25:
326:), which enabled him to determine its organization in detail, including its associated control signals. His research into the structure of genes which carry the code for antibody molecules was of major significance. The main focus of this inquiry was the question of how the vast diversity of antibody molecules is formed by a limited number of encoded genes. Leder's work on antibody genes was later extended to research into
361:. In 1972 he was appointed director of the Laboratory for Molecular Genetics at the same institution and remained in that post until 1980, when he returned to Harvard Medical School as the founder of the newly formed Department of Genetics, occupying the John Emory Andrus Chair. He retired from this position in 2008 and died of complications from
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Leder made several contributions in each decade of the modern genetics era from the 1960s through the 1990s. He may be best known for his early work with
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405:. In November 2015 he has been awarded an honorary doctoral degree from the Medical Faculty of the University of Basel for his lifetime achievements.
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In 1968, Leder headed the
Biochemistry Department of the Graduate Program of the Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences at the
539:
Leder's 'Codon notebooks' documenting the
Nirenberg and Leder experiment can be found in HOLLIS, the Harvard University's library catalog
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345:. This animal, a mouse which had genes injected into its embryo to increase susceptibility to cancer, became known as the "
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488:"The AAMC Award for Distinguished Research in the Biomedical Sciences. Philip Leder, M.D".
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337:. This was crucial in understanding the origin of this type of tumor. In 1988, Leder and
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and completed his medical residency at the
University of Minnesota.
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331:
234:
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306:. Since then, he has made several contributions in the fields of
349:" and has been used in the laboratory study of cancer therapies.
5081:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
450:"Philip Leder, Who Helped Decipher the Genetic Code, Dies at 85"
468:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
373:
Leder has been awarded various honors and was a member of the
334:
330:, a tumour of antibody-producing cells, which involves the
5041:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
385:. His many prizes include the Golden Plate Award of the
262:(November 19, 1934 – February 2, 2020) was an American
282:, graduating in 1956. In 1960, he graduated from
605:
5022:
2890:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
403:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
4332:
575:
289:
5096:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
322:of a complete mammalian gene (the gene for
269:
4339:
4325:
582:
568:
498:(2). United States: 105–6. February 1984.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2299:
401:, and the Heineken Prize awarded by the
32:This article includes a list of general
869:
591:United States National Medal of Science
545:in Research Matters, Harvard University
5023:
4320:
3419:
3418:
2888:
2298:
1812:
868:
604:
563:
379:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
526:Remembrances: Phil Leder (1934-2020)
447:
182:Albert Lasker Medical Research Award
18:
5071:National Medal of Science laureates
4346:
448:Wade, Nicholas (23 February 2020).
341:were granted the first patent on a
13:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5107:
5076:Richard-Lounsbery Award laureates
533:Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center
519:
23:
476:American Academy of Achievement
387:American Academy of Achievement
16:American geneticist (1934–2020)
5061:Harvard Medical School faculty
460:
441:
415:
304:Nirenberg and Leder experiment
149:Nirenberg and Leder experiment
1:
5086:Winners of the Heineken Prize
5051:Harvard Medical School alumni
1813:
606:Behavioral and social science
556:(ideasinactiontv.com, 7/2004)
408:
343:genetically engineered animal
5091:Charles H. Revson Foundation
491:Journal of Medical Education
375:National Academy of Sciences
359:National Institute of Health
352:
123:Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
7:
4355:Biochemistry and Biophysics
537:Links to digital facsimiles
10:
5112:
3494:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
298:in the elucidation of the
290:Scientific accomplishments
5056:Harvard University alumni
4905:
4846:
4739:
4632:
4519:
4354:
4256:
4105:
3954:
3775:
3581:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3348:
3250:
3139:
3050:
2971:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2841:
2750:
2642:
2533:
2469:William Hayward Pickering
2414:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2220:
2112:
1966:
1842:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1719:
1528:
1342:
1160:
1016:
879:
875:
864:
821:
762:
674:
634:
615:
611:
600:
395:National Medal of Science
368:
253:
227:
220:
188:National Medal of Science
162:
141:
130:
111:
90:
83:
3918:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3364:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
995:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
531:Biographical information
318:. His group defined the
270:Early life and education
3229:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1147:George Ledyard Stebbins
1068:James Augustine Shannon
170:Richard Lounsbery Award
53:more precise citations.
4652:BirdLife International
4633:Environmental Sciences
3686:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
3673:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
2629:Harry George Drickamer
2575:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2249:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2123:John D. Baldeschwieler
1363:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1045:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
543:Philip Leder's listing
284:Harvard Medical School
4277:Sylvester James Gates
3663:William Alfred Fowler
3645:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3458:Robert Burns Woodward
2270:Geraldine L. Richmond
2018:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1301:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1230:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1086:Sterling B. Hendricks
903:Marshall W. Nirenberg
898:Theodosius Dobzhansky
746:William Julius Wilson
554:Science's Barry Bonds
383:Institute of Medicine
365:on February 2, 2020.
5046:American geneticists
4248:Warren M. Washington
4212:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4121:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4066:Martin Schwarzschild
3847:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
3839:J. Robert Schrieffer
3809:E. Margaret Burbidge
3653:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3630:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3509:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3261:John Griggs Thompson
3184:Martin David Kruskal
3024:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2497:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
2451:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2406:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2333:John Robinson Pierce
2300:Engineering sciences
2231:Jacqueline K. Barton
2086:George M. Whitesides
2005:Dudley R. Herschbach
1943:Richard B. Bernstein
1912:Walter H. Stockmayer
1460:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1391:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1281:Stanley Norman Cohen
1268:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1104:Keith Roberts Porter
967:Alfred H. Sturtevant
962:Michael Heidelberger
934:Fritz Albert Lipmann
5066:History of genetics
4298:Shirley Ann Jackson
4217:Charles P. Slichter
4061:Marshall Rosenbluth
4053:Wallace S. Broecker
4006:Eugene M. Shoemaker
3767:Victor F. Weisskopf
3714:Herbert S. Gutowsky
3696:Edgar Bright Wilson
3537:George Kistiakowsky
3155:Stephen Cole Kleene
2666:George H. Heilmeier
2653:Mildred Dresselhaus
2544:Edward H. Heinemann
2474:Frederick E. Terman
2438:Richard T. Whitcomb
2359:Clarence L. Johnson
2320:Theodore von Kármán
2207:Stephen J. Benkovic
2186:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2173:Marvin H. Caruthers
2128:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2068:Darleane C. Hoffman
1958:Harden M. McConnell
1899:Frank H. Westheimer
1711:Stanley B. Prusiner
1675:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1434:Howard Martin Temin
1291:Maurice R. Hilleman
1286:Joseph L. Goldstein
1225:Donald A. Henderson
1142:Earl Reece Stadtman
1127:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1091:Orville Alvin Vogel
921:Donald D. Van Slyke
870:Biological sciences
472:www.achievement.org
363:Parkinson's disease
200:William Allan Award
4170:G. Brent Dalrymple
3988:Arthur L. Schawlow
3895:James A. Van Allen
3786:Philip W. Anderson
3742:Richard P. Feynman
3668:Linus Carl Pauling
3303:Dennis P. Sullivan
2860:John B. Goodenough
2793:Edwin N. Lightfoot
2761:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2742:Kenneth N. Stevens
2510:Raymond D. Mindlin
2433:Harold E. Edgerton
2278:A. Paul Alivisatos
2157:Stephen J. Lippard
2136:Ernest R. Davidson
2073:Harold S. Johnston
1907:William S. Johnson
1871:George C. Pimentel
1706:Susan L. Lindquist
1688:Francis S. Collins
1582:Victor A. McKusick
1557:Francisco J. Ayala
1539:Nancy C. Andreasen
1489:Robert A. Weinberg
1263:Har Gobind Khorana
1248:Michael E. DeBakey
1235:George Emil Palade
1207:Wendell L. Roelofs
1197:Howard L. Bachrach
1027:Barbara McClintock
929:Edward F. Knipling
454:The New York Times
328:Burkitt's lymphoma
316:genetics of cancer
308:molecular genetics
296:Marshall Nirenberg
280:Harvard University
274:Leder was born in
135:Harvard University
5018:
5017:
4847:Cognitive Science
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4243:Esther M. Conwell
4183:Robert N. Clayton
4175:Riccardo Giacconi
4139:Raymond Davis Jr.
4027:Albert Overhauser
3970:Edwin M. McMillan
3931:Arnold O. Beckman
3908:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
3885:Paul C. Lauterbur
3862:Robert Hofstadter
3814:Maurice Goldhaber
3801:Charles H. Townes
3752:Edward M. Purcell
3719:Frederick Rossini
3573:Wolfgang Panofsky
3504:John H. Van Vleck
3420:Physical sciences
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3372:Solomon W. Golomb
3332:Andrew J. Viterbi
3327:Leonard Kleinrock
3274:Calyampudi R. Rao
3242:Ronald R. Coifman
3150:George F. Carrier
3131:Donald C. Spencer
3126:Saunders Mac Lane
3061:Marshall H. Stone
3011:Shiing-Shen Chern
2918:Solomon Lefschetz
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2817:David J. Wineland
2785:John M. Prausnitz
2726:C. Kumar N. Patel
2721:James L. Flanagan
2689:John Roy Whinnery
2676:H. Guyford Stever
2658:Nick Holonyak Jr.
2621:George W. Housner
2616:Willis M. Hawkins
2611:Daniel C. Drucker
2593:Robert Byron Bird
2585:Bernard M. Oliver
2492:Peter C. Goldmark
2479:Wernher von Braun
2425:George E. Mueller
2398:Nathan M. Newmark
2393:J. Presper Eckert
2372:Claude E. Shannon
2341:Charles S. Draper
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2257:Judith P. Klinman
2141:Gábor A. Somorjai
2052:Isabella L. Karle
2039:George S. Hammond
2000:Gertrude B. Elion
1953:Rudolph A. Marcus
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1730:Ralph L. Brinster
1649:Torsten N. Wiesel
1626:Norman E. Borlaug
1613:Solomon H. Snyder
1608:J. Michael Bishop
1567:Mario R. Capecchi
1447:Salome G. Waelsch
1378:E. Donnall Thomas
1253:Theodor O. Diener
1152:Paul Alfred Weiss
980:Bernard B. Brodie
916:George G. Simpson
860:
859:
856:
855:
805:Michael I. Posner
706:Eleanor J. Gibson
658:George J. Stigler
626:Neal Elgar Miller
278:, and studied at
257:
256:
240:Molecular biology
222:Scientific career
206:Robert Koch Prize
101:November 19, 1934
79:
78:
71:
5103:
4712:Sinninghe Damsté
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4126:Gilbert F. White
4071:George Wetherill
3965:Allan M. Cormack
3923:Jack Steinberger
3903:D. Allan Bromley
3852:H. Richard Crane
3829:Frederick Reines
3819:Helmut Landsberg
3734:George Uhlenbeck
3635:Vladimir Haensel
3597:Allan R. Sandage
3568:Herbert C. Brown
3550:Herbert Friedman
3476:Leon M. Lederman
3448:Julian Schwinger
3427:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3385:Alexandre Chorin
3359:Richard A. Tapia
3340:David B. Mumford
3168:Alberto CalderĂłn
3113:Joseph B. Keller
3100:Michael Freedman
3069:Herman Goldstine
2923:H. Marston Morse
2897:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2825:Rudolf E. Kálmán
2809:Robert S. Langer
2801:Jan D. Achenbach
2634:Herbert E. Grier
2385:Igor I. Sikorsky
2346:Othmar H. Ammann
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2262:Jerrold Meinwald
2031:Norman Hackerman
2010:Glenn T. Seaborg
1925:William O. Baker
1853:F. Albert Cotton
1821:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1787:Mary-Claire King
1680:Bert W. O'Malley
1636:Thomas E. Starzl
1631:Phillip A. Sharp
1618:Charles Yanofsky
1600:Evelyn M. Witkin
1595:James E. Darnell
1421:Paul C. Zamecnik
1386:Mary Ellen Avery
1358:Herbert W. Boyer
1353:Baruj Benacerraf
1324:Joshua Lederberg
1314:Viktor Hamburger
1276:Michael S. Brown
1122:Robert H. Burris
877:
876:
866:
865:
813:Mortimer Mishkin
738:William K. Estes
722:Roger N. Shepard
714:Robert K. Merton
698:George A. Miller
645:Herbert A. Simon
613:
612:
602:
601:
584:
577:
570:
561:
560:
549:Esquire Magazine
515:
480:
479:
464:
458:
457:
445:
439:
438:
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4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:James E. Gunn
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Edward Witten
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Roger Revelle
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3946:Henry Stommel
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Eugene Parker
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Edward Teller
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Lyman Spitzer
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Hans A. Bethe
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Maurice Ewing
3623:
3621:
3620:Carl Djerassi
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Saul Winstein
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Eugene Wigner
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Paul Bartlett
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Louis Hammett
3530:
3528:
3527:Gregory Breit
3525:
3523:
3522:Francis Birch
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:William Rubey
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3413:
3399:
3398:Michael Artin
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Bradley Efron
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Felix Browder
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Stephen Smale
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:John McCarthy
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Samuel Karlin
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Oscar Zariski
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Ray W. Clough
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Alfred Y. Cho
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:John G. Trump
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Edwin H. Land
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Vannevar Bush
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Allen J. Bard
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:JoAnne Stubbe
2197:
2195:
2194:Joanna Fowler
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:Susan Solomon
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Melvin Calvin
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Yuan Tseh Lee
1887:
1885:
1884:Harry B. Gray
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Gilbert Stork
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Bruce Alberts
1764:
1762:
1761:May Berenbaum
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Lubert Stryer
1665:
1663:
1662:Nina Fedoroff
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Anthony Fauci
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Harold Varmus
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1520:Lynn Margulis
1518:
1516:
1515:Jared Diamond
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Thomas Eisner
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Maxine Singer
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Paul A. Marks
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Stanley Cohen
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Efraim Racker
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:James V. Neel
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Horace Barker
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
945:
944:Sewall Wright
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
867:
863:
849:
846:
843:
841:
838:
835:
833:
832:Anne Treisman
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
792:
790:
789:Kenneth Arrow
787:
784:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
765:
761:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
679:
677:
673:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:Anne Anastasi
651:
648:
646:
643:
640:
639:
637:
633:
627:
624:
621:
620:
618:
614:
610:
603:
599:
595:
592:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
486:
485:
477:
473:
469:
463:
455:
451:
444:
428:
424:
418:
414:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:base sequence
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
267:
265:
261:
252:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
226:
223:
219:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:Dickson Prize
174:
171:
168:
167:
165:
161:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
114:
110:
106:
93:
89:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2013
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5003:Van Lieshout
4997:Dröge Wendel
4419:
4272:Sandra Faber
4267:Sidney Drell
4097:Leo Kadanoff
4092:James Cronin
4040:Hans Dehmelt
3975:Robert Pound
3941:Robert Sharp
3757:John Sinfelt
3724:Verner Suomi
3691:Lewis Sarett
3555:Lars Onsager
3499:Henry Eyring
3466:John Bardeen
3208:Richard Karp
3176:Allen Newell
2955:Jerzy Neyman
2580:Tung-Yen Lin
2557:Bill Hewlett
2487:Morris Cohen
2081:John W. Cahn
1982:Karl Folkers
1743:Lucy Shapiro
1693:Elaine Fuchs
1572:Ann Graybiel
1502:Janet Rowley
1484:James Watson
1476:Ruth Patrick
1319:Philip Leder
1318:
1189:Mildred Cohn
1137:Severo Ochoa
1114:E. O. Wilson
495:
489:
471:
462:
453:
443:
431:. Retrieved
427:the original
417:
399:Harvey Prize
397:(1991), the
393:(1987), the
391:Lasker Award
389:(1981), the
372:
356:
300:genetic code
293:
273:
260:Philip Leder
259:
258:
245:Biochemistry
221:
212:Harvey Prize
208:(Gold, 2008)
154:genetic code
137:(M.D., 1960)
117:(2020-02-02)
85:Philip Leder
65:
56:
37:
5036:2020 deaths
5031:1934 births
4807:McKitterick
4753:Van der Wee
4225:Berni Alder
4032:Frank Press
3913:Walter Kohn
3890:George Pake
3824:Walter Munk
3747:Herman Mark
3729:Henry Taube
3517:Jesse Beams
3471:Peter Debye
3453:Harold Urey
3377:Barry Mazur
2939:John Milnor
2833:Amnon Yariv
2777:Leo Beranek
2603:Ernst Weber
2456:Abel Wolman
2047:Thomas Cech
1977:Elkan Blout
1917:Max Tishler
1834:Roger Adams
1792:Simon Levin
1258:Harry Eagle
1081:Paul Gyorgy
773:Gary Becker
324:beta globin
51:introducing
5025:Categories
4961:Van Golden
4878:McClelland
4694:Brunekreef
4623:Deisseroth
4545:Montagnier
4386:Van Deenen
4019:Vera Rubin
3658:Paul Flory
3319:Hyman Bass
3192:John Cocke
3095:Raoul Bott
2998:Kurt Gödel
2990:John Tukey
2947:Paul Cohen
2562:George Low
2525:Simon Ramo
1748:Leroy Hood
1549:Carl Woese
1497:Bruce Ames
1008:Ernst Mayr
409:References
312:immunology
264:geneticist
97:1934-11-19
34:references
4985:Struycken
4973:B. Visser
4967:Koelewijn
4925:C. Visser
4890:Kanwisher
4866:Tomasello
4783:Schilling
4670:Harremoës
4617:Carmeliet
4575:Blackburn
4527:Lauterbur
4408:Reichardt
4398:Weissmann
4014:Val Fitch
3082:Peter Lax
2852:Shu Chien
2099:John Ross
1814:Chemistry
1202:Paul Berg
594:laureates
504:0022-2577
353:Positions
347:oncomouse
4854:Anderson
4777:De Vries
4730:Le Quéré
4706:Laurance
4676:Thompson
4640:Lovelock
4593:Steinman
4557:Marshall
4533:Van Rood
4520:Medicine
4510:Stillman
4486:De Lange
4468:Jeffreys
4432:Berridge
4362:Chargaff
3993:Ed Stone
990:Jay Lush
381:and the
332:oncogene
314:and the
302:and the
235:Genetics
4979:Manders
4937:Martens
4913:Verhoef
4896:Zatorre
4860:Dehaene
4831:McNeill
4819:Assmann
4789:Le Goff
4765:Oberman
4740:History
4664:Ehrlich
4646:Branica
4611:Jackson
4605:Alitalo
4599:Clevers
4551:De Wied
4539:Moncada
4474:Szostak
4450:Rothman
4380:De Duve
4368:Brachet
512:6363701
433:May 21,
47:improve
5011:(2020)
5005:(2018)
4999:(2016)
4993:(2014)
4987:(2012)
4981:(2010)
4975:(2008)
4969:(2006)
4963:(2004)
4957:(2002)
4951:(2000)
4949:Geelen
4945:(1998)
4939:(1996)
4933:(1994)
4931:Röling
4927:(1992)
4921:(1990)
4915:(1988)
4898:(2020)
4892:(2018)
4886:(2016)
4884:Spelke
4880:(2014)
4874:(2012)
4872:Duncan
4868:(2010)
4862:(2008)
4856:(2006)
4839:(2020)
4837:Daston
4833:(2018)
4827:(2016)
4825:Herrin
4821:(2014)
4815:(2012)
4813:Parker
4809:(2010)
4803:(2008)
4801:Israel
4797:(2006)
4791:(2004)
4785:(2002)
4779:(2000)
4773:(1998)
4767:(1996)
4761:(1994)
4755:(1992)
4749:(1990)
4732:(2020)
4726:(2018)
4724:Hebert
4720:(2016)
4714:(2014)
4708:(2012)
4702:(2010)
4700:Tilman
4696:(2008)
4690:(2006)
4684:(2004)
4678:(2002)
4672:(2000)
4666:(1998)
4660:(1996)
4654:(1994)
4648:(1992)
4642:(1990)
4625:(2020)
4619:(2018)
4613:(2016)
4607:(2014)
4601:(2012)
4595:(2010)
4589:(2008)
4583:(2006)
4577:(2004)
4571:(2002)
4569:Selkoe
4565:(2000)
4563:Kandel
4559:(1998)
4553:(1996)
4547:(1994)
4541:(1992)
4535:(1990)
4529:(1989)
4512:(2020)
4506:(2018)
4504:Zhuang
4500:(2016)
4498:Doudna
4494:(2014)
4492:Dobson
4488:(2012)
4482:(2010)
4476:(2008)
4470:(2006)
4464:(2004)
4458:(2002)
4452:(2000)
4446:(1998)
4444:Pawson
4440:(1996)
4434:(1994)
4428:(1992)
4422:(1990)
4416:(1988)
4410:(1985)
4406:&
4404:Julesz
4400:(1982)
4394:(1979)
4388:(1976)
4382:(1973)
4376:(1970)
4374:Chance
4370:(1967)
4364:(1964)
510:
502:
377:, the
369:Awards
228:Fields
202:(1997)
196:(1990)
190:(1989)
184:(1987)
178:(1981)
172:(1981)
163:Awards
125:, U.S.
36:, but
4795:Mokyr
4771:Ozouf
4759:Brown
4682:Levin
4480:Hartl
4456:Tsien
4438:Nurse
4426:Borst
4420:Leder
4257:2010s
4106:2000s
3955:1990s
3776:1980s
3582:1970s
3430:1960s
3349:2010s
3251:2000s
3140:1990s
3051:1980s
2972:1970s
2900:1960s
2842:2010s
2751:2000s
2643:1990s
2534:1980s
2415:1970s
2310:1960s
2221:2010s
2113:2000s
1967:1990s
1843:1980s
1824:1960s
1720:2010s
1529:2000s
1343:1990s
1161:1980s
1017:1970s
880:1960s
822:2010s
763:2000s
675:1990s
635:1980s
616:1960s
335:c-myc
5009:Blom
4718:Mace
4688:Pimm
4658:Daly
4587:Peto
4581:King
4462:Fire
4414:Cech
4392:Klug
4294:2014
4281:2012
4263:2011
4234:2009
4221:2008
4208:2007
4200:2006
4187:2005
4179:2004
4166:2003
4148:2002
4130:2001
4112:2000
4088:1999
4075:1998
4057:1997
4049:1996
4036:1995
4023:1994
4010:1993
4002:1992
3984:1991
3961:1990
3927:1989
3899:1988
3871:1987
3843:1986
3805:1983
3782:1982
3738:1979
3705:1976
3677:1975
3649:1974
3616:1973
3588:1970
3564:1969
3541:1968
3513:1967
3485:1966
3462:1965
3444:1964
3436:1963
3394:2013
3381:2012
3368:2011
3355:2010
3336:2009
3323:2007
3315:2006
3307:2005
3299:2004
3291:2003
3283:2002
3270:2001
3257:2000
3233:1999
3225:1998
3217:1997
3204:1996
3196:1995
3188:1994
3180:1993
3172:1992
3164:1991
3146:1990
3117:1989
3104:1988
3091:1987
3078:1986
3065:1983
3057:1982
3033:1979
3020:1976
3002:1975
2994:1974
2986:1973
2978:1970
2959:1969
2951:1968
2943:1967
2935:1966
2927:1965
2914:1964
2906:1963
2864:2012
2856:2011
2848:2010
2829:2009
2821:2008
2813:2007
2805:2006
2797:2005
2789:2004
2781:2003
2773:2002
2765:2001
2757:2000
2738:1999
2730:1998
2717:1996
2709:1995
2701:1994
2693:1993
2680:1992
2662:1991
2649:1990
2625:1989
2607:1988
2589:1987
2571:1986
2553:1983
2540:1982
2501:1979
2483:1976
2460:1975
2442:1974
2429:1973
2421:1970
2402:1969
2389:1968
2376:1967
2368:1966
2350:1965
2337:1964
2324:1963
2316:1962
2274:2014
2266:2013
2253:2012
2240:2011
2227:2010
2203:2009
2190:2008
2182:2007
2169:2006
2161:2005
2153:2004
2145:2002
2132:2001
2119:2000
2090:1999
2077:1998
2064:1997
2056:1996
2043:1995
2035:1994
2022:1993
2014:1992
1991:1991
1973:1990
1939:1989
1921:1988
1903:1987
1880:1986
1862:1983
1849:1982
1830:1964
1778:2014
1770:2013
1757:2012
1739:2011
1726:2010
1702:2009
1684:2008
1671:2007
1653:2006
1640:2005
1622:2004
1604:2003
1591:2002
1553:2001
1535:2000
1506:1999
1493:1998
1480:1997
1472:1996
1464:1995
1451:1994
1438:1993
1425:1992
1382:1991
1349:1990
1305:1989
1272:1988
1244:1987
1216:1986
1193:1983
1175:1982
1167:1981
1118:1979
1095:1976
1072:1975
1049:1974
1036:1973
1023:1970
999:1969
971:1968
948:1967
925:1966
907:1965
894:1964
886:1963
844:2015
836:2014
828:2011
809:2009
801:2008
793:2005
785:2004
777:2003
769:2000
750:1999
742:1998
734:1997
726:1996
718:1995
710:1994
702:1992
694:1991
681:1990
662:1988
649:1987
641:1986
622:1964
508:PMID
500:ISSN
435:2014
112:Died
91:Born
4955:Mik
4919:Bot
4906:Art
4747:Gay
5027::
506:.
496:59
494:.
474:.
470:.
452:.
310:,
266:.
4340:e
4333:t
4326:v
583:e
576:t
569:v
514:.
478:.
456:.
437:.
99:)
95:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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