1966:, an all-male benevolent society that aided fugitive slaves. Reckless "persuaded society members to contribute to community projects and to make donations ... to provide fugitives with room and board, clothing, medical assistance, employment, financial aid, and advice concerning their legal rights." However, white female members of the society were quite divided over whether aid to fugitive slaves counted as true antislavery work. Lucretia Mott believed this activity was not the role of the PFASS. This division illustrates a difference in abolitionist agendas that began to emerge among the two races. Unlike their white female counterparts, black women, in an effort that Tate labels "pragmatic abolitionism," viewed subversive strategies like aiding fugitive slaves as compatible with the open challenges preferred by white abolitionists. White female abolitionists, on the other hand, tended to view these actions as "potential distractions from the main goal of fighting slavery."
1948:. PFASS meetings consisted of coordinating activities for the fair and organizing sewing circles. By the 1850s, the fairs became elaborate occasions. In addition to selling items, the fairs featured speeches by well known abolitionists that attracted large audiences willing to pay admissions fees. The society's successful fundraising efforts enabled it to secure power and influence in the state anti-slavery society. Throughout the entire period, the PFASS provided a large proportion of all funds donated to the state society. From 1844 to 1849, funds raised by the Philadelphia women covered approximately 20 percent of the state anti-slavery society budget and accounted for 31 to 45 percent of donations. Hence, women were able to keep a high profile and assert their authority in leadership roles within the statewide abolitionist movement.
215:
1930:
granted the right to vote, petition drives were one of the few forms of political expression available to women. Petition campaigns drew women out of their homes and into their neighborhoods where they conducted massive grassroots propaganda campaigns. Face-to-face communications and door-to-door efforts by women not only challenged social norms of femininity but it also "moved the antislavery movement from a predominantly moral to a predominantly political focus". Petitions like these eventually caused the U.S. House of
Representatives to pass the
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20:
1979:. More recent additions to the historiography of female abolitionist societies incorporates the collective role of free black females. Shirley Yee asserts that black female community activists like those in the PFASS helped shape black women's community activism for later generations, especially in the modern civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
166:. These women represented the city's African American elite. Historian Shirley Yee states that seven of the eighteen women who signed the PFASS constitution were black, and ten black women appear regularly in society records. Furthermore, many black women members consistently served in leadership roles.
1959:, the society continued its financial support with annual contributions throughout the 1840s. Tate maintains the Forten women's leadership and support led to the continuous contributions to the school. This reinforces the contention that black women played in integral leadership role within the PFASS.
1974:
As women played a pertinent role in the abolitionist movement, white and black members of the PFASS supported the radical idea of granting women the right to vote and to perform traditionally male roles such as speaking in public. Writing in the late 1970s, historian Ira V. Brown identifies the women
97:
and other leading male abolitionists. The PFASS was formed as a result of the inability of women to become members of the male abolitionist organization. This predominantly white though racially mixed female abolitionist organization illustrates the important behind-the-scenes collective roles women
1924:
In the 1830s, the PFASS largely focused on circulating antislavery petitions, holding public meetings, organizing fundraising efforts, and financially supporting community improvement for free blacks. Between 1834 and 1850, the PFASS sent numerous petitions to the
Philadelphia state legislature and
177:
Historian Julie Winch suggests that the free black middle-class females in
Philadelphia initially organized female literacy societies prior to their membership in the PFASS. She argues these literacy societies offered black middle-class females opportunities to educate themselves and their children
1929:
to allow jury trials for suspected fugitive slaves. They petitioned
Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia and prohibit the interstate slave trade. Black female leaders in the PFASS served on committees that coordinated these drives. During this period when women had not yet been
173:
was a co-founder of the
Society and often served as recording secretary or treasurer, as well as helping to draw up its organizational charter and serving on its educational committee. She also offered the Society's last resolution, which praised the post-civil war amendments as a success for the
1937:
The refusal of
Congress to consider these petitions as well as fear of mob violence led to a shift in strategies in the 1840s. As the society matured, it reduced efforts to circulate petitions and increasingly devoted time to fundraising. The primary PFASS fundraiser was an annual fair in which
1975:
of the PFASS as playing a key role in the development of
American feminism or what she labels as the "cradle of feminism." Brown primarily focuses on the society's white female leadership and the key roles these women played in the eventual birth of the women's movement beginning at the
181:
Writer Evette Dionne notes that this amount of integration and cooperation in a society among black and white women would have been quite rare even in a free city like
Philadelphia. Black members contributed to writing the constitution and establishing the organization's priorities.
178:
as well as to develop the necessary skills for community activism. According to Winch, it was hardly coincidental that members of the literacy societies also enrolled in the PFASS, and these societies were an integral part of the antislavery crusade.
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anti-slavery cause. Through holding key offices, historian Janice Sumler-Lewis claims the efforts of the Forten women enabled this predominantly white organization to reflect a black abolitionist perspective that oftentimes was more militant.
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Historians often cite the PFASS as one of the few racially integrated anti-slavery societies in the antebellum era, rare even among female anti-slavery societies. PFASS membership typically came from middle-class backgrounds.
1708:
2235:
Winch, Julie (1994). "'You Have
Talents-Only Cultivate Them', Philadelphia's Black Female Literacy Societies and the Abolitionist Crusade". In Jean Fagan Yellin; John C. VanHorne (eds.).
1951:
Financially supporting the free black community was also an aspect of the activities within the PFASS. Led primarily by its black female membership, the PFASS financially supported
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played in the abolitionist movement. It also exemplifies the dynamics of gender and race within
American patriarchal society that emphasized the cult of true womanhood (or
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handcrafted items such as needlework with abolitionist inscriptions and antislavery publications were sold. For example, the well-known piece of abolitionist literature,
1962:
The PFASS also raised money for clothing, shelter, and food to aid fugitive slaves. Black women members under the leadership of Hetty Reckless worked closely with the
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Soderlund, Jean R. (1994). "Priorities and Power: The Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society". In Jean Fagan Yellin; John C. VanHorne (eds.).
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Sumler-Lewis, Janice (Winter 1981–1982). "The Forten-Purvis Women of Philadelphia and the American Anti-Slavery Crusade".
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Sarah Forten was a co-founder of the Society and served on its board of managers for three consecutive terms.
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Brown, Ira V. (April 1978). "Cradle of Feminism: The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1833-1840".
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142:; historian Jean R. Soderlund maintains thirteen of the seventeen founding white women founders were
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Quakers. Free black females helped organize the society as well. Prominent individuals included
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2499:"Our Sphere of Influence: Women Activists and the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society"
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school for free black girls. According to political scientist Gayle T. Tate in her book,
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2003:, takes place at a fictional meeting of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.
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Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience
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2519:"The Anti-Slavery Alphabet. Philadelphia: Printed for the Anti-Slavery Fair, 1846"
2472:
Unknown Tongues: Black Women's Political Activism in the Antebellum Era, 1830-1860
1957:
Unknown Tongues: Black Women's Political Activism in the Antebellum Era, 1830-1860
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54:(in Philadelphia), and dissolved in March 1870 following the ratification of the
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126:. Other white women who were mainstays of the interracial organization included
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50:) was founded in December 1833, a few days after the first meeting of the
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2418:"Painted Bride productions on 19th century women touch familiar issues"
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1988:
1809:
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2507:"Cradle of Feminism, The Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society, 1833-1840"
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The best known white female abolitionist affiliated with the PFASS is
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Women's Rights National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)
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Lifting as we climb : Black women's battle for the ballot box
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2513:"Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society Historical Marker"
2509:
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (April 1978)
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2485:
Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860
2077:
Black Saga: The African American Experience: A Chronology
37:
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
2239:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 105–117.
158:, and Charlotte Forten (wife of notable abolitionist
1584:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
89:
The society was a local chapter affiliated with the
27:of the PFASS. This image was popularized by member
2460:
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2391:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2191:
2526:
2174:University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. p. 33.
1699:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2101:Mary Grew, abolitionist and feminist, 1813-1896
2521:Mississippi Department of Archives and History
2171:African American Women and the Vote: 1837-1965
2104:. Selinsgrove : Susquehanna University Press.
2048:
2046:
1944:was printed and sold at the 1846 Philadelphia
66:. It was founded by eighteen women, including
1905:
78:, her mother Charlotte, and Forten's sisters
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2132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1704:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
44:The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
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2284:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2136:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2098:Brown, Ira V. (Ira Vernon), 1922- (1991).
1969:
1912:
1898:
185:
2074:Christian, Charles M. and Bennett, Sari.
162:) and her daughters, Harriet, Sarah, and
2540:African-American history in Philadelphia
2446:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University.
2052:Smith, Jessie Carney and Wynn, Linda T.
1709:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1574:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1554:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
114:Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
109:
18:
2437:
23:"Am I not a woman and a sister?" – the
2527:
2249:
2388:
1982:
1964:Vigilance Association of Philadelphia
1596:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1273:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2565:Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania
2469:
1788:Slave marriages in the United States
1392:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2550:1833 establishments in Pennsylvania
2482:
2080:Basic Civitas Book, 1998. p. 1833.
1925:to Congress. The PFASS pressed the
1127:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
2502:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
2018:
1781:last survivors of American slavery
16:American abolitionist organization
14:
2581:
2555:Organizations established in 1833
2492:
2058:Visible Ink Press, 2009. p. 242.
742:Field slaves in the United States
609:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2545:History of women in Pennsylvania
2487:. University of Tennessee Press.
619:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
614:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
443:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
213:
2476:Michigan State University Press
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1569:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1120:East, Southeast, and South Asia
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2091:
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1268:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2560:American Anti-Slavery Society
2007:
105:
102:) in the nineteenth century.
91:American Anti-Slavery Society
52:American Anti-Slavery Society
2535:Abolitionism in Pennsylvania
2168:Gordon, Ann D. (ed.) et al.
1559:Temporary Slavery Commission
1220:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2465:. Cornell University Press.
2463:The Abolitionist Sisterhood
2237:The Abolitionist Sisterhood
1579:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
624:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
35:'s male equivalent for the
29:Elizabeth Margaret Chandler
10:
2586:
1764:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1601:Anti-Slavery International
1366:North Africa and West Asia
2438:Salerno, Beth A. (2005).
1941:The Anti-Slavery Alphabet
1860:Emancipation Proclamation
1532:Opposition and resistance
1290:Sex trafficking in Europe
1278:Blackbirding in Polynesia
841:Trans-Saharan slave trade
93:created the same year by
2483:Yee, Shirley J. (1992).
2194:Journal of Negro History
1997:Painted Bride Art Center
1927:Pennsylvania legislature
1640:Compensated emancipation
851:Indian Ocean slave trade
2515:on ExplorePAhistory.com
2470:Tate, Gayle T. (2003).
2250:Dionne, Evette (2020).
1977:Seneca Falls Convention
1970:Birth of women's rights
1564:1926 Slavery Convention
1320:Germany in World War II
937:North and South America
459:Contract of manumission
186:Abolitionist activities
1995:, commissioned by the
1045:British Virgin Islands
597:Circassian slave trade
563:Safavid imperial harem
558:Ottoman Imperial Harem
148:Grace Bustill Douglass
115:
95:William Lloyd Garrison
40:
2570:Women in Philadelphia
2422:Philadelphia Inquirer
2150:Soderlund, pp. 69, 74
2026:"Mary Ann M'Clintock"
1284:Europe and North Asia
1244:Australia and Oceania
944:Pre-Columbian America
516:Slave raid of Suðuroy
448:Slavery in al-Andalus
370:Black Sea slave trade
299:21st-century jihadism
113:
22:
2416:Salisbury, Stephen.
2316:Soderlund, pp. 83-84
2307:Soderlund, pp. 80–82
1739:Indentured servitude
1667:Underground Railroad
1467:United Arab Emirates
856:Zanzibar slave trade
823:By country or region
636:Atlantic slave trade
538:Ma malakat aymanukum
422:Venetian slave trade
152:Sarah Mapps Douglass
1825:Slave Route Project
956:Americas indigenous
846:Red Sea slave trade
836:Contemporary Africa
699:Topics and practice
469:Crimean slave trade
464:Bukhara slave trade
417:Genoese slave trade
294:Contemporary Africa
274:Forced prostitution
100:cult of domesticity
72:Mary Ann M'Clintock
2352:Salerno, pp. 140-1
1983:In popular culture
1606:Blockade of Africa
913:Somali slave trade
829:Sub-Saharan Africa
521:Turkish Abductions
479:Khivan slave trade
474:Khazar slave trade
427:Balkan slave trade
385:Prague slave trade
116:
62:Amendments to the
41:
2263:978-0-451-48154-2
1946:Anti-Slavery Fair
1922:
1921:
1872:Freedmen's Bureau
1694:Third Servile War
1689:International law
1256:Human trafficking
1018:Human trafficking
693:Thirteen colonies
511:Sack of Baltimore
279:Human trafficking
171:Margaretta Forten
76:Margaretta Forten
64:U.S. Constitution
2577:
2488:
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2474:. East Lansing:
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2442:Sister Societies
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2425:(April 26, 2013)
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1793:Slave narrative
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1679:Slave rebellion
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1294:United Kingdom
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489:Avret Pazarları
358:Medieval Europe
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33:Josiah Wedgwood
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1771:List of slaves
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1352:
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1315:Dutch Republic
1312:
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1103:
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1021:
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1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
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985:
980:
975:
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940:
939:
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932:
927:
922:
917:
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865:
860:
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848:
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822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
786:
782:
781:
776:
774:Child soldiers
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
750:
749:
739:
734:
729:
724:
723:
722:
717:
712:
701:
700:
696:
695:
690:
685:
683:Spanish Empire
680:
675:
670:
665:
663:Middle Passage
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
638:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
600:
599:
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589:
584:
579:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
493:
492:
491:
484:Ottoman Empire
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
439:
438:
432:
431:
430:
429:
419:
414:
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397:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
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354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
331:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
304:Sexual slavery
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
270:
269:
264:
262:Child marriage
259:
249:
244:
239:
237:Child soldiers
234:
228:
223:
222:
219:
218:
210:
209:
199:
198:
187:
184:
156:Hetty Reckless
107:
104:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
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2500:
2497:
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2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2453:9780875803388
2449:
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2259:
2255:
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2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
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2172:
2165:
2156:
2147:
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2111:0-945636-20-2
2107:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2086:9781582430003
2083:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:9781578592609
2061:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:'s 2013 play
1990:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1928:
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1816:
1815:Slave catcher
1813:
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1744:Forced labour
1742:
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1614:
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1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:Abolitionists
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
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1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:comfort women
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Chukri System
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Latin America
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:interregional
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:prison labour
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:United States
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
935:
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931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
910:
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904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
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871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
830:
827:
826:
820:
819:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:White slavery
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Slave raiding
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
737:Corvée labour
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Abbasid harem
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:Barbary Coast
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
326:
323:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:Forced labour
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
183:
179:
175:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Lucretia Mott
120:
112:
103:
101:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Lucretia Mott
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2484:
2471:
2462:
2441:
2432:Bibliography
2431:
2430:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2361:Tate, p. 213
2357:
2348:
2339:
2334:Tate, p. 212
2330:
2325:Tate, p. 192
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2256:. New York.
2252:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2100:
2093:
2076:
2070:
2054:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2001:Philadelphia
1993:If She Stood
1992:
1973:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1820:Slave patrol
1657:Freedom suit
1633:Sierra Leone
1623:Colonization
1539:Abolitionism
1519:Baháʼí Faith
1492:Christianity
1442:Saudi Arabia
1298:Penal Labour
1263:Blackbirding
1169:Debt bondage
1157:penal system
983:Contemporary
973:Field slaves
961:U.S. Natives
920:South Africa
791:Galley slave
764:Slave market
754:House slaves
727:Blackbirding
705:Conscription
629:21st century
592:Umm al-walad
436:Muslim world
405:Emancipation
309:Wage slavery
289:Penal labour
267:Wife selling
257:Bride buying
242:Conscription
232:Child Labour
225:Contemporary
180:
176:
168:
160:James Forten
121:
117:
88:
47:
43:
42:
2407:Yee, p. 157
2379:Yee, p. 104
1835:court cases
1712: [
1662:Slave Power
1650:Manumission
1497:Catholicism
1372:Afghanistan
1113:Puerto Rico
1025:The Bahamas
1003:Slave codes
806:Shanghaiing
796:Impressment
688:Slave Coast
568:Qajar harem
528:Concubinage
501:slave trade
31:, based on
2529:Categories
2397:: 142–166.
2343:Yee, p. 99
2272:1099569335
2180:1558490582
2008:References
1989:Ain Gordon
1850:J.Q. Adams
1840:Washington
1810:Slave name
1759:convention
1734:Common law
1107:Encomienda
903:Seychelles
888:Mauritania
811:Slave ship
678:Panyarring
673:New France
322:Historical
164:Margaretta
128:Sarah Pugh
106:Membership
2280:cite book
2222:152092689
2128:cite book
1845:Jefferson
1502:Mormonism
1437:Palestine
1251:Australia
1181:Indonesia
1072:Lei Áurea
1055:Code Noir
1035:Caribbean
1008:Treatment
747:Treatment
720:Devshirme
582:Odalisque
400:In Russia
341:Babylonia
329:Antiquity
132:Mary Grew
2120:23217312
2035:7 August
1932:gag rule
1877:Iron bit
1867:40 acres
1830:breeding
1645:Freedman
1480:Religion
1340:Portugal
1225:Thailand
1215:Maldives
1210:Malaysia
1203:Kwalliso
1147:Booi Aha
1099:Restavek
1079:Colombia
1050:Trinidad
1040:Barbados
930:Zanzibar
878:Ethiopia
759:Saqaliba
653:Database
604:Saqaliba
365:Ancillae
195:a series
193:Part of
144:Hicksite
2214:2717236
1855:Lincoln
1728:Related
1628:Liberia
1514:Judaism
1452:Tunisia
1427:Morocco
1417:Lebanon
1382:Bahrain
1377:Algeria
1345:Romania
1310:Denmark
1303:Slavery
1237:Vietnam
908:Somalia
898:Nigeria
873:Comoros
801:Pirates
710:Ghilman
643:Bristol
533:history
506:pirates
395:History
284:Peonage
207:slavery
140:Quakers
84:Harriet
2450:
2270:
2260:
2220:
2212:
2178:
2118:
2108:
2084:
2062:
1776:owners
1412:Kuwait
1407:Jordan
1360:Sweden
1350:Russia
1335:Poland
1330:Norway
1152:Laogai
1137:Brunei
1132:Bhutan
1094:revolt
1067:Brazil
1030:Canada
993:partus
978:female
863:Angola
732:Coolie
715:Mamluk
668:Nantes
648:Brazil
577:Cariye
412:Thrall
380:Kholop
346:Greece
2218:S2CID
2210:JSTOR
2013:Notes
1803:songs
1798:films
1716:]
1672:songs
1509:Islam
1487:Bible
1462:Yemen
1457:Qatar
1447:Syria
1422:Libya
1387:Egypt
1355:Spain
1325:Malta
1198:Korea
1186:Japan
1164:India
1142:China
1089:Haiti
949:Aztec
925:Sudan
893:Niger
785:Naval
658:Dutch
587:Qiyan
573:Jarya
548:Harem
390:Serfs
336:Egypt
80:Sarah
48:PFASS
2448:ISBN
2286:link
2268:OCLC
2258:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2138:link
2134:link
2116:OCLC
2106:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2037:2019
1754:laws
1616:U.S.
1611:U.K.
1549:U.S.
1544:U.K.
1432:Oman
1402:Iraq
1397:Iran
1084:Cuba
988:maps
883:Mali
868:Chad
454:Baqt
351:Rome
247:Debt
205:and
150:and
130:and
82:and
60:15th
58:and
56:14th
25:seal
2395:102
2202:doi
1999:in
2531::
2393:.
2282:}}
2278:{{
2266:.
2216:.
2208:.
2198:66
2196:.
2130:}}
2126:{{
2114:.
2045:^
2028:.
1934:.
1714:fa
197:on
154:,
86:.
74:,
70:,
2478:.
2456:.
2288:)
2274:.
2224:.
2204::
2182:.
2140:)
2122:.
2088:.
2039:.
1913:e
1906:t
1899:v
1109:)
1105:(
575:/
450:
46:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
