1714:
164:
3522:
1137:
7542:
9514:
11444:
1414:
2360:
25:
12094:
2816:. They could speak these Spanish pidgin varieties after one month which many, especially old timers later became very fluent, albeit some still with accented Spanish. Spanish was prevalent enough among the educated in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era, that Joseph Earle Stevens, an American that stayed in Manila from 1893-1894 had this to say in his book,
3494:). Also, due to the increased rural to urban migration of Chinese Filipinos, Chinese Filipino schools in urban areas increased but those in the provinces gradually declined, some closing down or some turning into ordinary Philippine schools, where some tried to preserve their "Chinese" characteristic by instead teaching
2548:
Amoy, a much more substantial port giving access to the tea-growing province of Fukien, was open to
Spanish trade only. But the right was merely nominal because Chinese junks could transport goods to and from the Philippines much more cheaply than could the Spaniards. The latter had practically given
4831:
Both ways of speaking are very common among
Chinese Filipinos, who tend to code-switch these languages in everyday conversation, where it can be observed that older generations typically use the Hokkien Chinese sentence structure base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger ones
2503:, A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing About 12,000 Characters, A Short Historical and Statistical Account of the Province of Hok-këèn. (Compiled from European and Chinese Authors.)
7076:
2824:
Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among uneducated natives who have a lingo of their own or among the few members of the Anglo-Saxon colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and
3390:
Christianity in the
Philippines used to also have Hokkien as one of the languages they used to conduct their liturgy in but its current use for ministry is now defunct, especially under the Chinese-Filipino Catholic Apostolate of the
3288:
to teach
Mandarin, which is also typically known as just "Chinese" in school classes. These Protestant Chinese Filipino churches that also operate with a Chinese Filipino school usually within the same campus also sometimes minister
2939:, which would most if not completely dissipate from mainstream use in later decades in the Philippines. The Spanish used decades before have been retained as a few Spanish loanwords in Philippine Hokkien, such as those found below.
5422:
6458:
2997:
From the 20th to the 21st century, there have been a few books published about
Hokkien from the Philippines based on what is used at least by the author in the Philippines and many of whom have been utilizing the
6630:
A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn
Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing About 12,000 Characters. Accompanied By A Short Historical And Statistical Account of
3149:
around the 1590s to 1600s and beyond. For
Buddhism, Taoism, and Matsu worship, it was used ever since the first Hokkien-speaking Sangley Chinese practitioners in the Philippines gathered together for
6538:
Lee, Fabio
Yuchung (李毓中); Klöter, Henning; Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁); Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠）; José, Regalado Trota; Ng, Louis Ianchun（吳昕泉）, eds. (2023) . Written at Manila.
6331:
on the label with other variant names including "Shih-Lu", "Bian zheng jiao zhen chuan shi lu / seng shi Hemu Xian zhuan", "Apología de la verdadera religión", "Tratado de la verdad de Dios" in
3307:
chanting services and temple sermons in
Hokkien via the venerable monks and nuns living in the temples across the Philippines. Many of the Chinese Buddhist monastics only speak Hokkien or
5750:
4832:
use the
Filipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using
7954:
7945:
6457:(2022) . Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung (李毓中); Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁); José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠）; Ng, Louis Ianchun（吳昕泉） (eds.).
10322:
1713:
10867:
2681:, Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, Extent of the Amoy Vernacular, and its Sub-division into Dialects: Colonization And Emigration
10829:
11569:
10351:
8196:
7205:
5696:
9513:
1442:
1803:(1590s), by Juan Cobo and Miguel de Benavides, a Hokkien book of proverbs and warnings from various texts for children's enlightenment and moral guidance.
11376:
11366:
1584:
language compared with other Chinese languages or to promote to such people. It was also historically and is still formally and conservatively known as
5364:
3392:
2549:
up the trade; only one Spanish ship put in at Amoy between 1810 and 1830. ...Another witness said the Spaniards had given up the Amoy trade since 1800.
11371:
11130:
10678:
7299:
11285:
6901:
5657:"Xiamen at the Crossroads of Sino-Foreign Linguistic Interaction during the Late Qing and Republican Periods: The Issue of Hokkien Phoneticization"
2935:
began to only be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis", leading to most schools in the Philippines to no longer teach Spanish as a required
1675:
1393:
6941:
6871:
7339:
1269:
1755:, produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century:
5553:
8234:
4864:
3380:
or a statue by the doors and entrances of Chinese Buddhist temples to serve as a symbolic protector. Some Chinese Buddhist temples also run
7049:
5909:
5758:
5161:
5134:
5122:
2901:
11452:
10690:
6506:
10079:
8189:
5165:
5150:
4375:
3467:
3440:
3381:
3277:
2881:
2813:
2567:
718:
7252:
6813:
6776:
6739:
6702:
6652:
6524:
6274:
6260:
5732:
3174:
7242:
6242:
10654:
10642:
6575:
Lee, Fabio Yuchung (李毓中); Chen, Tsung-jen (陳宗仁); José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa, eds. (2018) . Written at Manila.
6371:(2021) . Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung（李毓中）; Chen, Tsung-jen（陳宗仁）; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠） (eds.).
4859:
of the Philippines, a similar code-switching medium is also done with Philippine Hokkien and English, but instead of or along with
3273:
1435:
10666:
10158:
5378:
1238:
737:
89:
5585:"从四语人到双语人：论菲律宾华校的多语教学 (From Quadrilingual to Bilingual: On the Multilingual Teaching in the Chinese Schools in the Philippines)"
2246:) descendants throughout the centuries with each succeeding generation would gradually stop speaking Hokkien though in favor of
511:
is proposed) which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "Lannang" / "Lán-lâng-ōe" / "咱人話" / "Philippine Hokkien".
11750:
6244:
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo
5698:
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo
1532:
61:
6319:(2021) . Written at Manila. Lee, Fabio Yuchung（李毓中）; Chen, Tsung-jen; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Shih, Wen-cheng（石文誠） (eds.).
12121:
10989:
9645:
9373:
8182:
7135:
7059:
6971:
5502:
5327:
5074:
2959:
2412:
1289:
1279:
1180:
6592:
3170:
11800:
9937:
5881:
2917:
1326:
3036:, the orthographies of the romanization used may widely differ per author usually influenced by the author's knowledge of
68:
11642:
9296:
9242:
8416:
7332:
5049:
3958:
3429:
3384:
in the Philippines, such as the Samantabhadra Institute, Philippine Academy of Sakya, and Philippine Buddhacare Academy.
3261:
3178:
2932:
2388:
1428:
1342:
42:
12126:
6626:"A Short Historical and Statistical Account of the Province of Hok-këèn. (Compiled from European and Chinese Authors.)"
3032:
section that can be properly identified as Philippine Hokkien, although due to different author's level of literacy on
1321:
6872:"LA EDUCACIÓN Y EL ESPAÑOL EN FILIPINAS: 1. La leyenda negra sobre el estado de la educación en la Filipinas española"
6684:
12116:
9269:
6625:
6604:
6555:
6478:
6434:
6392:
6344:
6133:
6103:
6071:
6039:
6003:
5656:
5536:
3189:
2427:
108:
7211:
5710:
75:
9962:
8732:
7541:
5231:
2263:
1175:
163:
7273:
6837:
Vocabular einzelner Ausdrücke und Redensarten, welche dem Spanischen der Philippinischen Inseln eigenthümlich sind
6440:
6380:
6332:
6302:
6174:
1615:
language in general, although these protestant Chinese Filipino churches also do indeed occasionally use abstract
11722:
8066:
5254:
5169:
4631:
2921:
2873:
1363:
1218:
7286:(in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. 1620 – via Biblioteca Patrimonial Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona.
7034:
Philippine Hybrid Hokkien as a Postcolonial Mixed Language: Evidence from Nominal Derivational Affixation Mixing
6835:
10429:
10072:
7325:
6791:
5467:
5185:
3416:(1593), who aimed to use the Sangley Chinese Catholic converts as a catalyst for converting the rest of China.
3226:
3059:(for older works). These 20th-21st century publications from the Philippines about Hokkien often also call the
2694:
1651:
1202:
989:
864:
759:
536:
400:
57:
46:
12038:
11492:
9957:
9932:
9927:
8454:
6610:
6596:
6561:
6547:
6484:
6470:
6398:
6384:
6350:
6336:
5864:
5584:
5089:
3407:
3280:
that each Chinese Filipino church may also usually operate and sometimes also teach Hokkien usually known as
3139:
2554:
1740:
1383:
1304:
1284:
1091:
966:
841:
654:
12097:
12008:
11532:
8970:
8205:
8124:
8071:
7727:
6852:
6754:
5531:. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
5113:
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.
4852:
3903:
2239:
2077:
2040:
1158:
6667:
4619:
4604:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4563:
4554:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4513:
4502:
4491:
4480:
4469:
4454:
4445:
4434:
4423:
4127:
2407:
would also have its issues with conflicts and wars that would seriously destabilize it, starting with the
12013:
11885:
11810:
11467:
8117:
7772:
7694:
7410:
7219:
6717:
5718:
4414:
Philippine Hokkien also has some vocabulary that is unique to it compared to other varieties of Hokkien:
3506:
2431:
2208:
would be severely persecuted in the region as well, but nevertheless continued to operate clandestinely.
1528:
1309:
1187:
363:
2270:. The Hokkien spoken across the Philippines throughout the past centuries introduced certain amounts of
12055:
12028:
11905:
11817:
11564:
11544:
9169:
8980:
8421:
8401:
8315:
6949:
6879:
4856:
4101:
3265:
3153:
or the first Buddhist, Taoist, and Ma-cho chinese temples were erected in the Philippines, such as the
2805:
1702:
1274:
1153:
1126:
3974:
3509:, under their Chinese Studies Programme, offers Hokkien 1 (Chn 8) and Hokkien 2 (Chn 9) as electives.
1697:. Nevertheless, the vast majority (77%) still retain the ability to understand and speak Hokkien as a
11607:
10305:
10065:
9947:
9366:
9330:
8985:
8396:
8391:
8017:
7464:
7385:
7215:
6576:
6539:
6372:
6320:
5953:. Department of the Study of Religions, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
5784:
5714:
5557:
3173:
around the early 20th century when the first Protestant Chinese Filipino churches sprang up, such as
2204:
fled by ship or to the mountains. Likewise during the 1700s, Spanish Dominican friar missionaries in
1333:
1299:
7272:(in Literary Chinese and Spanish). Manila – via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (
7095:
6916:
6505:
Lee, Fabio Yuchung; José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Chang, Luisa (August 12, 2023).
5607:
3978:
2557:, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842, Chapter III: The Canton Commercial System, p.47
2516:
later grew nominal as a result of the above destabilizing conflicts cutting the empire in half. The
11981:
11966:
11956:
11670:
9601:
9116:
8411:
8338:
8098:
7701:
7514:
7127:
The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century
6831:
5561:
2146:
2104:
1729:, published posthumously in 1593, Manila, with resemblance to the style of the Tagalog and Hokkien
1294:
1248:
1233:
530:
2847:"Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish Business conversation and social contact with Amoy pronunciation"
11993:
10232:
9093:
8684:
8563:
8376:
8092:
7878:
7762:
4845:
4458:
3538:
3510:
3285:
2194:
2126:
1368:
1223:
35:
11986:
11835:
6379:. This is a translated transcription of the Beng Sim Po Cam kept as part of a collection of the
6215:. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 14. Chinese University Press. pp. 42–76.
5917:
5866:
Chinese-English-Tagalog-Spanish Business conversation and social contact with Amoy pronunciation
82:
11927:
11770:
10368:
9942:
9314:
8679:
8669:
8649:
8558:
8542:
8242:
8138:
8131:
7911:
7845:
7348:
5947:
Marginal Buddhists: Religion and Identity of a Chinese Minority in the Philippines (PhD Thesis)
5079:
1163:
293:
8664:
7281:
6325:
Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series III: Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales
6032:
Keeping Up With Your Chinese Filipino 中菲英語言會話大全書 Sanayan Aklat sa Pagsasalita ng Intsik Ingles
3182:
11922:
11845:
11559:
11537:
10292:
10125:
9164:
8514:
8406:
8081:
8031:
7587:
6827:
6377:
Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series III: Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam
3966:
3471:
3451:
2500:
2461:
2333:
and retained speaking the language and as a result of gradual replenishment of migrants from
2326:
2186:
2122:
1877:(an old initially illegal smuggling port that was later legalized in 1567 and is now part of
1243:
8386:
5342:
3521:
2738:
Manilla , 呂宋 Lū-sòng, very many Chinese go to—, 唐°人°去°呂宋盡多° tn̂g lâng khì Lū-sòng tsīn tsōe.
2218:
community in the Philippines would survive through the 1700s but intermix locally to create
2149:
demanding to pay tribute to him or else he would send a fleet to conquer them and expel the
11690:
11658:
11487:
10612:
10107:
9907:
9359:
9030:
8659:
8552:
8371:
8282:
8272:
7893:
7739:
7685:
6248:
5702:
5315:
5250:
5024:
4892:
4240:
3740:
Meanwhile, the older late 16th to 17th century Early Manila Hokkien once spoken around the
3041:
2476:
2435:
2322:
2290:
2282:
1940:
1690:
1512:
1316:
693:
of the overseas Chinese community in the Philippines, the minority of Chinese Filipinos of
434:
8833:
6420:
6168:
5976:. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Manila, Philippines.
4073:
3981:
in China) can result in confusion among Hokkien speakers from outside of the Philippines.
3547:
1660:
1656:
999:
996:
874:
871:
770:
766:
8:
11934:
11900:
11735:
11702:
11549:
11477:
11394:
11235:
11230:
10984:
10794:
10300:
9650:
9274:
9194:
9083:
8755:
8702:
8611:
8586:
8292:
8257:
8076:
7666:
7493:
7424:
7248:
7238:
7226:
7201:
6466:
6416:
6368:
6256:
6238:
5692:
5146:
4984:
4952:
4896:
4876:
4093:
3939:
3664:
3412:
3107:
3056:
3037:
3018:
used in these 20th to 21st century books only use Chinese characters more appropriate to
2967:
2760:
2650:
2633:
2600:
2306:
2298:
2134:
1768:
1763:
1731:
1403:
722:
706:
637:
444:
429:
239:
4031:
4016:
3995:
12050:
11917:
11880:
11765:
11663:
11597:
11592:
11482:
11472:
11098:
11076:
10777:
10772:
10695:
10683:
10671:
10659:
10647:
10171:
10017:
9884:
9800:
9759:
9744:
9625:
9579:
9291:
9279:
9174:
9005:
8965:
8955:
8868:
8863:
8800:
8790:
8722:
8712:
8494:
8224:
7917:
7526:
7392:
7079:[Survey Records of Overseas Kinmen Communities - Philippines: Results Report].
7001:
Cai, Huiming 蔡惠名; Wang, Guilan 王桂蘭 (2011). "Fēilǜbīn Fújiànhuà chūbù diàochá chéngguǒ"
6807:
6770:
6733:
6696:
6646:
6268:
6216:
5726:
5525:
5298:
5004:
4992:
4972:
4956:
4940:
4916:
4813:
4801:
4371:
4298:
4109:
3962:
3950:
3931:
Although Philippine Hokkien is generally mutually comprehensible especially with other
3819:
3499:
3491:
3436:
3268:
in certain churches). These Chinese Filipino protestant churches are usually linked to
3015:
3003:
2983:
2955:
2897:
2889:
2780:
2771:
2669:], &c. In many of these places there is also a great mixture of emigrants from
2654:
2349:
of those already in the Philippines, throughout the centuries would later continue the
2278:
2255:
1959:, which was part of the main artery that linked the trans-Pacific trade carried by the
1900:
1643:
1500:
1418:
1197:
686:
674:
614:
396:
9902:
6189:
6170:
Apología de la verdadera religión 天主教真傳實錄 (Veritable Record of the Catholic Tradition)
5350:
5240:), which is also popular for counting numbers among speakers, i.e. 三十五 is "sam-gǒ͘" 三五
5193:
5064:
3236:
3091:
2704:
2380:
2372:
2364:
1665:
1077:
1015:
952:
890:
827:
786:
451:
153:
11961:
11951:
11830:
11795:
11650:
11602:
11554:
11321:
11174:
11108:
10964:
10949:
10620:
10597:
10551:
10476:
10402:
10282:
10250:
10204:
10143:
10133:
10098:
9922:
9917:
9818:
9596:
9567:
9562:
9340:
9259:
9202:
9179:
9088:
9063:
9050:
9035:
9025:
9020:
8901:
8873:
8745:
8596:
8591:
8449:
8219:
8025:
7985:
7963:
7928:
7922:
7887:
7825:
7819:
7799:
7593:
7581:
7564:
7472:
7418:
7398:
7171:
7151:
7131:
7055:
7032:
6895:
6840:(in Spanish and German). Leitmeritz: Verlag der Communal-Ober-Realschule. p. 18.
6691:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 610.
6641:: The Honorable East India Company's Press, by G.J. Steyn and Brother. pp. xiii.
6600:
6551:
6518:
6474:
6430:
6388:
6340:
6129:
6099:
6067:
6035:
5999:
5667:
5532:
5498:
5346:
5323:
5084:
5069:
4821:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3932:
3787:
3692:
3632:
3590:
3558:
3399:
3316:
3115:
2975:
2947:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2909:
2893:
2861:
2678:
2616:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2496:
2465:
2259:
2219:
2154:
2150:
2073:
2004:
1882:
1856:
1787:
1783:
1722:
1577:
1569:
1548:
1504:
1388:
1228:
701:
descent also uses Philippine Hokkien for business purposes due to its status as "the
698:
678:
618:
598:
594:
565:
328:
313:
298:
263:
2789:
12067:
11587:
11462:
11326:
11316:
11301:
11247:
11169:
11120:
11081:
11030:
10944:
10896:
10880:
10760:
10720:
10715:
10602:
10556:
10502:
10497:
10487:
10481:
10310:
10255:
10240:
10116:
10088:
9912:
9841:
9749:
9695:
9572:
9482:
9461:
9232:
9159:
9141:
9121:
9078:
9068:
9040:
8995:
8990:
8960:
8919:
8891:
8853:
8848:
8838:
8805:
8795:
8717:
8707:
8644:
8629:
8606:
8519:
8504:
8484:
8469:
8297:
8287:
8277:
8267:
8247:
8046:
8006:
7976:
7950:
7900:
7858:
7767:
7744:
7637:
7617:
7574:
7499:
7362:
7288:– A manual for learning Hokkien written by a Spanish missionary in the Philippines.
7017:
7013:
5908:
Uayan, Dr. Jean Uy (Professor on Chinese Filipino Church History) (July 15, 2014).
5368:
5290:
5012:
5008:
4968:
4936:
4932:
4912:
4904:
4880:
4868:
4860:
4809:
4797:
4645:
4245:
4117:
4113:
3833:
3759:
3576:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3455:
3425:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3257:
3199:
3166:
3154:
3146:
3123:
3045:
3022:
3019:
2979:
2963:
2951:
2905:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2809:
2795:
2662:
2658:
2541:
2529:
2484:
2416:
2353:
2310:
2294:
2286:
2251:
2215:
2201:
2162:
2088:
1980:
1918:
1860:
1842:
1592:
1573:
1557:
1535:
1508:
1358:
1264:
1046:
921:
726:
702:
694:
682:
606:
590:
581:
573:
303:
267:
7624:
6979:
5968:
4303:
4221:
4201:
2785:
2727:
Luzon, 呂宋 Lū-sòng,—belongs to Spain, 呂宋是大°呂宋之°屬國 Lū-sòng sī Tōa lū-sòng ê siók kok
1136:
12018:
11998:
11895:
11855:
11840:
11579:
11429:
11419:
11399:
11356:
11351:
11217:
11181:
11164:
11154:
11093:
10911:
10847:
10789:
10737:
10732:
10634:
10530:
10525:
10434:
10381:
10376:
10356:
10341:
10336:
10277:
10272:
10262:
10245:
10217:
10189:
10166:
10038:
9795:
9790:
9772:
9726:
9711:
9639:
9609:
9591:
9497:
9430:
9286:
9264:
9254:
9249:
9227:
9151:
9126:
9073:
9010:
8896:
8883:
8810:
8775:
8765:
8760:
8750:
8694:
8674:
8634:
8601:
8581:
8547:
8509:
8489:
8479:
8474:
8464:
8381:
8348:
8333:
8262:
8038:
7992:
7851:
7733:
7672:
7506:
7453:
7444:
7430:
7125:
6584:
6426:
6298:
5945:
5281:(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",
5257:: /ʃaˈbon/ during the early centuries of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines
5094:
5029:
4833:
4180:
3706:
3186:
3135:
3033:
3011:
2408:
2100:
1984:
1744:
1698:
1378:
1373:
1353:
1192:
658:
610:
285:
6544:
Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series V: Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu
6190:"The Analytic Causatives of Early Modern Southern Min in Diachronic Perspective"
5889:
5664:
Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World
4229:
4193:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
3327:
from Taiwan. Most Chinese Buddhist temples in the Philippines are rooted in the
3231:
2699:
1841:(1626-1642), a primarily Spanish-Hokkien dictionary (with additional incomplete
12072:
12062:
12033:
12023:
11740:
11712:
11424:
11409:
11311:
11262:
11257:
11242:
11186:
11125:
11007:
10979:
10959:
10906:
10875:
10852:
10842:
10837:
10799:
10782:
10727:
10592:
10574:
10492:
10466:
10407:
10327:
10315:
10267:
10222:
10212:
10138:
9864:
9836:
9767:
9721:
9615:
9584:
9539:
9492:
9466:
9435:
9425:
9420:
9184:
9136:
9111:
9058:
9015:
9000:
8975:
8843:
8828:
8785:
8780:
8770:
8639:
8524:
8499:
8459:
8431:
8353:
8302:
8174:
8108:
8086:
8000:
7969:
7905:
7865:
7839:
7813:
7790:
7713:
7659:
7631:
7600:
7478:
7404:
7264:
6292:
5059:
4996:
4980:
4928:
4908:
4888:
4793:
4097:
3889:
3604:
3433:
3387:
3290:
3246:
3052:
2971:
2537:
2533:
2480:
2439:
2420:
2404:
2346:
2314:
2247:
2235:
2174:
2096:
2026:
1960:
1956:
1694:
1543:
1493:
714:
387:
211:
207:
11443:
6802:& London: A. A. Marcal and Trubner & Co. 57 Ludgate Hill. p. 379.
6765:& London: A. A. Marcal and Trubner & Co. 57 Ludgate Hill. p. 293.
6728:& London: A. A. Marcal and Trubner & Co. 57 Ludgate Hill. p. 287.
5236:
5226:
4310:
4287:
4253:
4208:
4159:
4151:
4138:
4037:
4022:
4007:
4001:
3533:
3527:
2768:
653:
the Hokkien language throughout the 1600s in the Hokkien-Spanish works of the
12110:
11873:
11685:
11680:
11252:
11196:
11191:
11159:
11146:
11022:
10974:
10901:
10857:
10747:
10584:
10507:
10346:
10194:
10181:
9690:
9673:
9620:
9487:
9456:
9440:
8911:
8740:
8654:
8621:
8444:
8439:
8343:
7832:
7754:
7520:
7485:
7437:
6454:
5671:
5054:
5034:
4988:
4884:
4105:
3970:
3861:
3331:
3196:
3162:
3158:
3119:
2302:
2130:
2048:
1964:
1810:
1589:
710:
602:
585:
422:
417:
275:
215:
8167:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
7109:(2): 32 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.
6930:(2): 55 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.
6128:. Vol. 1 (Revised ed.). Dumaguete: Dumaguete AV Publishing House.
5621:(2): 31 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.
5400:
4354:
4348:
4332:
4326:
4172:
3094:
for Hokkien in the Philippines, such as Victoria W. Peralta-Ang Gobonseng's
2267:
2189:, in a fit of madness and delirium after discovering that his son and heir,
11745:
11695:
11071:
10954:
10927:
10471:
10461:
10033:
9736:
9557:
9522:
9131:
9103:
8929:
8858:
8820:
8363:
7806:
7722:
7678:
7607:
7096:"A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*"
6917:"A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*"
6581:
Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series I: Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
6463:
Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series IV: Dictionarium Sino-Hispanicum
5608:"A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*"
5373:
5039:
4825:
3925:
3907:
3773:
3646:
3483:
3444:
3339:
3253:
3219:
3111:
3029:
3026:
2999:
2936:
2800:
2517:
2066:
2044:
1948:
1944:
1914:
1878:
1822:
Vocabulario de la Lengua Española y China / Vocabulario Hispanico y Chinico
1791:
1636:
1620:
1608:
1067:
1053:
942:
928:
817:
650:
642:
553:
508:
493:
407:
318:
231:
195:
4132:
3249:
message in typically mostly Philippine Hokkien with added formal abstract
1855:
These texts appear to record a dialect descended primarily from a coastal
1413:
11890:
11864:
11760:
11730:
11707:
11675:
11414:
11404:
11208:
11103:
11088:
11051:
10999:
10820:
10811:
10707:
10546:
10421:
10148:
9978:
9810:
9782:
9531:
9405:
9382:
9335:
8152:
7367:
5278:
4944:
4920:
4841:
4092:
Philippine Hokkien, like other Southeast Asian variants of Hokkien (e.g.
3720:
2765:
2464:
still noted in his Hokkien dictionary, originally as an account given by
2443:
1469:
670:
646:
577:
561:
557:
461:
368:
308:
219:
203:
185:
7317:
6507:"1. Taiwan. Mesa Redonda. Fabio Yuchung Lee, José Regalado, Luisa Chang"
6220:
4108:), has borrowed words from other languages spoken locally, specifically
3832:). Haicheng and Longxi have since been merged by 1960 within modern-day
3323:). Some of the Chinese Buddhist temples are associated as well with the
11306:
11280:
11046:
11012:
10517:
10444:
9952:
9685:
9680:
9668:
8534:
8325:
6689:
Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy
6196:. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 973–1011.
5302:
4900:
4270:
3741:
2563:
2442:
by 1821. From then on 1821 to 1898, Spanish Philippines would be under
2359:
2190:
1616:
569:
223:
199:
49: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4658:, but examples of the 3 decimal place logic have produced words like:
4359:
4337:
4275:
4080:
4077:
4062:
4048:
605:, Hokkien as spoken in the Philippines did indeed historically have a
11755:
11506:
11497:
11225:
11115:
10767:
10755:
10566:
10397:
9828:
8252:
8145:
7786:
7551:
7358:
7260:
7234:
7197:
6412:
6364:
6316:
6288:
6234:
6164:
5688:
5355:
5044:
5000:
4787:
3847:
3745:
2987:
2624:
2620:
2596:
2318:
2193:, had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. A
2142:
1972:
1779:
1726:
1489:
1485:
1170:
517:
483:
373:
6685:"Extent of the Amoy Vernacular, and its Sub-division into Dialects."
5751:"World's Oldest and Largest Spanish-Chinese Dictionary Found in UST"
5294:
4265:
3260:
terms read in Philippine Hokkien reading and sometimes additionally
2798:, especially because the Chinese community before obligates Chinese
2754:
John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, P
2743:
John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, M
2732:
John Macgowan, English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, L
1983:, that was also linked to the trans-Atlantic trade from the port of
24:
12045:
11631:
11272:
10453:
10057:
9894:
9876:
8947:
5996:
Speak Chinese-Filipino-English 菲英中口语速成: The fastest and easiest way
5479:] (PhD thesis) (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University.
4976:
4817:
4321:
3734:
3618:
3443:
as the topic of study, some schools had Chinese teachers that used
3377:
3007:
2642:
2637:
2525:
2396:
2338:
2330:
2274:
2231:
2166:
2158:
2081:
2000:
1968:
1481:
227:
12077:
5882:"Chow: The Cantonese–Chinese cultural minority in the Philippines"
3502:, deeming it as more practical in the Philippine-Chinese setting.
2641:, and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam [
2173:
in preparation for an attack. There would be several raids across
2157:
took the threat very seriously and withdrew their forces from the
11944:
11624:
11511:
11340:
10936:
9549:
8937:
7647:
7054:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 29–30.
6638:
6583:(in Spanish, Minnan, and Literary Chinese). Original Work by the
6252:
5706:
5360:
5168:, currently "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis" per the
4948:
4872:
4805:
3935:
3911:
3875:
3801:
3572:
3495:
3459:
3447:
3396:
3343:
3324:
3250:
3223:
3203:
3150:
3143:
3060:
2991:
2865:
2828:
2691:
2666:
2646:
2612:
2608:
2392:
2350:
2271:
2212:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2138:
2108:
2085:
2052:
2012:
1988:
1926:
1874:
1794:
1748:
1647:
1612:
1604:
1581:
1465:
1074:
1012:
949:
887:
824:
783:
632:
549:
505:
497:
323:
169:
4011:): twenty; 20 (same format for 20–29, i.e. 二十一 is "dia̍p-it" 廿一)
3989:
Some terms have contracted into one syllable. Examples include:
2582:
would only start construction by 1859 and be completed at 1869.
12003:
11805:
9222:
8573:
7560:
7375:
5430:
5341:
4964:
4924:
4837:
4367:
4041:): forty; 40 (same format for 40–49, i.e. 四十三 is "siap-saⁿ" 卌三)
4026:): thirty; 30 (same format for 30–39, i.e. 三十二 is "sa̍p-dī" 卅二)
3678:
3650:
3645:), but has possibly also absorbed influences from the adjacent
3403:
3335:
3215:
3127:
3048:
2970:, etc., which Philippine Hokkien speakers currently frequently
2670:
2629:
2604:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2488:
2469:
2447:
2342:
2334:
2227:
2205:
2170:
2092:
2008:
1976:
1952:
1752:
1632:
1628:
1539:
1477:
730:
439:
271:
251:
247:
243:
173:
142:
9351:
7005:[Preliminary Research Results on Philippine Hokkien].
5322:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,
4848:
the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.
3395:(CBCP). It has a long history in using Hokkien to minister to
3090:. There have been books as well in the Philippines writing in
2845:
By 1941, Vicente Lim publishes a dictionary in Manila, titled
2763:
used to also speak a sort of Spanish pidgin variety known as "
11516:
7556:
7371:
6634:
4960:
3805:
3304:
2720:
2571:
2451:
1992:
1886:
1827:
Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya por las letraz de el A.B.C.
1624:
1473:
1398:
1096:
1082:
971:
957:
846:
832:
741:
259:
255:
235:
6066:. Parañaque City: Luminaire Printing & Publishing Corp.
6034:. Vol. 1. San Juan, Metro Manila: Pharoah Enterprises.
5970:
Exploring Trilingual Code-Switching: The Case of 'Hokaglish'
2250:
to the local mainstream languages of their time, especially
6799:
6762:
6725:
3131:
2687:
2586:
2458:
1996:
1881:), but also with some attested features of the dialects of
1689:
Only 12.2% of all ethnic Chinese in the Philippines have a
734:
713:
Chinese Filipino churches typically minister in with their
6826:
6589:
Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos (TOMO 215)
6439:– via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (
6301:– via Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of Catálogo BNE (
3311:(if recently came from China), though some can also speak
7172:"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2"
7152:"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 1"
6151:
The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives
3888:) used to operate from, before being overshadowed by the
2690:
John Macgowan also records 3 entries explicitly defining
5655:
Hompot, Sebestyén (2018). Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
3303:
temples in the Philippines also primarily conduct their
3006:
to try and write Hokkien based on the author's level of
1623:
of Hokkien too from time to time and also typically use
6194:
Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages
4630:
Philippine Hokkien usually follows the 3 decimal place
3269:
2623:], are crowded with emigrants, especially from the
1829:(1617), a Spanish-Hokkien dictionary, with definitions.
1552:. It was historically and is still also called as just
6329:天主教真傳實錄 Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales
6181:
1739:
From the late 16th century to the early 17th century,
6465:. Original manuscript is part of a collection of the
3513:
offers Hokkien classes in their CKS Language Center.
1058:
933:
7269:天主教真傳實錄 (Veritable Record of the Catholic Tradition)
6192:. In Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.).
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5488:
5486:
2942:
In the 21st century, the Philippines now only has 2
2860:
referred to a formalized literary form of the local
2759:
The Chinese community of the Philippines during the
1951:
used to be the Chinese terminus to and from Spanish
1845:
part), giving equivalent words, but not definitions.
717:, which they sometimes also minister to students in
6964:
3902:) closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the
3183:
United Evangelical Church of the Philippines (UECP)
2039:) closer to the sea by around the mid-1600s at the
744:chanting services and temple sermons by monastics.
6796:English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect
6759:English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect
6722:English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect
5524:
5365:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2849:giving equivalent words in the stated 4 languages,
2197:would ensue due to these mounting events and many
1917:as well, hence Klöter (2011) considers it to be a
6669:British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842
6537:
6207:Yue, Anne O. (1999). "The Min Translation of the
5809:
5483:
4634:used worldwide, but still retains the concept of
2356:community in the Philippines that spoke Hokkien.
2283:lowland Austronesian languages of the Philippines
1580:in general, usually by those unfamiliar with the
12108:
8204:
7037:(M.A. thesis). National University of Singapore.
6504:
6321:"Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales"
6187:
5683:
5681:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5107:
3274:CCOWE (Chinese Congress on World Evangelization)
3165:Christianity, it was used ever since Protestant
2413:wars of independence across the Spanish Americas
740:temples in the Philippines, especially in their
649:and was actually the earliest to systematically
609:and is actually one of the earliest sources for
7247:(in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. Archived from
7210:(in Minnan and Spanish). Manila. Archived from
6870:Andrade, Pío, Jr. (2020). Zarzo, Esther (ed.).
6574:
6373:"Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam"
6064:菲英漢綜合字典 The Pilipino-English-Chinese Dictionary
5800:
5798:
5796:
5320:Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology
3973:(even those which are now unused or considered
3101:
2483:, a great emporium of trāde, frequented by the
2177:by Koxinga's forces. In the same year of 1662,
669:(1620) among others. The use of Hokkien in the
8016:
7463:
6411:
6294:Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales
6157:
6153:. Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran. p. 57.
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5140:
5128:
3393:Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines
3106:Hokkien in the Philippines has been used as a
2812:to new Chinese immigrants which was taught in
2528:to and from Manila would later outcompete the
2025:) would be overshadowed and supplanted by the
1776:Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales
1719:Rectificación y Mejora de Principios Naturales
1646:used by speakers of the dialect itself or the
635:) as early as around 1587 or 1593 through the
10073:
9367:
8190:
7333:
7233:
7196:
7146:(1620), the oldest extant grammar of Hokkien.
7024:
6422:Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam
6363:
6233:
5910:"The "Amoy Mission": Lessons and Reflections"
5782:
5687:
5678:
5511:
5155:
5116:
4626:in other Hokkien varieties, it means "winter"
4614:
4611:in other Hokkien varieties, it means "summer"
4599:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4558:
4549:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4508:
4497:
4486:
4475:
4464:
4449:
4440:
4429:
4418:
2387:), lit. "Santa Cruz" d. 1728 AD), located in
1801:Espejo Rico del Claro Corazón—Beng Sim Po Cam
1436:
994:
869:
764:
721:that they also usually operate. It is also a
593:community in the Philippines and acts as the
131:
11872:
7877:
7169:
7149:
7031:Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Ong Wong (2018).
6900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6142:
5962:
5960:
5834:
5793:
5783:Mançano, Melchior; Feyjoó, Raymundo (1620).
5638:
3786:), with also some features from the Coastal
1464:is used when differentiating the variety of
16:Dialect of Hokkien spoken in the Philippines
7244:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
7207:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
6783:
6746:
6709:
6297:(in Literary Chinese and Spanish). Manila:
6124:Gobonseng, Victoria W. Peralta-Ang (2003).
5583:Poa, Dory（潘露莉） (2004). Dai, Qingxia (ed.).
5446:
5314:
5203:
3413:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lingua china
3270:BSOP (Biblical Seminary of the Philippines)
2714:
1760:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China
638:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
12093:
11863:
10080:
10066:
9374:
9360:
8197:
8183:
7340:
7326:
6853:"Education and Spanish in the Philippines"
6188:Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain (2006).
5551:
5545:
3965:loanwords as well as the extensive use of
2831:come in with their peculiar pidgin variety
2411:in Europe, and the numerous conflicts and
1443:
1429:
705:business language" . It is also used as a
162:
7347:
7304:BSOP Biblical Seminary of the Philippines
7253:National Taichung University of Education
6665:
6617:
6261:National Taichung University of Education
6123:
5957:
5914:BSOP Biblical Seminary of the Philippines
5469:Fēilǜbīn zán rén huà (Lán-lâng-uē) yánjiū
5372:
4536:: "million". in other Hokkien varieties,
3138:Christianity, it was used ever since the
2468:(1775-1826) on the province of Hok-këèn (
2321:, etc. as a result of the generations of
1650:language in general though is typically,
278:, and many other parts of the Philippines
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
7220:Miguel de Benavides Library and Archives
7087:
7030:
6908:
6789:
6752:
6715:
6623:
6213:Contemporary Studies on the Min Dialects
5967:Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong (2016).
5966:
5719:Miguel de Benavides Library and Archives
5522:
5401:"Change Request Documentation: 2021-045"
5335:
3520:
2358:
2185:, only a few months after defeating the
1766:and Juan Cobo, a Hokkien version of the
1712:
1680:Lán-nâng-uē / Lán-lâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē.
601:. Despite currently acting mostly as an
11788:
7093:
7000:
6914:
6869:
6850:
6682:
6453:
5748:
5605:
5599:
5423:"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]"
5199:Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe
4983:, Philippine English is used, while in
4763:, and same idea for succeeding numbers
4736:, and same idea for succeeding numbers
4699:, and same idea for succeeding numbers
4672:, and same idea for succeeding numbers
3874:) from where the old smuggling port of
3537:(lia̍p), used on a grave tablet in the
3466:students, but decades later around the
3376:, the Chinese God of War, is usually a
3063:language with different names, such as
2880:took precedence as consistent with the
2876:at that time. As per Lim's dictionary,
1873:) from the area around the old port of
1835:(1620), a Spanish-Hokkien grammar book.
1671:Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe
848:Lán-nâng-uē / Lán-lâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē
834:Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe
791:Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe
149:Lán-lâng-ōe / Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe
138:Lán-lâng-uē / Lán-nâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē
12109:
7123:
7051:Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila
6119:
6117:
6115:
5993:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5804:
5778:
5776:
5744:
5742:
5654:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5495:Taiwanese Grammar: A Concise Reference
5477:A Study of Philippine Hokkien Language
3744:area was largely derived from Coastal
3557:) is largely derived from the Coastal
3516:
3470:, regulations became stricter and the
3424:During the late 20th century, despite
2592:writes in his Hokkien dictionary that
2226:) and be replenished by migrants from
1607:, despite the danger of confusing the
10061:
9999:
9862:
9646:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
9393:
9355:
8178:
7321:
7224:– Hokkien counterpart of the Tagalog
6812:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6775:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6738:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6701:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6651:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6523:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6273:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5907:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5789:– via Universitat de Barcelona.
5749:Zulueta, Lito B. (February 8, 2021).
5731:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
5527:Hokkien Chinese Borrowings in Tagalog
5381:from the original on October 13, 2023
4218:(柑仔得): "tomato", either from Tagalog
3202:churches and schools usually conduct
2804:(community leaders), such as Capitan
1527:across the country, derived from the
984:Alternative Name (Philippine Min Nan)
859:Alternative Name (Philippine Hokkien)
10087:
9938:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
7259:
7047:
6857:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila
6540:"Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu"
6315:
6287:
6255:). Manila: Keng Yong. Archived from
6163:
6061:
5879:
5709:). Manila: Keng Yong. Archived from
5465:
4190:(霸薯): "potato", either from Spanish
1859:of Hokkien, specifically modern-day
1790:and western scientific knowledge to
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7142:- An analysis and facsimile of the
7074:
6597:National Tsing Hua University Press
6548:National Tsing Hua University Press
6471:National Tsing Hua University Press
6385:National Tsing Hua University Press
6337:National Tsing Hua University Press
6206:
6173:. Manila – via Catálogo BNE (
6148:
6112:
5932:
5862:
5773:
5739:
5666:. 17/18. OSTASIEN Verlag: 167–198.
5643:
5625:
5582:
5576:
5492:
5349:; Bank, Sebastian (July 10, 2023).
5277:
5050:Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines
4457:: "cemetery" (used in the sign for
2242:in 1762-1764. The Chinese Mestizo (
2133:, which caused the founding of the
1684:
1576:), usually generalized to refer to
1499:Historically, it was also known in
13:
9863:
7190:
7007:Hǎiwēng Táiyǔ wénxué jiàoxué jìkān
6676:
6593:University of Santo Tomás Archives
6491:
6227:
6096:Speak Chinese Fujianwa Easy 闽语会话手册
6080:
6048:
6012:
5980:
5943:
5896:
5873:
5839:
5283:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4804:. Hokaglish shows similarities to
4644:; 'ten thousand' from the
3733:) dialects of Xiamen and Highland
3482:) in Chinese classes shifted from
3214:where protestant Chinese Filipino
2986:together with Hokkien is known as
2532:by the mid-1800s, as noted by the
2371:, lit. "Jose Tecson's Grave"; 仙礁 (
1816:Vocabulary & Grammar Chin-Cheu
1135:
14:
12138:
7292:
7267:Apología de la verdadera religión
6798:(in English & Amoy Hokkien).
6761:(in English & Amoy Hokkien).
6724:(in English & Amoy Hokkien).
5135:National and co-official language
3545:21st century Philippine Hokkien (
3406:as evidenced in the works of the
3334:tradition with some syncretizing
3297:(Hokkien) to their students too.
2723:' in his Hokkien dictionary:
2477:Tchang-chew-fou (Chëang-chew-hoó)
2438:would gain independence from the
1741:Spanish friars in the Philippines
1595:churches and schools who conduct
416:Sporadic use of varying borrowed
12092:
11570:Literary and colloquial readings
11442:
9963:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
9512:
7540:
6948:. March 13, 2013. Archived from
5208:'Our People's Speech'),
3949:variants, the local vocabulary,
3432:) taking the place as the usual
2649:], the Malay Peninsula [
1546:, such as in the old newspaper,
1412:
23:
9381:
7068:
7041:
6994:
6934:
6863:
6844:
6820:
6659:
6624:Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832).
6577:"Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum"
6568:
6531:
6447:
6405:
6357:
6309:
6281:
6200:
6093:
5415:
5243:
5218:
5198:
5174:
4999:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4987:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4979:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4967:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4951:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4931:, a mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4772:
4759:
4745:
4732:
4722:
4708:
4695:
4681:
4668:
4654:
4640:
4148:: "cocoa", either from Spanish
3984:
3920:
3898:
3884:
3870:
3856:
3842:
3828:
3814:
3796:
3782:
3768:
3754:
3729:
3715:
3701:
3687:
3673:
3659:
3641:
3627:
3613:
3599:
3585:
3567:
3553:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3241:
3098:Vol. 1 Revised Edition (2003).
2958:, with currently 19 recognized
2818:"Yesterdays in the Philippines"
2709:
2117:
2061:
2035:
2021:
1935:
1909:
1895:
1869:
1670:
1097:
1083:
972:
958:
847:
833:
673:was historically influenced by
627:
580:, where it serves as the local
34:needs additional citations for
7251:on March 21, 2023 – via
7018:10.6489/HWTYWHCHCK.201103.0046
6672:. CUP Archive. pp. 47–48.
6459:"Dictionarium Sino-Hispanicum"
6327:. Original Manuscript kept as
6259:on March 21, 2023 – via
5393:
5308:
5271:
5189:
4796:involving Philippine Hokkien,
4615:
4600:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4559:
4550:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4509:
4498:
4487:
4476:
4465:
4450:
4441:
4430:
4419:
3915:
3893:
3879:
3865:
3851:
3837:
3823:
3809:
3791:
3777:
3763:
3749:
3724:
3710:
3696:
3682:
3668:
3654:
3636:
3622:
3608:
3594:
3580:
3562:
3546:
3402:living in the Philippines and
3367:
3357:
3347:
3230:
2868:as used by the author and the
2698:
2403:Later in the early 1800s, the
2234:. Some of whom even aided the
2112:
2056:
2030:
2016:
1930:
1904:
1890:
1864:
1857:Chiangchiu (Zhangzhou) dialect
1655:
1455:
1059:
1032:Philippine Southern Min Speech
995:
934:
870:
765:
622:
1:
9958:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
9933:Taiwanese Romanization System
9928:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
9394:
7274:Biblioteca Nacional de España
7214:on July 19, 2024 – via
6441:Biblioteca Nacional de España
6381:Biblioteca Nacional de España
6333:Biblioteca Nacional de España
6303:Biblioteca Nacional de España
6175:Biblioteca Nacional de España
5880:Chow, Chino (June 10, 2020).
5713:on July 19, 2024 – via
5554:"Chinese education redefined"
5552:Go, Josiah (April 17, 2017).
5264:
5224:Pls Do Not Confuse with sam (
5164:of the Philippines since the
5090:Taiwanese Romanization System
4648:, so 'ten thousand' would be
4263:(把拉): "to pay", from Spanish
4169:(咖啡): "coffee", from Tagalog
4087:
2916:of the Philippines under the
2839:Yesterdays in the Philippines
2806:Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien
2615:] and other parts of the
2430:would finally cease when the
2428:Manila–Acapulco galleon trade
1995:, spreading trade goods from
1839:Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
709:as one of the languages that
663:Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
645:as early as the 1590s in the
12122:Languages of the Philippines
12098:List of varieties of Chinese
10000:
8206:Languages of the Philippines
6585:Dominican Order of Preachers
6427:Dominican Order of Preachers
6299:Dominican Order of Preachers
5162:Historical official language
4781:
4366:Philippine Hokkien has also
4346:: "bubblegum", from Tagalog
4284:(落申): "dozen", from English
3906:due to conflict between the
3419:
3102:Use as a liturgical language
2341:, especially relatives from
2240:British occupation of Manila
2107:in 1642, and the victory of
2043:due to conflict between the
1807:Dictionarium Sino Hispanicum
7:
7283:Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu
7170:Van der Loon, Piet (1967).
7150:Van der Loon, Piet (1966).
7144:Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu
6946:Ateneo de Manila University
6683:Douglas, Carstairs (1899).
6666:Greenberg, Michael (1969).
5786:Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu
5595:. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
5466:Tsai, Hui-Ming 蔡惠名 (2017).
5018:
4911:mix of Philippine Hokkien,
4632:Hindu-Arabic numeral system
3702:Téng Lâm-oaⁿ / Soaⁿ Lâm-oaⁿ
3507:Ateneo de Manila University
3175:St. Stephen's Parish Church
2974:with, which the form using
2927:By 1987, under the current
2908:was chosen as the basis of
2432:Mexican War of Independence
2329:. Those who chose to marry
1833:Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu
1611:of Hokkien compared to the
1529:Chinese postal romanization
667:Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu
10:
12143:
12056:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
8417:Southern Catanduanes Bikol
7117:
7094:Palanca, Ellen H. (2002).
6942:"Minor in Chinese Studies"
6915:Palanca, Ellen H. (2002).
6633:(in English and Hokkien).
6513:(in Spanish and Mandarin).
6149:See, Teresita Ang (1997).
5869:. Manila: Poc Bon Book Co.
5606:Palanca, Ellen H. (2002).
4867:are used as well, such as
4785:
4239:(雪文): "soap", either from
4130:: "lettuce", from Spanish
3096:"Amoy Vernacular Handbook"
2892:began to be taught as the
2078:1639 2nd Sangley Rebellion
1923:Early Manila Hokkien (EMH)
1849:Vocabulario de letra china
1735:published in the same year
1708:
1128:Culture of the Philippines
631:) worded from and read in
12127:Hokkien-language dialects
12090:
11974:
11943:
11854:
11779:
11721:
11641:
11616:
11578:
11525:
11451:
11440:
11387:
11339:
11294:
11271:
11216:
11207:
11145:
11064:
11039:
11021:
10998:
10935:
10926:
10889:
10866:
10828:
10819:
10810:
10746:
10706:
10633:
10611:
10583:
10565:
10539:
10516:
10452:
10443:
10420:
10390:
10367:
10291:
10231:
10203:
10180:
10157:
10124:
10115:
10106:
10095:
10026:
10010:
10006:
9995:
9971:
9893:
9875:
9871:
9858:
9827:
9809:
9781:
9758:
9735:
9710:
9661:
9548:
9530:
9521:
9510:
9475:
9449:
9413:
9404:
9400:
9389:
9323:
9307:
9215:
9193:
9150:
9102:
9049:
8946:
8928:
8910:
8882:
8819:
8731:
8693:
8620:
8572:
8533:
8430:
8362:
8324:
8311:
8233:
8212:
8162:
8107:
8059:
7944:
7785:
7753:
7711:
7646:
7549:
7538:
7356:
7048:Chiu, Richard T. (2010).
6469:in Rome, Italy. Hsinchu:
6062:Chen, Annie, ed. (1989).
6030:Young, Johnny C. (1994).
5944:Dy, Aristotle C. (2013).
5755:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5558:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5523:Chan Yap, Gloria (1980).
5235:
5225:
5075:Southern Malaysia Hokkien
4767:
4754:
4740:
4727:
4717:
4703:
4690:
4689:'one hundred thousand' –
4676:
4663:
4649:
4635:
4309:
4226:or directly from Spanish
4207:
4177:, which was from Spanish
4137:
4036:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3532:
3526:
3342:principles. For example,
3212:"Chinese Worship Service"
2481:port of Emouy (Āy-moôiⁿᵍ)
2389:San Andres Apostol Church
2072:As a result as well of a
2011:. Later, the old port of
1851:(1643), by Francisco Diaz
1786:work written to transmit
1635:typically written in the
1601:"Chinese Worship Service"
1108:
1090:
1073:
1066:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1007:
988:
983:
965:
948:
941:
927:
920:
915:
911:
907:Philippine Hokkien Speech
903:
899:
886:
882:
863:
858:
840:
823:
816:
811:
807:
799:
795:
782:
778:
758:
754:
749:
529:
515:
501:
489:
481:
476:
384:
356:
282:
191:
181:
161:
132:
130:
125:
12117:Chinese-Filipino culture
9602:Banana colloquial speech
7124:Klöter, Henning (2011).
7009:
7002:
6126:Amoy Vernacular Handbook
5471:
5151:Chinese Filipino schools
5100:
4766:Other Hokkien variants:
4753:'one hundred million' –
4739:Other Hokkien variants:
4702:Other Hokkien variants:
4675:Other Hokkien variants:
3441:Chinese Filipino schools
3382:Chinese Filipino schools
3338:, while also practicing
3291:church or chapel service
3278:Chinese Filipino schools
3266:praise and worship songs
3245:) usually conduct their
3179:Episcopalian Anglicanism
3171:Protestant denominations
2749:Philippines, 呂宋 Lū-sòng.
2636:have great numbers from
2264:Philippine national hero
2099:in general, the loss of
990:Traditional Chinese
973:Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-uē
959:Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-ōe
895:Hui-li̍p-pin Hok-kiàn-ōe
865:Traditional Chinese
760:Traditional Chinese
719:Chinese Filipino schools
560:descended directly from
7218:Digital Library of the
7077:"海外金門人僑社調查實錄－菲律賓篇：成果報告"
7012:(in Chinese) (11): 52.
6976:Chiang Kai Shek College
6790:Macgowan, John (1883).
6753:Macgowan, John (1883).
6716:Macgowan, John (1883).
5717:Digital Library of the
5493:Lin, Philip T. (2015).
4459:Manila Chinese Cemetery
4370:a few expressions from
3600:Hái Lâm-oaⁿ / Ě Lâm-oaⁿ
3539:Manila Chinese Cemetery
3511:Chiang Kai Shek College
3490:(or in some schools to
3346:or known in Hokkien as
3286:language of instruction
2922:Philippine Commonwealth
2808:, to teach rudimentary
2632:and other parts of the
2566:which would later link
2508:The Spanish trade with
2444:direct royal governance
2415:, which eliminated the
2127:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
1119:Part of a series on the
1098:Hui-li̍p-pin Bân-lâm-uē
1084:Hui-li̍p-pin Bân-lâm-ōe
1020:Hui-li̍p-pin Bân-lâm-ōe
9943:Daighi tongiong pingim
9315:Filipino Sign Language
8650:Casiguran Dumagat Agta
6832:Pardo de Tavera, T. H.
6828:Blumentritt, Ferdinand
5374:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
5080:Speak Hokkien Campaign
4682:chi̍t-bān chi̍t-chheng
4646:Chinese numeral system
4302:
4286:
4252:
4244:
4228:
4220:
4200:
4192:
4179:
4171:
4158:
4150:
3860:) on the mouth of the
3758:) Hokkien dialects of
3542:
3208:"Amoy Worship Service"
3025:, so it is mostly the
2843:
2837:Joseph Earle Stevens,
2777:"La Lengua del Parian"
2757:
2746:
2735:
2684:
2560:
2506:
2400:
2181:would suddenly die of
2121:) in 1662 against the
2074:1603 Sangley Rebellion
1736:
1597:"Amoy Worship Service"
1140:
8067:Central Tibeto-Burman
7075:江柏煒 (December 2014).
6972:"CKS Language Center"
6851:Andrade, Pío (2008).
5994:Wangli, John (2002).
5892:on February 19, 2023.
5863:Lim, Vicente (1941).
5472:菲律賓咱人話（Lán-lâng-uē）研究
5351:"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"
5316:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
5249:pronounced before in
4376:American colonial era
3524:
3472:medium of instruction
3452:medium of instruction
3276:and their respective
3256:terms or Hokkienized
3195:In the 21st century,
2882:American colonial era
2822:
2814:Chinese-owned schools
2747:
2736:
2725:
2594:
2578:without rounding the
2546:
2501:Walter Henry Medhurst
2474:
2462:Walter Henry Medhurst
2434:broke out, which the
2419:as the center of the
2362:
2195:1662 Sangley Massacre
1716:
1533:Nanjing court dialect
1472:from those spoken in
1399:Sport and martial art
1139:
420:from local or former
9324:Historical languages
8455:Central Cagayan Agta
8312:Indigenous languages
7239:Benavides, Miguel de
7202:Benavides, Miguel de
6982:on December 18, 2019
6952:on December 26, 2019
6882:on February 24, 2024
6417:Benavides, Miguel de
6383:in Madrid. Hsinchu:
6369:Benavides, Miguel de
6253:Early Manila Hokkien
6249:Early Modern Spanish
6239:Benavides, Miguel de
5998:. World Link Books.
5707:Early Manila Hokkien
5703:Early Modern Spanish
5693:Benavides, Miguel de
5251:Early Modern Spanish
5166:Spanish colonial era
5123:Co-official language
5025:Hokkien architecture
4953:Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
4929:Cagayan de Oro (CDO)
4662:'eleven thousand' –
4241:Early Modern Spanish
4142:(chhài, "vegetable")
4120:. Examples include:
3999:) > dia̍p/lia̍p (
3938:variants, including
3904:Ming-Qing transition
3484:Amoy Hokkien Chinese
3042:Filipino orthography
3002:often together with
2931:of the Philippines,
2761:Spanish colonial era
2611:], Batavia [
2436:First Mexican Empire
2041:Ming-Qing transition
1941:Zhangzhou Prefecture
1883:Chuanchiu (Quanzhou)
1513:Philippine languages
1239:Fashion and clothing
665:(1626-1642) and the
548:is a dialect of the
58:"Philippine Hokkien"
43:improve this article
9651:Singaporean Hokkien
9216:Immigrant languages
9195:Zamboanga Peninsula
8125:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
7227:Doctrina Christiana
6467:Biblioteca Angelica
6209:Doctrina Christiana
5835:Van der Loon (1966)
5639:Van der Loon (1967)
5497:. Greenhorn Media.
5343:Hammarström, Harald
5147:Philippine Mandarin
4820:register of spoken
4516:: "to have a fever"
4437:: "country bumpkin"
4094:Singaporean Hokkien
3993:dī-tsa̍p/lī-tsa̍p (
3940:Singaporean Hokkien
3517:Linguistic features
3134:for centuries. For
3108:liturgical language
3057:Spanish orthography
3038:English orthography
2661:], Saigon [
2651:Peninsular Malaysia
2645:], Burmah [
2601:Straits Settlements
2568:Spanish Philippines
2244:Mestizos de Sangley
2224:Mestizos de Sangley
2135:Kingdom of Tungning
1769:Doctrina Christiana
1764:Miguel de Benavides
1732:Doctrina Christiana
1270:Cultural Properties
1211:Arts and literature
803:Our People's Speech
723:liturgical language
707:liturgical language
617:(traditionally via
568:, primarily spoken
12051:Cantonese Bopomofo
11918:Chinese characters
11846:Written Sichuanese
10430:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
9885:Chinese characters
9634:Philippine Hokkien
9626:Kelantan Peranakan
9580:Zhangzhou dialects
8235:Regional languages
8213:Official languages
8118:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
8060:Proposed groupings
5347:Haspelmath, Martin
5345:; Forkel, Robert;
5137:of the Philippines
5125:of the Philippines
5005:Philippine English
4995:is used, while in
4993:Philippine English
4975:is used, while in
4973:Philippine English
4959:is used, while in
4957:Philippine English
4943:is used, while in
4941:Philippine English
4917:Philippine English
4877:Hiligaynon/Ilonggo
4865:regional languages
4828:and its environs.
4372:Philippine English
4314:(chhia, "vehicle")
4299:Philippine English
3959:Philippine Spanish
3543:
3525:The contractions,
3454:in order to teach
3325:Tzu Chi Foundation
3315:, and rarely also
3016:Chinese characters
3004:Chinese characters
2960:regional languages
2944:official languages
2902:Insular Government
2898:Philippine Islands
2401:
2279:Philippine Spanish
2080:which both caused
1737:
1691:variety of Chinese
1501:Philippine English
1462:Philippine Hokkien
1419:Philippines portal
1280:Historical markers
1181:indigenous peoples
1141:
1060:Fēilǜbīn Mǐnnánhuà
935:Fēilǜbīn Fújiànhuà
750:Philippine Hokkien
725:primarily used by
687:Philippine English
675:Philippine Spanish
657:especially by the
615:Chinese characters
546:Philippine Hokkien
397:Chinese characters
364:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
334:Philippine Hokkien
126:Philippine Hokkien
12104:
12103:
12086:
12085:
11913:
11912:
11831:Written Cantonese
11826:
11825:
11608:Classical grammar
11603:Cantonese grammar
11438:
11437:
11335:
11334:
11141:
11140:
11060:
11059:
10922:
10921:
10629:
10628:
10416:
10415:
10306:Chengdu–Chongqing
10099:Sinitic languages
10055:
10054:
10051:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10027:Rime dictionaries
9991:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9923:Hinghwa Romanized
9918:Foochow Romanized
9854:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9819:Zhanjiang dialect
9706:
9705:
9563:Quanzhou dialects
9508:
9507:
9349:
9348:
9211:
9210:
9051:Northern Mindanao
8981:Calamian Tagbanwa
8422:Southern Sorsogon
8402:Northern Sorsogon
8172:
8171:
8055:
8054:
7940:
7939:
7781:
7780:
7536:
7535:
7137:978-90-04-18493-0
7061:978-971-27-2716-0
5589:Bilingual Studies
5564:on April 19, 2017
5504:978-0-9963982-1-3
5434:. August 31, 2021
5403:. August 31, 2021
5329:978-0-7748-0192-8
5206:
5170:1987 Constitution
5085:Taiwanese Hokkien
5070:Singapore Hokkien
4907:families speak a
4822:Filipino language
4624:(of the weather).
4609:(of the weather).
4566:: "to photograph"
4400:"Good Afternoon!"
4383:Hó tsá-khí !
4324:)", from Tagalog
4320:: "rubber shoes (
3947:Taiwanese Hokkien
3498:as their Chinese
3167:Chinese Filipinos
3116:Roman Catholicism
2929:1987 constitution
2918:1935 constitution
2914:national language
2894:official language
2872:community in the
2717:
2679:Carstairs Douglas
2617:Dutch possessions
2590:Carstairs Douglas
2555:Michael Greenberg
2497:Conrad Malte-Brun
2466:Conrad Malte-Brun
2426:Around 1815, the
2369:Hû-se Tek-sun Bō͘
2339:Chinchew/Quanzhou
2258:, such as in the
2232:Chinchew/Quanzhou
2003:and later across
1788:Roman Catholicism
1784:Classical Chinese
1723:Classical Chinese
1603:as part of their
1578:Chinese languages
1549:The Fookien Times
1453:
1452:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1047:Standard Mandarin
979:
978:
922:Standard Mandarin
854:
853:
661:, such as in the
619:Classical Chinese
599:Chinese Filipinos
597:of a majority of
595:heritage language
574:Chinese Filipinos
543:
542:
119:
118:
111:
93:
12134:
12096:
12095:
12068:Taiwanese Hangul
11957:Mainland Chinese
11870:
11869:
11861:
11860:
11786:
11785:
11463:Standard Chinese
11446:
11214:
11213:
10933:
10932:
10826:
10825:
10817:
10816:
10699:
10687:
10675:
10663:
10651:
10450:
10449:
10122:
10121:
10113:
10112:
10089:Chinese language
10082:
10075:
10068:
10059:
10058:
10008:
10007:
9997:
9996:
9913:Hainan Romanized
9873:
9872:
9860:
9859:
9842:Wenchang dialect
9750:Jianyang dialect
9696:Sanxiang dialect
9573:Yongchun dialect
9528:
9527:
9516:
9483:Manjiang dialect
9411:
9410:
9402:
9401:
9391:
9390:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9353:
9352:
9331:Proto-Philippine
9094:Western Bukidnon
8986:Central Tagbanwa
8397:Mount Iriga Agta
8392:Mount Iraya Agta
8322:
8321:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8176:
8175:
8014:
8013:
7875:
7874:
7709:
7708:
7544:
7461:
7460:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7300:"Amoy Resources"
7287:
7277:
7256:
7223:
7186:
7176:
7166:
7156:
7141:
7111:
7110:
7100:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7028:
7022:
7021:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6978:. Archived from
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6921:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6899:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6878:. Archived from
6876:Revista Filipina
6867:
6861:
6860:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6811:
6803:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6774:
6766:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6737:
6729:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6692:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6642:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6522:
6514:
6502:
6489:
6488:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6264:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6121:
6110:
6109:
6091:
6078:
6077:
6059:
6046:
6045:
6027:
6010:
6009:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5964:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5916:. Archived from
5905:
5894:
5893:
5888:. Archived from
5877:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5837:
5832:
5807:
5802:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5757:. Archived from
5746:
5737:
5736:
5730:
5722:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5661:
5652:
5641:
5636:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5560:. Archived from
5549:
5543:
5542:
5530:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5463:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5275:
5258:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5232:literary reading
5229:
5222:
5216:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5178:
5172:
5159:
5153:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5007:, and sometimes
4989:Central Bikolano
4905:Chinese Filipino
4816:), the everyday
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4716:'one million' –
4710:
4705:
4697:
4696:chi̍t-pah-chheng
4692:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4656:
4651:
4642:
4637:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:. there is also
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:instead of just
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:, there is also
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:instead of just
4544:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4392:Hó àm-po͘ !
4362:(thn̂g, "candy")
4313:
4211:
4141:
4129:
4128:/le˩tsu˧tsʰai˥˩/
4076:) > tán—tsě (
4065:) > tsiùⁿ-á (
4051:) > siâng-á (
4040:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3922:
3917:
3900:
3895:
3886:
3881:
3872:
3867:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3751:
3731:
3726:
3717:
3712:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3624:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3596:
3587:
3582:
3569:
3564:
3555:
3550:
3536:
3530:
3505:As of 2019, the
3488:Mandarin Chinese
3476:Standard Chinese
3464:Chinese Filipino
3456:Mandarin Chinese
3426:Standard Chinese
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3301:Chinese Buddhist
3243:
3234:
3200:Chinese Filipino
3155:Seng Guan Temple
3124:Chinese Buddhism
3122:denominations),
3092:Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ)
3023:Standard Chinese
3014:. Sometimes the
2878:American English
2870:Chinese Filipino
2841:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2682:
2663:Ho Chi Minh City
2659:Southern Vietnam
2599:and the various
2558:
2542:Jardine Matheson
2540:, co-founder of
2504:
2417:Spanish Americas
2303:Central Bicolano
2220:Chinese Mestizos
2119:
2114:
2063:
2058:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
1981:Spanish Americas
1937:
1932:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1871:
1866:
1751:specifically in
1685:Sociolinguistics
1672:
1663:
1593:Chinese Filipino
1445:
1438:
1431:
1416:
1345:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1062:
1061:
1038:
1037:
1003:
1002:
975:
974:
961:
960:
937:
936:
913:
912:
878:
877:
850:
849:
836:
835:
809:
808:
774:
773:
747:
746:
727:Chinese Buddhist
629:
624:
607:written language
591:overseas Chinese
552:language of the
539:
503:
491:
486:
390:
288:
166:
157:
146:
135:
134:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12136:
12135:
12133:
12132:
12131:
12107:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12082:
12019:Tongyong Pinyin
11999:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
11987:Dungan Cyrillic
11970:
11939:
11909:
11850:
11841:Written Hokkien
11822:
11781:
11775:
11751:Middle Mandarin
11717:
11637:
11612:
11574:
11521:
11454:
11447:
11434:
11383:
11331:
11290:
11267:
11203:
11137:
11056:
11035:
11017:
10994:
10918:
10885:
10862:
10806:
10742:
10702:
10693:
10681:
10669:
10657:
10645:
10625:
10607:
10579:
10561:
10535:
10512:
10439:
10412:
10386:
10363:
10287:
10227:
10199:
10176:
10153:
10102:
10091:
10086:
10056:
10043:
10039:Jianzhou Ba Yin
10022:
10011:Proto-languages
10002:
9983:
9967:
9948:Bbánlám pìngyīm
9889:
9867:
9846:
9823:
9805:
9801:Yong'an dialect
9796:Shaxian dialect
9791:Sanming dialect
9777:
9773:Jiangle dialect
9754:
9745:Jian'ou dialect
9731:
9727:Xianyou dialect
9714:
9702:
9657:
9640:Malacca Straits
9610:Malacca Straits
9592:Longyan dialect
9544:
9517:
9504:
9498:Nanlang dialect
9471:
9445:
9431:Changle dialect
9396:
9385:
9380:
9350:
9345:
9319:
9303:
9207:
9189:
9152:Western Visayas
9146:
9117:Cotabato Manobo
9098:
9045:
8942:
8924:
8906:
8884:Eastern Visayas
8878:
8815:
8727:
8695:Central Visayas
8689:
8616:
8568:
8529:
8510:Nagtipunan Agta
8465:Dupaningan Agta
8426:
8412:Rinconada Bikol
8358:
8339:Pangutaran Sama
8313:
8307:
8229:
8208:
8203:
8173:
8168:
8158:
8109:Proto-languages
8103:
8051:
8018:Greater Siangic
8012:
7949:
7936:
7873:
7777:
7749:
7707:
7651:
7642:
7554:
7545:
7532:
7465:Greater Magaric
7459:
7386:West Himalayish
7366:
7352:
7346:
7308:
7306:
7298:
7295:
7280:
7193:
7191:Further reading
7174:
7154:
7138:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7046:
7042:
7029:
7025:
7011:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6985:
6983:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6868:
6864:
6849:
6845:
6825:
6821:
6805:
6804:
6788:
6784:
6768:
6767:
6751:
6747:
6731:
6730:
6714:
6710:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6677:
6664:
6660:
6644:
6643:
6622:
6618:
6607:
6573:
6569:
6558:
6536:
6532:
6516:
6515:
6503:
6492:
6481:
6452:
6448:
6437:
6410:
6406:
6395:
6362:
6358:
6347:
6314:
6310:
6286:
6282:
6266:
6265:
6232:
6228:
6205:
6201:
6186:
6182:
6162:
6158:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6122:
6113:
6106:
6092:
6081:
6074:
6060:
6049:
6042:
6028:
6013:
6006:
5992:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5920:on June 1, 2023
5906:
5897:
5878:
5874:
5861:
5840:
5833:
5810:
5803:
5794:
5781:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5761:on June 8, 2023
5747:
5740:
5724:
5723:
5686:
5679:
5659:
5653:
5644:
5637:
5626:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5521:
5512:
5505:
5491:
5484:
5473:
5464:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5313:
5309:
5295:10.2307/2718766
5276:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5244:
5223:
5219:
5179:
5175:
5160:
5156:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5095:Written Hokkien
5030:Hokkien culture
5021:
4834:Tagalog grammar
4790:
4784:
4760:chi̍t-pah-tháng
4733:chi̍t-bīn-tháng
4669:cha̍p-it-chheng
4545:is used instead
4409:"Good Evening!"
4405:Hó àm-mî !
4396:Hó ě-po͘ !
4387:"Good Morning!"
4212:(chî, "potato")
4090:
3987:
3519:
3422:
3206:usually called
3104:
3034:written Hokkien
3012:written Hokkien
2904:, which later,
2842:
2836:
2756:
2753:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2683:
2677:
2559:
2553:
2520:merchants from
2518:Hokkien Chinese
2505:
2499:, as quoted by
2495:
2409:Napoleonic Wars
2363:扶西德孫墓 (Hokkien
2101:Spanish Formosa
1943:under the late
1919:contact variety
1885:, such as from
1745:Dominican Order
1711:
1687:
1619:terms from the
1494:Southeast Asian
1458:
1449:
1417:
1343:
1322:Public holidays
1127:
1118:
1029:Literal meaning
904:Literal meaning
800:Literal meaning
659:Dominican Order
611:written Hokkien
535:
482:
414:
412:Ad hoc methods,
404:
391:
386:
380:
359:
352:
289:
286:Language family
284:
177:
151:
147:
140:
136:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12140:
12130:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12102:
12101:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12063:Taiwanese kana
12060:
12059:
12058:
12053:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12034:Lessing-Othmer
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11991:
11990:
11989:
11978:
11976:
11972:
11971:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11947:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11876:
11867:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11836:Written Dungan
11833:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11820:
11815:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11792:
11790:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11741:Middle Chinese
11738:
11733:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11708:Wubi (Wang Ma)
11705:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11656:
11653:
11647:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11620:
11618:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11584:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11529:
11527:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11500:
11495:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11459:
11457:
11449:
11448:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11425:Xiangnan Tuhua
11422:
11417:
11412:
11410:Shaozhou Tuhua
11407:
11402:
11397:
11391:
11389:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11381:
11380:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11354:
11345:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11277:
11275:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11239:
11238:
11233:
11222:
11220:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11134:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11079:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11054:
11049:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11010:
11004:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10941:
10939:
10930:
10924:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10899:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10886:
10884:
10883:
10878:
10872:
10870:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10834:
10832:
10823:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10792:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10752:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10712:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10688:
10676:
10664:
10652:
10639:
10637:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10623:
10617:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10589:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10571:
10569:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10543:
10541:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10458:
10456:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10426:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10394:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10379:
10373:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10323:Renshou–Fushun
10320:
10319:
10318:
10308:
10297:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10248:
10243:
10237:
10235:
10233:Central Plains
10229:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10209:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10192:
10186:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10163:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10130:
10128:
10119:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10085:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10062:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10030:
10028:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10014:
10012:
10004:
10003:
9993:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9981:
9975:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9899:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9881:
9879:
9869:
9868:
9865:Writing system
9856:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9837:Haikou dialect
9833:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9815:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9770:
9768:Shaowu dialect
9764:
9762:
9760:Shao–Jiang Min
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9741:
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9722:Putian dialect
9718:
9716:
9708:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9665:
9663:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9636:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9623:
9618:
9616:Penang Hokkien
9606:
9605:
9604:
9594:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9585:Chawan dialect
9577:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9568:Hui'an dialect
9560:
9554:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9540:Swatow dialect
9536:
9534:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9493:Longdu dialect
9485:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9467:Ningde dialect
9464:
9459:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9438:
9436:Gutian dialect
9433:
9428:
9426:Fuqing dialect
9423:
9421:Fuzhou dialect
9417:
9415:
9408:
9398:
9397:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9356:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9311:
9309:
9308:Sign languages
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9108:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8934:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8888:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8825:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8737:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8685:Umiray Dumaget
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8626:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8564:Umiray Dumaget
8561:
8556:
8550:
8545:
8539:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8460:Dinapigue Agta
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8432:Cagayan Valley
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8377:Inagta Partido
8374:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8319:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8202:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8179:
8170:
8169:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8099:Tibeto-Kanauri
8096:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8072:Kuki-Chin–Naga
8069:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8035:
8022:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7973:
7960:
7958:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7925:
7920:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7883:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7793:
7791:Southeast Asia
7783:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7730:
7728:Angami–Pochuri
7725:
7719:
7717:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7682:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7653:
7652:Burmese border
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7570:
7568:
7547:
7546:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7503:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7482:
7469:
7467:
7458:
7457:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7422:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7396:
7389:
7381:
7379:
7354:
7353:
7345:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7294:
7293:External links
7291:
7290:
7289:
7278:
7257:
7231:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7181:. New Series.
7167:
7161:. New Series.
7147:
7136:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7086:
7067:
7060:
7040:
7023:
6993:
6963:
6933:
6907:
6862:
6843:
6819:
6782:
6745:
6708:
6675:
6658:
6616:
6605:
6567:
6556:
6530:
6490:
6479:
6455:Chirino, Pedro
6446:
6435:
6404:
6393:
6356:
6345:
6308:
6280:
6226:
6199:
6180:
6165:Cobo, Fr. Juan
6156:
6141:
6134:
6111:
6104:
6079:
6072:
6047:
6040:
6011:
6004:
5979:
5956:
5931:
5895:
5872:
5838:
5808:
5792:
5772:
5738:
5677:
5642:
5624:
5598:
5575:
5544:
5537:
5510:
5503:
5482:
5445:
5414:
5392:
5334:
5328:
5307:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5242:
5217:
5180:also known as
5173:
5154:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:Penang Hokkien
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5017:
4997:Zamboanga City
4933:Cebuano Bisaya
4913:Cebuano Bisaya
4909:code-swtiching
4899:, etc., so in
4869:Cebuano Bisaya
4794:code-switching
4786:Main article:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4628:
4627:
4612:
4597:
4594:/u˨t͡sun˨a˥˥˦/
4585:/u˨t͡sun˨ɕi˨˦/
4576:/u˨ɕi˨t͡sun˥˩/
4567:
4546:
4517:
4506:
4505:: "to be sick"
4495:
4484:
4473:
4462:
4438:
4427:
4424:/tsʰia˧tʰau˩˧/
4412:
4411:
4402:
4389:
4364:
4363:
4341:
4315:
4295:chi̍p-nî-chhia
4292:
4279:
4258:
4234:
4213:
4185:
4164:
4143:
4098:Penang Hokkien
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4070:
4056:
4042:
4027:
4012:
3986:
3983:
3971:colloquialisms
3944:Quanzhou-based
3890:Port of Xiamen
3871:Kiú-liông-kang
3737:respectively.
3719:), and Inland
3531:(sam/sap) and
3518:
3515:
3421:
3418:
3410:, such as the
3408:Spanish friars
3388:Roman Catholic
3247:church service
3190:Evangelicalism
3142:ministered to
3140:Spanish friars
3136:Roman Catholic
3103:
3100:
2964:Cebuano Bisaya
2834:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2675:
2551:
2538:James Matheson
2493:
2440:Spanish Empire
2421:Spanish Empire
2405:Spanish Empire
2295:Cebuano Bisaya
2281:and the major
2175:Northern Luzon
2169:to strengthen
2147:Spanish Manila
2141:would send an
2097:Southern Luzon
2027:Port of Xiamen
1961:Manila galleon
1957:Spanish Empire
1853:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1773:
1743:, such as the
1721:(天主教真傳實錄), in
1717:First page of
1710:
1707:
1703:third language
1686:
1683:
1468:spoken in the
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:Transcriptions
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
992:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
969:
963:
962:
955:
946:
945:
939:
938:
931:
925:
924:
918:
917:
916:Transcriptions
909:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
884:
883:
880:
879:
867:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
838:
837:
830:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:Transcriptions
805:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
780:
779:
776:
775:
762:
756:
755:
752:
751:
715:church service
655:Spanish friars
641:and using the
566:Sinitic family
541:
540:
533:
527:
526:
521:
513:
512:
487:
479:
478:
477:Language codes
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
459:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
423:lingua francas
405:
392:
388:Writing system
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
377:
376:
362:
360:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
292:
290:
283:
280:
279:
212:Cagayan de Oro
208:Zamboanga City
193:
189:
188:
183:
182:Native to
179:
178:
167:
159:
158:
128:
127:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12139:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12114:
12112:
12099:
12089:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11992:
11988:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11982:Cyrillization
11980:
11979:
11977:
11973:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11942:
11936:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11919:
11916:
11915:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11874:Script styles
11871:
11868:
11866:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11853:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11819:
11816:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11778:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11660:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11644:
11640:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11615:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11577:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11534:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11450:
11445:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11386:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11293:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11206:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11044:
11042:
11038:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10865:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10745:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10705:
10697:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10665:
10661:
10656:
10653:
10649:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10389:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10366:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10156:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10094:
10090:
10083:
10078:
10076:
10071:
10069:
10064:
10063:
10060:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9994:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9861:
9857:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9691:Zhongshan Min
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9675:
9674:Houlu dialect
9672:
9671:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9621:Medan Hokkien
9619:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9547:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9515:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9488:Zhongshan Min
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9462:Fu'an dialect
9460:
9458:
9457:Xiapu dialect
9455:
9454:
9452:
9448:
9442:
9441:Matsu dialect
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9377:
9372:
9370:
9365:
9363:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9149:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8945:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8912:Ilocos Region
8909:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8818:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8680:Southern Alta
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8670:Northern Alta
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8622:Central Luzon
8619:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8559:Southern Alta
8557:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8543:Inagta Alabat
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8310:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8232:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8139:Proto-Karenic
8136:
8134:
8133:
8132:Proto-Loloish
8129:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8093:Tibeto-Burman
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7879:Burmo-Qiangic
7876:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7773:Jingpho–Luish
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7411:Baram–Thangmi
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7331:
7329:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7108:
7104:
7103:Asian Studies
7097:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7063:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7035:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7008:
6997:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6924:Asian Studies
6918:
6911:
6903:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6792:"Philippines"
6786:
6778:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6606:9789866116742
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6557:9786269724956
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6482:
6480:9786269632558
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6436:9789866116971
6432:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6394:9789866116971
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6346:9789866116964
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6135:971-92742-0-4
6131:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6107:
6105:971-91128-6-7
6101:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6073:971-91128-1-6
6069:
6065:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6043:
6041:9719-026-11-1
6037:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6005:971-92004-1-3
6001:
5997:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5961:
5949:
5948:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5806:
5805:Klöter (2011)
5801:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5777:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5743:
5734:
5728:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5640:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5615:Asian Studies
5609:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5538:9780858832251
5534:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5487:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5418:
5402:
5396:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5149:as taught in
5148:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Medan Hokkien
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Hokkien media
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4792:Hokaglish is
4789:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4752:
4748:
4746:chi̍t-pah-bān
4738:
4737:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4625:
4613:
4610:
4598:
4596:: "sometimes"
4568:
4564:/hap̚˨˦ɕiɔŋ˧/
4555:/hip̚˨˦ɕiɔŋ˨/
4547:
4534:/bin˧tʰaŋ˥˥˦/
4518:
4507:
4496:
4485:
4474:
4463:
4460:
4439:
4428:
4426:: "chauffeur"
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Medan Hokkien
4103:
4102:Johor Hokkien
4099:
4095:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:tán—tsi̍t-ě (
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4058:tsàiⁿ-iūⁿ-á (
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:siáⁿ-lâng-á (
4043:
4039:
4035:) > siap (
4033:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3862:Jiulong River
3859:
3849:
3846:) of Coastal
3845:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3621:City Proper (
3620:
3616:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3500:class subject
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:for teaching
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:class subject
3435:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:or use it as
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:converted to
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:Ma-Cho Temple
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:Matsu worship
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2937:class subject
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2750:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:[such as
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:intermarriage
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:as well. The
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2049:Southern Ming
2046:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Pedro Chirino
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:mother tongue
1692:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:Xiamen (Amoy)
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:, usually by
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:), and other
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:ethnic groups
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:sign language
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
993:
991:
987:
982:
970:
968:
964:
956:
954:
951:
947:
944:
940:
932:
930:
926:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
889:
885:
881:
876:
873:
868:
866:
862:
857:
845:
843:
839:
831:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
788:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:lingua franca
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:oral language
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
586:lingua franca
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
538:
534:
532:
528:
525:
522:
520:
519:
514:
510:
507:
499:
495:
488:
485:
480:
475:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
418:orthographies
415:
411:
410:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
393:
389:
383:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
365:
361:
355:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
291:
287:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Metro Bacolod
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
175:
171:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
129:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
12004:Hanyu Pinyin
11994:Romanization
11901:Semi-cursive
11746:Old Mandarin
11703:Stroke count
11630:
11623:
11545:Old National
11388:Unclassified
10969:
10293:Southwestern
10126:Northeastern
10108:Major groups
10097:
10034:Qi Lin Bayin
9737:Northern Min
9633:
9558:Amoy dialect
9523:Southern Min
9237:
9104:Soccsksargen
8930:Metro Manila
8821:Davao Region
8515:Paranan Agta
8407:Pandan Bikol
8364:Bicol Region
8164:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8091:
8037:
8030:
8005:
7991:
7984:
7975:
7968:
7927:
7912:Lolo-Burmese
7910:
7886:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7838:
7831:
7824:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7732:
7700:
7693:
7684:
7677:
7665:
7658:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7580:
7573:
7525:
7519:
7505:
7498:
7484:
7477:
7452:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7417:
7403:
7391:
7384:
7349:Sino-Tibetan
7307:. Retrieved
7303:
7282:
7268:
7265:
7249:the original
7243:
7225:
7212:the original
7206:
7182:
7178:
7162:
7158:
7143:
7126:
7106:
7102:
7089:
7083:. 金門國家公園管理 .
7080:
7070:
7050:
7043:
7033:
7026:
7006:
7003:菲律賓福建話初步調查成果
6996:
6984:. Retrieved
6980:the original
6975:
6966:
6954:. Retrieved
6950:the original
6945:
6936:
6927:
6923:
6910:
6884:. Retrieved
6880:the original
6875:
6865:
6856:
6846:
6836:
6822:
6795:
6785:
6758:
6748:
6721:
6711:
6688:
6678:
6668:
6661:
6629:
6619:
6609:– via
6588:
6580:
6570:
6560:– via
6543:
6533:
6510:
6483:– via
6462:
6449:
6421:
6407:
6397:– via
6376:
6359:
6349:– via
6328:
6324:
6311:
6293:
6283:
6257:the original
6243:
6229:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6193:
6183:
6169:
6159:
6150:
6144:
6125:
6095:
6094:Lee, Betty.
6063:
6031:
5995:
5969:
5946:
5922:. Retrieved
5918:the original
5913:
5890:the original
5885:
5875:
5865:
5785:
5763:. Retrieved
5759:the original
5754:
5711:the original
5697:
5663:
5618:
5614:
5601:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5568:November 22,
5566:. Retrieved
5562:the original
5547:
5526:
5494:
5476:
5468:
5436:. Retrieved
5429:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5354:
5337:
5319:
5310:
5286:
5282:
5279:Mei, Tsu-lin
5273:
5245:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5197:
5181:
5176:
5157:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5109:
5040:Hoklo people
4897:Pangasinense
4850:
4830:
4826:Metro Manila
4791:
4771:
4758:
4744:
4731:
4721:
4707:
4694:
4680:
4667:
4653:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4608:
4605:/luaʔ˨laŋ˨˦/
4527:, short for
4494:: "hospital"
4481:/bin˩tʰau˨˦/
4470:/pa˥˥˦tsi˨˦/
4413:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4365:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4340:(ôe, "shoe")
4331:
4325:
4317:
4301:
4297:(集尼車), from
4294:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4264:
4260:
4251:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4131:
4125:lé-chu-chhài
4124:
4091:
4020:) > sap (
3988:
3985:Contractions
3967:contractions
3930:
3919:
3897:
3883:
3869:
3855:
3841:
3827:
3813:
3804:dialects of
3795:
3781:
3767:
3753:
3739:
3728:
3714:
3700:
3691:), Highland
3686:
3672:
3658:
3649:dialects of
3640:
3626:
3612:
3598:
3584:
3575:dialects of
3566:
3552:
3544:
3504:
3423:
3411:
3386:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3299:
3294:
3281:
3254:Amoy Hokkien
3240:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3187:Presbyterian
3112:Christianity
3105:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3030:Latin script
3000:Latin script
2996:
2962:, including
2941:
2926:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2764:
2758:
2748:
2737:
2726:
2708:
2685:
2655:Cochin China
2628:
2627:prefecture;
2595:
2584:
2570:directly to
2561:
2547:
2512:to and from
2507:
2479:is near the
2475:
2456:
2425:
2402:
2399:(as of 2010)
2384:
2376:
2368:
2331:endogamously
2327:assimilation
2307:Pangasinense
2248:assimilating
2243:
2223:
2210:
2116:
2071:
2060:
2034:
2020:
1975:(modern-day
1955:, under the
1934:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1868:
1854:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1688:
1679:
1669:
1641:
1639:of Hokkien.
1637:Amoy dialect
1629:hymnal books
1621:Amoy dialect
1609:Amoy dialect
1600:
1596:
1585:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1542:province in
1524:
1520:
1516:
1498:
1492:, and other
1461:
1459:
1364:Coat of arms
1219:Architecture
1193:Value system
1117:
1068:Southern Min
1054:Hanyu Pinyin
943:Southern Min
929:Hanyu Pinyin
818:Southern Min
690:
666:
662:
643:Latin script
636:
626:
584:
570:vernacularly
554:Southern Min
545:
544:
531:Linguasphere
523:
516:
494:Southern Min
465:
455:
421:
413:
408:Latin script
333:
319:Southern Min
294:Sino-Tibetan
232:Angeles City
196:Metro Manila
168:Ongpin St.,
148:
137:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
12073:Xiao'erjing
11935:Punctuation
11928:Traditional
11881:Oracle bone
11865:Logographic
11761:Proto-Hakka
11736:Eastern Han
11731:Old Chinese
11593:Classifiers
11560:Northern Wu
11488:Singaporean
10694: [
10682: [
10670: [
10658: [
10646: [
9877:Logographic
9811:Leizhou Min
9783:Central Min
9712:Pu–Xian Min
9532:Teochew Min
9406:Eastern Min
9383:Min Chinese
9341:Old Cebuano
9336:Old Tagalog
9031:Romblomanon
8660:Kasiguranin
8555:(Remontado)
8553:Hatang Kayi
8372:Albay Bikol
8283:Maguindanao
8273:Kapampangan
8153:Proto-Hakka
8082:Mahakiranti
7588:East Bodish
7368:Uttarakhand
7081:海外金門人僑社調查實錄
6986:November 4,
6956:November 4,
6595:. Hsinchu:
6546:. Hsinchu:
6335:. Hsinchu:
5765:February 8,
5385:October 13,
4921:Metro Davao
4919:, while in
4893:Kapampangan
4846:conjugating
4840:, tends to
4723:chi̍t-tháng
4620:/kuã˨laŋ˨˦/
4543:/paʔ˥ban˥˩/
4492:/pĩ˩tsʰu˦˩/
4435:/suã˧kau˩˧/
4352:or Spanish
4344:go-ma-thn̂g
4330:or Spanish
4250:or Tagalog
4198:or Tagalog
4156:or Tagalog
4014:saⁿ-tsa̍p (
3926:Qing forces
3924:), and the
3921:Kok-sèng-iâ
3899:Ē-mn̂g Káng
3857:Chiang-chiu
3755:Chiang-chiu
3663:), Coastal
3589:), Coastal
3554:Lán-nâng-ōe
3264:(i.e. some
3161:, etc. For
3080:"Fukienese"
2888:along with
2874:Philippines
2634:Philippines
2335:Amoy/Xiamen
2315:Waray-waray
2291:Kapampangan
2238:during the
2228:Amoy/Xiamen
2206:Amoy/Xiamen
2118:Kok-sèng-iâ
2067:Qing forces
2065:), and the
2062:Kok-sèng-iâ
2036:Ē-mn̂g Káng
1999:across the
1939:), part of
1921:, known as
1809:(1604), by
1782:, a mostly
1778:(1593), by
1762:(1593), by
1538:reading of
1496:countries.
1470:Philippines
1456:Terminology
671:Philippines
647:Boxer Codex
613:using both
589:within the
578:Philippines
562:Old Chinese
558:Min Chinese
426:, such as:
401:traditional
369:Old Chinese
358:Early forms
314:Coastal Min
204:Metro Davao
186:Philippines
12111:Categories
12024:Wade–Giles
11923:Simplified
11818:Vernacular
11811:in Vietnam
11664:Simplified
11651:Biaoxingma
11598:Honorifics
11533:Historical
11478:Philippine
11468:Sichuanese
11395:Badong Yao
11099:Shao–Jiang
10970:Philippine
10778:Xiangxiang
10773:Shuangfeng
10518:Taizhou Wu
10301:Sichuanese
9908:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
9903:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
9895:Alphabetic
9686:Zhenan Min
9681:Haklau Min
9669:Datian Min
9275:Indonesian
9084:Matigsalug
8733:Cordillera
8703:Bantayanon
8665:Mariveleño
8612:Surigaonon
8587:Ata Manobo
8535:Calabarzon
8326:Bangsamoro
8293:Pangasinan
8258:Hiligaynon
8047:Idu–Taraon
8001:Miju–Meyor
7894:Gyalrongic
7740:Tangkhulic
7515:Raji–Raute
7261:Cobo, Juan
7235:Cobo, Juan
7198:Cobo, Juan
7179:Asia Major
7159:Asia Major
7010:海翁台語文學教學季刊
6611:NTHU Press
6587:, kept as
6562:NTHU Press
6485:NTHU Press
6425:. Manila:
6413:Cobo, Juan
6399:NTHU Press
6365:Cobo, Juan
6351:NTHU Press
6317:Cobo, Juan
6289:Cobo, Juan
6235:Cobo, Juan
5689:Cobo, Juan
5289:: 86–110,
5265:References
5194:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
5182:Lannang-Oe
5065:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
5015:are used.
4901:Metro Cebu
4514:/ɕio˧ɕio˧/
4503:/m̩˨ho˥˥˦/
4472:: "potato"
4446:/ɕin˧suã˧/
4378:, such as
4374:since the
4358:+ Hokkien
4336:+ Hokkien
4308:+ Hokkien
4271:inflection
4206:+ Hokkien
4136:+ Hokkien
4088:Vocabulary
4083:): to wait
4029:sì-tsa̍p (
3910:loyalist,
3885:Goe̍h-káng
3797:Choân-chiu
3742:Manila Bay
3705:), Inland
3628:Choân-chiu
3614:Chio̍h-sai
3568:Choân-chiu
3486:to purely
3468:Marcos Era
3462:-speaking
3458:to native-
3439:taught in
3373:Koan-tè-iâ
3353:Tè-iâ-kong
3251:liturgical
3237:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
3197:Protestant
3181:) and the
3163:Protestant
3120:Protestant
3084:"Fujianwa"
3082:, or even
3073:"Fookien",
3053:Wade-Giles
2990:, akin to
2972:codeswitch
2968:Hiligaynon
2900:under the
2801:cabecillas
2705:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2625:Chang-chew
2564:Suez Canal
2536:, such as
2299:Hiligaynon
2285:, such as
2268:Jose Rizal
2262:family of
2191:Zheng Jing
2084:of ethnic
2051:loyalist,
2022:Goe̍h-káng
1949:Qing China
1945:Ming China
1936:Goe̍h-káng
1666:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
1617:liturgical
1590:Protestant
1384:Great Seal
1290:newspapers
1244:Literature
1203:Honorifics
738:veneration
711:Protestant
699:Taishanese
556:branch of
537:79-AAA-jek
452:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
200:Metro Cebu
69:newspapers
11962:Taiwanese
11952:Cantonese
11796:Classical
11756:Proto-Min
11691:Microsoft
11550:Cantonese
11526:Phonology
11507:Cantonese
11498:Singdarin
11483:Malaysian
11473:Taiwanese
11377:Rongjiang
11367:Yongjiang
11363:Southern
11348:Northern
11322:Luo–Guang
11231:Hong Kong
11226:Guangzhou
11182:Taiwanese
11175:Changting
11109:Zhanjiang
11023:Zhongshan
10990:Malaysian
10985:Singapore
10950:Zhangzhou
10902:Zhongshan
10795:Yong–Quan
10691:Jing-Zhan
10621:Xuancheng
10598:Jiangshan
10477:Changzhou
10398:Junjiahua
10251:Guanzhong
10134:Changchun
10018:Proto-Min
9829:Hainanese
9715:(Hinghwa)
9638:Southern
9608:Northern
9597:Taiwanese
9395:Languages
9280:Malaysian
9175:Caluyanon
9006:Kagayanen
8956:Agutaynen
8869:Sarangani
8864:Sangirese
8801:Kankanaey
8791:Kalanguya
8723:Porohanon
8713:Karolanos
8495:Kalanguya
8387:Masbateño
8253:Chavacano
8146:Proto-Min
8077:Macro-Bai
7955:Arunachal
7948:(possible
7763:Boro–Garo
7667:Kuki-Chin
7650:and Indo-
7565:Arunachal
7552:Himalayas
7527:Tandrange
7494:Chepangic
7425:Dhimalish
7359:Himalayas
7309:April 13,
7185:: 95–186.
7130:. Brill.
6808:cite book
6771:cite book
6755:"Manilla"
6734:cite book
6697:cite book
6647:cite book
6419:(1590s).
6269:cite book
5924:April 13,
5727:cite book
5672:2190-8796
5356:Glottolog
5190:咱人話 / 咱儂話
5045:Holopedia
5001:Chavacano
4871:(akin to
4853:provinces
4851:In other
4788:Hokaglish
4782:Hokaglish
4773:chi̍t-iak
4709:cha̍p-bān
4655:chi̍t-bān
4622:: "cold"
4525:/tʰaŋ˥˥˦/
4483:: "bread"
4455:/ɡi˩san˧/
4394:(好暗晡！) /
4216:kam-á-tit
3848:Zhangzhou
3843:Liông-hái
3783:Liông-khe
3746:Zhangzhou
3716:Éng-chhun
3697:頂南安 / 山南安
3595:海南安 / 下南安
3586:Chìn-kang
3420:Education
3363:Koan-kong
3340:Confucian
3220:reverends
3192:), etc.
3088:"Foojian"
3065:"Chinese"
3027:Romanized
2988:Hokaglish
2862:Chuanchiu
2854:"Chinese"
2827:even the
2786:Kastilang
2686:By 1883,
2638:Chin-chew
2621:Indonesia
2597:Singapore
2585:By 1873,
2530:Spaniards
2485:Spaniards
2457:By 1832,
2319:Chavacano
2275:loanwords
2151:Spaniards
2143:ultimatum
2082:massacres
1979:) of the
1973:New Spain
1963:over the
1795:Sangleyes
1780:Juan Cobo
1727:Juan Cobo
1693:as their
1554:"Chinese"
1525:Fukienese
1490:Indonesia
1486:Singapore
1460:The term
1327:festivals
1317:Mythology
695:Cantonese
518:Glottolog
484:ISO 639-3
374:Proto-Min
133:咱人話 / 咱儂話
99:June 2016
12046:Bopomofo
11975:Phonetic
11967:Two-cell
11896:Clerical
11806:in Japan
11801:Adoption
11789:Official
11780:Literary
11655:Boshiamy
11632:Xiehouyu
11588:Numerals
11565:Mandarin
11493:Standard
11453:Standard
11327:Qin–Lian
11317:Yong–Xun
11302:Gao–Yang
11248:Jiujiang
11236:Malaysia
11170:Tingzhou
11121:Wenchang
11082:Jianyang
11072:Northern
11031:Sanxiang
10945:Quanzhou
10928:Southern
10897:Manjiang
10761:Changsha
10721:Nanchang
10716:Chang–Du
10613:Xuanzhou
10603:Qingtian
10557:Wencheng
10503:Jiangyin
10498:Jinxiang
10488:Shaoxing
10482:Hangzhou
10462:Shanghai
10403:Qinjiang
10311:Minjiang
10283:Xinjiang
10241:Dongping
10205:Jiaoliao
10144:Shenyang
10117:Mandarin
10001:Research
9642:Hokkien
9612:Hokkien
9260:Japanese
9243:Mandarin
9180:Capiznon
9064:Higaonon
9036:Tadyawan
9026:Ratagnon
9021:Palawano
8948:Mimaropa
8902:Kabalian
8874:Tagabawa
8834:Davaoeño
8746:Balangao
8597:Higaonon
8592:Butuanon
8450:Bugkalot
8220:Filipino
7951:isolates
7918:Mondzish
7846:Cai–Long
7594:Tshangla
7550:Eastern
7393:Tamangic
7363:Himachal
7357:Western
7351:branches
7263:(1593).
7241:(1593).
7204:(1593).
6896:cite web
6886:June 27,
6834:(1885).
6631:Hok-këèn
6519:cite web
6291:(1593).
6241:(1593).
6221:23833463
6167:(1593).
5695:(1593).
5438:July 28,
5379:Archived
5318:(1984),
5234:of saⁿ (
5019:See also
4977:Tacloban
4885:Bikolano
4863:, other
4842:code-mix
4818:mesolect
4607:: "hot"
4407:(好暗暝！):
4398:(好下晡！):
4385:(好早起！):
4322:sneakers
4318:go-ma-ôe
3955:Filipino
3933:Quanzhou
3829:Tâng-oaⁿ
3788:Quanzhou
3769:Hái-têng
3760:Haicheng
3735:Quanzhou
3707:Yongchun
3688:Kim-mn̂g
3674:Tâng-oaⁿ
3619:Quanzhou
3577:Jinjiang
3559:Quanzhou
3480:Mandarin
3430:Mandarin
3378:door god
3332:Mahāyāna
3317:Filipino
3309:Mandarin
3262:Mandarin
3258:Mandarin
3076:"Fukien"
3046:Mandarin
3020:Mandarin
3008:literacy
2976:Filipino
2948:Filipino
2910:Filipino
2835:—
2791:tindahan
2752:—
2741:—
2730:—
2676:—
2643:Thailand
2552:—
2526:Chinchew
2494:—
2472:), that
2397:Pampanga
2167:Mindanao
2159:Moluccas
2001:Americas
1985:Veracruz
1969:Acapulco
1910:Tâng-oaⁿ
1870:Hái-têng
1861:Haicheng
1843:Mandarin
1570:Filipino
1562:"Intsik"
1536:Mandarin
1505:Filipino
1482:Malaysia
1389:Language
1310:Internet
1275:Folklore
1188:Religion
1159:Language
679:Filipino
651:romanize
466:sporadic
456:sporadic
440:Mandarin
435:Filipino
329:Quanzhou
276:Cotabato
228:Tacloban
11945:Braille
11906:Cursive
11856:Scripts
11723:History
11713:ZhengMa
11659:Cangjie
11625:Chengyu
11580:Grammar
11555:Hokkien
11512:Hokkien
11420:Waxiang
11400:Danzhou
11372:Guandao
11357:Younian
11352:Tongdao
11341:Pinghua
11281:Taishan
11197:Raoping
11165:Huizhou
11155:Meixian
11131:Banqiao
11104:Leizhou
11094:Pu–Xian
11089:Central
11077:Jian'ou
11052:Longyan
11000:Teochew
10937:Hokkien
10912:Nanlang
10868:Fu–Ning
10848:Changle
10830:Houguan
10821:Eastern
10768:Loushao
10756:Changyi
10738:Da–Tong
10733:Ying–Yi
10679:Yanzhou
10547:Wenzhou
10540:Oujiang
10531:Tiantai
10526:Taizhou
10435:Zhi–Yan
10382:Nantong
10377:Nanjing
10352:Gui–Liu
10342:Nanping
10337:Kunming
10263:Luoyang
10218:Qingdao
10190:Tianjin
10167:Beijing
10159:Beijing
9953:Peng'im
9628:Hokkien
9550:Hokkien
9414:Houguan
9292:Spanish
9238:Hokkien
9233:Chinese
9203:Subanen
9160:Aklanon
9142:Tiruray
9122:Ilianen
9089:Subanen
9079:Kamigin
9069:Ilianen
9041:Tawbuid
8996:Hanunoo
8991:Cuyonon
8961:Alangan
8938:Taglish
8920:Bolinao
8892:Abaknon
8854:Mansaka
8849:Mandaya
8839:Kalagan
8806:Malaweg
8796:Kalinga
8756:Ga'dang
8718:Magahat
8708:Eskayan
8645:Botolan
8630:Abellen
8607:Mamanwa
8520:Paranan
8505:Malaweg
8485:Itbayat
8470:Gaddang
8298:Tagalog
8288:Maranao
8278:Karay-a
8268:Ilocano
8248:Cebuano
8225:English
8165:Italics
8026:Siangic
8007:Songlin
7986:Kho-Bwa
7964:Hrusish
7946:Dubious
7929:Loloish
7923:Burmish
7888:Qiangic
7859:Longjia
7826:Karenic
7820:Nungish
7800:Sinitic
7686:Hkongso
7648:Myanmar
7618:Gongduk
7582:Tibetic
7500:Chepang
7473:Magaric
7419:Kiranti
7399:Newaric
7165:: 1–43.
7118:Sources
6718:"Luzon"
6639:Batavia
6591:in the
6511:Youtube
5886:SunStar
5407:May 30,
5361:Leipzig
5303:2718766
5230:), the
5214:Fookien
5186:Chinese
5013:Tagalog
5011:and/or
5009:Cebuano
4969:Ilocano
4949:Bacolod
4937:Tagalog
4881:Ilocano
4873:Bislish
4861:Tagalog
4857:regions
4824:within
4814:English
4810:Tagalog
4808:(mixed
4806:Taglish
4802:English
4798:Tagalog
4368:calqued
4304:jeepney
4282:lō͘-sin
4237:sap-bûn
4222:kamatis
4202:patatas
4133:lechuga
4118:English
4114:Tagalog
4110:Spanish
3975:archaic
3963:English
3936:Hokkien
3912:Koxinga
3876:Yuegang
3834:Longhai
3820:Tong'an
3815:Oaⁿ-hái
3802:Hokkien
3730:An-khoe
3665:Tong’an
3642:Hūi-oaⁿ
3573:Hokkien
3496:Hokkien
3492:English
3460:Hokkien
3448:Hokkien
3434:Chinese
3400:Chinese
3397:Sangley
3329:Chinese
3321:Tagalog
3313:English
3242:bo̍k-su
3227:Chinese
3224:Hokkien
3216:pastors
3204:liturgy
3151:liturgy
3147:Chinese
3144:Sangley
3061:Hokkien
2992:Taglish
2984:English
2980:Tagalog
2956:English
2952:Tagalog
2933:Spanish
2920:of the
2906:Tagalog
2896:of the
2890:Spanish
2886:English
2884:, when
2866:Hokkien
2864:-based
2829:Chinese
2810:Spanish
2796:Tagalog
2781:Spanish
2772:Español
2710:Lū-sòng
2695:Chinese
2692:Hokkien
2667:Vietnam
2653:],
2647:Myanmar
2613:Jakarta
2609:Malacca
2534:British
2489:Manilla
2393:Candaba
2385:Ko-lu̍t
2377:Sian-ta
2354:Chinese
2351:Sangley
2311:Ilocano
2287:Tagalog
2272:Hokkien
2260:mestizo
2256:Spanish
2252:Tagalog
2236:British
2216:Chinese
2213:Sangley
2202:Chinese
2199:Sangley
2183:malaria
2179:Koxinga
2155:Spanish
2139:Koxinga
2125:at the
2109:Koxinga
2103:to the
2089:Chinese
2086:Sangley
2053:Koxinga
2013:Yuegang
1989:Seville
1965:Pacific
1927:Yuegang
1915:Teo-Swa
1913:), and
1901:Tong'an
1896:Oaⁿ-hái
1879:Longhai
1875:Yuegang
1818:(1600s)
1792:Hokkien
1749:Jesuits
1725:by Fr.
1709:History
1652:Chinese
1648:Hokkien
1644:endonym
1613:Hokkien
1605:liturgy
1582:Hokkien
1574:Tagalog
1566:"Tsino"
1558:English
1531:of the
1517:Fookien
1509:Tagalog
1466:Hokkien
1344:Symbols
1265:Cuisine
1198:Kinship
1154:History
1146:Society
1075:Hokkien
1013:Hokkien
950:Hokkien
888:Hokkien
825:Hokkien
784:Hokkien
689:. As a
683:Tagalog
633:Hokkien
628:Hàn-bûn
582:Chinese
576:in the
564:of the
550:Hokkien
509:Bân-lâm
506:Hokkien
498:Min Nan
445:Spanish
430:English
324:Hokkien
304:Chinese
299:Sinitic
170:Binondo
83:scholar
12014:Postal
12009:MPS II
11886:Bronze
11766:Ba–Shu
11686:Google
11681:Pinyin
11617:Idioms
11430:Yeheni
11312:Wu–Hua
11307:Goulou
11286:Xinhui
11263:Dapeng
11258:Weitou
11243:Xiguan
11218:Yuehai
11187:Sixian
11126:Haikou
11116:Hainan
11047:Zhenan
11013:Haklau
11008:Swatow
10980:Penang
10965:Taiwan
10960:Chawan
10907:Longdu
10876:Ningde
10853:Gutian
10843:Fuqing
10838:Fuzhou
10800:Qiyang
10783:Wugang
10728:Yi–Liu
10655:Xiu-Yi
10643:Ji-She
10593:Quzhou
10585:Chu–Qu
10575:Jinhua
10567:Wuzhou
10552:Rui'an
10493:Ningbo
10467:Suzhou
10357:Wuming
10328:Zigong
10316:Leshan
10278:Lanyin
10273:Dungan
10268:Xuzhou
10246:Gangou
10223:Weihai
10213:Dalian
10172:Taiwan
10139:Harbin
9979:Hàn-lô
9662:Others
9476:Others
9450:Funing
9297:status
9287:Sindhi
9265:Korean
9255:German
9250:French
9228:Basque
9223:Arabic
9127:Iranun
9074:Iranun
9011:Molbog
8897:Baybay
8811:Tuwali
8776:Itawis
8766:Ifugao
8761:Ibaloi
8751:Bontoc
8675:Sambal
8635:Ambala
8602:Kamayo
8582:Agusan
8574:Caraga
8548:Manide
8490:Ivatan
8480:Itawis
8475:Isinai
8382:Manide
8349:Tausug
8334:Iranun
8316:region
8263:Ibanag
8039:Milang
7993:Puroik
7977:Mijiic
7901:Ersuic
7852:Caijia
7768:Konyak
7734:Meitei
7638:Chamdo
7575:Bodish
7561:Bhutan
7507:Bhujel
7454:Lepcha
7445:Lhokpu
7431:Dhimal
7376:Sikkim
7134:
7058:
6637:&
6603:
6554:
6477:
6433:
6391:
6343:
6251:&
6219:
6132:
6102:
6070:
6038:
6002:
5705:&
5670:
5535:
5501:
5431:GitHub
5326:
5301:
5212:, and
5210:Fukien
5196::
5188::
4991:, and
4971:, and
4965:Baguio
4955:, and
4945:Iloilo
4927:, and
4925:Butuan
4915:, and
4838:syntax
4230:tomate
4194:patata
4188:pà-chî
4146:ka kaó
4069:): how
4055:): who
3953:, and
3818:) and
3774:Longxi
3772:) and
3693:Nan'an
3679:Kinmen
3660:Ē-mn̂g
3651:Xiamen
3633:Hui’an
3605:Shishi
3591:Nan'an
3404:Fujian
3344:Guandi
3336:Taoism
3295:"Amoy"
3282:"Amoy"
3239::
3229::
3130:, and
3128:Taoism
3114:(both
3069:"Amoy"
3055:, and
3049:Pinyin
2982:) and
2954:) and
2912:, the
2858:"Amoy"
2852:where
2707::
2697::
2671:Swatow
2630:Manila
2605:Penang
2576:Iberia
2514:Manila
2470:Fujian
2448:Madrid
2446:under
2379:) 高律 (
2343:Fujian
2171:Manila
2165:, and
2131:Taiwan
2093:Manila
2076:and a
2009:Europe
2005:Iberia
1977:Mexico
1953:Manila
1899:) and
1753:Manila
1699:second
1676:Tâi-lô
1668::
1654::
1625:bibles
1586:"Amoy"
1540:Fujian
1521:Fukien
1478:Taiwan
1374:Flower
1354:Anthem
1334:Sports
1300:cinema
1229:Comics
1171:People
1092:Tâi-lô
967:Tâi-lô
842:Tâi-lô
733:, and
731:Taoist
703:Chinoy
685:) and
462:Tâi-lô
272:Lucena
264:Laguna
252:Baguio
248:Ilagan
244:Iligan
220:Iloilo
192:Region
176:(1949)
174:Manila
143:Tâi-lô
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
12078:Nüshu
11782:forms
11696:Sogou
11643:Input
11517:Hakka
11455:forms
11295:Other
11253:Shiqi
11192:Hailu
11160:Wuhua
11147:Hakka
11065:Other
11040:Other
10975:Pedan
10890:Other
10881:Fu'an
10858:Matsu
10790:Ji–Xu
10748:Xiang
10698:]
10686:]
10674:]
10667:Qi-De
10662:]
10650:]
10508:Shadi
10454:Taihu
10408:Gyami
10391:Other
10347:Wuhan
10256:Xi'an
10195:Jinan
9972:Mixed
9270:Malay
9185:Sulod
9137:Tboli
9112:Blaan
9059:Bukid
9016:Onhan
9001:Iraya
8976:Buhid
8971:Batak
8844:Klata
8829:Blaan
8786:Iwaak
8781:Itneg
8771:Isnag
8640:Antsi
8525:Yogad
8500:Karao
8354:Yakan
8303:Waray
8243:Bikol
7970:Hruso
7866:Luren
7840:Kathu
7814:Tujia
7702:Taman
7673:Mruic
7660:Karbi
7601:Basum
7557:Tibet
7479:Magar
7405:Newar
7372:Nepal
7175:(PDF)
7155:(PDF)
7099:(PDF)
6920:(PDF)
6635:Macao
6217:JSTOR
5974:(PDF)
5951:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5611:(PDF)
5475:[
5426:(PDF)
5299:JSTOR
5101:Notes
4981:Waray
4961:Vigan
4889:Waray
4587:and,
4288:dozen
4276:pagar
4261:pá-lâ
4254:sabon
4246:jabón
4167:ka-pé
4160:kakaw
4152:cacao
3979:dated
3951:tones
3806:Anhai
3305:sutra
3185:(for
3177:(for
2794:" in
2775:" or
2769:Chino
2721:Luzon
2719:'
2657:[
2619:[
2572:Spain
2487:from
2452:Spain
2347:China
2187:Dutch
2123:Dutch
2105:Dutch
1993:Spain
1887:Anhai
1631:from
1544:China
1474:China
1394:Motto
1295:radio
1285:Media
1257:Other
1249:Music
1234:Dance
742:sutra
735:Matsu
268:Rizal
260:Laoag
256:Bohol
236:Vigan
90:JSTOR
76:books
12039:Yale
12029:EFEO
11891:Seal
11676:Dayi
11273:Siyi
10955:Amoy
10472:Wuxi
10369:Huai
10182:Jilu
8741:Atta
8655:Indi
8445:Atta
8440:Arta
8344:Sama
8314:(by
8087:Rung
8032:Koro
7906:Naic
7833:Gong
7789:and
7787:East
7745:Zeme
7714:Naga
7632:Tani
7625:ʼOle
7521:Dura
7486:Kham
7438:Toto
7311:2024
7132:ISBN
7056:ISBN
6988:2019
6958:2019
6902:link
6888:2024
6814:link
6800:Amoy
6777:link
6763:Amoy
6740:link
6726:Amoy
6703:link
6653:link
6601:ISBN
6552:ISBN
6525:link
6475:ISBN
6431:ISBN
6389:ISBN
6341:ISBN
6275:link
6247:(in
6130:ISBN
6100:ISBN
6068:ISBN
6036:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5926:2024
5767:2021
5733:link
5701:(in
5668:ISSN
5570:2021
5533:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5440:2022
5409:2022
5387:2023
5324:ISBN
5205:lit.
4985:Naga
4963:and
4947:and
4844:via
4836:and
4812:and
4800:and
4677:一萬一千
4355:goma
4349:goma
4333:goma
4327:goma
4266:paga
4181:café
4173:kape
4116:and
4104:and
3969:and
3961:and
3942:and
3908:Ming
3721:Anxi
3647:Amoy
3445:Amoy
3272:and
3118:and
2856:and
2783:or "
2766:Caló
2716:lit.
2688:Rev.
2607:and
2587:Rev.
2580:cape
2562:The
2524:and
2522:Amoy
2510:Amoy
2459:Rev.
2337:and
2325:and
2254:and
2230:and
2211:The
2163:Sulu
2045:Ming
2007:and
1997:Asia
1947:and
1747:and
1642:The
1627:and
1564:and
1404:Tree
1369:Flag
1359:Bird
1224:Arts
697:and
524:None
504:for
492:for
240:Naga
224:Jolo
62:news
11771:Gan
11671:CKC
11538:Old
11415:She
11405:Mai
11209:Yue
10812:Min
10708:Gan
10635:Hui
10484:(?)
10422:Jin
10149:Taz
9170:Ati
9165:Ata
9132:Obo
8966:Asi
8859:Obo
7953:) (
7807:Bai
7755:Sal
7695:Pyu
7679:Mru
7608:Nam
7216:UST
7014:doi
6211:".
5715:UST
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