5012: 4982: 4953: 4917: 4895: 4886: 4881:, April 2010 4876: 4820: 4812: 4759: 4750: 4724: 4681: 4661: 4636: 4517: 4360: 4350: 4288: 4263:nationalized 4248: 4239: 4232:Soviet Union 4230:. After the 4228:World War II 4225: 4197: 4179: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4143: 4135: 4133: 4122: 4088: 4078: 4073: 4070:Whig history 4059: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4024: 4017: 4013: 3997: 3994:Vasile Pogor 3990: 3981: 3960: 3944: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3909: 3903: 3888: 3885: 3880:Lupu Kostaki 3876: 3859: 3837: 3831: 3821:philosopher 3818: 3808: 3787: 3784:Fractionists 3780:Ion Brătianu 3772:philosemitic 3769: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3719: 3705: 3692:Take Ionescu 3683: 3669: 3663: 3642: 3640: 3623: 3620:technocratic 3613: 3589: 3581:walnut trees 3560:proletarians 3555: 3553: 3530:Edmund Burke 3514: 3485: 3475: 3470:mare clausum 3468: 3455:and part of 3453:Danube Delta 3426: 3395: 3364: 3360:middle class 3346: 3344: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3269: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3220: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3179: 3153: 3126: 3108: 3100: 3098: 3088:and Colonel 3071: 3069: 3065:Al. C. Hinna 3060: 3057:Lupu Kostaki 3051: 3045: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3007: 2999:Mitteleuropa 2997: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2953:Radu Rosetti 2925:Virgil Arion 2920: 2918: 2909: 2898:Danube Delta 2893: 2883: 2877: 2862: 2844: 2833: 2819: 2815:militaristic 2792: 2784: 2776: 2764: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2709: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2649: 2631: 2620: 2602: 2595:Stoica Lascu 2587:Pester Lloyd 2586: 2577:in disputed 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2540: 2531:Pester Lloyd 2529: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2431: 2425: 2396:oil industry 2393: 2381: 2369:Take Ionescu 2360: 2358: 2333: 2317: 2309: 2307: 2303:Danube Delta 2295:canalization 2283: 2278: 2271: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220:wire service 2212: 2210: 2193:Narodovolist 2185:War Minister 2183:, appointed 2172: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2085: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2025:Transylvania 2018: 2014: 2001: 1999: 1984: 1968: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1940:in front of 1932:in front of 1913: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1864: 1861: 1840: 1822: 1814:Ion Brătianu 1797: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1724:Soutzos clan 1713: 1686: 1664: 1650: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1606: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1584:antisemitism 1579: 1572:Romanian leu 1562: 1561: 1545:Juna Dreaptă 1544: 1534: 1522: 1518: 1517:supplement, 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1481: 1458: 1431:, Romania's 1408: 1406: 1373: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1302:tendencies. 1295: 1291: 1269: 1260:Nicolae Gane 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1150:Germanophile 1139: 1136:Vasile Pogor 1118: 1107: 1095: 1085:Napoleon III 1080:, cousin of 1072:. It was in 1055: 1041: 1034:J. W. Goethe 1008:through the 999: 984: 974: 964: 942: 926:to set up a 924:Lupu Kostaki 896:Germanophile 893: 878:. Welcoming 860: 853: 849: 843: 839: 827: 812: 802: 782: 778: 771: 758: 757: 706: 678:(1919-06-19) 629:Succeeded by 594: 582:Succeeded by 575:Vasile Pogor 547: 528:Succeeded by 493: 481:Succeeded by 446: 428: 402:Constituency 392: 373: 334:Succeeded by 299: 287:Succeeded by 252: 233:Succeeded by 213: 198: 186:Succeeded by 179:Take Ionescu 166: 151: 132:Succeeded by 99: 87:Succeeded by 54: 11620:1919 deaths 11615:1837 births 10876:Marghiloman 10845:A. Lahovary 10835:A. Lahovary 10799:D. Brătianu 10649:I. G. Ghica 10644:Cantacuzino 10205:V. Brătianu 10150:Marghiloman 10115:Cantacuzino 10100:Cantacuzino 10080:L. Catargiu 10065:L. Catargiu 10050:D. Brătianu 10003:L. Catargiu 9958:L. Catargiu 9921:B. Catargiu 9810:(in French) 9793:Tudor Vianu 9766:Țara Bârsei 9362:Lucian Boia 9314:(in French) 9233:22 Plus 303 8959:Vianu, p.78 8914:, July 2004 8828:Vianu, p.19 8579:Balan, p.64 8256:Dan Alexe, 8239:Matei, p.91 7796:"Pantahuza" 7114:Lascu, p.25 6960:Lascu, p.24 6514:, Vol. 13, 5740:Balan, p.65 5619:(in French) 5586:Vitcu, p.88 5513:Manea, p.84 5438:Balan, p.63 5429:Balan, p.69 5352:, July 2004 5033:Vianu, p.77 4745:Vianu, p.76 4729:, June 2004 4081:Ion G. Duca 3968:in poetry, 3949:didacticism 3867:Ferdinand I 3746:), aliens ( 3672:rule of law 3593:corporatism 3564:land reform 3551:by reflex. 3509:Moonshiners 3478:regionalism 3437:nationalist 3406:George Panu 3356:modernizers 3304:Romanticism 3300:Lucian Boia 3249:reactionary 3237:Ion G. Duca 3223:gazette of 3160:open letter 2949:Alexis Nour 2880:Ferdinand I 2865:World War I 2745:Fierul Roșu 2646:Prefectures 2599:utilitarian 2421:moonshiners 2314:George Panu 2287:Model Farms 2041:irredentist 1962:Jockey Club 1938:corporatism 1922:land reform 1823:During the 1778:Map of the 1473:Freemasonry 1374:Desbaterile 1315:P. Bătăușul 1172:(wedded to 1133:Francophile 1062:Tudor Vianu 912:World War I 868:antisemitic 852:(1868) and 783:Comte Carpe 779:Pierre Carp 693:Nationality 617:Preceded by 570:Preceded by 516:Preceded by 469:Preceded by 322:Preceded by 275:Preceded by 221:Preceded by 174:Preceded by 120:Preceded by 75:Preceded by 11609:Categories 11555:(Finances) 11429:(Finances) 11282:Diaconescu 11266:Diaconescu 11098:M. Sturdza 11093:Manoilescu 11088:Argetoianu 11025:Argetoianu 10974:Zamfirescu 10814:Câmpineanu 10771:Câmpineanu 10760:Câmpineanu 10730:Costa-Foru 10715:A. Golescu 10694:N. Golescu 10689:Ș. Golescu 10679:Ș. Golescu 10669:Mavrogheni 10570:ad interim 10365:Dăscălescu 10287:Argetoianu 9988:A. Golescu 9978:N. Golescu 9973:Ș. Golescu 9834:Carp Manor 9308:References 9228:Revista 22 8895:Dan Mănucă 6920:Democrația 6856:Zigu Ornea 6560:Revista 22 6335:"Carpisme" 5767:Brătescu, 5680:Zigu Ornea 4754:Vianu, p.7 4276:patriotism 4244:Bolshevism 4164:T. T. Flor 4140:Anton Naum 4053:colleague 3815:work ethic 3774:agenda of 3701:hinterland 3609:vocational 3573:indentured 3549:positivist 3538:free trade 3494:separatism 3482:Bessarabia 3433:Russophobe 3422:gradualism 3418:Messianism 3371:collective 3192:Renașterea 3180:Renașterea 3147:entered a 3105:Encyclical 3012:Bessarabia 3004:1918 peace 3002:after the 2902:Bessarabia 2721:Hellenized 2642:centralism 2603:Democrația 2559:Democrația 2447:free trade 2293:, and the 2267:N. Volenti 2263:A. C. Cuza 2213:ad interim 1934:centralism 1747:gradualist 1637:Prut River 1398:separatist 1378:Parliament 1231:ad hominem 1066:Germanized 1006:stagecoach 995:Dealu Mare 986:Carboneria 966:Spatharios 900:Russophobe 888:gradualism 884:free trade 745:Occupation 413:Ambassador 11720:Junimists 11561:(Justice) 11530:Ministers 11435:(Justice) 11404:Ministers 11327:Obdobescu 11312:Meleșcanu 11307:Comănescu 11297:Meleșcanu 11292:Corlățean 11277:Baconschi 11261:Comănescu 11256:Cioroianu 11245:Ungureanu 11220:Meleșcanu 11172:Macovescu 11152:Preoteasa 11124:Tătărescu 11067:Tătărescu 11052:Titulescu 11046:Tătărescu 11041:Titulescu 11020:Mihalache 11015:Mironescu 11010:Titulescu 10994:Mitilineu 10958:Văitoianu 10927:Porumbaru 10922:Maiorescu 10855:Stoicescu 10825:Pherekyde 10684:Teriachiu 10568:indicate 10502:Grindeanu 10456:Ungureanu 10433:Bejinariu 10416:Athanasiu 10307:Sănătescu 10302:Antonescu 10292:Tătărescu 10277:Călinescu 10262:Tătărescu 10256:Angelescu 10225:Mironescu 10215:Mironescu 10165:Văitoianu 10135:Maiorescu 9838:Țibănești 9612:, in the 9585:, in the 9568:, 2007. 9429:Ion Bulei 9406:, in the 9372:Humanitas 9324:, in the 8629:, in the 8408:, Nr. 377 8069:Ion Bulei 7865:Ion Bulei 7281:Ion Bulei 7207:, in the 6814:Ion Bulei 6262:, in the 6085:C. Gane, 5843:, in the 5569:Ion Bulei 5408:Ion Bulei 5289:, Nr. 162 5136:, Nr. 153 4303:Dorobanți 4193:pork rind 4186:passerine 4129:far right 4062:Ion Bulei 3961:Junimists 3955:. Carp's 3926:Junimists 3910:Junimists 3889:Pantahuza 3761:scapegoat 3688:Manichean 3651:socialist 3643:Junimists 3641:The core 3577:self-help 3490:Wallachia 3465:Black Sea 3445:anti-Slav 3429:Germanism 3323:Junimists 3321:was gone— 3276:Communism 3188:Ion Gorun 3101:Pantahuza 3052:Junimists 3041:Țibănești 2890:Ion Bulei 2663:mainmorte 2650:Căpitănii 2579:Macedonia 2564:Junimists 2519:Junimists 2510:Junimists 2466:Junimists 2458:austerity 2359:By 1899, 2243:Junimists 2228:Junimists 2144:program. 1985:Junimists 1969:Junimists 1950:Nămoloasa 1936:, and of 1906:Junimists 1902:Dorobanți 1393:Ion Ghica 1311:Cugetarea 1300:left-wing 1292:Cugetarea 1276:Bucharest 1244:Junimists 1240:Junimists 1121:Wallachia 961:Țibănești 957:Racovițăs 953:Cozadinis 934:Biography 906:into the 842:platform 787:Moldavian 776:Francized 683:Țibănești 595:In office 548:In office 494:In office 447:In office 429:In office 397:1867–1877 393:In office 378:1877–1916 374:In office 300:In office 253:In office 199:In office 152:In office 100:In office 55:In office 45:21st 11541:Interior 11415:Interior 11119:Vișoianu 11031:D. Ghika 10937:Averescu 10860:Aurelian 10804:Stătescu 10794:Boerescu 10776:Boerescu 10735:Boerescu 10699:D. Ghica 10664:I. Ghica 10491:Cîmpeanu 10422:Isărescu 10393:Văcăroiu 10388:Stolojan 10282:Argeșanu 10190:Averescu 10175:Averescu 10145:Averescu 10090:Aurelian 10075:Florescu 10013:Epureanu 10008:Florescu 9998:I. Ghica 9993:Epureanu 9983:D. Ghica 9963:I. Ghica 9953:I. Ghica 9730:Z. Ornea 9288:Archived 9153:Archived 9086:Archived 9020:Archived 9003:Archived 8902:Archived 8771:Archived 8674:Archived 8638:Archived 8623:Archived 8405:Cuvântul 8396:Archived 8191:Cuvântul 8182:Archived 8005:Archived 7799:Archived 7768:Historia 7760:Archived 7348:Ieșeanul 7339:Archived 7201:Archived 7164:Historia 6996:Archived 6863:Archived 6710:Archived 6631:Adevărul 6507:Archived 6495:Archived 6458:Archived 6338:Archived 6288:Archived 6256:Archived 6218:Archived 6211:Z. Ornea 6098:Historia 6090:Archived 6054:Archived 5978:Archived 5935:Archived 5897:Archived 5687:Archived 5340:Archived 5200:Archived 5162:Archived 5014:Ieșeanul 5005:Archived 4946:Archived 4910:Archived 4869:Archived 4813:Historia 4805:Archived 4717:Archived 4686:Archived 4666:Archived 4510:Archived 4343:Archived 4293:and the 4144:Jâgoranu 4112:Carp as 4089:Junimist 4074:Junimist 4047:Junimism 4014:Domnitor 3978:Z. Ornea 3945:Junimism 3931:Junimism 3846:Armenian 3838:Junimist 3819:Junimist 3804:Judaized 3802:as the " 3684:Junimist 3680:Quixotic 3676:Z. Ornea 3664:Junimism 3624:Junimism 3556:Junimist 3457:Moldavia 3347:Junimist 3328:Era Nouă 3308:Junimism 3280:Nihilism 3245:Bucovina 3221:Bucovina 3212:Adevărul 3156:namesday 3131:and the 3109:Junimism 3061:Verweser 2977:Bukovina 2906:Dniester 2840:nepotism 2811:Silistra 2749:branding 2712:colonial 2678:blue law 2498:Junimist 2482:Junimist 2432:Junimist 2335:married 2328:Habsburg 2310:Junimist 2255:Junimist 2251:Era Nouă 2236:Junimist 2232:Era Nouă 2178:Adjutant 2173:Junimist 2166:cover-up 2114:Junimist 2112:, young 2106:Junimist 2098:Era Nouă 2094:Junimist 2086:Era Nouă 2046:Junimist 2033:Bukovina 1914:Era Nouă 1894:Era Nouă 1841:Domnitor 1728:Junimist 1607:Junimist 1595:Junimist 1588:Domnitor 1527:demagogy 1409:Domnitor 1369:pro bono 1356:Domnitor 1331:Junimist 1327:populism 1236:gogomani 1190:Junimist 1182:Junimist 1166:Domnitor 1161:Rosettis 1098:creation 1026:Huguenot 983:and the 872:populist 858:(1915). 828:Junimist 791:Romanian 789:, later 697:Romanian 667:Moldavia 11322:Aurescu 11317:Mănescu 11302:Aurescu 11271:Predoiu 11225:Severin 11215:Năstase 11167:Mănescu 11162:Bunaciu 11147:Bughici 11083:Gigurtu 11078:Gafencu 11062:Micescu 10999:Știrbey 10984:Derussi 10979:Ionescu 10917:Djuvara 10907:Sturdza 10891:Sturdza 10881:Sturdza 10866:Sturdza 10850:Sturdza 10809:Sturdza 10755:Ionescu 10674:Știrbei 10639:Arsache 10566:Italics 10554:Ciolacu 10547:Predoiu 10519:Dăncilă 10450:Predoiu 10427:Năstase 10398:Ciorbea 10355:Mănescu 10312:Rădescu 10297:Gigurtu 10272:Cristea 10195:Știrbey 10180:Ionescu 10120:Sturdza 10110:Sturdza 10095:Sturdza 10085:Sturdza 10060:Rosetti 9943:Bosianu 9927:Arsache 9892:Romania 9850:of the 9846:in the 9805:7431692 9469:6890267 9095:Tribuna 8683:Tribuna 7438:Moldova 6368:Familia 5392:Balan, 4983:Cultura 4181:Mezelic 4136:Junimea 4114:Pierrot 4051:Junimea 3998:Junimea 3982:Junimea 3935:Junimea 3792:pogroms 3720:Junimea 3712:etatist 3486:Moldova 3467:into a 3367:elitism 3319:Junimea 3312:Junimea 3292:Junimea 3271:Junimea 3240:life?" 3008:in cyan 2972:Moldova 2957:Moldova 2921:Moldova 2885:Moldova 2835:Furnica 2514:Junimea 2478:Junimea 2361:Junimea 2247:Junimea 2141:Junimea 2021:détente 2002:Junimea 1957:Junimea 1946:Focșani 1853:Muslims 1780:Balkans 1743:Junimea 1736:Junimea 1669:bailout 1621:Junimea 1536:Românul 1415:to the 1390:Premier 1360:Junimea 1272:auditor 1256:Junimea 1226:Junimea 1214:British 1210:Junimea 1205:Othello 1199:Macbeth 1194:Junimea 1157:Junimea 1141:Junimea 1109:Junimea 1096:Junimea 1070:monocle 1014:Prussia 976:Stolnic 973:, then 969:of the 855:Moldova 840:Junimea 813:Junimea 804:Junimea 770:; also 739: 731: 727: 708:Junimea 687:Romania 417:Romania 214:Himself 167:Himself 113:Carol I 109:Monarch 68:Carol I 64:Monarch 11240:Geoană 11192:Stoian 11182:Văduva 11177:Andrei 11157:Maurer 11142:Pauker 10948:Coandă 10840:Esarcu 10745:Cornea 10574:acting 10507:Tudose 10497:Cioloș 10410:Vasile 10360:Verdeț 10350:Maurer 10345:Stoica 10155:Coandă 9803: 9786: 9749: 9723: 9686: 9668: 9640: 9572: 9512: 9504:& 9467: 9391: 9378: 9355: 9011:Steaua 8567: 8291:Ramuri 7697:passim 7502:passim 7310: 6525: 6302: 6111:passim 5769:passim 5728: 5394:passim 5363:passim 4307:Turkey 4104:Legacy 3597:guilds 3439:rival 3282:under 3168:Mateiu 3103:("The 2797:. 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