Philippine Revolution

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conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines." After conclusion of this agreement, U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain. General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15.

970: 957: 464: 377: 2765:, who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines). This was the first time that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the increasing economic and political stability in the Philippines, the middle class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized through a process known as Secularization. In this process, control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted negatively and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests began. 926: 901: 882: 863: 844: 825: 806: 787: 768: 749: 730: 711: 528: 443: 364: 351: 338: 3162: 64: 84: 4657: 692: 673: 654: 635: 616: 597: 572: 547: 503: 257: 4782:, there was no mention of independence, or of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate. In a July 28 communication, Pratt stated that no promises had been made to Aguinaldo regarding U.S. policy, with the concept aimed at facilitating the occupation and administration of the Philippines, while preventing a possible conflict of action. On June 16, Day cabled Pratt with instructions to avoid unauthorized negotiations, along with a reminder that Pratt had no authority to enter into arrangements on behalf of the U.S. government. Filipino scholar 3341: 242: 95: 945: 10711: 9436: 3254: 4384: 272: 4060: 10652: 5153:

Filipino people had united around the United States, declaring "unmistakably in favor of peace", and said, "a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands." The U.S. president responded to this on July 4 by proclaiming a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who have participated in the insurrection against U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines.

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on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO

582: 557: 513: 10663: 4717:, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino control, after General Monet's retreat to Manila with his remaining force of 600 men and 80 wounded. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government. When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he had brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by 4821:

mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces. There was some looting by Insurgent forces in portions of the city they occupied. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.

938: 919: 894: 875: 856: 837: 818: 799: 780: 761: 742: 723: 704: 685: 666: 647: 628: 609: 590: 565: 540: 521: 496: 229: 55: 4266: 75: 6800: 4906: 2510: 3580: 3525:. Additionally, due to the scant military resources Spain had in the Philippines, the governor called for the participation of civilians in the defence of Spanish sovereingty and established the Loyal Volunteers' Battalion in Manila, following the example of similar units created in Cuba and Puerto Rico between the 1850s and the 1860s. More similar units were created in Manila and other areas under Spanish control. 3183:. Patiño was engaged in a bitter dispute over pay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led a Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan." 4670:, commander of the Eighth Corps' 2nd Division (U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army). General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request. 3939: 3931: 2730:, the Junta General de Reformas, was established in Manila. It consisted of five Filipinos, eleven Spanish civilians and five Spanish friars. They had the ability to vote on reforms, subject to ratification by the Home Government. However, none of the reforms were put into effect, due to the friars fearing that the reforms would diminish their influence. The Assembly ceased to exist after the 1874 3923: 3645:, wherein he decried the use of his name "as a war-cry among certain people who were up in arms", stated that "for reforms to bear fruit, they must come from above, since those that come from below will be irregular and uncertain shocks", and affirmed that he "condemn, this absurd, savage insurrection". However, the text was suppressed on the recommendation of the Judge-Advocate General. 4817:. The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces. 2802: 3553:

signals were never arranged. Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of Bonifacio's battle plans by Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other provinces (which proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities also transferred a regiment of 500 native troops to

1824:, effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the 3881:, refused to supply provisions, Bonifacio ordered it to be burned. When Aguinaldo learned about the Naic Military Agreement and the reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge) on April 27, 1897. Colonel Agapito Bonzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio and his brother 1777:. Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that the elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in 3544:, but instead attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some historians have argued that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the fault of the Cavite rebels due to their absence, as their presence would have proved crucial. In their memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in Manila by claiming 3122:. Most of the members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". The Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils ( 4450:: "Order the squadron ...to Hong Kong. Keep full of coal. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands." Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching 4009:), a fort was constructed at Kakarong de Sili that was like a miniature city. It had streets, an independent police force, a military band, a military arsenal with factories for bolos and artillery, and repair shops for rifles and cartridges. The Kakarong Republic had a complete set of officials, with 4886:

Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General

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wrote in 1927: "A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth

2176:, who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ...". On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed 4820:

On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. While the plan was for a

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park. However, these claims have been dismissed as "historical mythology"; as reasoned by historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they would have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that such

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This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that

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founded the Katipunan (in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, "Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the rituals and

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began to change the political landscape of Europe, as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from the king to the people through representation in parliament. People in other European countries began asking for representation, as well. In the Philippines, this idea spread through the

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Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in the Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila. Seven of these

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to appeal for an end to the fighting, but Otis rejected it, insisting that "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." On June 2, the Governing Council of the Philippine Republic declared in a proclamation that it "has concluded to continue the war" against the Americans. Fighting quickly

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had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities between the two nations. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the

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assuming civil authority of the Philippines. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo

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On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in the evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and

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began organizing activities which demanded that control of Philippine parishes be returned to the Filipino seculars. Father Peláez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake, while Father Gómez retired to private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father

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on June 23, 1869. On the night of July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacañan Palace to express their appreciation for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila, including José Cabezas de Herrera (the Civil

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Aguinaldo and his party arrived in Hong Kong with MXN$ 400,000. The funds were deposited in bank account controlled by Aguinaldo. The exiles were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money promised. After their arrival, Isabelo Artacho, a revolutionary who had not been

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The goals of the Propaganda Movement included legal equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of individual liberties to Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press,

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The revolution essentially ended with the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by American Forces on March 23, 1901, though fighting continued for some time in a few areas. Aguinaldo declared allegiance to the United States on April 1 and issued a proclamation on April 19 acknowledging that most of the

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Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly

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and nobility, and were granted special rights and privileges such as positions in local government and the right to vote, though they were lower than the peninsulares and insulares in social standing. Many members of the Philippine Revolution belonged to the principalía class, like

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and prepared and hosted the election, as most of the Magdalo faction was occupied by battle preparations. Bonifacio chaired the election and stated that the election results were to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned over to

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to foreign trade, the Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business. The royal decree of February 2, 1800, prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines. as did the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816. In 1823,

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with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.

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Before the start of the Philippine Revolution, Filipino society was subdivided into social classifications that were based on the economic status of a person. Background, ancestry, and economic status played a huge role in determining standing in the social hierarchy.

2880:, which were being fired for the feast of St. Sebastian, as the signal to start a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread a reign of terror and to eliminate subversive political and church figures. Among these were priests 5089:, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with 2985:

also included leading Spanish liberals, such as Miguel Morayta. The Propaganda Movement in Europe resulted in the Spanish legislature passing some reforms for the islands, but the colonial government did not implement them. After being published from 1889 to 1895,

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The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andrés and Procopio to death on May 10, 1897, for committing sedition and treason. Aguinaldo supported deportation of Andrés and Procopio rather than execution, but withdrew his decision as a result of pressure from

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Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a

4017:, also known by his nom-de-guerre "Maestrong Sebio", then head of the Katipunan local organization, as Brigadier General of the Army of the Republic. The fort was attacked and completely destroyed on January 1, 1897, by a large Spanish force headed by General 3950:, played a vital and historical role in the fight for Philippine independence. Pandi is historically known for the Real de Kakarong de Sili Shrine – Inang Filipina Shrine, the site where the bloodiest revolution in Bulacan took place, where more than 3,000 2180:. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government. In 1898, between June and September 10, the 5029:

as president. Its finalized constitution includes an article essentially authorizing the president to rule by decree, "while the country needs to fight for its independence".{{efn|Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and

5013:, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign the draft when the latter objected. On January 21, 1899, after some modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the 2788:

born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule, the criollos had been accustomed to being semi-autonomous with the governor-general, who was the only Spaniard (peninsulares) government official. The criollos demanded representation in the

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only lasted for a few hours, and ending with no loss of life among the American forces. While the naval victory was decisive, the small fleet lacked the numbers needed to capture Manila. The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at

4764:. He instead urged Aguinaldo to create a revolutionary government. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was eventually able to convince him. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a 2245:" in the late 19th century, paved the way for a united Filipino people. However, the growth of nationalism was slow because of the difficulty in social and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. In a dated letter written by the Filipino writer 4213:) to the revolutionaries in three installments: $ 200,000 (Mexican peso) upon leaving the country, $ 100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another $ 200,000 (Mexican peso) upon the declaration of general amnesty. 4944:, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $ 20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement was clarified through the 7788: 3278:

On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties on both sides.

3207:(community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the Philippine government: initially August 26 in Balintawak, and later August 23 in 1785:

guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed the

2414:, to the Philippines in order to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations. After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown. The report, 3294:

merchants— done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels—came across a group of Katipuneros and briefly engaged them. The commander of the guards, Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to the authorities, and the report drove

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in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of Philippine churches, and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway through the process, it was aborted due to the return of the

2105:(The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms in the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that Rizal was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported him a few days after the Liga was established. 7941: 3142:) of the Katipunan and was the head of its Supreme Council. Some historians estimate that there were between 30,000 and 400,000 members by 1896; other historians argue that there were only a few hundred to a few thousand members. 7993: 3830:. It called for the election of officers for the revolutionary government, which was in need of united military forces, as there was a pending Spanish offensive against the Magdalo faction. The Magdiwang faction allied with 5076:

On February 4, 1899, hostilities between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry patrolling between Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier. The Filipino forces returned fire, thus igniting a

3439:, where they proceeded to attack these areas. They captured the areas, but were driven back by Spanish counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way, Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding 3839:, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. Bonifacio also lost other positions to members of his Magdiwang faction. Instead, he was elected as Director of the Interior, but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo, 1731:. Katipunan soon gained influence across the islands, and sought an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon 4361:

exiled, arrived in Hong Kong and demanded the funds as payment for his services, threatening legal action which would tie up the funds. On advice from Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo and two aides fled under false names to

3190:, colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in the secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. 3739:. Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary government after his early successes, despite the existence of Bonifacio's Katipunan government. 4032:

In memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in the battle, the Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the Legionarios del Trabajo erected a monument of the Inang Filipina Shrine (Mother Philippines Shrine) in 1924 in the

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captain, declared the Philippines to be independent from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines. In January 1872, the Insular uprisings began when soldiers and workers of the Cavite Arsenal of

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to obtain Rizal's support, but Rizal refused to participate in an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered by a Spanish friar, which resulted in the start of the Philippine Revolution.

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American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost their control over the Philippine business market. This decline was due to lack of support from the

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was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war. Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in the treaty.

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with fresh reinforcements of about 12,000 men. This battle eventually liberated Cavite from Spanish colonial control and led to the first time the modern flag of the Philippines being unfurled in victory.

2545:, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and 3784:

to be the movement's head because of his successes in the battlefield compared to Bonifacio's record of personal defeats. Meanwhile, the Spanish troops, now under the command of the new Governor-General

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were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being elected as President of the Philippines. On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces. The

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had not intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the Katipunan, Bonifacio declared the election void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in

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This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos.

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had verbally assured him that "the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy". In an April 28 message from Pratt to

3372:. The Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Elsewhere, rebels attacked 2351:) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade. 1759:

won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to the eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's

7046: 3986:. In recognition thereof, these three "Republics" established in Bulacan have been incorporated in the provincial seal. The Kakarong Republic, established in late 1896, grew out of the local 4883:

was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.

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warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces.

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in 1762–1764 made Spain realize the impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and commerce. In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to transport Asian goods to the

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It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the head of the Katipunan. The Magdalo faction agitated for

3758:, where they won their first major victory over the Spaniards. However, rivalries between command and territory soon developed, and they refused to cooperate with each other in battle. 2241:

nationalism was slow, but inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military and clergy prevalent during three centuries of colonial rule, and the exposure of these abuses by the "

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The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not carry out the planned Katipunan attack on Manila the following day and instead attacked a powder magazine at

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class. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, which also failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer,

1467: 2371:. These became two of the leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors, because they offered high prices for Philippine exports such as 2300:

in 1840. A royal decree issued in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the provinces under any pretext whatsoever, and in 1857, several anti-foreigner laws were renewed.

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of the Philippine Expedition) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25. The 1st Brigade of the corps' 2nd Division arrived on July 30, under the command of Brigadier General

8139: 5720: 2052:. These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Bound together by common fate, they established an organization known as the 4025:

was only a lieutenant at that time, and the Battle of Kakarong de Sili was his first "baptism of fire". This was where he was first wounded and escaped to Manatal, a nearby

2368: 1848:. Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the 4868:, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. 2296:

promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for the purpose of trading. It was reissued by Governor-General

4985:. This followed the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, and the Congreso Revolucionario (Revolutionary Congress) was assembled at 3333:. However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did occur; according to this view, Bonifacio's battle at San Juan del Monte (now called the " 5487: 3271:

was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open

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tell that the Kakarong Republic was the first truly organized revolutionary government established in the country to overthrow the Spaniards, antedating even the famous

3001:, and the Liga was soon disbanded. Ideological differences had contributed to its dissolution. Conservative upper-class members favoring reform, under the leadership of 1528: 1224: 9615: 3230:

Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation. According to historian

2086:, 1891), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown of 1170: 1139: 3368:, which they attacked at about 4 a.m. on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte powder magazine along with a water station which supplied 2237:

The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of ideas and exposition to the international community, which led to the start of nationalistic endeavours. The rise of

1332: 10677: 9610: 3227:. Furthermore, at the time, "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong. 7615: 5326: 4948:, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S. 8915: 4856:

acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as

3777:(present-day Rizal) province to mediate between the factions. Perhaps due to his kinship ties with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang. 2582:, or criollo people, were Spaniards who were born in the colonies. The principalía was a hereditary class of local Indios who descended from precolonial datus, 10699: 2990:

began to run out of funds, and it had not accomplished concrete changes in the Philippines. José Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, where he founded

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class. They discussed political problems and sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in

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The Spanish people as well as native descendants of precolonial nobility belonged to the upper class, and they were further subdivided into more classes: the

6803: 2869: 3126:). The provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level". Local councils ( 10763: 8945: 8941: 1593: 1543: 1347: 3177:

eventually became known to the colonial authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font, general manager of the printing shop

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telegraphed that since the insurrection against the United States had ended and provincial civil governments had been established throughout most of the

4010: 3959: 2855:. On the political front, Insular activists included Joaquín Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The unrest escalated into a large insurgency in 1823 when 1462: 1357: 1307: 4865: 9402: 8760: 4180:, declaring "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion", proffered peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer named 2396: 2392: 1609: 1377: 1312: 3966:

by about 6,000 Katipuneros from various towns of Bulacan, headed by Brigadier General Eusebio Roque (better known as "Maestrong Sebio or Dimabungo").

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had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their lack of firearms and preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to

1942: 7994:"Today in Filipino history, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his oath of allegiance to the United States" 4940:, which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant 2952: 1548: 1523: 1372: 7651:"Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands" 5919: 10601: 9542: 3282:

Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating toward Balara. At noon, Bonifacio and some of his men briefly rested in

2784:(Spaniards born in Spain) began pouring into the colony and started to occupy the various government positions traditionally held by the criollos ( 2400: 1619: 1573: 1407: 3443:

from a Spanish bullet that grazed his collar. Despite his retreat, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered to be a threat.

10466: 10155: 9926: 9007: 4014: 3215:" or "Cry of Balintawak". However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as 1588: 1553: 1477: 1317: 1217: 10966: 10244: 10232: 9466: 8465: 8284: 8235: 8975: 9989: 9797: 5128:, and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of 4417: 4413: 3482: 3345: 7942:"Speech of President Arroyo during the Commemoration of the Centennial Celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War April 16, 2002" 3536:. The lack of guns has been proposed as a possible reason why the Manila attack allegedly never succeeded. Also, the Katipunan leaders from 10878: 9994: 9688: 9032: 5376:

The Americans in the Philippines: A History of the Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Introductory Account of the Spanish Rule

5204: 3220: 5017:

was finally approved by the Congress and signed by Aguinaldo. Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and

3320:. There, he held meetings to finalize plans for the Manila attack the following day. Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation: 10486: 10059: 9952: 9916: 5049:

erupted between Filipino and American forces. Fighting escalated quickly, developing from a continuance of the revolution into into the

5010: 4787:

was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States."

4765: 4708: 3954:

revolutionaries died. Likewise, it is on this site where the 'Republic of Real de Kakarong de Sili' of 1896, one of the first Philippine

368: 197: 10692: 10032: 9894: 9792: 9787: 9772: 9767: 9424: 9027: 8402: 5189: 1743:

led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in

1685: 1210: 7967: 4852:

On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines, with General

3735:, won prestige through defeating Spanish troops in "set piece" battles, while other rebels like Bonifacio and Llanera were engaged in 2707: 2363:

In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms were established—the

1946: 1832:. Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The 10707: 10200: 9899: 9759: 9143: 9121: 8939:

Coats, Steven D. (2006). "Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898". Combat studies Institute Press.

7166:

cc=philamer, rgn=full%20text, idno=afj2233.0001.001, didno=AFJ2233.0001.001, view=image, seq=120, page=root, size=s, frm=frameset 100

5283:

The funds were denominated in Mexican dollars, which were worth at the time to about 50 US cents — equivalent to about $ 18.31 today.

4978: 4726: 4704: 4331: 4255: 2838:, the richest parish in the islands, which had been under the control of Philippine-born priests. In the early 19th century, Fathers 2181: 2132:. The Katipunan obtained overwhelming number of members and attracted the lowly classes. In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to 355: 9600: 4593:

local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, many cities such as

4037:

of Kakarong in Pandi, Bulacan. The actual site of the Battle of Kakarong de Sili is now a part of the barangay of Real de Kakarong.

3823:

favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.

2204:. U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President 10027: 4513: 2418:, was published at Madrid in 1843. Mas recommended the following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of 10476: 10317: 9906: 5353: 4157:

Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of

3855:, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio. Bonifacio repudiated the election results and moved his headquarters tp 3548:

failed to execute pre-arranged signals to begin the uprising, such as setting balloons loose and extinguishing the lights at the

3203: 2793:

where they could express their grievances. This, together with the secularization issues, gave rise to the Criollo insurgencies.

2700: 2380: 8379: 7871: 7852: 4981:

were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the

2630:, the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights and privileges. The highest political office that they could possibly hold was the 10971: 10150: 9857: 9779: 9153: 8333:

The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social, and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago

7524: 5499: 4745: 4698: 4287: 1825: 1705: 162: 2484: 10685: 10481: 10339: 10215: 9830: 9101: 8877: 8801: 8781: 8750: 8730: 8679: 8640: 8611: 8571: 8551: 8531: 8511: 8422: 8303: 8208: 8188: 8168: 8127: 7765: 6587: 5461: 5430: 5234: 5229: 4558:

again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15 bearing such orders and departed Hong Kong with Aguinaldo aboard on May 17, arriving in

3166: 2817: 1898:, followed by a royal decree in 1834 which officially opened the city to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from 1693: 1352: 421: 319: 2225: 2152:, where towns were gradually liberated during the early months of the uprising. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at 1507: 10866: 10861: 10538: 10521: 10373: 10356: 10220: 9967: 9889: 9736: 9536: 7061: 5750: 3242:

tearing of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of

1689: 416: 314: 1878:

in the Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution.

1812:, the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's 10715: 10553: 10310: 10263: 10076: 10020: 9731: 9726: 9548: 9000: 7650: 6927: 4006: 2723:, Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato, Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, Ángel Garchitorena, Andrés Nieto and Jacóbo Zóbel y Zangroniz. 2711: 2290: 1950: 9432: 10516: 10361: 9877: 9365: 6908: 5668: 5453: 5199: 4970: 4756:

was played for the first time. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government.

4468:

with a fleet of nine U.S. ships. Upon arriving on May 1, Dewey encountered a fleet of nine Spanish ships commanded by

4424:

to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless

1282: 8923: 5100:, and the United States never formally declared war, the conflict was not concluded by a treaty. On July 2, 1902, the 4107:

with little resistance. The Spanish planned war, including the concentration of rebel relatives and friends in camps.

3250:

and the meeting there on August 24. The rebels continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand.

2965:, a newspaper that pressed for reforms in the Philippines and spread ideas of revolution. This effort is known as the 1965: 10946: 10926: 10322: 10239: 9911: 9867: 9845: 8826: 8369: 8349: 8148: 8107: 8031: 7894: 7731: 5113: 4313: 3267:

On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that an attack on the capital

3201:, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of 2293: 2257:

There is, then, in the Philippines, a progress or improvement which is individual, but there is no national progress.

1342: 5304: 4932:

While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only

4673:

The 2nd Brigade and the 2nd Division of the Eighth Corps arrived on July 17, under the command of Brigadier General

4295: 3754:, Emilio's cousin). At first, these two Katipunan councils cooperated with each other in the battlefield, as in the 10941: 10936: 10931: 10334: 10327: 10185: 10180: 10071: 9884: 9872: 9681: 9370: 9249: 9055: 5219: 5005:, was instead presented, and this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution, the 4338:

until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the

4122:

This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in

3246:(known as "Tandang Sora", and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's house in 2342: 1568: 7511:"Protocol of Peace : Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries" 5401:

Gates, J. M. (1984). War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902. Pacific Historical Review, 53(3), 367–378.

4083:, then offered amnesty to all who would surrender and accept Spanish authority. In May 1897, the Spanish captured 2969:, and the result was the founding of secret societies in villages. Among the pioneering editors of the paper were 2663:

The leading intellectuals of the country came from the enlightened middle class. They later called themselves the

10961: 10642: 10571: 10446: 10398: 10295: 10190: 10088: 9972: 9957: 9825: 9224: 6740: 6722: 5014: 4435: 4342:. The colonial authorities, on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of committing 2489: 2391:

went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in 1887. Soon after, British merchants, including

2250: 1871: 8432: 7585: 7541: 7497: 7181: 7149: 6849: 6564: 5881: 5600: 3194:

had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping that they would be forced to support the revolution.

10921: 10368: 10170: 10145: 9977: 9746: 9721: 9417: 8993: 8793:

Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn

7433: 7276: 7243: 7227: 7212: 7197: 7133: 7117: 7030: 7014: 5383: 5101: 4402:. American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship 4291: 3975: 2177: 1397: 119: 8965: 7355: 5257:

intruded into the unresolved revolution and efforts to establish independence following its conclusion in the

2406:

In 1842, alarmed by the domination of foreign merchants in the economy of Manila, the Spanish government sent

2334: 2188:

was adopted in a session convened on September 15, 1898. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the

10986: 10981: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10591: 10496: 10285: 10280: 10004: 9862: 9754: 9286: 9255: 6710: 4732:

It was under this dictatorship On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at

3755: 3743: 1853: 1327: 342: 8894: 8070: 8066: 8044: 4813:. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting governor-general 4504:

The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the

3235: 1412: 734: 10976: 10418: 10413: 10383: 10346: 10305: 10249: 10066: 10042: 9962: 9813: 9554: 9178: 4622: 3723:, an engineer, to plan the defense and logistics of the revolution in Cavite. His first victory was in the 3424: 3334: 2830:. The religious orders began retaking Philippine parishes. One instance that enraged the Insulares was the 2319: 2193: 1964:

led to the replacement of de la Torre in 1871. In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general,

1272: 8969: 4809:

By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of

4114:

and others, the succession of defeats for the rebels could be attributed to discontent that resulted from

4087:, forcing the Government of the Philippine Republic to move to Mt. Buntis. By June, the Spanish had taken 3885:

were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco was killed on April 28. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.

10844: 10408: 10403: 10275: 10210: 10165: 10049: 9940: 9921: 9850: 9674: 9204: 8438:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

7623: 7466: 5923: 5896: 5262: 5071: 5059: 5050: 4945: 4741: 4722: 3747: 2684: 2364: 2201: 1984:. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: 1930: 1907: 1845: 181: 5422:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed

2128:, while more conservative members led by Domingo Franco and Numeriano Adriano would later establish the 10637: 10438: 10393: 10300: 10227: 10133: 10037: 10015: 9840: 9835: 9706: 8979: 8700: 8585: 5194: 5124:

proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General

4861: 4189: 3917: 2688: 1870:

during the revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a

1392: 9334: 8951: 8589: 7557: 7453: 7449: 7414: 6984: 5165:

project estimates that both sides suffered over 2000 combat deaths while losing many more to disease.

2068: 10773: 10533: 10456: 10351: 10205: 10175: 10160: 10054: 9410: 9163: 8450: 5705:

Cubans in the Confederacy: Jose Agustin Quintero, Ambrosio Jose Gonzales, and Loreta Janeta Velazquez

5031: 5018: 4965: 4682: 4395: 3603: 2852: 2530: 2189: 2060:

used their writings primarily to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government.

1849: 1697: 448: 201: 5002: 3408:. Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to gravitate towards fighting in 1624: 10839: 10511: 10501: 10471: 10423: 10388: 10290: 9133: 9116: 6816: 5254: 4921: 4399: 4378: 4276: 4177: 4166: 4050: 3696:

for the rebel guerillas, though his prestige suffered when he lost battles that he personally led.

3641:

for permission to make a statement on the rebellion. His petition was granted, and Rizal wrote the

2865: 2821:(or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading the ideals of the 2312: 2169: 2161: 1977: 1899: 1857: 1701: 1026: 276: 41: 7165: 4666:

The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General

3638: 3356:

Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds of rebels attacked the

3299: 3161: 2762: 1002: 10808: 10748: 10576: 10451: 10108: 9530: 9519: 9377: 9281: 9229: 9219: 7963: 7616:"Proclamation 483—Granting Pardon and Amnesty to Participants in Insurrection in the Philippines" 5121: 5078: 5046: 4952: 4804: 4776: 4749: 4280: 4018: 3955: 3727:

on September 1, 1896, defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre with the aid of

3522: 3471: 2805:

Priests Mariano Gómez, Jacinto Zamora, and José Burgos (L-R, remembered in Philippine history as

2315: 1841: 1578: 1533: 1497: 1267: 1074: 22: 3863:, essentially resolving to establish a government separate from the one established at Tejeros. 2970: 2772:. Church power was declining, and friars began coming to the Philippines, ending hopes that the 1906:. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon trade to an end in 1815. After 10606: 10115: 9984: 9583: 9572: 9199: 7789:"Treaty Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines" 5258: 5105: 4941: 4917: 4900: 4618: 3409: 3365: 3330: 2881: 2843: 1989: 1918:

and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration. At this point, post-

1833: 1709: 1583: 176: 37: 7914: 7721: 7399: 7379: 6898: 6776: 6761: 6671: 6349: 6256: 2164:

was established, and the insurgent government promulgated a constitution. On May 1, 1898, the

1708:. However, it was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the 1155: 1124: 10491: 9507: 9315: 9183: 9096: 7755: 6667: 5779: 5673: 5224: 5179: 5093:, President of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War. 4876: 4686: 4674: 3983: 3848: 3720: 3602:. He had volunteered, and been accepted, for medical service in the Spanish Army fighting in 2640:, the secret organization that would trigger the revolution, mainly consisted of the masses. 1422: 1262: 246: 63: 8358:

Guerrero, Milagros; Custodio, Teresa Ma.; Dalisay, Jose Y. (1998), "Reform and Revolution",

7839: 4653:

provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured.

4574:

with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president.

3416:. South of Manila, a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil guards. In 3302:

to prepare for coming hostilities. General Blanco had about 10,000 Spanish regulars and the

83: 10873: 10813: 10666: 10506: 10093: 10081: 9566: 9341: 9327: 9321: 9126: 7971: 6288: 5184: 5174: 5006: 4814: 4539: 4516:—a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General 4476: 4387: 4193: 4170: 4158: 4054: 2974: 2944: 2743: 2714:. Filipino and Spanish liberals residing in the country welcomed him with a banquet at the 2534: 2498: 2185: 2165: 1934: 1922:

ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened

1821: 1787: 1558: 1437: 1417: 1362: 115: 4488:, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize 4184:

volunteered to be negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he travelled between

4080: 2422:

immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

1886:

The main influx of the revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the

1087: 1062: 639: 8: 10743: 10616: 10528: 9560: 9276: 9209: 9060: 7646: 5086: 4872: 4656: 4581:

on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo raided the last remaining stronghold of the Spanish Empire in

4327: 3820: 3786: 3762: 3751: 3704: 3357: 3013:

in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by

2997:

Only days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to

2966: 2753: 2749: 2731: 2672: 2333:, had visited Manila regardless of anti-foreigner regulations. In 1790, Governor-General 2053: 1760: 1752: 1673: 1487: 1457: 1322: 1014: 867: 753: 402: 300: 7527:. United States Government. August 12, 1898 – via The American Presidency Project. 4115: 3897: 3872: 3831: 3545: 3261: 3191: 3047: 3014: 2715: 2542: 2525:; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella, 2117: 1716: 1038: 507: 114:, Filipino soldiers during the near end of the Revolution, Filipino negotiators for the 10956: 10818: 10656: 10378: 9524: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9173: 9111: 9086: 9065: 8563:

Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War

8324:

The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy

8255: 5904: 5120:

to those who had participated in the conflict. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President

5109: 4857: 4826: 4667: 4660: 4614: 4509: 4447: 4431: 4425: 4335: 4230: 4104: 4022: 3998: 3963: 3882: 3827: 3802: 3481:

By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General

3212: 3063: 2360:

were British, three were American, two were French, two were Swiss and one was German.

2205: 2197: 2157: 1969: 1891: 1782: 1768: 1732: 1728: 1614: 1538: 1367: 1292: 1277: 1257: 905: 848: 261: 10803: 8119:

The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general: with the original Tagalog text

4169:, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer, based on the first 3700: 2671:

branch of the Filipino society. From the Ilustrados rose the prominent members of the

2533:, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, 2526: 1953:. The leadership of de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism to the Philippines. 1748: 1050: 696: 10596: 9308: 9271: 9168: 8955: 8873: 8859:

Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since the British Invasion

8822: 8797: 8777: 8746: 8726: 8675: 8636: 8607: 8581: 8567: 8547: 8527: 8507: 8459: 8418: 8396: 8365: 8345: 8299: 8278: 8229: 8204: 8184: 8164: 8144: 8123: 8103: 8027: 8020: 8015: 7890: 7761: 7727: 7618:. United States Government. July 4, 1902 – via The American Presidency Project. 6904: 6593: 6583: 5457: 5426: 5379: 5214: 5162: 5141: 4757: 4626: 4131: 4111: 3812: 3736: 3716: 3510: 3420:, Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his life. 3381: 3340: 3275:, with himself as president and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet. 3231: 3079: 3002: 2822: 2757: 2097:

fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, after his return from the

2078: 2009: 1961: 1957: 1919: 1795: 1764: 1692:

was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered

1645: 1563: 1472: 1452: 1442: 1382: 1302: 9646: 9471: 9440: 8359: 4416:

and certain industrialists built up for war, the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant

4222: 829: 10758: 10733: 10566: 10461: 9460: 9266: 9158: 8665: 8475: 8217: 8040: 7813: 6817:"Secessionist insurgency in south Philippines – 1969/2008 updated at February 2008" 6723:"Divisions and dynasty: the Bonifacio documents that reveal our painful beginnings" 5331: 5082: 5039: 5026: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4909: 4888: 4772: 4733: 4578: 4543: 4505: 4485: 4472: 4458: 4443: 4421: 4403: 4366: 4226: 4151: 4038: 3979: 3836: 3781: 3732: 3693: 3689: 3673: 3657: 3619: 3436: 3432: 3413: 3377: 3296: 3272: 3179: 3051: 2991: 2873: 2430: 2426: 2407: 2173: 2145: 2102: 1875: 1861: 1813: 1802: 1756: 1720: 1659: 1502: 1447: 1432: 1427: 1402: 1337: 1182: 1174: 532: 123: 8503:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1

7324: 7301: 4721:, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of 3890: 3770: 3337:") was only a part of a bigger "battle for Manila" hitherto unrecognized as such. 3316:

From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in Hagdang Bato,

2626:

class, where the members enjoyed high public offices and recommendations from the

2246: 1773: 810: 715: 10586: 10581: 10561: 10543: 10195: 10103: 10098: 9383: 9138: 8960: 8867: 8791: 8771: 8740: 8689: 8669: 8649: 8630: 8601: 8561: 8541: 8521: 8501: 8436: 8412: 8322: 8293: 8259: 8198: 8178: 8158: 8117: 8088: 8048: 7865: 6579:

Volunteers of the Empire : War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898

5630: 5447: 5420: 5097: 4753: 4650: 4355: 4218: 4096: 3860: 3844: 3766: 3708: 3681: 3475: 3243: 2932: 2632: 2546: 2388: 2354: 2091: 2087: 2016:

Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish

1791: 930: 886: 791: 7853:

The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation

7065: 5754: 5554:

Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History

4974:

Map of the Philippines during the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.

3364:, just as hundreds of other rebels personally led by Bonifacio were amassing in 2839: 1739:. Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of 10849: 10778: 10768: 9631: 9501: 9348: 9214: 9091: 8854: 8842: 8102:, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 7510: 6931: 5209: 5137: 4853: 4779: 4678: 4517: 4499: 4234: 4196:

was signed. Consisting of three documents, it called for the following agenda:

4143: 4100: 4092: 4088: 3991: 3947: 3901: 3724: 3440: 3291: 3156: 2961: 2910: 2889: 2877: 2860: 2856: 2790: 2668: 2564: 2476: 2446: 2438: 2419: 2277: 2017: 1996: 1911: 1903: 1902:

since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the

1681: 1482: 1297: 974: 949: 620: 111: 94: 7467:"WAR SUSPENDED, PEACE ASSURED; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities" 6597: 6268: 4383: 4138:, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit... 3908:. Andrés and Procopio were buried in a shallow grave, marked only with twigs. 3253: 3197:

On August 24, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in

2885: 2848: 2720: 1985: 1923: 1197:

Many Filipino civilians dead from both Spanish troops and Katipunan atrocities

10915: 10883: 10783: 10753: 10738: 9106: 7970:. Manila: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from 5678: 5133: 5125: 5090: 4748:, and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo's house. The first 4718: 4610: 4524: 4409: 4181: 4147: 4002: 3840: 3798: 3774: 3685: 3661: 3631: 3447: 3187: 3059: 3055: 2948: 2928: 2696: 2627: 2599:

enjoyed the same social power, as they both belonged to the upper class, the

2502: 2338: 2304: 2153: 2141: 2125: 1829: 1809: 1387: 772: 677: 601: 581: 576: 556: 512: 469: 382: 172: 8603:

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903

7887:

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903

5354:"Why We Remember Andres Bonifacio, Father of the Brave, Every November 30th" 4760:, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, opposed Aguinaldo's decision to establish an 4566:

soldiers employed by the Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command.

4508:

administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. The

3583: 3572: 2978: 2622:. This class included all poor commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike the 2588: 2538: 2494: 2109: 2063: 2004: 1724: 551: 10856: 9605: 8861:, vol. II (1957 Revised ed.), Manila: McCullough Printing Company 8650:

Volunteers of the Empire. War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898

8243: 6844:

The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 U.S. cents, according to

6577: 5584:

Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

5045:

On February 4, less than two weeks after the establishment ceremonies, the

4880: 4783: 4571: 4461: 4439: 4210: 4059: 3115: 3107: 2956: 2781: 2558: 2472: 2330: 2308: 2057: 1866: 1817: 1492: 1287: 961: 909: 658: 8704: 4606: 4602: 4326:

Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General

3478:, attacked the Spanish garrison on September 2–4, but they were repulsed. 10898: 10719: 10710: 9697: 9444: 9435: 8816: 8742:

The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-century Filipino Nationalism

8445: 8381:

The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899

7624:"GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS; Proclamation Issued by the President" 6952: 6900:

Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement

5897:"General amnesty for the Filipinos; proclamation issued by the President" 5054: 4791: 4638: 4339: 4192:. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14 to 15, 1897, the 3904:, executed the Bonifacio brothers at the foothills of Mount Buntis, near 3815:

insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the

3627: 3611: 3518: 3486: 3463: 3373: 3317: 3247: 3224: 3208: 3099: 3068: 2570: 2480: 2434: 2230: 2000: 1887: 1860:

of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1935, with

1790:, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers 1719:, the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent 205: 146: 8985: 8671:

The Philippine revolution of 1896: ordinary lives in extraordinary times

6272: 4589:

Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men

4398:

as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the

4217:

Aguinaldo and eighteen other top officials of the revolution, including

4079:

on March 25, 1897. The head of the Spanish expeditionary force, General

2931:

of 1872, and the subsequent deportation of criollos and mestizos to the

2667:, which means "erudite ones". They also considered themselves to be the 1202: 10893: 9666: 9495: 9390: 7657:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 146. 6930:. Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. Archived from 5498:(2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from 4810: 4559: 4493: 4451: 4084: 3905: 3728: 3587: 3549: 3529: 3111: 3103: 2831: 2777: 2756:

succeeded, it was in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the

2692: 2657: 2323: 1938: 1778: 3521:. They would later be represented as the eight rays of the sun in the 3074:

From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including

2939:, created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in 2780:, the voyage between Spain and the Philippines was made shorter. More 1852:

formally declared war against the United States, which ended with the

1704:

and the Spanish soon capitulated. In June, Philippine revolutionaries

9655: 9261: 8295:

Crimes Against Humanity: A Shocking History of U.s. Crimes Since 1776

5945: 4998: 4831: 4761: 4590: 4563: 4547: 4531: 4362: 4238: 3987: 3951: 3816: 3615: 3607: 3349: 3257: 3174: 3040: 2785: 2727: 2664: 2645: 2637: 2578:

were people who were Spanish-born, but lived in the Philippines. The

2514: 2462: 2442: 2238: 2209: 2121: 2029: 2021: 1973: 1677: 233: 107: 5327:"Recognition sought for Bonifacio as 1st Tagalog Republic president" 4771:

Writing retrospectively in 1899, Aguinaldo claimed that U.S. Consul

4265: 10888: 9577: 9070: 8200:

The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia

5569:

World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei

5486:

Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996),

5129: 4994: 4905: 4630: 4343: 4135: 4026: 3997:

According to available records, including the biography of General

3558: 3514: 3502: 3485:

declared a "state of war" in these provinces and placed them under

3451: 3428: 3417: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3287: 3234:, the meeting occurred on August 19; however, revolutionary leader 3216: 3198: 3119: 3091: 3075: 2898: 2896:

on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in Philippine history as

2835: 2807: 2450: 2411: 2307:

doctrines in the later part of the 18th century, Spain relaxed its

2098: 2094: 2025: 1736: 1727:

and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to the

137:

August 23, 1896 – January 23, 1899 (2 years and 5 months)

74: 54: 16:

1896–1898 Philippine war of independence against the Spanish Empire

6799: 5402: 3579: 2915: 2509: 2429:'s recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain. The ports of 2341:

open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the

2272: 2212:

who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war.

9291: 7794:. University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from 5117: 5035: 5022: 4634: 4469: 4428:; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war. 4369:, learned that war had been declared between the U.S. and Spain. 4162: 4013:

as Supreme Chief and Captain General of the military forces, and

3677: 3494: 3389: 3303: 3283: 3087: 2998: 2893: 2827: 2133: 2113: 4951:

On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of

3653: 2656:. The material progress was primarily due to the opening of the 7723:

The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government

6854: 4646: 4642: 4598: 4582: 4535: 4489: 4481: 4465: 4185: 4127: 4123: 4072: 4034: 3878: 3852: 3669: 3595: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3506: 3498: 3490: 3467: 3459: 3405: 3401: 3369: 3268: 3131: 3095: 3083: 2940: 2936: 2769: 2653: 2649: 2384: 2327: 2285: 2149: 2045: 2041: 2037: 1915: 1895: 1744: 1740: 8140:

Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination

5734: 5721:

Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination

5566: 3946:

The battle of Kakarong de Sili took place on January 1, 1897.

3938: 3930: 3564: 2355:

Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms

10611: 10428: 8624:(in Spanish), vol. 1–3, Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Tello 8314:

Memoria sobre el comercio y navegacion de las islas Filipinas

5108:, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4, 4933: 4913: 4737: 4714: 4068: 3922: 3712: 3599: 3455: 3361: 3029:

freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for grievances.

2773: 2468: 2049: 2033: 1993: 1981: 1781:, where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother 166: 7924: 7922: 6401: 6399: 6397: 4550:

expecting to be transported to Manila by the Americans, but

4500:

Preparation for land-based operations and Aguinaldo's return

3958:, was established. It was also in Kakarong de Sili that the 3071:; Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons. 2911:

La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement

2748:

In 1776, the first major challenge to monarchy in centuries

5653:

Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S; Bolton, Kingsley (November 2008).

5485: 5378:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 85. 5096:

As the First Philippine Republic was never recognized as a

4937: 4875:

as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General

4848:

United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands

4594: 4394:

The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in

4076: 3856: 3808: 3742:

The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two councils: the

3623: 2801: 2583: 2372: 2003:. Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; 8691:

Agosto 29-30, 1896: ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila

7811: 7575: 6989: 6635: 6633: 6631: 3668:

By December, there were three major centers of rebellion:

1684:

from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year

8160:

The 1900s : American popular culture through history

7919: 7525:"Proclamation 422 – Suspension of Hostilities with Spain" 7317: 6394: 5009:. On November 29, the assembly, now popularly called the 4001:, entitled "Life and Death of a Boy General" (written by 3528:

The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with

1937:

to an end. The conservative government was replaced by a

8606:(4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, 7884: 7867:

A National Weekly Journal of Politics ..., Volumes 30-31

5445: 4142:

In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates, such as

3843:. Bonifacio felt insulted and would have shot Tirona if 2144:. The armed resistance eventually spread throughout the 2120:

and his fellows established a secret organization named

1844:

between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the

8892: 8809:

Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War

8357: 8116:

Alvarez, Santiago V.; Malay, Paula Carolina S. (1992),

7425: 7423: 7268: 7266: 7264: 6820: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6434: 6432: 6430: 5540: 4912:

was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in

4729:

was established on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator.

4496:

while reinforcements were sent from the United States.

2675:, who stirred the very first flames of the revolution. 2326:. Even before the 1780s, many foreign ships, including 2160:

decided the new republic's fate. In November 1897, the

7655:

Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army

7006: 7004: 5449:

Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L

4365:. There, Aguinaldo met clandestinely with U.S. Consul 3637:

While incarcerated, Rizal petitioned Governor-General

2776:

would relinquish their posts. With the opening of the

2416:

Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842

8384:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 7531: 7487: 7404: 7369: 7171: 7139: 5946:"The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement" 5820: 5818: 5717: 5274:

30,000 Spanish, 25,000 Kapampangans and other natives

5112:, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency after the 5053:. Aguinaldo sent emissary to the American commander, 4237:

left Biak-na-Bato on December 24, 1897, for exile in

4203:

Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution.

1158: 1127: 8721:

Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendosa, Lourdes (2007),

8183:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 7547: 7439: 7420: 7261: 7233: 7217: 7202: 7187: 7123: 7107: 6505: 6488: 6427: 6277:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991. 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 5857: 5855: 4200:

The surrender of all weapons of the revolutionaries.

2280:

was carried in galleons for two and a half centuries

1798:. However, the hostilities never completely ceased. 8216: 7020: 7001: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6023: 6011: 6005: 4520:—in preparation for deployment to the Philippines. 3974:History and researchers, as well as records of the 3614:, on October 3, 1896. After a brief confinement at 3134:

level." By 1895, Bonifacio was the supreme leader (

2267: 1914:was forced to govern the Philippines directly from 8026:(8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 8019: 7904: 7661: 7282: 6065: 6017: 5912: 5815: 5625: 5623: 5325: 3606:. The mailboat left on September 3 and arrived in 2603:considered themselves as socially superior to the 1771:, which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president 1723:, an organization created by Filipino nationalist 1164: 1133: 6582:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 191–202. 6290:The Project Gutenberg eBook: Kartilyang Makabayan 6221: 5871: 5852: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5346: 5318: 5297: 4244: 4165:. Here they established what became known as the 3911: 2994:, the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement. 2208:proclaimed a complete pardon and amnesty for all 1856:in July 1902. As a result, the islands become an 10913: 8364:, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, 8344:, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 7962: 7812:President William McKinley (December 21, 1898), 7095: 6962: 6953:The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey 6147: 6145: 5838: 5836: 5801: 5799: 4209:Payment by the Spanish government of $ 400,000 ( 4071:, government troops recaptured several towns in 3344:Portrait of Governor-General of the Philippines 3130:) were in charge of affairs "on the district or 8818:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 8619: 7948:. Government of the Philippines. Archived from 7815:McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation 7607: 7605: 7249: 6804:1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (Philippines) 6248: 6246: 5999: 5620: 5397: 5395: 4562:on May 19. Several revolutionaries, as well as 3826:On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in 3630:instead. Upon his return, he was imprisoned in 2737: 1890:was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first 8664: 8656:Regidor, Antonio M.; Mason, J. Warren (1905), 8361:Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People 8342:The Philippines After The Revolution 1898–1945 8086: 7863: 7685: 7673: 7155: 6922: 6920: 6860: 6741:"History of Pandi & The Kakarong Republic" 6663: 6575: 6169: 5995: 5993: 5891: 5889: 5652: 5407: 5305:"Revisiting Bonifacio's controversial history" 4692: 4063:The flag used by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. 2020:. Some of them, however, managed to escape to 2007:, the national hero, would dedicate his novel 1820:, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the 1653: 171:Spain cedes control of the Philippines to the 10693: 9682: 9418: 9001: 8968:covers the Revolution in Cebu (archived from 8762:A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898 8658:Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands 8586:"CHAPTER VIII: First Stage of the Revolution" 7757:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 6530: 6157: 6142: 6053: 6029: 5978: 5833: 5796: 5536: 4993:on September 15. All of the delegates to the 4538:, bringing reports of Dewey's victory in the 4150:, never subjected their military commands to 2346: 1667: 1218: 8758: 8655: 8635:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 8115: 7956: 7602: 6980: 6389: 6269:"10. José Rizal and the Propaganda Movement" 6243: 6130: 6100: 5790: 5718:O'Gorman Anderson, Benedict Richard (2005). 5698: 5696: 5551: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5392: 5205:List of weapons of the Philippine revolution 4959: 4894: 3807:On December 31, an assembly was convened in 3594:When the revolution broke out, Rizal was in 2710:, a member of the Spanish Army, as the 91st 2403:, dominated the financial sector in Manila. 2196:. On June 12, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated a 1999:, who were hanged by Spanish authorities in 1801:On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the 8895:"True Version of the Philippine Revolution" 8811:, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005) 8311: 8254: 7326:The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War 7303:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 6917: 6890: 6651: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6083: 6071: 5990: 5886: 5655:Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary 4841: 4709:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 4294:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3731:. The Cavite revolutionaries, particularly 3565:Final statement and execution of José Rizal 3150: 2851:, who organized the student rallies in the 198:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 10700: 10686: 9689: 9675: 9425: 9411: 9008: 8994: 8738: 8701:"Historical Setting—Outbreak of War, 1898" 8464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8283:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8234:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8064: 8039: 7101: 6968: 6833: 6819:. bippi.org. February 2008. Archived from 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6345: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6096: 6094: 6092: 5488:"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution" 5418: 5065: 3859:where he and other signatories issued the 3618:prison, Rizal was told by Captain-General 1225: 1211: 10003: 9015: 8814: 8539: 8470:. An English translation under the title 8407:(English translation by Sulpicio Guevara) 8339: 8176: 8072:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 8050:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 8014: 7928: 7910: 7639: 7569: 7553: 7445: 7429: 7410: 7288: 7272: 7223: 7208: 7193: 7177: 7129: 7113: 7010: 6995: 6694: 6682: 6548: 6524: 6499: 6438: 6422: 6405: 5877: 5693: 5513: 5470: 4871:General Merritt was succeeded by General 4705:Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 4314:Learn how and when to remove this message 4256:Central Executive Committee (Philippines) 4041:visited this ground in his late fifties. 3866: 3286:. In the afternoon, civil guards sent to 2678: 2493:Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: 1232: 1192:Unknown; heavy. Many more lost to disease 9696: 8759:Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), 8430: 8180:Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000 8136: 8045:"Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató" 7581: 7537: 7493: 7375: 7239: 7145: 7026: 6845: 6639: 6622: 6610: 5657:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 2. 5635:, MSC Schools, Philippines, June 2, 1899 5596: 5147: 4969: 4904: 4655: 4530:, an American dispatch boat, arrived in 4412:. As public political pressure from the 4382: 4058: 3937: 3929: 3921: 3773:, called Bonifacio, who was fighting in 3699:Meanwhile, in Cavite, Katipuneros under 3692:, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as 3652: 3578: 3339: 3252: 3160: 2914: 2876:. The soldiers mistook the fireworks in 2800: 2768:The 19th century was also a new era for 2636:, or the town executive. The members of 2508: 2488: 2271: 2224: 1676:waged by the revolutionary organization 8687: 8377: 8330: 8320: 8268: 8242: 8133:, Translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay 8097: 7753: 7596: 7563: 7086: 7042: 6896: 6483: 6444: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6354: 6328: 6297: 6234: 6216: 6181: 6136: 6089: 6047: 6041: 5970:"Letters and Addresses of Jose Rizal", 5824: 5735:Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia (1996). 5581: 5567:Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). 4372: 4206:Exile for the revolutionary leadership. 3648: 2796: 1874:but was cut short in the advent of the 393: 291: 10952:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 10914: 9371:"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set 8720: 8599: 8580: 8519: 8485:The Development of Philippine Politics 8410: 8401:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 7719: 7697: 7691: 7679: 7391: 7255: 7054: 7048:Philippine Declaration of Independence 6787: 6781: 6772: 6757: 6706: 5702: 5419:Clodfelter, Micheal (April 24, 2017). 5277: 5190:History of the Philippines (1521–1898) 5085:sent a ranking member of his staff to 4746:Philippine Declaration of Independence 4699:Philippine Declaration of Independence 3893:and other officers of the revolution. 3811:to settle the leadership dispute. The 3761:To unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the 3238:stated that it occurred on August 22. 2614:The lowest of the two classes was the 2140:The revolution initially flared up in 1826:Philippine Declaration of Independence 1183: 163:Philippine Declaration of Independence 10967:Rebellions against the Spanish Empire 10681: 9670: 9406: 8989: 8938: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8789: 8769: 8745:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 8674:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 8481: 8444: 8340:Gatbonton, Esperanza B., ed. (2000), 8196: 8122:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 7835: 7726:. Silver, Burdett. pp. 170–172. 7703: 7667: 7395: 7161: 6884: 6872: 6536: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6059: 6035: 5984: 5861: 5842: 5805: 5739:. Institut Kajian Dasar. p. 193. 5703:Tucker, Phillip Thomas (March 2002). 5611: 5552:Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 2014). 5541:Guerrero, Custodio & Dalisay 1998 5373: 5235:Spanish American wars of independence 5230:Timeline of the Philippine Revolution 4249: 3792: 3703:, Bonifacio's uncle by marriage, and 3561:, where the soldiers later rebelled. 3167:University of the Philippines Diliman 2761:writings of criollo writers, such as 2687:overthrew the autocratic monarchy of 2220: 1206: 8648:Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). 8559: 8499: 8273:(in Spanish), vol. 1–55, Madrid 8264:, Self-published, Tala Pub. Services 7645: 7590: 7348:"Our flag is now waving over Manila" 6576:Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). 6560: 6411: 6252: 5775: 5737:José Rizal and the Asian renaissance 5367: 4887:Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in 4798: 4292:adding citations to reliable sources 4259: 3969: 3427:, Bonifacio's troops regrouped near 3165:Monument for the 1896 Revolution in 2868:mutinied. They were led by sergeant 2691:, which was replaced by a civil and 2383:and lack of U.S. trade bases in the 417:Captaincy General of the Philippines 315:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8668:; Rodríguez, Felice Noelle (2001), 8620:Montero y Vidal, Jose (1887–1895), 8411:Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004), 8335:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 8087:Aguinaldo, E.; Pacis, V.A. (1957), 7864:Thompson, R.E.; Barker, W. (1899). 5632:Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War 5571:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1181. 4926:outstanding first Filipino diplomat 4790:On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three 4768:(and naming himself as president). 4007:National Library of the Philippines 3994:, called the Balangay Dimas-Alang. 3934:Panorama of the Park and the Shrine 3598:, awaiting the monthly mailboat to 2712:Governor-General of the Philippines 2505:. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890. 13: 9366:Flags of the Philippine Revolution 8916:"Opening of Manila to World Trade" 8913: 8596:, Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero. 8540:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), 8433:"XII. The American Army in Manila" 8269:de Moya, Francisco Javier (1883), 6928:"Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898" 5200:Influence of the French Revolution 4924:. He has been referred to as the " 3756:battles of Binakayan and Dalahican 1767:. This struggle culminated in the 14: 10998: 8886: 8849:, Manila: The Modern Book Company 8709:, Washington: Library of Congress 8600:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), 8543:Philippine history and government 8261:The Philippines: A Past Revisited 8248:A Visit to the Philippine Islands 8222:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 8065:Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio (1899), 7885:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). 7760:. Algora Publishing. p. 83. 5446:Alexander M. Bielakowski (2013). 5114:assassination of William McKinley 4546:had recently returned there from 4176:The new Spanish Governor-General 3877:When Limbon in Indang, a town in 3622:that he would not be going on to 3211:. Thus, the event is called the " 2750:occurred in the American Colonies 2706:The next year, Serrano appointed 1700:, and in 1898, the United States 10709: 10662: 10661: 10650: 9434: 9250:American Anti-Imperialist League 8869:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 8776:, University of Nebraska Press, 8694:, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore 8594:, National Historical Commission 8474:was printed in London, 1875, by 8220:; Robertson, James (1903–1909), 8075:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 8053:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 7986: 7934: 7878: 7857: 7845: 7829: 7805: 7781: 7747: 7713: 7517: 7503: 7459: 7385: 7340: 7294: 7080: 6798: 5220:Philippine revolts against Spain 4264: 3962:was organized shortly after the 3626:, but would be sent back to the 2905: 2456: 2343:Royal Company of the Philippines 2268:Opening of Manila to world trade 2200:against the U.S., beginning the 1081: 1068: 1056: 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 996: 968: 955: 943: 936: 924: 917: 899: 892: 880: 873: 861: 854: 842: 835: 823: 816: 804: 797: 785: 778: 766: 759: 747: 740: 728: 721: 709: 702: 690: 683: 671: 664: 652: 645: 633: 626: 614: 607: 595: 588: 580: 570: 563: 555: 545: 538: 526: 519: 511: 501: 494: 462: 441: 410: 395: 375: 362: 349: 336: 308: 293: 270: 255: 240: 227: 93: 82: 73: 62: 53: 9225:Commonwealth of the Philippines 9220:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 8910:(page 1 of 20 linked web pages) 8815:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), 8632:Saving Christianity from empire 8629:Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (2005), 8588:, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), 8482:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 8321:Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), 8093:, Makers of history, R. Speller 8008: 7968:"Proclamation No. 173. s. 2002" 6974: 6946: 6878: 6866: 6838: 6827: 6809: 6792: 6766: 6751: 6733: 6715: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6657: 6645: 6569: 6554: 6542: 6339: 6333: 6281: 6261: 6125:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6113:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6077: 6024:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 6012:Blair & Robertson 1903–1909 5963: 5938: 5784: 5769: 5743: 5728: 5711: 5661: 5646: 5605: 5590: 5575: 5560: 5545: 5403:https://doi.org/10.2307/3639234 4436:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 4067:Augmented by new recruits from 4044: 2233:at the end of the 19th century. 9256:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 8976:Another site on the Revolution 8961:Centennial Site: The Katipunan 8872:, All-Nations Publishing Co., 8652:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 8566:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8378:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972), 8250:, London: Smith, Elder and Co. 8177:Blanchard, William H. (1996), 8163:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 8022:History of the Filipino People 5908:. New York City. July 4, 1902. 5439: 5268: 5247: 5102:United States Secretary of War 4554:had no orders regarding this. 4492:itself. The fleet remained in 4245:Second Phase of the revolution 3976:National Historical Commission 3912:The Battle of Kakarong de Sili 3586:'s execution in what was then 3462:rebelled a few days after. In 3446:South of Manila, the towns of 2389:Russell, Sturgis & Company 2365:Russell, Sturgis & Company 1694:a massive decline in the 1820s 1: 10972:Rebellions in the Philippines 10799:Second Battle of San Salvador 9287:Philippine Revolutionary Army 9102:Kapampangan Counterrevolution 8899:Authorama Public Domain Books 8893:Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. 8821:, Macmillan, pp. 75–89, 8622:Historia general de Filipinas 7720:Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). 7064:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from 6959:. Retrieved October 10, 2007. 5974:, Manila: 315, December 1915. 5290: 5156: 4864:. After the appointment of a 3643:Manifesto á Algunos Filipinos 2519: 2445:was opened in 1860, and both 2215: 1945:. In 1869, Serrano appointed 21:For the 1986 revolution, see 10794:First Battle of San Salvador 10759:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 10156:Business process outsourcing 9179:Federal State of the Visayas 8739:Schumacher, John N. (1991), 8723:The Filipino Moving Onward 5 8706:Philippines: A Country Study 8660:, London: Dunn & Chidley 8546:, Phoenix Publishing House, 8312:Díaz Arenas, Rafaél (1838), 6274:Philippines: A Country Study 5751:"Nationalista Party History" 4713:By June 1898, the island of 4454:on the evening of April 30. 3715:), won early victories. The 3425:Battle of San Juan del Monte 3032: 3009:, which attempted to revive 2738:Rise of Filipino nationalism 2652:and abroad, particularly to 2369:Peele, Hubbell & Company 2303:With the wide acceptance of 2249:to Father Vicente García of 1872:ten-year commonwealth period 106:Surviving Spanish troops in 7: 9154:Declaration of Independence 8703:, in Seekins, Dolan (ed.), 8699:Seekins, Donald M. (1991), 8271:Las Islas Filipinas en 1882 8224:, vol. 1–55, Cleveland 8197:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), 8137:Anderson, Benedict (2005), 8067:"Chapter III. Negotiations" 5168: 4752:was again unfurled and the 4742:Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 4723:Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 4693:Declaration of Independence 4349: 4332:Central Executive Committee 3900:, upon orders from General 2335:Félix Berenguer de Marquina 1358:Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur 10: 11003: 8773:The war with Spain in 1898 8472:Travels in the Philippines 8417:, Manila: Rex Book Store, 8316:(in Spanish), Cádiz, Spain 7329:, U.S. Library of Congress 7306:, U.S. Library of Congress 6861:Aguinaldo & Pacis 1957 6664:Rodao & Rodríguez 2001 5669:"Spanish Colony 1565–1898" 5425:. McFarland. p. 240. 5195:History of the Philippines 5069: 4963: 4898: 4862:United States Armed Forces 4845: 4802: 4702: 4696: 4376: 4353: 4253: 4048: 3918:Battle of Kakarong de Sili 3915: 3870: 3796: 3789:, steadily gained ground. 3570: 3290:to investigate attacks on 3154: 3145: 3038: 2815:In the late 18th century, 2741: 2689:Queen Isabella II of Spain 2466: 2460: 2251:Ateneo Municipal de Manila 2182:Malolos Congress elections 2168:took place as part of the 1894:firms were established in 1881: 343:Philippine Revolutionaries 20: 10827: 10726: 10633: 10552: 10437: 10271: 10262: 10141: 10132: 9948: 9939: 9821: 9812: 9745: 9714: 9705: 9641: 9624: 9616:2019 ("Red October" plot) 9593: 9451: 9358: 9300: 9242: 9192: 9164:First Philippine Republic 9079: 9056:Pre-revolutionary revolts 9048: 9041: 9023: 8952:The Philippine Revolution 8847:The Philippine Revolution 8765:, D. Appleton and Company 8591:The Philippine Revolution 8451:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung 7889:. Yale University Press. 4966:First Philippine Republic 4960:First Philippine Republic 4946:1900 Treaty of Washington 4895:Spanish–American War ends 4621:, as well as some entire 4408:on February 15, 1898, in 4005:, former director of the 3746:(led by Alvarez) and the 2853:University of Santo Tomas 2531:Francisco Tongio Liongson 2348:Real Compaña de Filipinas 2190:First Philippine Republic 1943:General Francisco Serrano 1908:Mexico became independent 1850:First Philippine Republic 1769:1897 elections in Tejeros 1244: 1196: 1189:Many more lost to disease 1146: 1097: 475: 449:First Philippine Republic 215: 202:First Philippine Republic 129: 47: 35: 30: 10947:19th-century revolutions 10927:1890s in the Philippines 10060:House of Representatives 9953:Administrative divisions 9384:Marcha nacional filipina 9149:Revolutionary Government 9117:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 8866:Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), 8770:Trask, David F. (1996), 8520:Karnow, Stanley (1990), 8431:Halstead, Murat (1898), 8203:, Taylor & Francis, 8100:Recalling the Revolution 8090:A Second Look at America 8041:Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio 7964:Macapagal Arroyo, Gloria 7870:. The American. p. 7754:Fantina, Robert (2006). 6897:Howland, Harold (1921). 6390:Alvarez & Malay 1992 6101:Regidor & Mason 1905 5707:. McFarland. p. 95. 5586:. NYU Press. p. 39. 5556:. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. 5240: 5079:second battle for Manila 4842:U.S. military government 4766:revolutionary government 4668:Thomas McArthur Anderson 4178:Fernando Primo de Rivera 4167:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 4051:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 3448:San Francisco de Malabon 3313:by the end of November. 3273:revolutionary government 3151:Course of the Revolution 3138:) or supreme president ( 3007:Cuerpo de Compromisarios 2708:Carlos María de la Torre 2162:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 2148:region, particularly in 2130:Cuerpo de Compromisarios 1947:Carlos María de la Torre 1858:unincorporated territory 1688:in the archipelago. The 1283:San Francisco de Malabon 1165:{\displaystyle \approx } 1134:{\displaystyle \approx } 1027:Fernando Primo de Rivera 369:Revolutionary Government 280:(November–December 1897) 277:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 247:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 104:Clockwise from top left: 10942:1898 in the Philippines 10937:1897 in the Philippines 10932:1896 in the Philippines 10845:Philippine–American War 9645:No sign for successful 9378:Flag of the Philippines 9282:Philippine Constabulary 9205:Philippine–American War 9097:Katagalugan (Bonifacio) 8725:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 8292:Dav, Chaitanya (2007), 8157:Batchelor, Bob (2002), 7352:San Francisco Chronicle 6745:sagippandi.blogspot.com 5263:Philippine–American War 5122:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 5072:Philippine–American War 5066:Philippine–American War 5060:Philippine–American War 5051:Philippine–American War 4953:benevolent assimilation 4805:Battle of Manila (1898) 4777:U.S. Secretary of State 4434:, who was at that time 3990:chapter in the town of 3956:revolutionary republics 3851:(present-day Tanza) in 3489:. These provinces were 2892:, who were executed by 2202:Philippine–American War 2178:Philippine independence 1931:1868 Spanish Revolution 1846:Philippine–American War 1654: 1649: 1328:Binakayan and Dalahican 422:Province of La Pampanga 320:Province of La Pampanga 182:Philippine–American War 120:Battle of Zapote Bridge 23:People Power Revolution 10962:Philippine nationalism 10814:Cochinchina expedition 10657:Philippines portal 10201:Science and technology 9144:Dictatorial Government 8688:Salazar, Zeus (1994), 8560:Lone, Stewart (2007). 8500:Keat, Gin Ooi (2004), 8098:Alvarez, S.V. (1992), 6235:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 5950:Philippine-History.org 5106:Philippine archipelago 5003:Felipe Calderón y Roca 4975: 4929: 4918:Treaty of Paris (1898) 4901:Treaty of Paris (1898) 4866:civil governor-general 4663: 4572:dictatorial government 4512:began to assemble the 4391: 4140: 4064: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3867:Execution of Bonifacio 3665: 3591: 3423:After their defeat in 3353: 3335:Battle of Pinaglabanan 3327: 3264: 3170: 3021:alongside the revived 2924: 2812: 2679:Liberalism (1868–1874) 2549: 2506: 2375:, sugar, and tobacco. 2347: 2284:Before the opening of 2281: 2265: 2234: 2124:in a house located in 1926:class in the society. 1854:Philippine Organic Act 1747:, where rebels led by 1686:colonial rule of Spain 1668: 1663: 1166: 1135: 476:Commanders and leaders 356:Dictatorial Government 38:decolonization of Asia 10922:Philippine Revolution 10835:Philippine Revolution 10612:Sport and martial art 10028:Executive departments 9316:Kartilya ng Katipunan 9184:Republic of Zamboanga 9017:Philippine Revolution 8796:, History Book Club, 8488:, Oriental commercial 8016:Agoncillo, Teodoro C. 7611:Amnesty Proclamation 6957:The War Times Journal 5674:University of Alberta 5582:Wesling, Meg (2011). 5374:LeRoy, James (1914). 5225:Republic of Zamboanga 5180:Battle of Pasong Tamo 5148:End of the revolution 5132:and in the cities of 5047:1899 Battle of Manila 5034:) was established in 5021:) was established in 4973: 4908: 4659: 4386: 4120: 4118:death. Mabini wrote: 4062: 4049:Further information: 3984:Biak-na-Bato Republic 3941: 3933: 3926:Inang Filipina Shrine 3925: 3849:Santa Cruz de Malabon 3721:Edilberto Evangelista 3719:council commissioned 3656: 3582: 3346:Ramón Blanco y Erenas 3343: 3322: 3256: 3173:The existence of the 3164: 2918: 2804: 2763:Luis Rodríguez Varela 2719:Governor of Manila), 2537:, Gregorio Aguilera, 2512: 2492: 2467:Further information: 2453:were opened in 1873. 2441:were opened in 1855, 2337:recommended that the 2278:Manila-Acapulco Trade 2275: 2255: 2253:, Rizal states that: 2228: 2112:had been deported to 1840:On February 4, 1899, 1706:declared independence 1698:Cuba rebelled in 1895 1642:Philippine Revolution 1236:Philippine Revolution 1167: 1147:Casualties and losses 1136: 265:(March–November 1897) 196:Establishment of the 31:Philippine Revolution 10987:Wars of independence 10982:Wars involving Spain 10840:Spanish–American War 10477:Fashion and clothing 10318:Environmental issues 10245:Water and sanitation 10082:Regional Trial Court 9927:World Heritage Sites 9342:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 9322:Malolos Constitution 9134:Spanish–American War 8982:on October 13, 2007) 8972:on October 26, 2009) 8790:Wolff, Leon (2006), 8331:Foreman, J. (1906), 7974:on December 28, 2016 7952:on October 11, 2016. 7647:Otis, Elwell Stephen 7358:on December 24, 2008 7062:"Philippine History" 6729:. November 27, 2018. 6000:Montero y Vidal 1887 5972:Philippine Education 5920:"Spanish Occupation" 5724:. Verso. p. 57. 5502:on November 15, 2010 5452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5255:Spanish–American War 5185:Bourgeois revolution 5175:American imperialism 5007:Malolos Constitution 4922:Spanish–American War 4824:On August 12, 1898, 4540:Battle of Manila Bay 4477:Battle of Manila Bay 4438:, ordered Commodore 4400:Spanish–American War 4388:Battle of Manila Bay 4379:Spanish–American War 4373:Spanish–American War 4288:improve this section 4194:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 4159:San Miguel de Mayumo 4126:, because many from 4055:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 3649:Revolution in Cavite 3348:by Filipino painter 2975:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2971:Graciano López Jaena 2945:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2797:Criollo insurgencies 2744:Filipino nationalism 2535:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2499:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2320:occupation of Manila 2186:Malolos Constitution 2170:Spanish–American War 2166:Battle of Manila Bay 2101:, Rizal established 2048:, and some parts of 1933:brought the rule of 1822:Battle of Manila Bay 1788:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 1655:Rebolusyong Pilipino 1650:Himagsikang Pilipino 1156: 1125: 116:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 42:Spanish–American War 10977:Separatism in Spain 10774:Cambodia expedition 10769:Cagayan and Dingras 10467:Cultural properties 10233:Tourist attractions 9780:Japanese occupation 9611:2019 (Bikoy videos) 9210:Katagalugan (Sakay) 9061:Propaganda Movement 8454:(in German), Berlin 8256:Constantino, Renato 6934:on October 14, 2007 5334:. November 29, 2013 5261:developed into the 5058:escalated into the 4328:Francisco Macabulos 3787:Camilo de Polavieja 3752:Baldomero Aguinaldo 3705:Baldomero Aguinaldo 3664:in the battlefield. 2967:Propaganda Movement 2870:Ferdinand La Madrid 2754:American Revolution 2673:Propaganda Movement 2054:Propaganda Movement 1966:Rafael de Izquierdo 1674:war of independence 1664:Revolución Filipina 1015:Camilo de Polavieja 868:Francisco Macabulos 754:Baldomero Aguinaldo 10789:Formosa expedition 10482:Historical markers 10340:Indigenous peoples 10216:Telecommunications 9990:Political families 9831:Biosphere reserves 9174:Republic of Negros 9112:Tejeros Convention 9087:Cry of Pugad Lawin 9066:Palmero Conspiracy 8920:Philippine Almanac 8914:Hisona, Harold T. 8855:Zaide, Gregorio F. 8582:Mabini, Apolinario 8414:Philippine History 7801:on March 26, 2012. 7670:, p. 279Ch.21 7631:The New York Times 7513:. August 12, 1898. 7474:The New York Times 7394:, pp. 123–4, 7068:on August 22, 2006 6823:on August 8, 2009. 6697:, pp. 177–179 6685:, pp. 176–177 6654:, pp. 179–180 6408:, pp. 171–172 6239:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 5905:The New York Times 5793:, pp. 357–358 5110:Theodore Roosevelt 4976: 4930: 4858:commander-in-chief 4827:The New York Times 4683:Commander in Chief 4664: 4661:Thomas M. Anderson 4510:United States Army 4448:United States Navy 4432:Theodore Roosevelt 4392: 4336:interim government 4250:In the Philippines 4231:Gregorio del Pilar 4171:Cuban Constitution 4152:Emilio Aguinaldo's 4116:Andrés Bonifacio's 4065: 4023:Gregorio del Pilar 4019:José Olaguer Feliú 3999:Gregorio del Pilar 3964:Cry of Pugad Lawin 3944: 3936: 3928: 3803:Tejeros Convention 3793:Tejeros Convention 3666: 3610:, which was under 3592: 3410:San Juan del Monte 3366:San Juan del Monte 3354: 3331:San Juan del Monte 3265: 3213:Cry of Pugad Lawin 3171: 3140:Presidente Supremo 2925: 2813: 2699:principles led by 2550: 2507: 2282: 2235: 2221:Origins and causes 2206:Theodore Roosevelt 2198:declaration of war 2192:with Aguinaldo as 2108:Upon hearing that 1968:, experienced the 1941:government led by 1842:fighting broke out 1729:Spanish Parliament 1594:Visayas Expedition 1273:San Juan del Monte 1162: 1131: 1075:José Olaguer Feliú 906:Pantaleón Villegas 849:Gregorio del Pilar 262:Tejeros Government 250:(until March 1897) 184:started soon after 118:, Painting of the 10909: 10908: 10879:New People's Army 10862:Japanese invasion 10764:Eighty Years' War 10754:Borneo expedition 10675: 10674: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10539:Traditional games 10374:Income inequality 10357:Human trafficking 10258: 10257: 10221:Telephone numbers 10128: 10127: 10124: 10123: 9995:Political parties 9968:Foreign relations 9935: 9934: 9808: 9807: 9793:Marcos presidency 9784:Postcolonial era 9664: 9663: 9400: 9399: 9309:El filibusterismo 9277:Magdiwang faction 9238: 9237: 9169:Negros Revolution 8956:Apolinario Mabini 8926:on March 21, 2012 8879:978-971-642-071-5 8803:978-1-58288-209-3 8783:978-0-8032-9429-5 8752:978-971-550-019-7 8732:978-971-23-4154-0 8681:978-971-550-386-0 8666:Rodao, Florentino 8642:978-0-8264-1627-8 8613:978-0-300-03081-5 8573:978-0-313-33684-3 8553:978-971-06-1894-1 8533:978-0-7126-3732-9 8513:978-1-57607-770-2 8424:978-971-23-3934-9 8305:978-1-4343-0181-9 8244:Bowring, Sir John 8210:978-0-8240-5624-7 8190:978-0-313-30013-4 8170:978-0-313-31334-9 8143:, London: Verso, 8129:978-971-550-077-7 7966:(April 9, 2002). 7767:978-0-87586-454-9 7476:, August 12, 1898 6981:Titherington 1900 6863:, pp. 31–34. 6589:978-1-350-28121-9 5791:Titherington 1900 5463:978-1-59884-427-6 5432:978-1-4766-2585-0 5215:Negros Revolution 5163:Correlates of War 4799:Capture of Manila 4758:Apolinario Mabini 4727:autocratic regime 4675:Francis V. Greene 4514:Eighth Army Corps 4475:. The subsequent 4442:, commanding the 4324: 4323: 4316: 4112:Apolinario Mabini 4011:Canuto Villanueva 3970:Kakarong Republic 3960:Kakarong Republic 3896:On May 10, Major 3737:guerrilla warfare 3232:Teodoro Agoncillo 3128:Panguluhang Bayan 3124:Sangguniang Bayan 3003:Apolinario Mabini 2981:. The editors of 2823:French Revolution 2758:French Revolution 2701:Francisco Serrano 2079:El Filibusterismo 2013:to their memory. 2010:El filibusterismo 1935:Queen Isabella II 1920:French Revolution 1792:exiled themselves 1735:against Spain in 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1201: 1200: 1088:José de Lachambre 1063:Diego de los Ríos 640:Gregoria de Jesús 211: 210: 10994: 10884:Moro (1969−2019) 10850:Moro (1899−1913) 10714: 10713: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10679: 10678: 10665: 10664: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10435: 10434: 10389:Overseas workers 10311:Higher education 10269: 10268: 10139: 10138: 10077:Court of Appeals 10033:Executive office 10001: 10000: 9946: 9945: 9819: 9818: 9760:Pre-colonial era 9712: 9711: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9651:* attempted coup 9520:1986 (Feb 22–25) 9514:1986 (Feb 21–22) 9439: 9438: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9404: 9403: 9267:La Liga Filipina 9230:Treaty of Manila 9159:Malolos Congress 9046: 9045: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8922:. Archived from 8909: 8907: 8905: 8882: 8862: 8850: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8806: 8786: 8766: 8755: 8735: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8695: 8684: 8661: 8645: 8625: 8616: 8595: 8577: 8556: 8536: 8516: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8476:Chapman and Hall 8469: 8463: 8455: 8441: 8427: 8406: 8400: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8374: 8354: 8336: 8327: 8317: 8308: 8288: 8282: 8274: 8265: 8251: 8239: 8233: 8225: 8213: 8193: 8173: 8153: 8132: 8112: 8094: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8036: 8025: 8002: 8001: 8000:. December 2011. 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7946:Official Gazette 7938: 7932: 7926: 7917: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7861: 7855: 7851:Article 99 in * 7849: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7793: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7717: 7711: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7551: 7545: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7501: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7471: 7463: 7457: 7443: 7437: 7427: 7418: 7408: 7402: 7389: 7383: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7354:, archived from 7344: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7270: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7237: 7231: 7221: 7215: 7206: 7200: 7191: 7185: 7175: 7169: 7159: 7153: 7143: 7137: 7127: 7121: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7058: 7052: 7040: 7034: 7024: 7018: 7008: 6999: 6998:, pp. 192–4 6993: 6987: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6842: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6813: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6719: 6713: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6661: 6655: 6652:Constantino 1975 6649: 6643: 6637: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6573: 6567: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6481: 6442: 6436: 6425: 6420: 6409: 6403: 6392: 6387: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6326: 6295: 6294: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6265: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6237:Manila,My Manila 6232: 6219: 6214: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6103:, pp. 19–29 6098: 6087: 6084:Diaz Arenas 1838 6081: 6075: 6072:Diaz Arenas 1838 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5922:. Archived from 5916: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5869: 5859: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5757:on June 27, 2007 5753:. Archived from 5747: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5677:. Archived from 5665: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5483: 5468: 5467: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5416: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5332:The Manila Times 5329: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5301: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5251: 5116:, proclaimed an 5040:Emilio Aguinaldo 5032:Malolos Republic 5027:Emilio Aguinaldo 5019:Malolos Republic 5011:Malolos Congress 4991:Malolos, Bulacan 4987:Barasoain Church 4983:Malolos Congress 4916:that led to the 4910:Felipe Agoncillo 4889:Baliuag, Bulacan 4879:. Major General 4830:reported that a 4773:E. Spencer Pratt 4687:Arthur MacArthur 4677:. Major General 4579:Battle of Alapan 4544:Emilio Aguinaldo 4523:On May 7, 1898, 4473:Patricio Montojo 4444:Asiatic Squadron 4422:William McKinley 4414:Democratic Party 4367:E. Spencer Pratt 4334:to serve as the 4330:, established a 4319: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4268: 4260: 4227:Benito Natividad 4081:José de Lacambre 4039:Emilio Aguinaldo 3980:Malolos Republic 3898:Lázaro Makapagal 3873:Andrés Bonifacio 3782:Emilio Aguinaldo 3733:Emilio Aguinaldo 3674:Emilio Aguinaldo 3658:Emilio Aguinaldo 3620:Eulogio Despujol 3297:Governor-General 3262:Andrés Bonifacio 3236:Santiago Álvarez 3180:Diario de Manila 3067:organization of 3052:Deodato Arellano 3048:Andrés Bonifacio 3015:Andrés Bonifacio 2992:La Liga Filipina 2716:Malacañan Palace 2695:government with 2660:to world trade. 2543:José Alejandrino 2524: 2521: 2431:Sual, Pangasinan 2427:Sinibaldo de Mas 2408:Sinibaldo de Mas 2397:Lawrence H. Bell 2393:James Adam Smith 2350: 2294:Mariano Ricafort 2291:Governor-General 2263: 2262:January 17, 1891 2174:Emilio Aguinaldo 2146:Southern Tagalog 2118:Andrés Bonifacio 2103:La Liga Filipina 1976:soldiers at the 1956:The election of 1951:governor-general 1876:Second World War 1862:Manuel L. Quezon 1814:Asiatic Squadron 1763:and Aguinaldo's 1757:Emilio Aguinaldo 1721:La Liga Filipina 1717:Andrés Bonifacio 1671: 1657: 1413:Perez Dasmariñas 1393:Kakarong de Sili 1247: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1204: 1203: 1185: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1039:Basilio Augustín 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1001: 1000: 999: 990: 977: 973: 972: 971: 960: 959: 958: 948: 947: 946: 941: 940: 939: 929: 928: 927: 922: 921: 920: 904: 903: 902: 897: 896: 895: 885: 884: 883: 878: 877: 876: 866: 865: 864: 859: 858: 857: 847: 846: 845: 840: 839: 838: 828: 827: 826: 821: 820: 819: 809: 808: 807: 802: 801: 800: 790: 789: 788: 783: 782: 781: 771: 770: 769: 764: 763: 762: 752: 751: 750: 745: 744: 743: 735:Santiago Álvarez 733: 732: 731: 726: 725: 724: 714: 713: 712: 707: 706: 705: 695: 694: 693: 688: 687: 686: 676: 675: 674: 669: 668: 667: 657: 656: 655: 650: 649: 648: 638: 637: 636: 631: 630: 629: 619: 618: 617: 612: 611: 610: 600: 599: 598: 593: 592: 591: 584: 575: 574: 573: 568: 567: 566: 559: 550: 549: 548: 543: 542: 541: 533:Emilio Aguinaldo 531: 530: 529: 524: 523: 522: 515: 508:Andrés Bonifacio 506: 505: 504: 499: 498: 497: 488: 468: 466: 465: 447: 445: 444: 415: 414: 413: 405: 401: 399: 398: 381: 379: 378: 367: 366: 365: 354: 353: 352: 341: 340: 339: 313: 312: 311: 303: 299: 297: 296: 281: 275: 274: 273: 266: 260: 259: 258: 251: 245: 244: 243: 232: 231: 230: 131: 130: 124:Malolos Congress 97: 86: 77: 66: 57: 28: 27: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10867:Allied invasion 10823: 10722: 10716:Armed conflicts 10708: 10706: 10676: 10671: 10651: 10649: 10621: 10548: 10517:Public holidays 10433: 10362:Sex trafficking 10254: 10120: 10038:Law enforcement 9999: 9931: 9895:Protected areas 9804: 9773:American period 9741: 9701: 9695: 9665: 9660: 9637: 9620: 9589: 9453: 9447: 9433: 9431: 9401: 9396: 9354: 9335:Noli Me Tángere 9328:Mi último adiós 9296: 9272:Magdalo faction 9234: 9200:Treaty of Paris 9188: 9139:Hong Kong Junta 9075: 9037: 9019: 9014: 8978:(archived from 8929: 8927: 8903: 8901: 8889: 8880: 8843:Zaide, Gregorio 8833: 8831: 8829: 8807:(Introduction, 8804: 8784: 8753: 8733: 8712: 8710: 8698: 8682: 8643: 8628: 8614: 8574: 8554: 8534: 8514: 8491: 8489: 8457: 8456: 8425: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8372: 8352: 8306: 8298:, AuthorHouse, 8291: 8276: 8275: 8227: 8226: 8211: 8191: 8171: 8156: 8151: 8130: 8110: 8078: 8076: 8056: 8054: 8034: 8011: 8006: 8005: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7961: 7957: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7920: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7883: 7879: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7834: 7830: 7821: 7819: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7718: 7714: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7644: 7640: 7633:. July 4, 1902. 7626: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7552: 7548: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7492: 7488: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7444: 7440: 7428: 7421: 7409: 7405: 7390: 7386: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7332: 7330: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7307: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7271: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7238: 7234: 7222: 7218: 7207: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7176: 7172: 7160: 7156: 7144: 7140: 7128: 7124: 7112: 7108: 7102:Aguinaldo 1899b 7100: 7096: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7041: 7037: 7025: 7021: 7009: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6979: 6975: 6969:Aguinaldo 1899b 6967: 6963: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6903:. p. 245. 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6875:, pp. 56–8 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6843: 6839: 6834:Aguinaldo 1899a 6832: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6756: 6752: 6747:. May 19, 2016. 6739: 6738: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6506: 6498: 6489: 6482: 6445: 6437: 6428: 6421: 6412: 6404: 6395: 6388: 6355: 6346:Schumacher 1991 6344: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6298: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6251: 6244: 6233: 6222: 6215: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127:, p. 10453 6123: 6119: 6115:, p. 10315 6111: 6107: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6026:, p. 51071 6022: 6018: 6014:, p. 10296 6010: 6006: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5926:on July 7, 2011 5918: 5917: 5913: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5853: 5841: 5834: 5823: 5816: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5733: 5729: 5716: 5712: 5701: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5681:on May 14, 2016 5667: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5647: 5638: 5636: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5610: 5606: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5565: 5561: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5484: 5471: 5464: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5259:Treaty of Paris 5252: 5248: 5243: 5171: 5159: 5150: 5098:sovereign state 5074: 5068: 4968: 4962: 4942:Treaty of Paris 4903: 4897: 4850: 4844: 4815:Fermín Jáudenes 4807: 4801: 4792:organic decrees 4754:national anthem 4738:Cavite El Viejo 4711: 4701: 4695: 4645:, Tayabas (now 4502: 4484:. Dewey cabled 4381: 4375: 4358: 4356:Hong Kong Junta 4352: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4285: 4269: 4258: 4252: 4247: 4219:Mariano Llanera 4057: 4047: 3972: 3920: 3914: 3875: 3869: 3861:Acta de Tejeros 3845:Artemio Ricarte 3805: 3797:Main articles: 3795: 3767:Artemio Ricarte 3709:Cavite El Viejo 3701:Mariano Álvarez 3682:Mariano Llanera 3651: 3575: 3567: 3476:Mariano Llanera 3260:supreme leader 3244:Melchora Aquino 3159: 3153: 3148: 3043: 3035: 2953:Eduardo de Lete 2933:Mariana Islands 2913: 2908: 2866:Fort San Felipe 2799: 2752:. Although the 2746: 2740: 2726:An Assembly of 2681: 2633:gobernadorcillo 2607:and the native 2591:. Although the 2547:Teodoro Sandiko 2527:Dominador Gómez 2522: 2487: 2465: 2459: 2425:In response to 2381:U.S. government 2357: 2298:Luis Lardizábal 2270: 2264: 2261: 2223: 2218: 2150:Cavite province 2088:Calamba, Laguna 2069:Noli Me Tángere 1982:Cavite el Viejo 1978:Fort San Felipe 1962:throne of Spain 1958:Amadeo of Savoy 1884: 1834:Treaty of Paris 1749:Mariano Álvarez 1710:Treaty of Paris 1638: 1633: 1368:Motin de Manila 1240: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1188: 1175: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1107:100,000-400,000 1106: 1093: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1051:Fermin Jáudenes 1045: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1007: 997: 995: 992: 991: 986: 980: 969: 967: 966: 956: 954: 944: 942: 937: 935: 931:Arcadio Maxilom 925: 923: 918: 916: 900: 898: 893: 891: 887:Teresa Magbanua 881: 879: 874: 872: 862: 860: 855: 853: 843: 841: 836: 834: 824: 822: 817: 815: 805: 803: 798: 796: 792:Artemio Ricarte 786: 784: 779: 777: 767: 765: 760: 758: 748: 746: 741: 739: 729: 727: 722: 720: 710: 708: 703: 701: 697:Mariano Álvarez 691: 689: 684: 682: 672: 670: 665: 663: 653: 651: 646: 644: 634: 632: 627: 625: 615: 613: 608: 606: 596: 594: 589: 587: 571: 569: 564: 562: 546: 544: 539: 537: 527: 525: 520: 518: 502: 500: 495: 493: 490: 489: 484: 463: 461: 459: 442: 440: 436: 411: 409: 396: 394: 392: 376: 374: 363: 361: 350: 348: 337: 335: 334: 309: 307: 294: 292: 290: 279: 271: 269: 264: 256: 254: 249: 241: 239: 228: 226: 225: 192: 177:Treaty of Paris 149: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 89: 88: 87: 79: 78: 69: 68: 67: 59: 58: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11000: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10705: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10682: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10659: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10323:Climate change 10315: 10314: 10313: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10240:Transportation 10237: 10236: 10235: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10208: 10206:Stock exchange 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10009: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9900:National parks 9892: 9887: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9870: 9868:Extreme points 9865: 9860: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9846:Climate change 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9798:Fifth Republic 9795: 9790: 9788:Third Republic 9782: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9768:Spanish period 9762: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: articles 9694: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9632:Oakwood mutiny 9628: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9581: 9578:2001 (Apr–May) 9575: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9464: 9457: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9430: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9349:La Solidaridad 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9215:Moro Rebellion 9212: 9207: 9202: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9092:Bonifacio Plan 9089: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9013: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8963: 8958: 8949: 8936: 8911: 8888: 8887:External links 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8812: 8802: 8787: 8782: 8767: 8756: 8751: 8736: 8731: 8718: 8696: 8685: 8680: 8662: 8653: 8646: 8641: 8626: 8617: 8612: 8597: 8578: 8572: 8557: 8552: 8537: 8532: 8517: 8512: 8497: 8479: 8442: 8428: 8423: 8408: 8375: 8370: 8355: 8350: 8337: 8328: 8318: 8309: 8304: 8289: 8266: 8252: 8240: 8214: 8209: 8194: 8189: 8174: 8169: 8154: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8113: 8108: 8095: 8084: 8062: 8037: 8032: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7985: 7955: 7933: 7931:, p. 293. 7929:Worcester 1914 7918: 7911:Blanchard 1996 7903: 7895: 7877: 7856: 7844: 7828: 7804: 7780: 7766: 7746: 7732: 7712: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7620: 7601: 7589: 7574: 7570:Lacsamana 2006 7562: 7554:Worcester 1914 7546: 7530: 7516: 7502: 7486: 7458: 7446:Worcester 1914 7438: 7430:Worcester 1914 7419: 7411:Worcester 1914 7403: 7384: 7368: 7339: 7316: 7293: 7289:Agoncillo 1990 7281: 7273:Worcester 1914 7260: 7248: 7232: 7224:Worcester 1914 7216: 7209:Worcester 1914 7201: 7194:Worcester 1914 7186: 7178:Worcester 1914 7170: 7154: 7138: 7130:Worcester 1914 7122: 7114:Worcester 1914 7106: 7094: 7079: 7053: 7035: 7019: 7011:Worcester 1914 7000: 6996:Agoncillo 1990 6988: 6973: 6961: 6945: 6916: 6910:978-1279815199 6909: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6837: 6826: 6808: 6806:at Wikisource. 6791: 6780: 6765: 6750: 6732: 6714: 6699: 6695:Agoncillo 1990 6687: 6683:Agoncillo 1990 6675: 6656: 6644: 6642:, p. 163. 6627: 6625:, p. 162. 6615: 6613:, p. 161. 6603: 6588: 6568: 6553: 6549:Agoncillo 1990 6541: 6529: 6525:Agoncillo 1990 6504: 6500:Agoncillo 1990 6487: 6443: 6439:Agoncillo 1990 6426: 6423:Gatbonton 2000 6410: 6406:Agoncillo 1990 6393: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6296: 6280: 6260: 6242: 6220: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6105: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5989: 5977: 5962: 5937: 5911: 5885: 5878:Worcester 1914 5870: 5851: 5832: 5814: 5795: 5783: 5768: 5742: 5727: 5710: 5692: 5660: 5645: 5619: 5604: 5589: 5574: 5559: 5544: 5512: 5492:Sulyap Kultura 5469: 5462: 5438: 5431: 5406: 5391: 5384: 5366: 5345: 5317: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5210:Moro Rebellion 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5070:Main article: 5067: 5064: 5042:as president. 4997:were from the 4964:Main article: 4961: 4958: 4899:Main article: 4896: 4893: 4846:Main article: 4843: 4840: 4832:peace protocol 4803:Main article: 4800: 4797: 4780:William R. Day 4725:, however, an 4697:Main article: 4694: 4691: 4679:Wesley Merritt 4518:Wesley Merritt 4501: 4498: 4377:Main article: 4374: 4371: 4354:Main article: 4351: 4348: 4322: 4321: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4254:Main article: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4235:Vicente Lukban 4223:Tomás Mascardo 4215: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4144:Emilio Jacinto 4046: 4043: 3992:Pandi, Bulacan 3971: 3968: 3948:Pandi, Bulacan 3916:Main article: 3913: 3910: 3902:Mariano Noriel 3868: 3865: 3794: 3791: 3725:Battle of Imus 3650: 3647: 3644: 3577: 3576: 3571:Main article: 3566: 3563: 3441:Emilio Jacinto 3188:Terror of 1872 3157:Bonifacio Plan 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3045: 3044: 3039:Main article: 3034: 3031: 3011:La Solidaridad 2988:La Solidaridad 2983:La Solidaridad 2962:La Solidaridad 2921:La Solidaridad 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2890:Jacinto Zamora 2857:Andres Novales 2798: 2795: 2791:Spanish Cortes 2742:Main article: 2739: 2736: 2680: 2677: 2669:intelligentsia 2461:Main article: 2458: 2455: 2401:Robert P. Wood 2356: 2353: 2324:port of Manila 2311:policies. The 2269: 2266: 2259: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2116:, Liga member 2090:in 1888, when 2084:The Filibuster 2018:penal colonies 1997:Jacinto Zamora 1883: 1880: 1864:, Aguinaldo's 1682:Spanish Empire 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1161: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1130: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1029: 1017: 1005: 985: 984: 983: 981: 979: 978: 975:Wesley Merritt 964: 952: 950:Aniceto Lacson 933: 914: 889: 870: 851: 832: 830:Tomás Mascardo 813: 794: 775: 756: 737: 718: 699: 680: 661: 642: 623: 621:Emilio Jacinto 604: 585: 560: 535: 516: 483: 482: 481: 478: 477: 473: 472: 453: 452: 451: 429: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 386: 373: 372: 359: 327: 326: 325: 324: 323: 322: 284: 283: 282: 267: 252: 218: 217: 213: 212: 209: 208: 200:and later the 194: 188: 187: 186: 185: 179: 169: 155: 151: 150: 145: 143: 139: 138: 135: 127: 126: 112:Siege of Baler 92: 91: 90: 81: 80: 72: 71: 70: 61: 60: 52: 51: 50: 49: 48: 45: 44: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10999: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10809:Manila (1762) 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10749:Manila (1574) 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10691: 10689: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10668: 10660: 10658: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10607:Sign language 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10335:Ethnic groups 10333: 10329: 10328:Deforestation 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10186:National debt 10184: 10182: 10181:Fiscal policy 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10072:Supreme Court 10070: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9873:Island groups 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9764:Colonial era 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9452:Attempted and 9450: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9428: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243:Organizations 9241: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9107:Imus Assembly 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9011: 9006: 9004: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8948:(Ch. V–VIII). 8947: 8943: 8937: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828:1-4191-7715-X 8824: 8820: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8788: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8757: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8487: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8446:Jagor, Feodor 8443: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8383: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371:962-258-228-1 8367: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8351:971-814-004-2 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8150:1-84467-037-6 8146: 8142: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109:1-881261-05-0 8105: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8085: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033:971-8711-06-6 8029: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8012: 7999: 7998:kahimyang.com 7995: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7898: 7896:0-300-03081-9 7892: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7797: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7735: 7733:9780722278932 7729: 7725: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7669: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7632: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7606: 7599:, p. 509 7598: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582:Halstead 1898 7578: 7572:, p. 126 7571: 7566: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7538:Halstead 1898 7534: 7526: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7494:Halstead 1898 7490: 7475: 7468: 7462: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7377: 7376:Halstead 1898 7372: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7291:, p. 196 7290: 7285: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7258:, p. 123 7257: 7252: 7245: 7241: 7240:Halstead 1898 7236: 7229: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7146:Halstead 1898 7142: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7027:Halstead 1898 7023: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6887:, p. 148 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6846:Halstead 1898 6841: 6835: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6640:Anderson 2005 6636: 6634: 6632: 6624: 6623:Anderson 2005 6619: 6612: 6611:Anderson 2005 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6551:, p. 174 6550: 6545: 6539:, p. 115 6538: 6533: 6527:, p. 173 6526: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6502:, p. 172 6501: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6441:, p. 171 6440: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6178:, p. 107 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6139:, p. 247 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6050:, p. 183 6049: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6002:, p. 360 6001: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5597:Halstead 1898 5593: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5355: 5349: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5280: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126:Miguel Malvar 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5091:Pedro Paterno 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4920:, ending the 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750:Filipino flag 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719:Mariano Ponce 4716: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457:On April 27, 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4410:Havana Harbor 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4318: 4315: 4307: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4273:This section 4271: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182:Pedro Paterno 4179: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148:Macario Sakay 4145: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4110:As argued by 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015:Eusebio Roque 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:Teodoro Kalaw 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3891:Pío del Pilar 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841:Daniel Tirona 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3799:Imus Assembly 3790: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771:Pío del Pilar 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3688:(now part of 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3662:Generalissimo 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3632:Fort Santiago 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534:bamboo spears 3531: 3526: 3524: 3523:Filipino flag 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3400:, as well as 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3311:Isla de Luzon 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3064:Valentín Díaz 3061: 3060:Teodoro Plata 3057: 3056:Ladislao Diwa 3053: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3017:, set up the 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005:, set up the 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:Mariano Ponce 2946: 2943:. In Madrid, 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:Cavite Mutiny 2922: 2917: 2906:Organizations 2903: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882:Mariano Gomez 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2844:Mariano Gomez 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628:King of Spain 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2503:Mariano Ponce 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2457:Enlightenment 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2339:King of Spain 2336: 2332: 2331:clipper ships 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:laissez-faire 2301: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2247:José P. Rizal 2244: 2240: 2232: 2227: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172:. On May 24, 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142:Central Luzon 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Tondo, Manila 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990:Mariano Gomez 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:galleon trade 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:Havana Harbor 1807: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1669:Guerra Tagala 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508:Nueva Cáceres 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1333:Calero Bridge 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1173:28,646 1159: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1128: 1119: 1114:12,700–17,700 1112: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1078: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1006: 1004: 994: 993: 989: 982: 976: 965: 963: 953: 951: 934: 932: 915: 913: 912: 907: 890: 888: 871: 869: 852: 850: 833: 831: 814: 812: 811:Pío del Pilar 795: 793: 776: 774: 773:Miguel Malvar 757: 755: 738: 736: 719: 717: 716:Mariano Trías 700: 698: 681: 679: 678:Macario Sakay 662: 660: 643: 641: 624: 622: 605: 603: 602:Ladislao Diwa 586: 583: 578: 577:Teodoro Plata 561: 558: 553: 536: 534: 517: 514: 509: 492: 491: 487: 480: 479: 474: 471: 470:United States 460: 458: 454: 450: 439: 438: 437: 435: 431: 430: 423: 420: 419: 418: 408: 407: 406: 404: 391: 387: 384: 383:United States 370: 360: 357: 347: 346: 345: 344: 333: 329: 328: 321: 318: 317: 316: 306: 305: 304: 302: 289: 285: 278: 268: 263: 253: 248: 238: 237: 236: 235: 224: 220: 219: 214: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 189: 183: 180: 178: 174: 173:United States 170: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158:Inconclusive 156: 153: 152: 148: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 96: 85: 76: 65: 56: 46: 43: 39: 34: 29: 24: 19: 10857:World War II 10834: 10727:Early modern 10643:Bibliography 10572:Coat of arms 10544:Value system 10447:Architecture 10399:Prostitution 10296:Demographics 10166:Central bank 10109:Marine Corps 10089:Armed Forces 9973:Human rights 9958:Constitution 9907:Ramsar sites 9389: 9347: 9333: 9314: 9307: 9254: 9016: 8980:the original 8970:the original 8944:(Ch. I–IV), 8928:. Retrieved 8924:the original 8919: 8904:November 16, 8902:. Retrieved 8898: 8868: 8858: 8846: 8832:, retrieved 8817: 8808: 8792: 8772: 8761: 8741: 8722: 8713:December 25, 8711:, retrieved 8705: 8690: 8670: 8657: 8631: 8621: 8602: 8590: 8562: 8542: 8523:In Our Image 8522: 8502: 8490:, retrieved 8484: 8471: 8449: 8437: 8413: 8386:, retrieved 8380: 8360: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8313: 8294: 8270: 8260: 8247: 8221: 8199: 8179: 8159: 8138: 8118: 8099: 8089: 8079:December 26, 8077:, retrieved 8071: 8055:, retrieved 8049: 8021: 8009:Bibliography 7997: 7988: 7978:December 25, 7976:. Retrieved 7972:the original 7958: 7950:the original 7945: 7936: 7906: 7886: 7880: 7866: 7859: 7847: 7831: 7822:February 10, 7820:, retrieved 7818:, msc.edu.ph 7814: 7807: 7796:the original 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7756: 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7722: 7715: 7699: 7694:, p. 24 7687: 7682:, p. 20 7675: 7663: 7654: 7641: 7630: 7597:Elliott 1917 7592: 7577: 7565: 7549: 7533: 7519: 7505: 7489: 7478:, retrieved 7473: 7461: 7441: 7406: 7387: 7371: 7362:December 20, 7360:, retrieved 7356:the original 7351: 7342: 7331:, retrieved 7325: 7319: 7308:, retrieved 7302: 7296: 7284: 7251: 7235: 7219: 7204: 7189: 7173: 7157: 7141: 7125: 7109: 7097: 7087:Guevara 1972 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7066:the original 7056: 7047: 7043:Guevara 1972 7038: 7022: 6991: 6976: 6971:Chapter III. 6964: 6956: 6948: 6936:. Retrieved 6932:the original 6899: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6840: 6829: 6821:the original 6811: 6794: 6783: 6768: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6727:ABS-CBN News 6726: 6717: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6659: 6647: 6618: 6606: 6578: 6571: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6484:Salazar 1994 6341: 6335: 6329:Alvarez 1992 6289: 6283: 6273: 6263: 6236: 6217:Foreman 1906 6171: 6166:, p. 82 6159: 6154:, p. 81 6137:Bowring 1859 6132: 6120: 6108: 6086:, p. 10 6079: 6067: 6062:, p. 16 6055: 6048:de Moya 1883 6043: 6038:, p. 64 6031: 6019: 6007: 5987:, p. 63 5980: 5971: 5965: 5953:. Retrieved 5949: 5940: 5928:. Retrieved 5924:the original 5914: 5903: 5873: 5825:Guevara 1972 5786: 5771: 5759:. Retrieved 5755:the original 5745: 5736: 5730: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5683:. Retrieved 5679:the original 5672: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5637:, retrieved 5631: 5607: 5592: 5583: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5553: 5547: 5504:, retrieved 5500:the original 5495: 5491: 5448: 5441: 5421: 5375: 5369: 5357:. Retrieved 5348: 5336:. Retrieved 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5299: 5279: 5270: 5249: 5160: 5151: 5095: 5087:Ellwell Otis 5075: 5055:General Otis 5044: 5015:constitution 4977: 4950: 4931: 4925: 4885: 4881:Adna Chaffee 4870: 4851: 4837: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4808: 4789: 4784:Maximo Kalaw 4770: 4731: 4712: 4672: 4665: 4619:San Fernando 4588: 4576: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4526: 4522: 4503: 4462:George Dewey 4456: 4440:George Dewey 4430: 4426:declared war 4404: 4393: 4359: 4325: 4310: 4301: 4286:Please help 4274: 4216: 4211:Mexican peso 4190:Biak-na-Bato 4175: 4156: 4141: 4121: 4109: 4089:Mendez Nunez 4066: 4045:Biak-na-Bato 4031: 3996: 3973: 3945: 3895: 3887: 3876: 3825: 3806: 3779: 3760: 3741: 3698: 3667: 3639:Ramón Blanco 3636: 3593: 3527: 3483:Ramón Blanco 3480: 3470:, rebels in 3445: 3422: 3360:garrison in 3355: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3307:Isla de Cuba 3306: 3300:Ramón Blanco 3281: 3277: 3266: 3240: 3229: 3202: 3196: 3186:As with the 3185: 3178: 3172: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3108:Ilocos Norte 3073: 3046: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2987: 2982: 2960: 2957:Antonio Luna 2926: 2923:(Solidarity) 2920: 2897: 2872:, a Spanish 2840:Pedro Peláez 2834:takeover of 2816: 2814: 2806: 2782:peninsulares 2767: 2747: 2725: 2705: 2682: 2662: 2658:Manila ports 2642: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2601:peninsulares 2600: 2596: 2593:peninsulares 2592: 2579: 2576:peninsulares 2575: 2569: 2563: 2559:peninsulares 2557: 2555: 2551: 2513: 2485:rizal-family 2473:Peninsulares 2424: 2415: 2410:, a Spanish 2405: 2377: 2362: 2358: 2309:mercantilist 2302: 2283: 2256: 2242: 2236: 2139: 2129: 2107: 2083: 2077: 2076:, 1887) and 2074:Touch Me Not 2073: 2067: 2062: 2015: 2008: 1955: 1949:as the 91st 1928: 1885: 1867:aide-de-camp 1865: 1839: 1818:George Dewey 1804: 1800: 1772: 1751:and cousins 1733:declared war 1714: 1680:against the 1641: 1639: 1438:Biak-na-Bato 1234: 1176: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1003:Ramón Blanco 987: 962:George Dewey 910: 659:Julio Nakpil 485: 456: 455: 433: 432: 389: 388: 331: 330: 287: 286: 222: 221: 216:Belligerents 204:, asserting 157: 103: 18: 10899:Vietnam War 10828:Late modern 10720:Philippines 10369:Immigration 10171:Child labor 10146:Agriculture 10116:Coast Guard 10050:Legislative 9985:Legal codes 9858:Earthquakes 9722:Archaeology 9698:Philippines 9445:Philippines 8834:February 7, 8526:, Century, 8506:, BC-CLIO, 8492:February 7, 8218:Blair, Emma 8057:February 7, 7838:, pp. 7773:January 29, 7739:January 29, 7706:, pp. 7692:Miller 1984 7680:Miller 1984 7584:, pp. 7480:February 6, 7448:, pp. 7392:Karnow 1990 7333:October 10, 7256:Karnow 1990 7164:, pp. 6983:, pp. 6938:October 10, 6788:Mabini 1969 6775:, pp. 6773:Halili 2004 6758:Halili 2004 6707:Sagmit 2007 6666:, pp. 6074:, p. 4 5955:November 3, 5930:November 3, 5864:, pp. 5845:, pp. 5808:, pp. 5685:October 20, 5639:October 17, 5614:, pp. 5338:December 4, 5310:December 4, 4649:), and the 4639:Nueva Ecija 4464:sailed for 4340:Philippines 4304:August 2021 4154:authority. 3628:Philippines 3612:martial law 3530:bolo knives 3519:Nueva Ecija 3487:martial law 3466:, north of 3464:Nueva Ecija 3374:Mandaluyong 3358:Civil Guard 3318:Mandaluyong 3248:Pasong Tamo 3225:Pasong Tamo 3209:Pugad Lawin 3100:Nueva Ecija 3069:Freemasonry 2886:José Burgos 2849:José Burgos 2732:Restoration 2721:José Burgos 2683:In 1868, a 2624:principalía 2609:principalía 2571:Principalía 2523: 1890 2518:in Madrid, 2481:Principalía 2387:. In 1875, 2231:Philippines 2229:Map of the 2066:'s novels, 1986:José Burgos 1980:arsenal in 1924:principalía 1888:Philippines 1774:in absentia 1690:Philippines 1423:Mount Purog 1293:Nueva Ecija 1263:Pasong Tamo 1258:Pugad Lawin 371:(from June) 206:sovereignty 191:Territorial 147:Philippines 10916:Categories 10894:Korean War 10874:Hukbalahap 10718:involving 10592:Great Seal 10529:Psychology 10492:Literature 10487:Inventions 10286:Corruption 10281:Censorship 10151:Automotive 10012:Executive 10005:Government 9863:Ecoregions 9755:Prehistory 9747:Chronology 9601:1987 (Jul) 9573:2001 (Jan) 9567:1990 (Oct) 9561:1990 (Mar) 9549:1987 (Aug) 9543:1987 (Apr) 9537:1987 (Jan) 9531:1986 (Nov) 9525:1986 (Jul) 9490:1896 (Dec) 9454:successful 9391:Spoliarium 9080:Concurrent 8966:Leon Kilat 8930:August 27, 7913:, p. 7836:Kalaw 1927 7710:Appendix D 7704:Kalaw 1927 7668:Zaide 1994 7556:, p. 7540:, p. 7496:, p. 7432:, p. 7413:, p. 7398:, p. 7396:Wolff 2006 7378:, p. 7275:, p. 7242:, p. 7226:, p. 7211:, p. 7196:, p. 7180:, p. 7162:Kalaw 1927 7148:, p. 7132:, p. 7116:, p. 7089:, p. 7072:August 21, 7029:, p. 7013:, p. 6885:Beede 1994 6873:Trask 1996 6848:, p. 6760:, p. 6709:, p. 6598:1371294587 6563:, p. 6537:Zaide 1954 6348:, p. 6255:, p. 6176:Zaide 1957 6164:Zaide 1957 6152:Zaide 1957 6060:Jagor 1873 6036:Zaide 1957 5985:Zaide 1957 5880:, p. 5862:Kalaw 1927 5849:Appendix C 5843:Kalaw 1927 5827:, p. 5812:Appendix A 5806:Kalaw 1927 5778:, p. 5612:Kalaw 1927 5599:, p. 5385:1548813206 5291:References 5157:Death toll 4811:Intramuros 4744:wrote the 4703:See also: 4560:Manila Bay 4494:Manila Bay 4486:Washington 4452:Manila Bay 4420:president 4418:Republican 4105:Magallanes 4085:Maragondon 4021:. General 3952:Katipunero 3906:Maragondon 3871:See also: 3765:, through 3729:Jose Tagle 3588:Bagumbayan 3573:José Rizal 3472:San Isidro 3221:Bahay Toro 3155:See also: 3112:Pangasinan 3104:Ilocos Sur 2979:José Rizal 2919:A copy of 2832:Franciscan 2778:Suez Canal 2728:Reformists 2697:Republican 2685:revolution 2665:Ilustrados 2589:José Rizal 2568:, and the 2539:José Rizal 2515:Ilustrados 2495:José Rizal 2243:ilustrados 2216:Background 2064:José Rizal 2005:José Rizal 2001:Bagumbayan 1779:Maragondon 1725:José Rizal 1702:intervened 1498:2nd Manila 1458:Santa Cruz 1363:San Rafael 1268:1st Manila 552:Román Basa 358:(May–June) 122:, and the 110:after the 10957:Katipunan 10744:Bangkusay 10522:Festivals 10507:Mythology 10419:Squatting 10414:Sexuality 10384:Languages 10306:Education 10250:ZIP codes 10094:Air Force 10043:President 9963:Elections 9917:Volcanoes 9890:Mountains 9814:Geography 9737:Political 9715:Overviews 9656:self-coup 9461:1587–1588 9301:Documents 9292:Pulajanes 9262:Katipunan 9122:Elections 8388:March 26, 8018:(1990) , 6561:Lone 2007 5776:Lone 2007 5083:Aguinaldo 4999:ilustrado 4979:Elections 4877:MacArthur 4762:autocracy 4734:his house 4651:Camarines 4623:provinces 4607:Las Piñas 4603:Parañaque 4556:McCulloch 4552:McCulloch 4548:Singapore 4532:Hong Kong 4527:McCulloch 4525:USS 4459:Commodore 4363:Singapore 4275:does not 4239:Hong Kong 4075:, taking 4053: and 3988:Katipunan 3837:Aguinaldo 3832:Bonifacio 3821:Magdiwang 3817:Katipunan 3763:Magdiwang 3744:Magdiwang 3694:tactician 3616:Montjuich 3608:Barcelona 3546:Bonifacio 3474:, led by 3437:Montalban 3433:San Mateo 3350:Juan Luna 3258:Katipunan 3192:Bonifacio 3175:Katipunan 3041:Katipunan 3033:Katipunan 3019:Katipunan 2786:Spaniards 2638:Katipunan 2463:Ilustrado 2439:Zamboanga 2210:Filipinos 2194:President 2122:Katipunan 2095:haciendas 2092:Dominican 2030:Singapore 2022:Hong Kong 1910:in 1821, 1796:Hong Kong 1761:Magdiwang 1753:Baldomero 1678:Katipunan 1615:Zamboanga 1610:Calaganan 1418:Montalban 1160:≈ 1129:≈ 288:1896–1897 234:Katipunan 223:1896–1897 108:Barcelona 10889:Cold War 10667:Category 10597:Language 10409:Religion 10404:Refugees 10347:Genetics 10276:Abortion 10211:Taxation 10067:Judicial 9941:Politics 9922:Wildlife 9851:Typhoons 9732:Military 9193:Epilogue 9071:Gomburza 8857:(1957), 8845:(1954), 8584:(1969), 8460:citation 8448:(1873), 8397:citation 8279:citation 8258:(1975), 8246:(1859), 8230:citation 8043:(1899), 7649:(1899). 7310:June 15, 6253:Keat2004 5761:July 30, 5359:July 12, 5169:See also 5134:Batangas 5130:Batangas 4995:congress 4631:Batangas 4625:such as 4615:Macabebe 4591:deserted 4564:Filipino 4506:McKinley 4350:In exile 4344:banditry 4136:Batangas 4027:barangay 3982:and the 3883:Procopio 3750:(led by 3711:(modern 3559:Mindanao 3515:Batangas 3503:Pampanga 3452:Noveleta 3429:Marikina 3418:Pandacan 3414:Sampaloc 3398:Caloocan 3394:Marikina 3386:Pandacan 3382:Sta. 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These 2026:Yokohama 1974:Filipino 1970:uprising 1816:, under 1783:Procopio 1737:Caloocan 1672:) was a 1646:Filipino 1602:Mindanao 1544:Balisong 1539:Talamban 1433:Paombong 1353:Pampanga 1323:Batangas 1278:Noveleta 1181:/ ( 1098:Strength 988:See list 486:See list 142:Location 36:Part of 10804:Sumuroy 10779:Magalat 10638:Outline 10554:Symbols 10462:Cuisine 10439:Culture 10394:Poverty 10379:Kinship 10301:Divorce 10264:Society 10228:Tourism 10134:Economy 10016:Cabinet 9878:islands 9841:Climate 9836:Borders 9727:Economy 9707:History 9625:Related 9594:Alleged 9443:in the 9359:Symbols 9049:Prelude 9028:Battles 7708:430–445 7586:110–112 7104:, Ch. 3 6777:145-146 5866:199–200 5847:423–429 5810:413–417 5616:199–200 5506:July 8, 5142:Tanauan 5118:amnesty 5036:Malolos 5023:Malolos 4860:of the 4854:Merritt 4635:Bulacan 4577:In the 4470:Admiral 4446:of the 4296:removed 4281:sources 4163:Bulacan 4097:Alfonso 3828:Tejeros 3813:Magdalo 3748:Magdalo 3717:Magdalo 3680:(under 3678:Bulacan 3672:(under 3495:Bulacan 3390:Pateros 3292:Chinese 3284:Diliman 3204:cedulas 3146:History 3136:Supremo 3088:Bulacan 2999:Dapitan 2894:garrote 2874:mestizo 2828:Jesuits 2818:Criollo 2693:liberal 2605:creoles 2597:creoles 2580:creoles 2565:creoles 2477:Creoles 2447:Legazpi 2420:Chinese 2316:capture 2313:British 2158:Tejeros 2134:Dapitan 2114:Dapitan 2058:émigrés 1960:to the 1939:liberal 1892:British 1882:Summary 1765:Magdalo 1715:Led by 1660:Spanish 1620:Misamis 1569:Antique 1516:Visayas 1503:Masbate 1488:Dagupan 1473:Tayabas 1463:Bolinao 1453:Calamba 1443:Camalig 1383:Pateros 1348:Bulacan 1313:Balayan 1308:Nasugbu 1303:Talisay 1177:† 1142:55,000 193:changes 175:in the 10819:Cavite 10784:Igorot 10739:Dagami 10734:Mactan 10582:Flower 10562:Anthem 10534:Sports 10457:Cinema 10352:Health 10176:Energy 10161:Census 10055:Senate 9912:Rivers 9634:(2003) 9042:Events 9033:People 8946:Part 2 8942:Part 1 8876: 8825: 8800: 8780: 8749: 8729: 8678: 8639: 8610: 8570: 8550: 8530: 8510: 8421: 8368: 8348: 8302: 8207: 8187: 8167: 8147: 8126: 8106: 8030: 7893: 7764: 7730: 6907: 6596: 6586: 5460: 5429: 5382: 4647:Quezon 4643:Bataan 4627:Laguna 4611:Morong 4599:Bacoor 4583:Cavite 4536:Manila 4490:Manila 4482:Cavite 4466:Manila 4233:, and 4186:Manila 4132:Laguna 4128:Manila 4124:Cavite 4101:Bailen 4093:Amadeo 4073:Cavite 4035:barrio 3942:Facade 3879:Cavite 3853:Cavite 3819:. The 3775:Morong 3686:Morong 3684:) and 3670:Cavite 3596:Cavite 3555:Marawi 3550:Luneta 3542:Manila 3538:Cavite 3517:, and 3511:Laguna 3507:Tarlac 3499:Cavite 3491:Manila 3468:Manila 3460:Cavite 3406:Taguig 3402:Makati 3396:, and 3370:Manila 3269:Manila 3132:barrio 3118:, and 3096:Tarlac 3084:Cavite 3080:Laguna 3062:, and 2977:, and 2955:, and 2941:Madrid 2937:Europe 2888:, and 2878:Quiapo 2861:creole 2774:friars 2770:Europe 2654:Madrid 2650:Manila 2620:Indios 2616:masses 2574:. The 2562:, the 2483:, and 2435:Iloilo 2385:Orient 2328:Yankee 2286:Manila 2046:Berlin 2042:Vienna 2038:London 1916:Madrid 1900:Mexico 1896:Manila 1745:Cavite 1741:Manila 1564:Negros 1559:Iloilo 1554:Lincud 1468:Baguio 1448:Alapan 1428:Aliaga 1403:Silang 1398:Zapote 1388:Tarlac 1378:Bacoor 1373:Bataan 1343:Morong 1338:Sambat 908: 579: 554: 510: 467: 446: 400: 380: 298: 154:Result 10602:Motto 10502:Music 10497:Media 10472:Dance 10429:Pinoy 10424:Women 10291:Crime 10191:Labor 10021:lists 9885:Lakes 9441:Coups 7901:p. 63 7799:(PDF) 7792:(PDF) 7627:(PDF) 7544:Ch.10 7500:Ch.15 7470:(PDF) 7382:Ch.10 7246:Ch.10 7152:Ch.28 7033:ch.10 6985:357–8 5900:(PDF) 5241:Notes 5038:with 5025:with 4934:Luzon 4914:Paris 4715:Luzon 4681:(the 4534:from 4405:Maine 4069:Spain 3713:Kawit 3690:Rizal 3660:as a 3600:Spain 3584:Rizal 3456:Kawit 3362:Pasig 3116:Bicol 2618:, or 2584:rajah 2469:Casta 2110:Rizal 2050:Spain 2034:Paris 1994:friar 1912:Spain 1830:Kawit 1805:Maine 1625:Davao 1579:Pilar 1549:Batan 1529:Capiz 1524:Aklan 1493:Vigan 1483:Baler 1288:Kawit 1250:Luzon 1118:1898: 1111:1896: 1104:1896: 403:Spain 385:(May) 301:Spain 167:Spain 165:from 10617:Tree 10577:Flag 10567:Bird 10512:Name 10452:Arts 10196:Peso 10104:Navy 10099:Army 9978:LGBT 9826:Bays 9647:coup 9606:2006 9584:2007 9555:1989 9508:1972 9502:1967 9496:1935 9484:1872 9478:1828 9472:1823 9467:1719 9127:Pact 8932:2011 8906:2007 8874:ISBN 8836:2008 8823:ISBN 8798:ISBN 8778:ISBN 8747:ISBN 8727:ISBN 8715:2007 8676:ISBN 8637:ISBN 8608:ISBN 8568:ISBN 8548:ISBN 8528:ISBN 8508:ISBN 8494:2008 8466:link 8419:ISBN 8403:link 8390:2008 8366:ISBN 8346:ISBN 8300:ISBN 8285:link 8236:link 8205:ISBN 8185:ISBN 8165:ISBN 8145:ISBN 8124:ISBN 8104:ISBN 8081:2007 8059:2008 8028:ISBN 7980:2016 7891:ISBN 7842:Ch.6 7824:2008 7775:2021 7762:ISBN 7741:2021 7728:ISBN 7560:Ch.3 7482:2008 7456:Ch.3 7436:Ch.3 7417:Ch.3 7364:2008 7335:2007 7312:2014 7279:Ch.3 7230:Ch.3 7184:Ch.7 7168:Ch.5 7136:Ch.2 7120:Ch.2 7074:2006 7017:Ch.3 6940:2007 6905:ISBN 6594:OCLC 6584:ISBN 5957:2009 5932:2009 5868:Ch.7 5763:2007 5687:2009 5641:2007 5508:2009 5458:ISBN 5427:ISBN 5380:ISBN 5361:2024 5340:2021 5312:2021 5253:The 5161:The 5140:and 5138:Lipa 4938:Guam 4936:and 4873:Otis 4707:and 4617:and 4595:Imus 4396:Cuba 4279:any 4277:cite 4188:and 4146:and 4134:and 4103:and 4077:Imus 3857:Naic 3809:Imus 3801:and 3769:and 3624:Cuba 3604:Cuba 3532:and 3454:and 3435:and 3412:and 3404:and 3309:and 3223:and 3023:Liga 2935:and 2927:The 2859:, a 2842:and 2501:and 2449:and 2443:Cebu 2437:and 2399:and 2373:hemp 2318:and 2276:The 2156:and 2154:Imus 1992:and 1929:The 1803:USS 1755:and 1640:The 1589:Jaro 1584:Sara 1574:Oton 1534:Cebu 1478:Lipa 1408:Naik 1318:Lian 1298:Imus 457:1899 434:1899 390:1898 332:1898 134:Date 40:and 10587:Gem 8954:by 7915:130 7872:210 7840:132 7558:121 7542:108 7498:177 7454:119 7450:115 7415:106 7400:119 7380:153 7182:154 7150:311 6850:126 6762:145 6711:158 6672:287 6350:196 6257:755 5882:180 5601:318 5454:204 4989:in 4736:in 4290:by 4161:in 3707:of 3676:), 3458:in 1972:of 1828:in 1808:in 1794:to 1666:or 1652:or 1184:DOW 10918:: 9654:‡ 8918:. 8897:. 8462:}} 8458:{{ 8435:, 8399:}} 8395:{{ 8281:}} 8277:{{ 8232:}} 8228:{{ 8069:, 8047:, 7996:. 7944:. 7921:^ 7653:. 7629:. 7604:^ 7472:, 7452:, 7434:69 7422:^ 7350:, 7277:55 7263:^ 7244:97 7228:63 7213:61 7198:60 7134:21 7118:19 7091:35 7045:, 7031:95 7015:57 7003:^ 6955:, 6919:^ 6743:. 6725:. 6670:, 6668:40 6630:^ 6592:. 6565:37 6507:^ 6490:^ 6446:^ 6429:^ 6413:^ 6396:^ 6356:^ 6299:^ 6271:. 6245:^ 6223:^ 6183:^ 6144:^ 6091:^ 5992:^ 5948:. 5902:. 5888:^ 5854:^ 5835:^ 5829:10 5817:^ 5798:^ 5780:42 5695:^ 5671:. 5622:^ 5515:^ 5494:, 5490:, 5472:^ 5456:. 5409:^ 5394:^ 5330:. 5144:. 5136:, 5081:. 5062:. 4928:." 4891:. 4740:. 4689:. 4641:, 4637:, 4633:, 4629:, 4613:, 4609:, 4605:, 4601:, 4597:, 4542:. 4346:. 4241:. 4229:, 4225:, 4221:, 4173:. 4130:, 4099:, 4095:, 4091:, 4029:. 3634:. 3557:, 3513:, 3509:, 3505:, 3501:, 3497:, 3493:, 3450:, 3431:, 3392:, 3388:, 3384:, 3380:, 3376:, 3219:, 3114:, 3110:, 3106:, 3102:, 3098:, 3094:, 3090:, 3086:, 3082:, 3078:, 3058:, 3054:, 3050:, 3025:. 2973:, 2951:, 2947:, 2902:. 2884:, 2734:. 2703:. 2611:. 2541:, 2529:, 2520:c. 2497:, 2479:, 2475:, 2471:, 2433:, 2395:, 2044:, 2040:, 2036:, 2032:, 2028:, 2024:, 1988:, 1712:. 1696:. 1662:: 1658:; 1648:: 10701:e 10694:t 10687:v 9690:e 9683:t 9676:v 9586:* 9580:* 9569:* 9563:* 9557:* 9551:* 9545:* 9539:* 9533:* 9527:* 9516:* 9510:‡ 9504:* 9498:* 9492:* 9486:* 9480:* 9474:* 9463:* 9426:e 9419:t 9412:v 9386:" 9382:" 9344:" 9340:" 9330:" 9326:" 9009:e 9002:t 8995:v 8934:. 8908:. 8576:. 8478:. 8468:) 8405:) 8287:) 8238:) 7982:. 7899:. 7874:. 7777:. 7743:. 7076:. 7051:. 6942:. 6913:. 6600:. 6293:. 5959:. 5934:. 5765:. 5689:. 5496:1 5466:. 5435:. 5388:. 5363:. 5342:. 5314:. 5265:. 4390:. 4317:) 4311:( 4306:) 4302:( 4298:. 4284:. 3590:. 3352:. 3169:. 2811:) 2345:( 2082:( 2072:( 1644:( 1226:e 1219:t 1212:v 1187:) 911:X 25:.

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