652:
297:, from 1736. These took the form of dates of the first occurrence of events such as flowering, bud burst, emergence or flight of an insect. Generations of Marsham's family maintained consistent records of the same events or "phenophases" over unprecedentedly long periods of time, eventually ending with the death of Mary Marsham in 1958, so that trends can be observed and related to long-term climate records. The data show significant variation in dates which broadly correspond with warm and cold years. Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.
457:
1261:
308:(RMS) organised a programme of phenological recording across the British Isles. Up to 600 observers submitted returns in some years, with numbers averaging a few hundred. During this period 11 main plant phenophases were consistently recorded over the 58 years from 1891 to 1948, and a further 14 phenophases were recorded for the 20 years between 1929 and 1948. The returns were summarised each year in the Quarterly Journal of the RMS as
206:
314:. Jeffree (1960) summarised the 58 years of data, which show that flowering dates could be as many as 21 days early and as many as 34 days late, with extreme earliness greatest in summer-flowering species, and extreme lateness in spring-flowering species. In all 25 species, the timings of all phenological events are significantly related to temperature, indicating that phenological events are likely to get earlier as climate warms.
231:, involved over 3,000 observers including many notable naturalists of the time. The program ran for 90 years and came to a close in 1970 when other programs starting up at PWRC took precedence. The program was again started in 2009 to digitize the collection of records and now with the help of citizens worldwide, each record is being transcribed into a database which will be publicly accessible for use.
684:
pollinators to aid in their reproductive success. Another example includes the interaction between plant species, where the presence of one species aids in the pollination of another through attraction of pollinators. However, if these plant species develop at mismatched times, this interaction will be negatively affected and therefore the plant species that relies on the other will be harmed.
494:(Infrared energy is mostly reflected by plants due to their cellular structure). Due to its robustness and simplicity, NDVI has become one of the most popular remote sensing based products. Typically, a vegetation index is constructed in such a way that the attenuated reflected sunlight energy (1% to 30% of incident sunlight) is amplified by ratio-ing red and NIR following this equation:
2188:
Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; Da Rocha, Humberto R.; Hutyra, Lucy R.; Da Araujo, Alessandro C.; Borma, Laura S.; Christoffersen, Bradley; Cabral, Osvaldo M.R.; De
Camargo, Plinio B.; Cardoso, Fernando L.; Da Costa, Antonio C. Lola; Fitzjarrald, David R.; Goulden, Michael L.; Kruijt, Bart; Maia, Jair M.F.;
1859:
Burgess, Malcolm D.; Smith, Ken W.; Evans, Karl L.; Leech, Dave; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Branston, Claire J.; Briggs, Kevin; Clark, John R.; du Feu, Chris R.; Lewthwaite, Kate; Nager, Ruedi G.; Sheldon, Ben C.; Smith, Jeremy A.; Whytock, Robin C.; Willis, Stephen G.; Phillimore, Albert B. (23 April
666:
Many species experience changes in life cycle development, migration or in some other process/behavior at different times in the season than previous patterns depict due to warming temperatures. Phenological mismatches, where interacting species change the timing of regularly repeated phases in their
1975:
Templ, Barbara; Koch, Elisabeth; Bolmgren, K; Ungersböck, Markus; Paul, Anita; Scheifinger, H; Rutishauser, T; Busto, M; Chmielewski, FM; Hájková, L; Hodzić, S; Kaspar, Frank; Pietragalla, B; Romero-Fresneda, R; Tolvanen, A; Vučetič, V; Zimmermann, Kirsten; Zust, A (2018). "Pan
European Phenological
642:
However, these phenological parameters are only an approximation of the true biological growth stages. This is mainly due to the limitation of current space-based remote sensing, especially the spatial resolution, and the nature of vegetation index. A pixel in an image does not contain a pure target
214:
Observations of phenological events have provided indications of the progress of the natural calendar since ancient agricultural times. Many cultures have traditional phenological proverbs and sayings which indicate a time for action: "When the sloe tree is white as a sheet, sow your barley whether
683:
interactions). For example, if a plant species blooms its flowers earlier than previous years, but the pollinators that feed on and pollinate this flower do not arrive or grow earlier as well, then a phenological mismatch has occurred. This results in the plant population declining as there are no
335:
found that "the average FFD of 385 British plant species has advanced by 4.5 days during the past decade compared with the previous four decades." They note that FFD is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that "150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in
Britain
300:
After 1960 the rate of warming accelerated, and this is mirrored by increasing earliness of oak leafing, recorded in the data collected by Jean Combes in Surrey. Over the past 250 years, the first leafing date of oak appears to have advanced by about 8 days, corresponding to overall warming on the
99:. For example, viticultural records of grape harvests in Europe have been used to reconstruct a record of summer growing season temperatures going back more than 500 years. In addition to providing a longer historical baseline than instrumental measurements, phenological observations provide high
259:
In Japan and China the time of blossoming of cherry and peach trees is associated with ancient festivals and some of these dates can be traced back to the eighth century. Such historical records may, in principle, be capable of providing estimates of climate at dates before instrumental records
165:
Morren participated in 1842 and 1843 in
Quetelets 'Observations of Periodical Phenomena' (Observations des Phénomènes périodiques), and at first suggested to mention the observations concerning botanical phenomena "anthochronological observations". That term had already been used in 1840 by
953:
SI first leaf dates, measuring change in the start of 'early spring' (roughly the time of shrub budburst and lawn first greening), are getting earlier in nearly all parts of the
Northern Hemisphere. The average rate of change over the 1955–2002 period is approximately -1.2 days per
320:
ended suddenly in 1948 after 58 years, and
Britain remained without a national recording scheme for almost 50 years, just at a time when climate change was becoming evident. During this period, individual dedicated observers made important contributions. The naturalist and author
460:
NDVI temporal profile for a typical patch of coniferous forest over a period of six years. This temporal profile depicts the growing season every year as well as changes in this profile from year to year due to climatic and other constraints. Data and graph are based on the
215:
it be dry or wet" or attempt to forecast future climate: "If oak's before ash, you're in for a splash. If ash before oak, you're in for a soak". But the indications can be pretty unreliable, as an alternative version of the rhyme shows: "If the oak is out before the
190:, says: "This word is seldom used, and we have been informed by a very high authority that it may be defined as "Observational Biology", and as applied to birds, as it is here, may be taken to mean the study or science of observations on the appearance of birds".
2276:
Lopes, Aline Pontes; Nelson, Bruce Walker; Wu, Jin; Graça, Paulo MaurĂcio Lima de
Alencastro; Tavares, Julia Valentim; Prohaska, Neill; Martins, Giordane Augusto; Saleska, Scott R. (2016-09-01). "Leaf flush drives dry season green-up of the Central Amazon".
596:
with the typical green vegetation growth stages (emergence, vigor/growth, maturity, and harvest/senescence). These temporal curves are analyzed to extract useful parameters about the vegetation growing season (start of season, end of season, length of
340:
meticulously recorded the dates he mowed his lawn since 1984. His first cut of the year was 13 days earlier in 2004 than in 1984, and his last cut was 17 days later, providing evidence for an earlier onset of spring and a warmer climate in general.
226:
at USGS Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) is in possession of a collection of millions of bird arrival and departure date records for over 870 species across North America, dating between 1880 and 1970. This program, originally started by
219:, 'Twill be a summer of wet and splash; If the ash is out before the oak, 'Twill be a summer of fire and smoke." Theoretically, though, these are not mutually exclusive, as one forecasts immediate conditions and one forecasts future conditions.
587:
448:, and in tropical evergreen forests of some regions of the Amazon basin (particularly regions with long dry seasons), many trees produce more young leaves in the dry season, seasonally increasing the photosynthetic capacity of the forest.
161:
in
Brussels. He is considered "one of 19th century trendsetters in these matters." In 1839, he started his first observations and created a network over Belgium and Europe that reached a total of about 80 stations in the period 1840–1870.
862:
Menzel, A.; Sparks, T.H.; Estrella, N.; Koch, E.; Aasa, A.; Ahas, R.; Alm-kübler, K.; Bissolli, P.; Braslavská, O.; Briede, A.; et al. (2006). "European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern".
209:
Historical day of year for first bloom index (FBI) for the
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas (dots) fitted with a local polynomial regression model (loess in red) and a 2 standard error band (blue). Data from William
2189:
Malhi, Yadvinder S.; Manzi, Antonio O.; Miller, Scott D.; Nobre, Antonio D.; von Randow, Celso; Sá, Leonardo D. Abreu; Sakai, Ricardo K.; Tota, Julio; Wofsy, Steven C.; Zanchi, Fabricio B.; Saleska, Scott R. (2013-12-15).
369:
In Europe, phenological networks are operated in several countries, e.g. Germany's national meteorological service operates a very dense network with approx. 1200 observers, the majority of them on a voluntary basis. The
667:
life cycles at different rates, creates a mismatch in interaction timing and therefore negatively harming the interaction. Mismatches can occur in many different biological interactions, including between species in one
76:, the term is used more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal biological phenomena, including the dates of last appearance (e.g., the seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through September).
374:(PEP) project is a database that collects phenological data from European countries. Currently 32 European meteorological services and project partners from across Europe have joined and supplied data.
271:
have been used in an attempt to reconstruct spring–summer temperatures from 1370 to 2003; the reconstructed values during 1787–2000 have a correlation with Paris instrumental data of about 0.75.
655:
A picture depicting a hummingbird visiting and pollinating a flower. If the flower blooms too early in the season, or if the humming bird has a delay in migration, this interaction will be lost.
1540:
Sparks T, Jeffree E, Jeffree C (2000). "An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK".
425:
are traditionally used by farmers for information on action phenology (in agriculture), taking into account the astronomical positions at the time. William Felker has studied phenology in
663:. These interactions (whether it be plant-plant, animal-animal, predator-prey or plant-animal interactions) can be vital to the success and survival of populations and therefore species.
138:), amongst others "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle.
2320:
Albert, Loren P.; Wu, Jin; Prohaska, Neill; de Camargo, Plinio Barbosa; Huxman, Travis E.; Tribuzy, Edgard S.; Ivanov, Valeriy Y.; Oliveira, Rafael S.; Garcia, Sabrina (2018-03-04).
490:(NDVI)). NDVI makes use of the vegetation's typical low reflection in the red (red energy is mostly absorbed by growing plants for Photosynthesis) and strong reflection in the Near
483:
on a global scale using proxy approaches. These methods complement the traditional phenological methods which recorded the first occurrences of individual species and phenophases.
466:
2785:"From "Periodical Observations" to "Anthochronology" and "Phenology" – the scientific debate between Adolphe Quetelet and Charles Morren on the origin of the word "Phenology""
2128:
Wu, Jin; Albert, Loren P.; Lopes, Aline P.; Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia; Hayek, Matthew; Wiedemann, Kenia T.; Guan, Kaiyu; Stark, Scott C.; Christoffersen, Bradley (2016-02-26).
475:
Recent technological advances in studying the earth from space have resulted in a new field of phenological research that is concerned with observing the phenology of whole
359:. Latest research shows that oak bud burst has advanced more than 11 days since the 19th century and that resident and migrant birds are unable to keep up with this change.
620:. This work showed an apparent increase in vegetation productivity that most likely resulted from the increase in temperature and lengthening of the growing season in the
393:) has been observed and recorded since 1818, thus forming the oldest set of records of phenological events in Switzerland. This task is conducted by the secretary of the
2506:
Huete, Alfredo R.; Didan, Kamel; Shimabukuro, Yosio E.; Ratana, Piyachat; Saleska, Scott R.; Hutyra, Lucy R.; Yang, Wenze; Nemani, Ramakrishna R.; Myneni, Ranga (2006).
1268:
651:
500:
639:, as opposed to the long-held view of a monotonous growing season or growth only during the wet rainy season, does in fact exhibit growth spurts during the dry season.
310:
174:
429:, US, since 1973 and now publishes "Poor Will's Almanack", a phenological almanac for farmers (not to be confused with a late 18th-century almanac by the same name).
907:
One of the preferred indicators is phenology, the science of natural recurring events, as their recorded dates provide a high-temporal resolution of ongoing changes.
2613:
Renner, Susanne S.; Zohner, Constantin M. (2018-11-02). "Climate Change and Phenological Mismatch in Trophic Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Vertebrates".
2052:
850:
Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.
796:
Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.
304:
Towards the end of the 19th century the recording of the appearance and development of plants and animals became a national pastime, and between 1891 and 1948 the
1281:
Monahan, William B.; Rosemartin, Alyssa; Gerst, Katharine L.; Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Ault, Toby; Schwartz, Mark D.; Gross, John E.; Weltzin, Jake F. (2016).
167:
2027:
1801:
2595:
2191:"What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network"
64:
birds, the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia, or the timing of the developmental cycles of
1936:"An overview of the phenological observation network and the phenological database of Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst)"
778:
Diplomarbeit der Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bern (Thesis of Philosophy and Science Faculty of the University of Bern)
289:, the founding father of modern phenological recording, was a wealthy landowner who kept systematic records of "Indications of spring" on his estate at
1462:
Sparks, T.H.; Carey, P.D. (1995). "The responses of species to climate over two centuries: an analysis of the Marsham phenological record, 1736-1947".
2112:
1593:"An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK"
1039:
1845:
1831:
1332:
1066:
HAICTA International Conference on Information Systems in Sustainable Agriculture, Agro-environment and Food Technology (Volos, Greece); vol. 3
2397:
2434:
Myneni, RB; Keeling, CD; Tucker, CJ; Asrar, G; Nemani, RR (1997). "Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991".
1264:
605:
could potentially be extracted, and global maps of any of these growing season parameters could then be constructed and used in all sorts of
180:
Four years later, Morren published "Phenological Memories". The term may not have been common in the decades to follow, as in an article in
2507:
2876:
699:
success, resource availability, population and community dynamics in future generations, and therefore evolutionary processes and overall
325:
recorded the First Flowering Date (FFD) of 557 species of British flowering plants in Oxfordshire between about 1954 and 1990. Writing in
2321:
336:
now than in the very recent past" and that these earlier FFDs will have "profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences". In Scotland,
252:
1348:
1762:
2784:
770:
186:
of 1899 describing an ornithological meeting in Sarajevo, where "questions of Phaenology" were discussed, a footnote by the Editor,
2322:"Age-dependent leaf physiology and consequences for crown-scale carbon uptake during the dry season in an Amazon evergreen forest"
2476:
981:
965:
1690:
2490:
2076:
691:
are also at risk of being negatively affected or lost all together. Phenological mismatches will effect species and ecosystems
487:
256:
are reported as the earliest and latest dates for each event over 25 years; so annual changes cannot therefore be determined.
223:
1505:
Jeffree, E.P. (1960). "Some long-term means from the Phenological reports (1891–1948) of the Royal Meteorological Society".
177:
in Brussels, to describe "the specific science which has the goal to know the manifestation of life ruled by the time."
60:
Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of butterflies, the first appearance of
2409:
2382:
1782:
1216:
142:
2260:
1861:
659:
Most species, including both plants and animals, interact with one another within ecosystems and habitats, known as
397:(the local parliament), and the opening of the first leaf is announced publicly as indicating the beginning of the
356:
92:
1809:
2917:
919:
Schwartz, M. D.; Ahas, R.; Aasa, A. (2006). "Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere".
28:
486:
The most successful of these approaches is based on tracking the temporal change of a Vegetation Index (like
386:
2984:
814:
305:
158:
2861:
2715:"Citizen Science: linking the recent rapid advances of plant flowering in Canada with climate variability"
2109:
416:
2964:
2944:
2901:
Information on the plant phenological network operated by Germany's national meteorological service (DWD)
2245:
Terrestrial Photosynthesis in a Changing Environment: A Molecular, Physiological, and Ecological Approach
643:(like a tree, a shrub, etc.) but contains a mixture of whatever intersected the sensor's field of view.
1118:"The Phenological Observations and Networking of Adolphe Quetelet at the Royal Observatory of Brussels"
1058:
2190:
2129:
810:"Grape Harvest Dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions back to AD 1480"
2031:
632:
628:
173:
On 16 December 1849, Morren used the term 'phenology' for the first time in a public lecture at the
885:
592:
The evolution of the vegetation index through time, depicted by the graph above, exhibits a strong
582:{\displaystyle \mathrm {NDVI} ={\mathrm {NIR} -\mathrm {red} \over \mathrm {NIR} +\mathrm {red} }}
441:
2928:
1221:"Souvenirs phénologiques de l'hiver 1852-1853" ("Phenological memories of the winter 1852-1853")"
1059:"A Concise History of Phenological Observations at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium"
401:. Data show a trend during the 20th century towards an opening that happens earlier and earlier.
394:
2907:
2889:
European open access database with plant phenology data sets for science, research and education
2546:
2130:"Leaf development and demography explain photosynthetic seasonality in Amazon evergreen forests"
1117:
2969:
2873:
880:
660:
129:
121:
88:
146:
2569:
1395:
1033:
732:
187:
38:
2979:
2799:
2726:
2522:
2443:
2286:
2201:
2144:
1985:
1947:
1876:
1705:
1647:
1604:
1549:
1514:
1471:
1428:
1363:
1294:
1174:
1011:
928:
872:
823:
50:
2656:
Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.; Høye, Toke Thomas; Inouye, David W.; Post, Eric (2010-10-12).
2626:
8:
2831:
2243:
Flexas, J.; Loreto; Medrano (2012). "Photosynthesis during leaf development and ageing".
781:
337:
242:
reported the seasonal events of more than 400 plant and animal species, Gilbert White in
100:
2803:
2730:
2526:
2447:
2290:
2205:
2148:
1989:
1951:
1880:
1709:
1651:
1608:
1553:
1518:
1475:
1432:
1367:
1298:
1178:
1015:
932:
876:
827:
771:"Grape Harvest Records as a Proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions"
2823:
2757:
2714:
2690:
2657:
2638:
2564:
2538:
2459:
2362:
2225:
2009:
1916:
1729:
1671:
1573:
1487:
1444:
1387:
944:
898:
841:
751:
727:
688:
290:
216:
1105:. Bruxelles: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.
456:
2815:
2762:
2744:
2695:
2677:
2630:
2354:
2346:
2302:
2256:
2217:
2170:
2162:
2001:
1908:
1900:
1737:
1721:
1663:
1620:
1565:
1448:
1379:
1225:
Bulletin de l'Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
1106:
1073:
940:
894:
717:
687:
Phenological mismatches means the loss of many biological interactions and therefore
636:
617:
444:
at several sites. Early in their lifespan, leaves reach a peak in their capacity for
433:
344:
National recording was resumed by Tim Sparks in 1998 and, from 2000, has been led by
326:
268:
2642:
2487:
2229:
2213:
1733:
1675:
1577:
1391:
948:
902:
845:
2974:
2827:
2807:
2752:
2734:
2685:
2669:
2622:
2542:
2530:
2463:
2451:
2366:
2336:
2294:
2248:
2209:
2152:
2013:
1993:
1955:
1920:
1892:
1884:
1713:
1655:
1612:
1557:
1522:
1479:
1436:
1371:
1312:
1302:
1182:
1098:
1019:
936:
890:
831:
418:
and Saskatchewan PlantWatch), China and Australia also have phenological programs.
239:
154:
807:
2911:
2880:
2494:
2386:
2252:
2116:
1592:
1344:
1220:
1054:
712:
398:
345:
332:
84:
2892:
1638:
Fitter A, Fitter R (2002). "Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants".
1232:
349:
1283:"Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. National park system"
613:
606:
598:
445:
390:
352:
322:
286:
247:
228:
118:
104:
96:
61:
2811:
2298:
1997:
1888:
1440:
1114:; this publications was followed by yearly publications until 1864. See also:
2958:
2748:
2681:
2634:
2350:
2306:
2221:
2166:
1904:
1254:
1110:
1077:
808:
Meier, N.; Rutishauser, T.; Luterbacher, J.; Pfister, C.; Wanner, H. (2007).
668:
621:
235:
182:
2157:
1717:
1659:
2819:
2766:
2699:
2673:
2574:
2413:
2379:
2358:
2174:
2005:
1960:
1935:
1912:
1725:
1667:
1624:
1569:
1526:
1413:
1383:
722:
700:
696:
250:
over a 25-year period between 1768 and 1793. The data, reported in White's
1616:
1561:
861:
2940:
2870:
Citizen science and research network observations on phenology in the USA
2534:
2410:"Welcome to the Climate and Vegetation Research Group, Boston University"
1187:
1162:
1024:
999:
836:
809:
593:
382:
42:
1317:
2056:
1491:
480:
437:
261:
20:
2739:
2662:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2341:
1896:
1307:
1282:
465:
sensor standard public vegetation index product. Data archived at the
79:
Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in
2883:
Citizen science and phenology monitoring in the Appalachian mountains
2455:
2187:
1347:; Yiou, P.; Viovy, N.; Seguin, B.; Daux, V.; Le Roy, Ladurie (2004).
1069:
602:
476:
412:
in which both professional scientists and lay recorders participate.
69:
65:
54:
24:
1934:
Kaspar, Frank; Zimmermann, Kirsten; Polte-Rudolf, Christine (2014).
1483:
1375:
675:
interactions) (i.e. plant-plant), between different trophic levels (
205:
692:
679:
interactions) (i.e. plant-animal) or through creating competition (
491:
422:
260:
became available. For example, records of the harvest dates of the
243:
1260:
83:, especially to temperature, phenological records can be a useful
2898:
2855:
2088:
1142:
294:
150:
80:
73:
46:
1976:
database (PEP725): a single point of access for European data".
1280:
918:
378:
2922:
997:
2934:
625:
462:
264:
134:
2949:
2655:
1933:
2505:
2247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–372.
2127:
1974:
426:
2858:
Citizen science program to digitize bird phenology records
2713:
Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Wu, Chaoyang (2013-07-19).
2319:
1862:"Tritrophic phenological match–mismatch in space and time"
1414:"Grape harvest dates are poor indicators of summer warmth"
175:
Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
2904:
2867:
2508:"Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season"
410:
2886:
2433:
469:
415:
Many other countries such as Canada (Alberta Plantwatch
371:
1064:. In Dalezios, Nicolas R.; Tzortzios, Stergios (eds.).
157:. Quetelet made plant phenological observations at the
2658:"The effects of phenological mismatches on demography"
1858:
1591:
Sparks, T. H.; Jeffree, E. P.; Jeffree, C. E. (2000).
2028:"Botany in Geneva and the "marronnier de la Treille""
1507:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
1343:
503:
2615:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2565:"Defying Dry: Amazon Greener in Dry Season than Wet"
2562:
1590:
1539:
436:
of South America, the timing of leaf production and
2242:
1691:"Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants"
2782:
2275:
1846:"A brief history of phenology - Nature's Calendar"
1832:"A brief history of phenology - Nature's Calendar"
1455:
1252:'Ornithological meeting at Serajevo, Bosnia,' in:
1203:
1148:
581:
128:), "to show, to bring to light, make to appear" +
2563:Lindsey, Rebecca; Robert Simmon (June 30, 2006).
1160:
616:based phenology is the work of Ranga Myneni from
2956:
2020:
1763:"Change in climate leads to a month more mowing"
2931:Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in Slovenia
2053:"Long-term series of phenological observations"
1689:Fitter, A. H.; Fitter, R. S. R. (31 May 2002).
1333:The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
2864:Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in the USA
2783:Demarée, Gaston R; Rutishauser, This (2011).
2712:
1161:Demarée, Gaston R.; Rutishaler, This (2009).
1052:
768:
2612:
1688:
1637:
1349:"Grape ripening as a past climate indicator"
1072:: University of Thessaly. pp. 815–824.
1038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2045:
1498:
1461:
253:Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
1631:
1533:
1405:
409:There is a USA National Phenology Network
72:colonies. In the scientific literature on
2950:Austrian phenological network run by ZAMG
2925:Phenological survey on birds for children
2918:Naturewatch: A Canadian Phenology project
2756:
2738:
2689:
2340:
2156:
1959:
1316:
1306:
1186:
1154:
1023:
884:
855:
835:
801:
762:
301:order of 1.5 °C in the same period.
1097:
1090:
650:
646:
455:
204:
16:Study of the timing of biological events
2792:International Journal of Biometeorology
1802:"David's lawn mower and global warming"
1597:International Journal of Biometeorology
1542:International Journal of Biometeorology
1504:
1246:
1209:
1115:
1103:Observations des Phénomènes périodiques
998:Demaree, G, and T Rutishauser. (2009).
2957:
1760:
1411:
1337:
1215:
984:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
968:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
488:Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
385:, the opening of the first leaf of an
2887:Pan European Phenology Project PEP725
2856:North American Bird Phenology Program
2627:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062535
2499:
2427:
2077:Nature Saskatchewan : PlantWatch
1780:
1325:
362:
224:North American Bird Phenology Program
2030:. Living traditions in Switzerland,
1046:
331:in 2002, Richard Fitter and his son
246:, Hampshire and William Markwick in
2198:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
1421:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
1196:
631:(EVI) reported by Alfredo Huete at
612:A noteworthy example of the use of
451:
37:is the study of periodic events in
13:
1808:. 1 September 2005. Archived from
1781:Cramb, Auslan (3 September 2005).
1761:Clover, Charles (27 August 2005).
1125:Italian Journal of Agrometeorology
572:
569:
566:
558:
555:
552:
545:
542:
539:
531:
528:
525:
514:
511:
508:
505:
404:
14:
2996:
2849:
1163:"Origins of the word 'Phenology'"
1000:"Origins of the Word 'Phenology'"
2091:. EarthWatch Institute Australia
1783:"Lawn diarist earns his stripes"
1259:
941:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x
895:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x
357:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
281:
41:and how these are influenced by
2914:Spring Watch & Autumn Watch
2706:
2649:
2606:
2588:
2556:
2481:
2477:ISI Web of Knowledge [v3.0]
2470:
2402:
2391:
2373:
2313:
2269:
2236:
2214:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031
2181:
2121:
2103:
2081:
2070:
1968:
1927:
1852:
1838:
1824:
1793:
1773:
1754:
1682:
1584:
1274:
635:and colleagues showed that the
624:. Another example based on the
471:, courtesy of Dr. Robert Cook.
145:, a professor of botany at the
143:Charles François Antoine Morren
2868:USA National Phenology Network
2573:. EOS Project Science Office,
1869:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1204:Demarée & Rutishauser 2011
1202:Morren 1849/1851, as cited in
1149:Demarée & Rutishauser 2011
991:
975:
959:
912:
744:
601:, etc.). Other growing season
440:has been linked to rhythms in
103:of ongoing changes related to
45:and interannual variations in
1:
2279:Remote Sensing of Environment
738:
198:
117:The word is derived from the
91:, especially in the study of
2515:Geophysical Research Letters
2253:10.1017/CBO9781139051477.028
815:Geophysical Research Letters
306:Royal Meteorological Society
159:Royal Observatory of Belgium
110:
7:
2945:Wisconsin Public Television
1116:Demarée, Gaston R. (2009).
706:
153:). Morren was a student of
141:The term was first used by
10:
3001:
2776:
421:In eastern North America,
348:project Nature's Calendar
193:
18:
2905:Nature's Calendar Ireland
2812:10.1007/s00484-011-0442-5
2596:"Ecological Interactions"
2299:10.1016/j.rse.2016.05.009
2032:Federal Office of Culture
1998:10.1007/s00484-018-1512-8
1889:10.1038/s41559-018-0543-1
1441:10.1007/s00704-006-0197-9
633:the University of Arizona
629:enhanced vegetation index
274:
2937:French Phenology network
2935:Observatoire des Saisons
1265:4th series, vol 3 (1899)
442:gross primary production
318:The Phenological Reports
311:The Phenological Reports
234:The English naturalists
19:Not to be confused with
2158:10.1126/science.aad5068
1718:10.1126/science.1071617
1660:10.1126/science.1071617
986:A Greek-English Lexicon
970:A Greek-English Lexicon
661:biological interactions
395:Grand Council of Geneva
2674:10.1098/rstb.2010.0148
2115:July 22, 2012, at the
1961:10.5194/asr-11-93-2014
1527:10.1002/qj.49708636710
769:Meier, Nicole (2007).
656:
583:
472:
387:official chestnut tree
372:Pan European Phenology
211:
89:historical climatology
39:biological life cycles
2899:DWD phenology website
2570:The Earth Observatory
2488:Tbrs, Modis Vi Cd-Rom
2380:Tbrs, Modis Vi Cd-Rom
1617:10.1007/s004840000049
1562:10.1007/s004840000049
1412:Keenan, D.J. (2007).
921:Global Change Biology
865:Global Change Biology
733:Biological life cycle
654:
647:Phenological mismatch
584:
459:
208:
188:William Lucas Distant
2923:Spring Alive Project
2895:UK Phenology network
2893:UK Nature's Calendar
2874:AMC's Mountain Watch
2535:10.1029/2005GL025583
2200:. 182–183: 128–144.
1812:on 21 September 2019
1188:10.1029/2009EO340004
1053:Demarée, Gaston R.;
1025:10.1029/2009EO340004
837:10.1029/2007GL031381
501:
168:Carl Joseph Kreutzer
2985:Branches of biology
2804:2011IJBm...55..753D
2731:2013NatSR...3E2239G
2668:(1555): 3177–3186.
2527:2006GeoRL..33.6405H
2448:1997Natur.386..698M
2291:2016RSEnv.182...90L
2206:2013AgFM..182..128R
2149:2016Sci...351..972W
1990:2018IJBm...62.1109T
1978:Int. J. Biometeorol
1952:2014AdSR...11...93K
1881:2018NatEE...2..970B
1710:2002Sci...296.1689F
1652:2002Sci...296.1689F
1646:(5573): 1689–1691.
1609:2000IJBm...44...82S
1554:2000IJBm...44...82S
1519:1960QJRMS..86...95J
1476:1995JEcol..83..321S
1433:2007ThApC..87..255K
1368:2004Natur.432..289C
1299:2016Ecosp...7E1465M
1179:2009EOSTr..90..291D
1016:2009EOSTr..90..291D
933:2006GCBio..12..343S
877:2006GCBio..12.1969M
828:2007GeoRL..3420705M
689:ecosystem functions
338:David Grisenthwaite
147:University of Liège
101:temporal resolution
87:for temperature in
2965:Periodic phenomena
2943:Video produced by
2910:2021-01-28 at the
2879:2016-04-14 at the
2719:Scientific Reports
2493:2006-09-15 at the
2385:2006-12-30 at the
1464:Journal of Ecology
728:Growing degree-day
657:
579:
473:
434:Amazon rainforests
363:Continental Europe
291:Stratton Strawless
212:
2740:10.1038/srep02239
2342:10.1111/nph.15056
2143:(6276): 972–976.
1704:(5573): 1689–91.
1362:(7015): 289–290.
1308:10.1002/ecs2.1465
1099:Quetelet, Adolphe
1096:First published:
871:(10): 1969–1976.
718:Nature Detectives
637:Amazon Rainforest
618:Boston University
577:
2992:
2862:Project Budburst
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2830:. Archived from
2789:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2742:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2545:. Archived from
2512:
2503:
2497:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:10.1038/386698a0
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2412:. Archived from
2406:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2344:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1984:(6): 1109–1113.
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1736:. Archived from
1695:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1427:(1–4): 255–256.
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1394:. Archived from
1353:
1341:
1335:
1331:White, G (1789)
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1113:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1063:
1055:Chuine, Isabelle
1050:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1027:
995:
989:
979:
973:
963:
957:
956:
916:
910:
909:
888:
859:
853:
852:
839:
805:
799:
798:
793:
792:
786:
780:. Archived from
775:
766:
760:
759:
748:
588:
586:
585:
580:
578:
576:
575:
561:
549:
548:
534:
522:
517:
452:Airborne sensors
240:William Markwick
155:Adolphe Quetelet
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2955:
2954:
2912:Wayback Machine
2881:Wayback Machine
2852:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2711:
2707:
2654:
2650:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:Wayback Machine
2486:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2387:Wayback Machine
2378:
2374:
2329:New Phytologist
2324:
2318:
2314:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2241:
2237:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2117:Wayback Machine
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1973:
1969:
1932:
1928:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1787:Daily Telegraph
1778:
1774:
1767:Daily Telegraph
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1743:on 18 July 2011
1740:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1636:
1632:
1589:
1585:
1538:
1534:
1513:(367): 95–103.
1503:
1499:
1484:10.2307/2261570
1460:
1456:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1376:10.1038/432289a
1351:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1279:
1275:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1217:Morren, Charles
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1031:
1030:
996:
992:
980:
976:
964:
960:
917:
913:
860:
856:
806:
802:
790:
788:
784:
773:
767:
763:
756:Merriam-Webster
750:
749:
745:
741:
713:Citizen science
709:
649:
607:climatic change
565:
551:
550:
538:
524:
523:
521:
504:
502:
499:
498:
454:
407:
405:Other countries
365:
346:citizen science
333:Alistair Fitter
284:
277:
201:
196:
113:
51:habitat factors
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2850:External links
2848:
2847:
2846:
2798:(6): 753–761.
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2705:
2648:
2621:(1): 165–182.
2605:
2587:
2555:
2552:on 2016-03-04.
2498:
2480:
2469:
2426:
2401:
2390:
2372:
2335:(3): 870–884.
2312:
2268:
2261:
2235:
2180:
2120:
2102:
2089:"ClimateWatch"
2080:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1967:
1926:
1875:(6): 970–975.
1851:
1837:
1823:
1792:
1772:
1753:
1681:
1630:
1583:
1532:
1497:
1470:(2): 321–329.
1454:
1404:
1401:on 2011-09-28.
1336:
1324:
1293:(10): e01465.
1273:
1245:
1208:
1206:, p. 758.
1195:
1153:
1151:, p. 756.
1141:
1089:
1045:
990:
974:
958:
927:(2): 343–351.
911:
886:10.1.1.167.960
854:
822:(20): L20705.
800:
761:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
708:
705:
648:
645:
614:remote sensing
599:growing season
590:
589:
574:
571:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
479:and stands of
453:
450:
446:photosynthesis
406:
403:
391:horse chestnut
364:
361:
353:Woodland Trust
323:Richard Fitter
287:Robert Marsham
283:
280:
276:
273:
248:Battle, Sussex
229:Wells W. Cooke
200:
197:
195:
192:
112:
109:
105:global warming
97:global warming
93:climate change
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Chronobiology
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2837:on 2020-12-04
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(6): L06405.
2520:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:(6626): 698.
2441:
2437:
2430:
2416:on 2016-02-24
2415:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2262:9781139051477
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:BioWatch Home
2106:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:Adv. Sci. Res
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:The Zoologist
1249:
1234:
1230:
1227:(in French).
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
983:
978:
971:
967:
962:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
804:
797:
787:on 2008-12-17
783:
779:
772:
765:
757:
753:
747:
743:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:trophic level
664:
662:
653:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
622:boreal forest
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
562:
535:
518:
497:
496:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
470:
468:
464:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
411:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
367:
360:
358:
354:
351:, run by the
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
330:
329:
324:
319:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
282:Great Britain
279:
272:
270:
266:
263:
257:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Gilbert White
232:
230:
225:
220:
218:
207:
203:
191:
189:
185:
184:
183:The Zoologist
178:
176:
171:
169:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
136:
131:
127:
123:
120:
115:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
49:, as well as
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
29:Phenomenology
26:
22:
2839:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2795:
2791:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2600:Khan Academy
2599:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2575:NASA Goddard
2568:
2558:
2547:the original
2518:
2514:
2501:
2483:
2472:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2404:
2393:
2375:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2244:
2238:
2197:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2123:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2083:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2022:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1946:(1): 93–99.
1943:
1939:
1929:
1872:
1868:
1854:
1840:
1826:
1816:21 September
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1805:
1795:
1786:
1775:
1766:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1701:
1697:
1684:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1603:(2): 82–87.
1600:
1596:
1586:
1548:(2): 82–87.
1545:
1541:
1535:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1424:
1420:
1407:
1396:the original
1359:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1318:10150/622065
1290:
1286:
1276:
1253:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1228:
1224:
1211:
1198:
1193:. See also .
1170:
1166:
1156:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1124:
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1065:
1048:
1034:cite journal
1007:
1003:
993:
988:, on Perseus
985:
977:
972:, on Perseus
969:
961:
952:
924:
920:
914:
906:
868:
864:
857:
849:
819:
813:
803:
795:
789:. Retrieved
782:the original
777:
764:
755:
746:
723:Season creep
701:biodiversity
697:reproduction
686:
680:
677:intertrophic
676:
673:intratrophic
672:
665:
658:
641:
611:
591:
485:
474:
431:
420:
414:
408:
376:
368:
366:
343:
327:
317:
316:
309:
303:
299:
285:
278:
258:
251:
233:
221:
213:
202:
181:
179:
172:
164:
140:
133:
125:
116:
114:
78:
59:
34:
33:
2980:Climatology
2725:(1): 2239.
2398:49971CU_Txt
2062:11 December
2037:11 December
1173:(34): 291.
1010:(34): 291.
752:"Phenology"
594:correlation
383:Switzerland
2959:Categories
2841:2018-11-20
2420:2006-12-19
2057:MeteoSwiss
1897:1893/27121
1806:Fife Today
1747:2010-05-25
1345:Chuine, I.
1239:2019-05-22
1135:2019-05-20
1083:2019-05-22
791:2007-12-25
739:References
681:intraguild
603:parameters
481:vegetation
477:ecosystems
438:abscission
262:pinot noir
199:Historical
21:Phrenology
2941:Phenology
2929:Moj Popek
2749:2045-2322
2682:0962-8436
2635:1543-592X
2580:29 August
2351:0028-646X
2307:0034-4257
2285:: 90–98.
2222:0168-1923
2167:0036-8075
2095:28 August
1905:2397-334X
1449:120923572
1287:Ecosphere
1111:460607426
1078:989158236
881:CiteSeerX
693:food webs
609:studies.
536:−
467:ORNL DAAC
111:Etymology
70:honey bee
66:temperate
62:migratory
55:elevation
53:(such as
35:Phenology
25:Phonology
2908:Archived
2877:Archived
2820:21713602
2767:23867863
2700:20819811
2643:91925822
2491:Archived
2383:Archived
2359:29502356
2230:55021898
2175:26917771
2113:Archived
2006:29455297
1913:29686235
1734:24973973
1726:12040195
1676:24973973
1668:12040195
1625:10993562
1578:36711195
1570:10993562
1392:12339440
1384:15549085
1269:page 511
1219:(1853).
1101:(1842).
1057:(2006).
949:86329402
903:84406339
846:53598463
707:See also
492:Infrared
423:almanacs
355:and the
269:Burgundy
244:Selborne
210:Monahan.
43:seasonal
2975:Ecology
2828:1486224
2800:Bibcode
2777:Sources
2758:3715764
2727:Bibcode
2691:2981949
2602:. 2020.
2543:6230227
2523:Bibcode
2464:4235679
2444:Bibcode
2367:3705589
2287:Bibcode
2202:Bibcode
2145:Bibcode
2137:Science
2014:3379514
1986:Bibcode
1948:Bibcode
1921:5040650
1877:Bibcode
1860:2018).
1706:Bibcode
1698:Science
1648:Bibcode
1640:Science
1605:Bibcode
1550:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1492:2261570
1472:Bibcode
1429:Bibcode
1364:Bibcode
1295:Bibcode
1175:Bibcode
1012:Bibcode
954:decade.
929:Bibcode
873:Bibcode
824:Bibcode
758:. 2020.
432:In the
328:Science
295:Norfolk
194:Records
151:Belgium
81:climate
74:ecology
47:climate
2826:
2818:
2765:
2755:
2747:
2698:
2688:
2680:
2641:
2633:
2541:
2462:
2436:Nature
2365:
2357:
2349:
2305:
2259:
2228:
2220:
2173:
2165:
2012:
2004:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1732:
1724:
1674:
1666:
1623:
1576:
1568:
1490:
1447:
1390:
1382:
1356:Nature
1109:
1076:
947:
901:
883:
844:
399:Spring
379:Geneva
275:Modern
126:phainĹŤ
68:-zone
2835:(PDF)
2824:S2CID
2788:(PDF)
2639:S2CID
2550:(PDF)
2539:S2CID
2511:(PDF)
2460:S2CID
2363:S2CID
2325:(PDF)
2226:S2CID
2194:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
2010:S2CID
1917:S2CID
1865:(PDF)
1741:(PDF)
1730:S2CID
1694:(PDF)
1672:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1488:JSTOR
1445:S2CID
1417:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1388:S2CID
1352:(PDF)
1231:(1):
1121:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
982:λόγος
966:φαίνω
945:S2CID
899:S2CID
842:S2CID
785:(PDF)
774:(PDF)
626:MODIS
463:MODIS
265:grape
135:logos
130:λόγος
122:φαίνω
119:Greek
85:proxy
27:, or
2816:PMID
2763:PMID
2745:ISSN
2696:PMID
2678:ISSN
2631:ISSN
2582:2013
2355:PMID
2347:ISSN
2303:ISSN
2257:ISBN
2218:ISSN
2171:PMID
2163:ISSN
2097:2013
2064:2022
2039:2022
2002:PMID
1909:PMID
1901:ISSN
1818:2019
1722:PMID
1664:PMID
1621:PMID
1566:PMID
1380:PMID
1235:-186
1107:OCLC
1074:OCLC
1070:S.l.
1040:link
427:Ohio
238:and
222:The
95:and
2808:doi
2753:PMC
2735:doi
2686:PMC
2670:doi
2666:365
2623:doi
2531:doi
2452:doi
2440:386
2337:doi
2333:219
2295:doi
2283:182
2249:doi
2210:doi
2153:doi
2141:351
1994:doi
1956:doi
1893:hdl
1885:doi
1714:doi
1702:296
1656:doi
1644:296
1613:doi
1558:doi
1523:doi
1480:doi
1437:doi
1372:doi
1360:432
1313:hdl
1303:doi
1233:160
1183:doi
1167:EOS
1131:(1)
1020:doi
1004:EOS
937:doi
891:doi
832:doi
389:(a
377:In
267:in
217:ash
57:).
2961::
2822:.
2814:.
2806:.
2796:55
2794:.
2790:.
2761:.
2751:.
2743:.
2733:.
2721:.
2717:.
2694:.
2684:.
2676:.
2664:.
2660:.
2637:.
2629:.
2619:49
2617:.
2598:.
2567:.
2537:.
2529:.
2519:33
2517:.
2513:.
2458:.
2450:.
2438:.
2361:.
2353:.
2345:.
2331:.
2327:.
2301:.
2293:.
2281:.
2255:.
2224:.
2216:.
2208:.
2196:.
2169:.
2161:.
2151:.
2139:.
2135:.
2055:.
2008:.
2000:.
1992:.
1982:62
1980:.
1954:.
1944:11
1942:.
1938:.
1915:.
1907:.
1899:.
1891:.
1883:.
1871:.
1867:.
1804:.
1785:.
1765:.
1728:.
1720:.
1712:.
1700:.
1696:.
1670:.
1662:.
1654:.
1642:.
1619:.
1611:.
1601:44
1599:.
1595:.
1572:.
1564:.
1556:.
1546:44
1544:.
1521:.
1511:86
1509:.
1486:.
1478:.
1468:83
1466:.
1443:.
1435:.
1425:87
1423:.
1419:.
1386:.
1378:.
1370:.
1358:.
1354:.
1311:.
1301:.
1289:.
1285:.
1267:,
1229:XX
1223:.
1181:.
1171:90
1169:.
1165:.
1129:14
1127:.
1123:.
1068:.
1036:}}
1032:{{
1018:.
1008:90
1006:.
1002:.
951:.
943:.
935:.
925:12
923:.
905:.
897:.
889:.
879:.
869:12
867:.
848:.
840:.
830:.
820:34
818:.
812:.
794:.
776:.
754:.
703:.
695:,
381:,
293:,
170:.
107:.
23:,
2844:.
2810::
2802::
2769:.
2737::
2729::
2723:3
2702:.
2672::
2645:.
2625::
2584:.
2533::
2525::
2466:.
2454::
2446::
2423:.
2369:.
2339::
2309:.
2297::
2289::
2265:.
2251::
2232:.
2212::
2204::
2177:.
2155::
2147::
2099:.
2066:.
2041:.
2016:.
1996::
1988::
1964:.
1958::
1950::
1923:.
1895::
1887::
1879::
1873:2
1848:.
1834:.
1820:.
1799:*
1789:.
1779:*
1769:.
1750:.
1716::
1708::
1678:.
1658::
1650::
1627:.
1615::
1607::
1580:.
1560::
1552::
1529:.
1525::
1517::
1494:.
1482::
1474::
1451:.
1439::
1431::
1374::
1366::
1321:.
1315::
1305::
1297::
1291:7
1271:.
1257:,
1242:.
1191:.
1185::
1177::
1138:.
1086:.
1042:)
1028:.
1022::
1014::
939::
931::
893::
875::
834::
826::
671:(
573:d
570:e
567:r
563:+
559:R
556:I
553:N
546:d
543:e
540:r
532:R
529:I
526:N
519:=
515:I
512:V
509:D
506:N
149:(
132:(
124:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.