Philosophy of language

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or hostile, and after each response they were told if they were correct or not, helping them learn the subtle cues that distinguished friend from foe. A quarter of the participants were told in advance that the friendly aliens were called "leebish" and the hostile ones "grecious", while another quarter were told the opposite. For the rest, the aliens remained nameless. It was found that participants who were given names for the aliens learned to categorize the aliens far more quickly, reaching 80 per cent accuracy in less than half the time taken by those not told the names. By the end of the test, those told the names could correctly categorize 88 per cent of aliens, compared to just 80 per cent for the rest. It was concluded that naming objects helps us categorize and memorize them.

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be done is to examine the utterance as a part of the overall linguistic behaviour of the individual, and then use these observations to interpret the meaning of all other utterances. From this basis, one can form a manual of translation. But, since reference is indeterminate, there will be many such manuals, no one of which is more correct than the others. For Quine, as for Wittgenstein and Austin, meaning is not something that is associated with a single word or sentence, but is rather something that, if it can be attributed at all, can only be attributed to a whole language. The resulting view is called

2287:...speech can never exactly represent perceptibles, since it is different from them, and perceptibles are apprehended each by the one kind of organ, speech by another. Hence, since the objects of sight cannot be presented to any other organ but sight, and the different sense-organs cannot give their information to one another, similarly speech cannot give any information about perceptibles. Therefore, if anything exists and is comprehended, it is incommunicable. 9175: 7245: 988: 46: 2111: 2570:. Age-of-Enlightenment thinkers accommodated the classical model with a Christian worldview, arguing that God created Man social and rational, and, out of these properties, Man created his own cultural habits including language. In this tradition, the logic of the subject-predicate structure forms a general, or 'universal' grammar, which governs thinking and underpins all languages. Variation between languages was investigated in the 2815:" and attributed to Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. Moderate realists hold that "man" refers to a real essence or form that is really present and identical in Socrates and all other men, but "man" does not exist as a separate and distinct entity. This is a realist position, because "man" is real, insofar as it really exists in all men; but it is a moderate realism, because "man" is not an entity separate from the men it informs. 1297:(science of language). The result of their studies was the elaboration of linguistic-philosophical notions whose complexity and subtlety has only recently come to be appreciated. Many of the most interesting problems of modern philosophy of language were anticipated by medieval thinkers. The phenomena of vagueness and ambiguity were analyzed intensely, and this led to an increasing interest in problems related to the use of 9185: 7232: 60: 2777:, what it is that the word represents. Two different answers have emerged to this question. Some have said that the expression stands for some real, abstract universal out in the world called "rocks". Others have said that the word stands for some collection of particular, individual rocks that are associated with merely a nomenclature. The former position has been called 2650:. Husserl's 'pure logical grammar' draws from 17th-century rational universal grammar, proposing a formal semantics that links the structures of physical reality (e.g., "This paper is white") with the structures of the mind, meaning, and the surface form of natural languages. Husserl's treatise was, however, rejected in general linguistics. Instead, linguists opted for 2244:

character. Another argument is that it is difficult to explain how signs and symbols on paper can represent anything meaningful unless some sort of meaning is infused into them by the contents of the mind. One of the main arguments against is that such levels of language can lead to an infinite regress. In any case, many philosophers of mind and language, such as

1797:. The sense of a sentence is the thought that it expresses. Such a thought is abstract, universal and objective. The sense of any sub-sentential expression consists in its contribution to the thought that its embedding sentence expresses. Senses determine reference and are also the modes of presentation of the objects to which expressions refer. 1956: 3853: 2799:

From a nominalist's perspective, the connection between S and M is the connection between a particular entity (Socrates) and a vast collection of particular things (men). To say that Socrates is a man is to say that Socrates is a part of the class of "men". Another perspective is to consider "man" to

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hypothesis. According to his argument, spoken and written language derive their intentionality and meaning from an internal language encoded in the mind. The main argument in favor of such a view is that the structure of thoughts and the structure of language seem to share a compositional, systematic

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that if Aristotle existed then Aristotle was any one, or all, of these descriptions. Aristotle may well have existed without doing any single one of the things for which he is known to posterity. He may have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he may have died in infancy. Suppose

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If the claim of philosophers to be unbiased were all it pretends to be, it would also have to take account of language and its whole significance in relation to speculative philosophy ... Language is partly something originally given, partly that which develops freely. And just as the individual

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stressed the importance of studying natural language without regard to the truth-conditions of sentences and the references of terms. They did not believe that the social and practical dimensions of linguistic meaning could be captured by any attempts at formalization using the tools of logic. Logic

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In a series of studies conducted by Gary Lupyan, people were asked to look at a series of images of imaginary aliens. Whether each alien was friendly or hostile was determined by certain subtle features but participants were not told what these were. They had to guess whether each alien was friendly

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to be absolutely certain of the meaning or reference that a speaker of the indigenous peoples language attaches to an utterance. For example, if a speaker sees a rabbit and says "gavagai", is she referring to the whole rabbit, to the rabbit's tail, or to a temporal part of the rabbit? All that can

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proposed a worthy reply to the first question by expounding the view that a convention is a "rationally self-perpetuating regularity in behavior". However, this view seems to compete to some extent with the Gricean view of speaker's meaning, requiring either one (or both) to be weakened if both are

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speakers of English, Spanish and Japanese watched videos of two people popping balloons, breaking eggs and spilling drinks either intentionally or accidentally. Later everyone was asked whether they could remember who did what. Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental

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catalog. Half the time they were asked to label the object – whether it was a chair or lamp, for example – while the rest of the time they had to say whether or not they liked it. It was found that when asked to label items, people were later less likely to recall the specific details of products,

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speakers were more likely to use words like "hard", "heavy", "jagged", "metal", "serrated" and "useful" whereas Spanish speakers were more likely to say "golden", "intricate", "little", "lovely", "shiny" and "tiny". To describe a "bridge", which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, the

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of words. The specific instances of vagueness that most interest philosophers of language are those where the existence of "borderline cases" makes it seemingly impossible to say whether a predicate is true or false. Classic examples are "is tall" or "is bald", where it cannot be said that some

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is a discipline that some literary theorists claim overlaps with the philosophy of language. It emphasizes the methods that readers and critics use in understanding a text. This field, an outgrowth of the study of how to properly interpret messages, is closely tied to the ancient discipline of

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Another tradition of philosophers has attempted to show that language and thought are coextensive – that there is no way of explaining one without the other. Donald Davidson, in his essay "Thought and Talk", argued that the notion of belief could only arise as a product of public linguistic

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German speakers said "beautiful", "elegant", "fragile", "peaceful", "pretty" and "slender", and the Spanish speakers said "big", "dangerous", "long", "strong", "sturdy" and "towering". This was the case even though all testing was done in English, a language without grammatical gender.

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theory of meaning, according to which meaning is not a purely psychological phenomenon, because it is determined, at least in part, by features of one's environment. There are two broad subspecies of externalism: social and environmental. The first is most closely associated with

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Many separate (but related) fields have investigated the topic of linguistic convention within their own research paradigms. The presumptions that prop up each theoretical view are of interest to the philosopher of language. For instance, one of the major fields of sociology,

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A common claim is that language is governed by social conventions. Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics. One question regards what a convention exactly is, and how it is studied, and second regards the extent that conventions even matter in the study of language.

1853:") which are analyzed by Russell into existentially quantified logical constructions. Such phrases denote in the sense that there is an object that satisfies the description. However, such objects are not to be considered meaningful on their own, but have meaning only in the 3850: 3002:, Quine asks readers to imagine a situation in which they are confronted with a previously undocumented, group of indigenous people where they must attempt to make sense of the utterances and gestures that its members make. This is the situation of radical translation. 1153:

because it led to the bizarre consequence that anything can be conventionally denominated by any name. Hence, it cannot account for the correct or incorrect application of a name. He claimed that there was a natural correctness to names. To do this, he pointed out that

2939:) do not capture the meanings of their natural language counterparts ("and", "or" and "if-then"). While the "ordinary language" movement basically died out in the 1970s, its influence was crucial to the development of the fields of speech-act theory and the study of 1564:, the origins of meaning itself, our apprehension of meaning, and the nature of composition (the question of how meaningful units of language are composed of smaller meaningful parts, and how the meaning of the whole is derived from the meaning of its parts). 2009:(i.e., the proposition that is represented by "The horse is red"). In other words, a propositional function is like an algorithm. The meaning of "red" in this case is whatever takes the entity "the horse" and turns it into the statement, "The horse is red." 1903:

that Aristotle is associated by Mary with the description "the last great philosopher of antiquity" and (the actual) Aristotle died in infancy. Then Mary's description would seem to refer to Plato. But this is deeply counterintuitive. Hence, names are

2879:, which described the kinds of things which can be done with a sentence (assertion, command, inquiry, exclamation) in different contexts of use on different occasions. Strawson argued that the truth-table semantics of the logical connectives (e.g., 2371:

proposed that the study of language could be done in terms of the I-Language, or internal language of persons. If this is so, then it undermines the pursuit of explanations in terms of conventions, and relegates such explanations to the domain of

2485:. A truth-oriented philosopher of language might wonder whether or not a meaningless sentence can be true or false, or whether or not sentences can express propositions about things that do not exist, rather than the way sentences are used. 2421:

is the study of the particular words that people use to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener, be it to persuade, provoke, endear, or teach. Some relevant applications of the field include the examination of

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to describe all those fields that attempt to explain how semantic facts arise. One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to, or are associated with, meanings and languages.

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Another of the questions that has divided philosophers of language is the extent to which formal logic can be used as an effective tool in the analysis and understanding of natural languages. While most philosophers, including

2058:, which understands the child's learning of syntactic rules and meanings to involve the postulation and testing of hypotheses, through the use of the general faculty of intelligence. The final candidate for explanation is the 1590:

provoked by signs. Although this view of meaning has been beset by a number of problems from the beginning (see the main article for details), interest in it has been renewed by some contemporary theorists under the guise of

3027:. He suggested that the meaning that any individual ascribed to a sentence could only be determined by attributing meanings to many, perhaps all, of the individual's assertions, as well as their mental states and attitudes. 2959:. In recent work, the division between semantics and pragmatics has become a lively topic of discussion at the interface of philosophy and linguistics, for instance in work by Sperber and Wilson, Carston and Levinson. 1720:. The traditional formulation of such a theory is that the meaning of a sentence is its method of verification or falsification. In this form, the thesis was abandoned after the acceptance by most philosophers of the 2795:

From the realist's perspective, the connection between S and M is a connection between two abstract entities. There is an entity, "man", and an entity, "Socrates". These two things connect in some way or overlap.

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The stark opposite to the Sapir–Whorf position is the notion that thought (or, more broadly, mental content) has priority over language. The "knowledge-first" position can be found, for instance, in the work of

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Many philosophers continue to hold the view that language is a logically based tool of expressing the structures of reality by means of predicate-argument structure. Proponents include, with different nuances,

2595:, which has evolved with the linguistic history of the nation. Diversity became emphasized with a focus on the uncontrollable sociohistorical construction of language. Influential romantic accounts include 1998:

to describe more than just how lexical meanings work: they can also be used to describe the meaning of a sentence. In the sentence "The horse is red", "the horse" can be considered to be the product of a

2532:. In linguistics and philosophy of language, the classical model survived in the Middle Ages, and the link between Aristotelian philosophy of science and linguistics was elaborated by Thomas of Erfurt's 2446:

utterances and the various tasks that language can perform (called "speech acts"). It also has applications to the study and interpretation of law, and helps give insight to the logical concept of the

2276:) suggest the influence of language upon thought. However, the same tradition views meaning and grammar as a function of conceptualization, making it difficult to assess in any straightforward way. 2962:

While keeping these traditions in mind, the question of whether or not there is any grounds for conflict between the formal and informal approaches is far from being decided. Some theorists, like

1909:, according to Kripke. That is, they refer to the same individual in every possible world in which that individual exists. In the same work, Kripke articulated several other arguments against " 1673:

of meaning, the view that the meaning of a word or expression is what it points out in the world. While views of this kind have been widely criticized regarding the use of language in general,

4378:"Lost in Translation. New cognitive research suggests that language profoundly influences the way people see the world; a different sense of blame in Japanese and Spanish by Lera Boroditsky" 1872:, cause problems for a directly referential view because it is possible for someone to hear "Mark Twain is Samuel Clemens" and be surprised – thus, their cognitive content seems different. 2350:

such as whether a chair had arms or not. It was concluded that labeling objects helps our minds build a prototype of the typical object in the group at the expense of individual features.

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Linguists have developed at least two general methods of understanding the relationship between the parts of a linguistic string and how it is put together: syntactic and semantic trees.

1170:, he had admitted that some social conventions were also involved, and that there were faults in the idea that phonemes had individual meanings. Plato is often considered a proponent of 1971:

to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences. The principle of compositionality asserts that a sentence can be understood on the basis of the meaning of the

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of words, arguing that words are made by "wordsmiths" and selected by those who need the words, and that the study of language is external to the philosophical objective of studying

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is to what extent language influences thought and vice versa. There have been a number of different perspectives on this issue, each offering a number of insights and suggestions.

2047:. Some important questions regard the amount of innate language, if language acquisition is a special faculty in the mind, and what the connection is between thought and language. 1357:, in turn, can be either formal or material accordingly when it refers to its usual non-linguistic referent (as in "Charles is a man"), or to itself as a linguistic entity (as in " 7909: 1470:. He argued that philosophy has not sufficiently focused on the role language plays in cognition and that future philosophy ought to proceed with a conscious focus on language: 1750:

include any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application. Dummett attributes such a theory of meaning to

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of Chomsky's innate grammar gave rise to new psychologically and biologically oriented theories of language in the 1980s, and these have gained influence in linguistics and

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In the philosophical tradition stemming from the Ancient Greeks, such as Plato and Aristotle, language is seen as a tool for making statements about the reality by means of

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Game theory has been suggested as a tool to study the evolution of language. Some researchers that have developed game theoretical approaches to philosophy of language are

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Language began to play a central role in Western philosophy in the early 20th century. One of the central figures involved in this development was the German philosopher

3256: 2897: 2917: 2399:(philosophical argumentation over what makes "good grammar", relative to a particular language) are two other examples of fields that are taken to be metasemantic. 1864:

has a sense as well as a referent. Such a "mediated reference" view has certain theoretical advantages over Mill's view. For example, co-referential names, such as

3323: 1744:(and hence meaning) of a sentence consists in the hearer's ability to recognize the demonstration (mathematical, empirical or other) of the truth of the sentence. 1182: 2872:

is one thing and language is something entirely different. What is important is not expressions themselves but what people use them to do in communication.

2591:. They argued that, since thinking is verbal, language must be the prerequisite for thought. Therefore, every nation has its own unique way of thinking, a 1658:

relations that it has with other expressions. This view is thought to be descended from the use theory of meaning, and has been most notably defended by

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view of language. Wittgenstein was interested in the way in which the communities use language, and how far it can be taken. It is also associated with

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extended the idea of radical translation to the interpretation of utterances and behavior within a single linguistic community. He dubbed this notion

2836:, have been more or less skeptical about formalizing natural languages, many of them developed formal languages for use in the sciences or formalized 1857:

expressed by the sentences of which they are a part. Hence, they are not directly referential in the same way as logically proper names, for Russell.

4377: 2438:(especially how it influences the behaviors of others, and defines relationships), or the effects of gendered language. It can also be used to study 2213:

suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a "linguistic community" can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in

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speakers, who make an extra distinction between light and dark blue in their language, are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue. The

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may be an abbreviation for "the current President of the United States and husband of Jill Biden". Definite descriptions are denoting phrases (see "

7282: 5066: 3316: 1268:. There were several noteworthy philosophers of language in the medieval period. According to Peter J. King, (although this has been disputed), 2407:, is based on the insight that human social organization is based almost entirely on the use of meanings. In consequence, any explanation of a 1199:. However, since Aristotle took these similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form, he is more often considered a proponent of 4521: 1819:, held that the only directly referential expressions are, what he called, "logically proper names". Logically proper names are such terms as 8137: 108: 4681: 546: 4191:

Churchland, P. (1995) Engine of Reason, Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey Into the Brain. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

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of Arnauld and Lancelot, among others, who described it as accidental and separate from the logical requirements of thought and language.

5186: 4476: 1329:) and their properties was also developed greatly. One of the major developments of the scholastics in this area was the doctrine of the 1224: 9221: 7999: 6029: 4507: 2062:

perspective, which states that at least some of the syntactic settings are innate and hardwired, based on certain modules of the mind.

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perspective, which dictates that not only is the solid bulk of language learned, but it is learned via conditioning. The second is the

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of meaning, to explain what "meaning" is, and what we mean when we talk about meaning. Within this area, issues include: the nature of

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Fodor, J and E. Lepore. (1999) "All at Sea in Semantic Space: Churchland on Meaning Similarity". Journal of Philosophy 96, 381–403.

1764:, which focus on the intentions of a speaker in determining the meaning of an utterance. One notable proponent of such a view was 1193:

was established through an abstraction of the similarities between various individual things. This theory later came to be called

2132: 2005:. A propositional function is an operation of language that takes an entity (in this case, the horse) as an input and outputs a 1501:, whose work on philosophical logic and the philosophy of language in the late 19th century influenced the work of 20th-century 3995: 3241: 6944: 2986:

Translation and interpretation are two other problems that philosophers of language have attempted to confront. In the 1950s,

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The social and evolutionary aspects of language were discussed during the classical and mediaeval periods. Plato's dialogue

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Some of the major issues at the intersection of philosophy of language and philosophy of mind are also dealt with in modern

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There is a tradition called speculative grammar which existed from the 11th to the 13th century. Leading scholars included

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Hale, B. and Crispin Wright, Ed. (1999). Blackwell Companions To Philosophy. Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishers.

3227: 3167: 3147: 2699: 1529: 1149:, Plato considered the question of whether the names of things were determined by convention or by nature. He criticized 1035:

and the relations between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of

2725:, which argues that language arises automatically from visual and other sensory input, and different models inspired by 1604:

holds meaning to be the conditions under which an expression may be true or false. This tradition goes back at least to

8385: 8304: 5513: 4613: 3752: 2322:, whose language has only terms like few and many instead of numerals, are not able to keep track of exact quantities. 1228:

associated with each sign of a language, but distinct from both the sign itself and the thing to which it refers. This

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The Stoics made important contributions to the analysis of grammar, distinguishing five parts of speech: nouns, verbs,

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Jermołowicz, Renata (2003). "On the project of a universal language in the framework of the XVII century philosophy".

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Devitt, Michael and Hanley, Richard, eds. (2006) The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.

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models attempt to explain higher-level mental processes in terms of the basic low-level neurophysiological activity.

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and phrases have a range of correctness. He also argued that primitive names had a natural correctness, because each

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Kripke put forth what has come to be known as "the modal argument" (or "argument from rigidity"). Consider the name

1244:—meaning they could be considered true or false—while sentences were simply their vehicles of expression. Different 7308: 7127: 2252:

and Fodor, have recently turned their attention to explaining the meanings of mental contents and states directly.

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obviously satisfies all of the descriptions (and many of the others we commonly associate with him), but it is not

1551: 1036: 539: 513: 4904:. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Ed., ed. Keith Brown. Oxford: Elsevier. V. 8, pp. 255–57, 2006. 4541:

Teevan, James J. and W.E. Hewitt. (2001) Introduction to Sociology: A Canadian Focus. Prentice Hall: Toronto. p.10

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There are studies that prove that languages shape how people understand causality. Some of them were performed by

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models focus on the notion that natural faculties are a complex system that emerge from simpler biological parts.

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are the objects in the world that words pick out. The senses of sentences are thoughts, while their referents are

9912: 9650: 8094: 7268: 7157: 5179: 865: 375: 6765: 9771: 9645: 9304: 9214: 9115: 8074: 7939: 7183: 6343: 4664: 3385: 3302: 2856: 2841: 2588: 2136: 1075: 925: 870: 643: 248: 9423: 9244: 8809: 8289: 7820: 7599: 7561: 7511: 5757: 5342: 4880: 3020: 2966:, have been skeptical of any claims that there is a substantial conflict between logic and natural language. 2849: 2679: 2333:. For example, when asked to describe a "key"—a word that is masculine in German and feminine in Spanish—the 1968: 1894:

and the descriptions "the greatest student of Plato", "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander".

1876: 1613: 900: 591: 118: 4352: 2528:, which remained the standard model of formal logic until the early 20th century, when it was replaced with 9917: 9178: 8690: 8612: 8329: 8123: 8069: 7969: 7162: 7067: 6715: 5432: 4901: 2295:. For example, English speakers tend to say things like "John broke the vase" even for accidents. However, 1576: 1485: 845: 711: 508: 9309: 7810: 7760: 6966: 6680: 5309: 4229:

Kay, P. and W. Kempton. 1984. "What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?" American Anthropologist 86(1): 65–79.

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Many aspects of the problem of the composition of sentences are addressed in the field of linguistics of

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speakers would be more likely to say "the vase broke itself". In studies conducted by Caitlin Fausey at

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Firstly, this field of study seeks to better understand what speakers and listeners do with language in

1944:, verbs, and adjectives. A major question in the field – perhaps the single most important question for 9791: 9453: 9274: 8390: 8284: 7949: 7689: 7569: 7300: 6833: 6502: 5808: 5584: 5172: 4398: 2069:

models emphasize the idea that a person's lexicon and their thoughts operate in a kind of distributed,

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Despite the differences between the views of Frege and Russell, they are generally lumped together as

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borderline case (some given person) is tall or not-tall. In consequence, vagueness gives rise to the

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On the other side of the divide, and especially prominent in the 1950s and '60s, were the so-called "

2703: 2273: 1790: 1399: 1008: 955: 855: 681: 260: 23: 2524:, which expresses a property of the subject. Such structures also constitute the syntactic basis of 1793:. Frege divided the semantic content of every expression, including sentences, into two components: 1256:

Medieval philosophers were greatly interested in the subtleties of language and its usage. For many

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of the words and how those meanings combine to provide insight onto the genesis of semantic facts.

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can never reach the point at which he becomes absolutely independent ... so too with language.

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offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:

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has seven letters"). Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between

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One debate that has captured the interest of many philosophers is the debate over the meaning of

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was established in the late twentieth century. However, its influence has been mostly limited to

2439: 2404: 2187: 2125: 1670: 1494:" was used to describe the noteworthy emphasis that contemporary philosophers put upon language. 1444: 1088: 960: 798: 775: 488: 411: 159: 4831: 9548: 9518: 9493: 9433: 9332: 9264: 8428: 8400: 8375: 7850: 7694: 7629: 6853: 6785: 5865: 5703: 5281: 5256: 4931:

How to Do Things With Words: The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955

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of natural language for investigation. Some of the most prominent members of this tradition of

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could also express things besides propositions, such as commands, questions and exclamations.

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Some have questioned whether or not conventions are relevant to the study of meaning at all.

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assignment in those two languages. The descriptions they gave differed in a way predicted by

2210: 1624: 1587: 1568: 1524: 1273: 1215: 686: 483: 475: 461: 416: 241: 226: 90: 75: 19: 4421:"Language is not Just for Talking: Redundant Labels Facilitate Learning of Novel Categories" 4245: 2882: 2690:. Attempts to revive logical formal semantics as a basis of linguistics followed, e.g., the 1440: 9761: 9568: 9347: 8249: 7989: 7899: 7698: 7659: 7391: 7107: 7062: 7024: 6971: 6900: 6656: 6452: 6363: 6186: 6156: 5897: 5425: 5271: 5266: 4049:. Italian trans. by Enrico Carone and Maurizio Destro. Rome: Newton Compton editori. 1971. 2902: 2864: 2746: 2584: 2219: 2176: 1861: 1836: 1693: 1593: 1547: 1502: 1423: 1415: 1001: 930: 840: 721: 666: 563: 451: 332: 313: 199: 3414: 2608: 1556:

The topic that has received the most attention in the philosophy of language has been the

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There are three general perspectives on the issue of language learning. The first is the

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The issue here can be explicated in examination of the proposition "Socrates is a man".

2415:) would need to account for the shared meanings which create and sustain the structure. 2345:

In another series of experiments, a group of people was asked to view furniture from an

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In one study German and Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects having opposite

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Secondly, the question of how language relates to the minds of both the speaker and the

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The whole philosophical enterprise of studying reference has been critiqued by linguist

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circles, philosophy as a whole was understood to be a matter of philosophy of language.

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has advocated a modified form of verificationism since the 1970s. In this version, the

1717: 1682: 1628: 1467: 1403: 1186: 1084: 991: 970: 940: 895: 850: 818: 808: 696: 691: 436: 342: 302: 297: 282: 272: 265: 216: 211: 189: 127: 9199: 9151: 1432:). This thought parallels the idea that there might be a universal language of music. 1181:, categories, and the creation of meaning. He separated all things into categories of 9871: 9826: 9806: 9766: 9705: 9675: 9655: 9448: 9377: 8880: 8870: 8804: 8685: 8620: 8354: 8259: 7855: 7775: 7614: 7496: 7236: 7137: 7132: 7117: 7057: 7019: 7004: 6961: 6532: 6492: 6410: 6338: 6321: 6299: 5927: 5902: 5713: 5533: 5276: 5139: 5114: 5094: 5048: 5038: 5015: 5005: 4982: 4972: 4934: 4854: 4756: 4715: 4660: 4609: 4584: 4559: 4501: 4443: 4439: 4315: 4295: 4274: 4214: 4176: 4145: 4096: 4050: 4029: 3976: 3931: 3908: 3888: 3865: 3821: 3785: 3697: 3663: 3643: 3603: 3575: 3564: 3539: 3506: 3474: 3389: 3381: 3363: 3288: 3282: 3035:

One issue that has troubled philosophers of language and logic is the problem of the

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of a term is the interpretation that is given of it in a specific context. It can be

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and is associated with a rich body of modern work, spearheaded by philosophers like

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brought forward one of the first serious proposals for codifying a mental language.

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There are varying notions of the structure of the brain when it comes to language.

1905: 1812: 1674: 1505: 1373: 1290: 1200: 1126:. Linguistic speculation predated systematic descriptions of grammar which emerged 1062: 935: 766: 761: 736: 731: 716: 337: 253: 4707: 3638:

Chalmers, D. (1999) "Is there Synonymy in Occam's Mental Language?". Published in

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theory of meaning is generally associated with the early 20th century movement of

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theory of meaning, the view that the meaning of an expression is derived from the

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Finally, philosophers of language investigate how language and meaning relate to

2453: 2383: 2334: 2292: 2224: 1933: 1815:, in his later writings and for reasons related to his theory of acquaintance in 1737: 1713: 1659: 1491: 1369: 1171: 1150: 1066: 347: 6034: 5035:

Presumptive meanings : the theory of generalized conversational implicature

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argued for the indeterminacy of meaning and reference based on the principle of

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The classical view was overturned in the early 19th century by the advocates of

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and the logic-like, computational processing that the mind performs over them.

2070: 1663: 1644: 1636: 1261: 1155: 1040: 780: 431: 7401: 6244: 6019: 5110: 4850: 4810: 3263: 3224: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3177: 9906: 9553: 9528: 9362: 9156: 9125: 9012: 9007: 8977: 8943: 8913: 8908: 8839: 8834: 8764: 8756: 8733: 8640: 8587: 8478: 8443: 8405: 8334: 8234: 8203: 8059: 7674: 7579: 7574: 7536: 7456: 7436: 7411: 7376: 6858: 6770: 6700: 6442: 6232: 6166: 6123: 5992: 5617: 5403: 5385: 5118: 4779: 3804:. Third edition. trans. G. E. M. Anscombe. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. 3685: 3466: 3143: 2956: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2734: 2695: 2683: 2643: 2616: 2567: 2374: 2245: 2214: 2172: 2066: 1949: 1899: 1786: 1772:(i.e., meaning as conveyed by body language, meanings as consequences, etc.). 1702: 1632: 1609: 1605: 1498: 1428: 1269: 1257: 1241: 1110:

In the West, inquiry into language stretches back to the 5th century BC with

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I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition

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of the sentence (i.e., words, morphemes) along with an understanding of its

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Partee, Barbara (2011). "Formal Semantics: Origins, Issues, Early Impact".

4447: 3765: 3595: 3502: 3339: 2952: 2868: 2651: 2458: 2443: 2368: 2249: 2223:). In other words, language was analytically prior to thought. Philosopher 2094: 1955: 1937: 1921: 1816: 1729: 1407: 1282: 823: 613: 383: 327: 4032:, Neale, Stephen (1990) Descriptions, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 9736: 9710: 9593: 9357: 9284: 9130: 9097: 9092: 9040: 9002: 8997: 8982: 8951: 8865: 8675: 8645: 8635: 8582: 8567: 8503: 8167: 8044: 8009: 7929: 7755: 7546: 7486: 7371: 7356: 7260: 6884: 6823: 6695: 6675: 6580: 6517: 6477: 6457: 6383: 6353: 6014: 5950: 5642: 5627: 5503: 5493: 5442: 5408: 5347: 4579:

Itkonen, Esa (2013). "Philosophy of linguistics". In Allen, Keith (ed.).

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Of Minds and Language: A Dialogue with Noam Chomsky in the Basque Country

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represented basic ideas or sentiments. For example, for Plato the letter

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Sorensen, Roy. (2006) "Vagueness". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

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Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind

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Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo, Juan Uriagereka, and Pello Salaburu, eds.

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Greenberg, Mark and Harman, Gilbert. (2005). Conceptual Role Semantics.

3238: 2175:, and how it is used socially. Specific interests include the topics of 9886: 9533: 9299: 9254: 9249: 8849: 8718: 8655: 8650: 8349: 8049: 7840: 7684: 7639: 7516: 7491: 7416: 7351: 6730: 6558: 6507: 6497: 6368: 6272: 6217: 6024: 6004: 5870: 5637: 5551: 5380: 5327: 5291: 5195: 5002:

Thoughts and utterances : the pragmatics of explicit communication

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Lupyan, Gary; Rakison, David H.; McClelland, James L. (December 2007).

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and its sound represented the idea of softness. However, by the end of

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Giorgias (c. 375 BCE) translated by Kathleen Freeman. In Kaufmann, W.

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Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion: An Essay in Philosophical Science

9685: 9503: 9428: 9407: 9337: 9289: 9269: 8423: 8294: 8081: 7790: 7730: 7609: 7589: 7341: 7336: 7316: 6745: 6740: 6600: 6527: 6462: 6333: 6267: 6079: 6069: 6064: 6039: 5835: 5395: 5357: 4002:. Forthcoming in the Routledge Guide to Twentieth Century Philosophy. 3126: 3111: 3036: 2944: 2628: 2592: 2563: 2525: 2474: 2431: 2389: 2023: 1895: 1835:. He viewed proper names of the sort described above as "abbreviated 1832: 1781:

Investigations into how language interacts with the world are called

1655: 1512:. The philosophy of language became so pervasive that for a time, in 1119: 1044: 920: 915: 751: 741: 633: 623: 5970: 4346:"csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/Proceedings/2009/papers/559/paper559.pdf" 3438: 2190:

is investigated. Of specific interest is the grounds for successful

2110: 1952:

thinkers – is how the meaning of a sentence emerges from its parts.

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An important problem which touches both philosophy of language and

1798: 1561: 1456: 1378: 1346: 1111: 1048: 1032: 441: 3052:, which have radically departed from classical two-valued logics. 2635:

system with its own inner logic, separated from physical reality.

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of words and concepts into their equivalents in another language.

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Voltolini, A. (2002) "Olismi Irriducibilmente Indipendenti?". In

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have both defended the application of direct reference theory to

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Collins, John. (2001). Truth Conditions Without Interpretation.

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The scholastics of the high medieval period, such as Ockham and

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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

7845: 6467: 6388: 6118: 5777: 5767: 5465: 5367: 3044:. Many theorists have attempted to solve the paradox by way of 2773:. It might be asked, for example, why when people say the word 2587:

and his contemporaries questioned the existence of a universal

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Mays, Wolfe (2002). "Edmund Husserl's Grammar: 100 Years On".

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Tarski, Alfred. (1944). "The Semantical Conception of Truth".

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ascriptions and other opaque contexts are their usual senses.

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is. Each has been associated with its own body of literature.

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as an innate biological structure that generates syntax in a

2470: 1941: 1265: 1260:, this interest was provoked by the necessity of translating 1178: 1115: 393: 4823: 4522:"What's in a name? The words behind thought by David Robson" 3602:(Repr. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 3070:

Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Philosophy.

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Pagin, P. "Are Holism and Compositionality Compatible?" In

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Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal Logic

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There have been several distinctive explanations of what a

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General and Rational Grammar : The Port-Royal Grammar

2694:. Despite resistance from linguists including Chomsky and 6128: 3215:

short articles in the philosophies of logic and language.

2488: 2477:. They tend to be less interested in which sentences are 2081:

in the brain that are dedicated to language acquisition.

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about proper names. Such descriptivism was criticized in

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Gozzano, S. "Olismo, Razionalità e Interpretazione". In

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Marconi, D. "Storia della Filosofia del Linguaggio". In

2756: 1805:(true or false). The referents of sentences embedded in 1631:, helped inaugurate the idea of "meaning as use", and a 9229: 4737:

JBSP – Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology

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He claimed that, in such a situation, it is impossible

2227:

is also a proponent of the "language-first" viewpoint.

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The Modularity of Mind: An Essay in Faculty Psychology

3930:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3820:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1466:

insisted that language ought to play a larger role in

1222:. They also developed a sophisticated doctrine of the 3662:. ed. Gianni Vattimo. Milan: Garzanti Editori. 1981. 3199:

There are also 16 lectures by Searle, beginning with

2925: 2905: 2885: 1232:

was the meaning or sense of every term. The complete

4553: 4095:. ed. Massimo dell'Utri. Macerata: Quodlibet. 2002. 3465:(1995). "History of the Philosophy of Language". In 2818: 4916:

Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction

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Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction

3178:"John Searle on the Philosophy of Language, Part 1" 4829: 4683:Linguistic Relativism: Variants and Misconceptions 4652: 4294:ed. Massimo dell'Utri. 2002. Macerata: Quodlibet. 3836:Burge, Tyler. 1979. Individualism and the Mental. 3563: 3180:. Searle John (interviewee). flame0430's channel. 2931: 2911: 2891: 2442:(or speaking in an accessible manner), as well as 2353: 2085:models emphasize the notion of a representational 1462:In the early 19th century, the Danish philosopher 4689:(thesis). University of Amsterdam. Archived from 4581:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics 3301:Lepore, Ernest and Barry C. Smith (eds). (2006). 3280: 2981: 2543:), which gives an example of the analysis of the 2268:. To an extent, the theoretical underpinnings to 2016:trees draw upon the words of a sentence with the 9904: 9696:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT) 4604:Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, Douglas S. (1997). 4603: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4235: 2235:. Further, this view is closely associated with 1967:. Philosophical semantics tends to focus on the 1932:It has long been known that there are different 4647: 4556:Western linguistics: An historical introduction 4399:"How Does Our Language Shape The Way We Think?" 4114:by Talmy Givón, John Benjamins Publishing, 2001 4024:Russell, B. (1905) "On Denoting". Published in 3993:Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century 3204:. SocioPhilosophy's channel. October 25, 2011. 2721:in the 21st century. Examples include Lakoff's 1987:structures, which also encode meanings through 1065:were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's " 5157:http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vagueness/#3 4971:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 4830:Christiansen, Morten H.; Chater, Nick (2008). 4786: 4549: 4547: 4067:New horizons in the study of language and mind 3712:Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). In Cloeren, H. 3694:Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy 9215: 8131: 7276: 5180: 4966: 4583:. Oxford University Press. pp. 747–775. 4335:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1961, 1968. 4232: 3303:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Language 2807:There is a third way, between nominalism and 2706:, with little impact on general linguistics. 2607:'s "Darwinian" species-language analogy, the 1536: 1439:only from the mid-18th century, pioneered by 1009: 540: 5065:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4969:Relevance : communication and cognition 4244:Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, E. P. (1999). 4211:Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid 3907:ed. Massimo Dell'Utri. Macerata: Quodlibet. 3628:http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abelard/#4 3345: 2969: 1579:, most commonly associated with the British 1236:of a sentence is what we would now call its 1177:Aristotle interested himself with issues of 5081:Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language. 4628: 4544: 4122: 4120: 3948:Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language. 3202:"Searle: Philosophy of Language, lecture 1" 3087:Aristotle's Theory of Language and Meaning. 2483:what kinds of meanings can be true or false 2139:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1047:, the constitution of sentences, concepts, 9222: 9208: 8138: 8124: 8000:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 7290: 7283: 7269: 5187: 5173: 4881:"Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism" 4877: 4375: 4175:. 1997. Milan: Arnaldo Mondadori Editori. 3922: 3920: 3740:Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence 3727:Bergson, Complexity and Creative Emergence 3096:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3089:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3065:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2737:model of linguistic units as the units of 2547:sentence: "Plato strikes Socrates", where 2382:is a term used by philosopher of language 2038: 1479: 1016: 1002: 547: 533: 4929:Austin, J.L. (1962). J.O. Urmson. (ed.). 4792: 3696:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3660:L'Enciclopedia Garzantina della Filosofia 3461: 3357: 2508:; e.g. "Man is a rational animal", where 2159:Learn how and when to remove this message 1991:like temporal relations and pronominals. 1936:. One part of the common sentence is the 1523:, the foundational work in the field was 1435:European scholarship began to absorb the 1418:, influenced by the gradual discovery of 1365:, and between language and metalanguage. 4117: 4015:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. 3812: 3810: 3776: 3774: 3751:Block, Ned. "Conceptual Role Semantics" 3566:Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language 3530: 3378:Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language 2662:fashion, i.e., irrespective of meaning. 2393:(the study of the origins of words) and 2308:events as well as did English speakers. 2279:Some thinkers, like the ancient sophist 1954: 1927: 8414: 8145: 5079:Grice, Paul. "Logic and Conversation". 5037:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 4763: 4578: 4314:. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. 4082:. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 27. 4013:I: The Meaning of the First Person Term 3917: 3782:Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation 3738:Grigoris Antoniou, John Slaney (eds.), 2197: 1353:and other figures of speech). A proper 9905: 5130: 5128: 5093:Bruin, Boudewijn de (September 2005). 4999: 4967:Sperber, Dan; Wilson, Deirdre (2001). 4928: 4774:. Vol. 6. BIYCLC. pp. 1–52. 4769: 4631:Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 4506:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4333:Philosophic Classics: Thales to Ockham 4265: 4263: 4130:. Peterborough, Ont., Broadview Press. 4128:Philosophical perspectives on language 3677: 3675: 3335:. Peterborough, Ont., Broadview Press. 3332:Philosophical Perspectives on Language 2489:Problems in the philosophy of language 1251: 9651:Discourse representation theory (DRT) 9203: 8119: 7264: 6926: 5668: 5206: 5168: 5092: 4558:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 250–251. 4248:The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy 4163: 4161: 4139: 4133: 3879: 3877: 3807: 3771: 3758: 3719: 3626:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3594: 3493: 3281:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 3175: 2757:Problem of universals and composition 2493: 2430:, the examination of the purposes of 1994:It is possible to use the concept of 1105: 4890:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4734: 4706: 4679: 3570:. Indiana University Press. p. 3186:One of five parts, the others found 2875:Hence, Austin developed a theory of 2137:adding citations to reliable sources 2104: 2033: 1627:, most commonly associated with the 1385: 1240:. Only propositions were considered 906:Conservative and innovative language 9564:Quantificational variability effect 9231:Formal semantics (natural language) 5125: 4260: 4069:. Cambridge University Press, 2000. 3784:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3672: 3558: 3443:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3168:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3148:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 1913:" descriptivism (see also Kripke's 1602:truth-conditional theory of meaning 1410:were infatuated with the idea of a 1189:. He thought that the meaning of a 13: 5032: 4273:, Harvard University Press, 1975, 4158: 3953: 3874: 3794: 3716:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988. 3652: 3552: 3471:The Oxford companion to philosophy 3431: 3380:. Indiana University Press, 1986, 3340:The Semantical Conception of Truth 3055: 2272:(including the notion of semantic 1677:defended a form of this view, and 1533:, published posthumously in 1916. 1069:". These writers were followed by 14: 9929: 4878:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 4832:"Language as shaped by the brain" 4112:Syntax: An Introduction, Volume 1 3965:Frege: Senso, Funzione e Concetto 3640:The Cambridge Companion to Ockham 3137: 3075:Kneale, W., and M. Kneale. 1962. 2819:Formal versus informal approaches 2026:trees focus upon the role of the 1762:Psychological theories of meaning 514:Social and political philosophers 9183: 9174: 9173: 7244: 7243: 7230: 4953:P. F. Strawson, "On Referring". 4795:"Memes shape brains shape memes" 4440:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02028.x 3928:The Logical Basis of Metaphysics 3326:: an interview with John Searle. 3208:from the original on 2021-11-11. 3184:from the original on 2021-11-11. 3019:Inspired by Quine's discussion, 2978:, Schuhmacher, and Rubinstein. 2109: 2100: 1552:Meaning (philosophy of language) 986: 58: 44: 5149: 5086: 5073: 5026: 5004:. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Pub. 4993: 4960: 4947: 4922: 4907: 4894: 4871: 4728: 4700: 4673: 4641: 4622: 4597: 4572: 4535: 4514: 4469: 4412: 4391: 4376:Boroditsky, Lera (2010-07-23). 4369: 4338: 4325: 4304: 4284: 4223: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4105: 4085: 4072: 4059: 4035: 4018: 4005: 3985: 3975:. Bari: Editori Laterza. 2001. 3940: 3897: 3843: 3830: 3745: 3732: 3706: 3176:Magee, Bryan (March 14, 2008). 2354:Social interaction and language 1768:, whose views also account for 9646:Combinatory categorial grammar 8386:Analytic–synthetic distinction 7940:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 5194: 5033:C., Levinson, Stephen (2000). 4749:10.1080/00071773.2002.11007389 4524:. Newscientist.com. 2010-09-06 3632: 3616: 3588: 3524: 3487: 3455: 3407: 3259:. University of Chicago Press. 2982:Translation and interpretation 2926: 2857:ordinary language philosophers 2056:hypothesis testing perspective 1530:Cours de linguistique générale 1138: the 3rd century BC 1131: the 5th century BC 1076:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 1: 9424:Antecedent-contained deletion 7821:Principle of compositionality 6927: 4839:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4799:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4554:Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998). 4252:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 4047:The Principles of Mathematics 3838:Midwest Studies in Philosophy 3400: 3239:London Philosophy Study Guide 2537: 2475:the reality being referred to 1969:principle of compositionality 1754:and other early 20th century 1748:Pragmatic theories of meaning 1459:grammarian, dating to 1849). 1134: 1127: 7970:Philosophical Investigations 6716:Ordinary language philosophy 5207: 4902:Richard Montague (1930–1971) 4714:. Indiana University Press. 4651:; Lancelot, Claude (1975) . 4126:Stainton, Robert J. (1996). 3950:(2000), ed. Robert Stainton. 3862:Language, Mind and Knowledge 3802:Philosophical Investigations 3505:Cambridge University Press. 3329:Stainton, Robert J. (1996). 3219:Glossary of Linguistic terms 3030: 2932:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1776: 1577:ideational theory of meaning 1486:Ordinary language philosophy 846:Functional discourse grammar 712:Ethnography of communication 7: 7811:Modality (natural language) 6766:Contemporary utilitarianism 6681:Internalism and externalism 5095:"Game Theory in Philosophy" 5083:(2000) ed. Robert Stainton. 4933:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4043:I Principi della Matematica 3887:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 3473:. Oxford University Press. 3287:. Oxford University Press. 3117:Interpersonal communication 3100: 3061:Atherton, Catherine. 1993. 2804:of the entity, "Socrates". 2638:In the early 20th century, 2555:and part of the predicate. 1959:Example of a syntactic tree 1616:. (See also Wittgenstein's 1586:, claims that meanings are 1437:Indian linguistic tradition 1293:, considered logic to be a 1031:investigates the nature of 966:Second-language acquisition 10: 9934: 9305:Syntax–semantics interface 8285:Causal theory of reference 7950:Language, Truth, and Logic 7690:Theological noncognitivism 7575:Contrast theory of meaning 7570:Causal theory of reference 7301:Index of language articles 6030:Svatantrika and Prasangika 5669: 4213:. New York: Random House. 3851:"The Meaning of 'Meaning'" 3317:PEN-L message, Bad writing 3305:. Oxford University Press. 2760: 2497: 1915:causal theory of reference 1618:picture theory of language 1545: 1541: 1537:Major topics and subfields 1483: 1098: 1094: 644:Syntax–semantics interface 17: 9839: 9797:Question under discussion 9747:Conversational scoreboard 9724: 9628: 9621: 9524:Intersective modification 9509:Homogeneity (linguistics) 9416: 9325: 9318: 9237: 9169: 9144: 9106: 9080: 9054: 9026: 8970: 8942: 8879: 8858: 8797: 8755: 8732: 8709: 8611: 8555: 8517: 8461: 8368: 8272: 8222: 8196: 8160: 8153: 8090: 8035:Philosophy of information 8022: 7871: 7723: 7635:Mediated reference theory 7560: 7307: 7298: 7224: 7176: 7076: 7038: 6985: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6922: 6872: 6784: 6622: 6613: 6546: 6329: 6320: 6298: 6253: 6195: 6147: 6101: 6092: 6055: 5926: 5791: 5738: 5729: 5679: 5675: 5664: 5603: 5575: 5532: 5484: 5441: 5394: 5366: 5318: 5290: 5252:Philosophy of mathematics 5242:Philosophy of information 5217: 5213: 5202: 5111:10.1007/s11245-005-5055-3 4851:10.1017/S0140525X08004998 4811:10.1017/S0140525X08005037 4793:Blackmore, Susan (2008). 3536:On Aristotle's categories 3338:Tarski, Alfred. (1944). " 3077:The Development of Logic. 2970:Game theoretical approach 2709:The incompatibility with 2704:computational linguistics 2603:of linguistic evolution, 2179:, language creation, and 2022:of the sentence in mind; 1791:mediated reference theory 1728:after the publication of 1400:Johannes Goropius Becanus 956:Philosophy of linguistics 856:Interactional linguistics 261:Middle Eastern philosophy 24:philosophy of linguistics 9857:Distributional semantics 8345:Scientific structuralism 7960:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 5000:Robyn., Carston (2002). 4780:10.4148/biyclc.v6i0.1580 4209:Hofstadter, D.R. (1979) 4169:L'Istinto del Linguaggio 4140:Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). 3991:Stanley, Jason. (2006). 3946:Grice, Paul. "Meaning". 3800:Wittgenstein, L. (1958) 3729:, Springer, 2015, p. 92. 3439:"Philosophy of Language" 3415:"Philosophy of language" 3352:. Open Book Publishers. 3163:"Philosophy of Language" 3068:Denyer, Nicholas. 1991. 3063:The Stoics on Ambiguity. 3048:-valued logics, such as 2859:". Philosophers such as 2844:include Tarski, Carnap, 2611:accounts of language by 2464: 1860:On Frege's account, any 1734:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 18:Not to be confused with 9852:Computational semantics 9589:Subsective modification 9393:Propositional attitudes 7761:Use–mention distinction 7605:Direct reference theory 6721:Postanalytic philosophy 6662:Experimental philosophy 4271:The Language of Thought 3742:, Springer, 1998, p. 9. 3419:Encyclopedia Britannica 3315:Miller, James. (1999). 2751:usage-based linguistics 2440:linguistic transparency 2405:symbolic interactionism 2266:propositional attitudes 2039:Innateness and learning 1940:, which is composed of 1671:direct reference theory 1480:Contemporary philosophy 1445:Henry Thomas Colebrooke 1345:(as when it is used in 1272:anticipated the modern 1089:Willard Van Orman Quine 9913:Philosophy of language 9882:Philosophy of language 9519:Inalienable possession 9499:Free choice inferences 9494:Faultless disagreement 9265:Generalized quantifier 8401:Reflective equilibrium 7695:Theory of descriptions 7630:Linguistic determinism 7292:Philosophy of language 6854:Social constructionism 5866:Hellenistic philosophy 5282:Theoretical philosophy 5257:Philosophy of religion 5247:Philosophy of language 4919:. New York: Routledge. 3961:On Sense and Reference 3324:Philosophy of Language 3312:. New York, Routledge. 3250:Philosophy of Language 3153:Philosophy of language 3144:Philosophy of language 3025:radical interpretation 2933: 2913: 2893: 2892:{\displaystyle \land } 2631:, i.e., language as a 2289: 2077:assert that there are 2002:propositional function 1960: 1842:Theory of descriptions 1807:propositional attitude 1770:non-linguistic meaning 1752:Charles Sanders Peirce 1588:mental representations 1521:continental philosophy 1477: 1412:philosophical language 1101:History of linguistics 1029:Philosophy of language 793:Theoretical frameworks 747:Philosophy of language 727:History of linguistics 484:Aesthetic philosophers 9777:Plural quantification 9671:Inquisitive semantics 9636:Alternative semantics 9072:Nicholas Wolterstorff 8527:David Malet Armstrong 7806:Mental representation 7741:Linguistic relativity 7625:Inquisitive semantics 7237:Philosophy portal 6756:Scientific skepticism 6736:Reformed epistemology 5262:Philosophy of science 4913:Lycan, W. G. (2008). 4887:Catholic Encyclopedia 4712:Handbook of Semiotics 4680:Beak, Wouter (2004). 4659:. The Hague: Mouton. 4606:Plato: Complete Works 4428:Psychological Science 4173:The Language Instinct 3519:via Project Gutenberg 3346:Turri, John. (2016). 3322:Searle, John (2007). 3308:Lycan, W. G. (2008). 3092:Sedley, David. 2003. 3083:Modrak, Deborah K. W. 2934: 2914: 2912:{\displaystyle \lor } 2894: 2780:philosophical realism 2763:Problem of universals 2761:Further information: 2589:inner form of thought 2364:to be taken as true. 2285: 1958: 1928:Composition and parts 1837:definite descriptions 1789:was an advocate of a 1783:theories of reference 1625:use theory of meaning 1525:Ferdinand de Saussure 1503:analytic philosophers 1472: 1295:scientia sermocinalis 1274:theories of reference 1099:Further information: 687:Conversation analysis 65:Philosophy portal 20:Linguistic philosophy 9762:Function application 9569:Responsive predicate 9559:Privative adjectives 7990:Naming and Necessity 7900:De Arte Combinatoria 7699:Definite description 7660:Semantic externalism 6657:Critical rationalism 6364:Edo neo-Confucianism 6208:Acintya bheda abheda 6187:Renaissance humanism 5898:School of the Sextii 5272:Practical philosophy 5267:Political philosophy 3885:Naming and Necessity 3780:Davidson, D. (2001) 3714:Language and Thought 3255:Carnap, R., (1956). 2923: 2903: 2883: 2865:John Langshaw Austin 2747:construction grammar 2627:, a dyadic model of 2518:is a rational animal 2220:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2198:Language and thought 2133:improve this section 1885:Naming and Necessity 1862:referring expression 1701:and the second with 1694:semantic externalist 1594:semantic internalism 1569:linguistic "meaning" 1548:Meaning (linguistic) 1424:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1416:confusion of tongues 931:Internet linguistics 841:Construction grammar 509:Philosophers of mind 9918:Analytic philosophy 9847:Cognitive semantics 9812:Strawson entailment 9757:Existential closure 9701:Situation semantics 9604:Temperature paradox 9574:Rising declaratives 9539:Modal subordination 9514:Hurford disjunction 9474:Discourse relations 8894:Patricia Churchland 8825:Christine Korsgaard 8711:Logical positivists 8603:Ludwig Wittgenstein 8380:paradox of analysis 8147:Analytic philosophy 8040:Philosophical logic 8030:Analytic philosophy 7836:Sense and reference 7715:Verification theory 7670:Situation semantics 6228:Nimbarka Sampradaya 6139:Korean Confucianism 5886:Academic Skepticism 5134:Quine, W.V. (1960) 4041:Russell, B. (1903) 3959:Frege, G. (1892). " 3926:Dummett, M. (1991) 3816:Brandom, R. (1994) 3225:What is I-language? 3107:Analytic philosophy 3042:paradox of the heap 2993:radical translation 2723:conceptual metaphor 2448:domain of discourse 2361:David Kellogg Lewis 2305:Stanford University 2270:cognitive semantics 2241:language of thought 2087:language of thought 2079:specialized devices 1795:sense and reference 1726:confirmation holism 1514:analytic philosophy 1510:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1252:Medieval philosophy 1085:logical positivists 1071:Ludwig Wittgenstein 866:Systemic functional 661:Applied linguistics 603:General linguistics 519:Women in philosophy 249:Indigenous American 32:Part of a series on 9892:Semantics of logic 9817:Strict conditional 9787:Quantifier raising 9752:Downward entailing 9732:Autonomy of syntax 9661:Generative grammar 9641:Categorial grammar 9579:Scalar implicature 9484:Epistemic modality 9459:De dicto and de re 9067:William Lane Craig 8785:Friedrich Waismann 8742:Carl Gustav Hempel 8701:Timothy Williamson 8661:Alasdair MacIntyre 8519:Australian realism 8499:Russ Shafer-Landau 8360:Analytical Thomism 8315:Logical positivism 7890:Port-Royal Grammar 7786:Family resemblance 7705:Theory of language 7680:Supposition theory 6849:Post-structuralism 6751:Scientific realism 6706:Quinean naturalism 6686:Logical positivism 6642:Analytical Marxism 5861:Peripatetic school 5773:Chinese naturalism 5300:Aesthetic response 5227:Applied philosophy 4310:Lakoff, G. (1987) 4171:. Original title: 4167:Pinker, S. (1994) 4045:. Original title: 4011:Gaynesford, M. de 3998:2006-04-24 at the 3883:Kripke, S. (1980) 3856:2013-06-18 at the 3849:Putnam, H. (1975) 3818:Making it Explicit 3244:2009-09-23 at the 3230:2011-07-06 at the 3132:Theory of language 3079:Oxford: Clarendon. 3072:London: Routledge. 2929: 2909: 2889: 2811:, usually called " 2581:German romanticism 2573:Port-Royal Grammar 2500:Theory of language 2494:Nature of language 2331:grammatical gender 2204:philosophy of mind 1961: 1924:in various works. 1722:Duhem–Quine thesis 1718:logical positivism 1683:Ruth Barcan Marcus 1629:later Wittgenstein 1468:Western philosophy 1441:Jean François Pons 1420:Chinese characters 1404:Athanasius Kircher 1106:Ancient philosophy 971:Theory of language 941:Origin of language 896:Autonomy of syntax 851:Grammaticalization 697:Discourse analysis 692:Corpus linguistics 212:Eastern philosophy 9900: 9899: 9872:Logic translation 9835: 9834: 9827:Universal grinder 9807:Squiggle operator 9767:Meaning postulate 9706:Supervaluationism 9676:Intensional logic 9656:Dynamic semantics 9617: 9616: 9449:Crossover effects 9398:Tense–aspect–mood 9378:Lexical semantics 9197: 9196: 9165: 9164: 8881:Pittsburgh School 8871:Peter van Inwagen 8805:Roderick Chisholm 8793: 8792: 8686:Richard Swinburne 8621:G. E. M. Anscombe 8457: 8456: 8355:Analytic theology 8330:Ordinary language 8268: 8267: 8113: 8112: 7615:Dynamic semantics 7258: 7257: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7211: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6637:Analytic feminism 6609: 6608: 6571:Kierkegaardianism 6533:Transcendentalism 6493:Neo-scholasticism 6339:Classical Realism 6316: 6315: 6088: 6087: 5903:Neopythagoreanism 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5277:Social philosophy 4721:978-0-253-20959-7 4434:(12): 1077–1083. 4144:. The MIT Press. 3648:978-0-521-58244-5 3609:978-0-520-02368-0 3581:978-0-253-20398-4 3545:978-0-801-42816-6 3512:978-0-521-58492-0 3480:978-0-198-66132-0 3369:978-1-78374-183-0 3359:10.11647/OBP.0083 3294:978-0-19-953420-3 3094:Plato's Cratylus. 2809:(extreme) realism 2783:, and the latter 2743:cognitive grammar 2739:natural selection 2719:cognitive science 2656:universal grammar 2609:Völkerpsychologie 2562:investigates the 2262:interpretationist 2177:language learning 2169: 2168: 2161: 2045:psycholinguistics 2034:Mind and language 1906:rigid designators 1464:Søren Kierkegaard 1455:, a 17th-century 1390:Linguists of the 1386:Modern philosophy 1278:William of Ockham 1026: 1025: 814:Distributionalism 757:Psycholinguistics 557: 556: 365: 364: 9925: 9877:Linguistics wars 9802:Semantic parsing 9691:Montague grammar 9626: 9625: 9469:Deontic modality 9323: 9322: 9310:Truth conditions 9245:Compositionality 9238:Central concepts 9224: 9217: 9210: 9201: 9200: 9187: 9186: 9177: 9176: 9116:Nancy Cartwright 8957:Nicholas Rescher 8934:Bas van Fraassen 8924:Nicholas Rescher 8747:Hans Reichenbach 8730: 8729: 8696:Bernard Williams 8593:Bertrand Russell 8515: 8514: 8449:Rigid designator 8412: 8411: 8158: 8157: 8154:Related articles 8140: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8075:Formal semantics 8023:Related articles 8015: 8005: 7995: 7985: 7975: 7965: 7955: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7905: 7895: 7885: 7655:Relevance theory 7650:Phallogocentrism 7285: 7278: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7247: 7246: 7235: 7234: 7233: 6950: 6949: 6941: 6940: 6924: 6923: 6814:Frankfurt School 6761:Transactionalism 6711:Normative ethics 6691:Legal positivism 6667:Falsificationism 6652:Consequentialism 6647:Communitarianism 6620: 6619: 6488:New Confucianism 6327: 6326: 6134:Neo-Confucianism 6099: 6098: 5908:Second Sophistic 5893:Middle Platonism 5736: 5735: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5665: 5509:Epiphenomenalism 5376:Consequentialism 5310:Institutionalism 5215: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4836: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4649:Arnauld, Antoine 4645: 4639: 4638: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4551: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4482:. 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These include 2700:formal semantics 2692:Montague grammar 2642:was defended by 2542: 2539: 2409:social structure 2260:holds a similar 2164: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2113: 2105: 1900:necessarily true 1813:Bertrand Russell 1675:John Stuart Mill 1506:Bertrand Russell 1398:periods such as 1374:Thomas of Erfurt 1299:syncategorematic 1291:John Duns Scotus 1201:moderate realism 1143:In the dialogue 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1063:Bertrand Russell 1018: 1011: 1004: 990: 936:LGBT linguistics 926:Internationalism 901:Compositionality 762:Sociolinguistics 737:Neurolinguistics 732:Interlinguistics 717:Ethnomethodology 559: 558: 549: 542: 535: 254:Aztec philosophy 133:Ancient Egyptian 115: 114: 67: 63: 62: 61: 48: 29: 28: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9831: 9720: 9681:Lambda calculus 9613: 9584:Sloppy identity 9544:Opaque contexts 9479:Donkey anaphora 9444:Counterfactuals 9412: 9314: 9233: 9228: 9198: 9193: 9184: 9161: 9152:Jan Łukasiewicz 9140: 9108:Stanford School 9102: 9088:Paul Feyerabend 9076: 9062:Alvin Plantinga 9050: 9036:James F. Conant 9022: 8966: 8938: 8929:Wilfrid Sellars 8919:Alexander Pruss 8899:Paul Churchland 8875: 8854: 8810:Donald Davidson 8789: 8751: 8728: 8705: 8631:Michael Dummett 8607: 8598:Frank P. Ramsey 8551: 8513: 8489:Jaakko Hintikka 8474:Keith Donnellan 8453: 8410: 8364: 8325:Neurophilosophy 8310:Logical atomism 8264: 8218: 8192: 8149: 8144: 8114: 8109: 8086: 8065:School of Names 8018: 8013: 8003: 7993: 7983: 7980:Of Grammatology 7973: 7963: 7953: 7943: 7933: 7923: 7913: 7903: 7893: 7883: 7867: 7719: 7665:Semantic holism 7645:Non-cognitivism 7585:Conventionalism 7556: 7303: 7294: 7289: 7259: 7254: 7231: 7229: 7208: 7172: 7072: 7034: 6981: 6935: 6934: 6906: 6895:Russian cosmism 6868: 6864:Western Marxism 6829:New Historicism 6794:Critical theory 6780: 6776:Wittgensteinian 6672:Foundationalism 6605: 6542: 6523:Social contract 6379:Foundationalism 6312: 6294: 6278:Illuminationism 6263:Aristotelianism 6249: 6238:Vishishtadvaita 6191: 6143: 6084: 6051: 5922: 5851:Megarian school 5846:Eretrian school 5787: 5748:Agriculturalism 5725: 5671: 5652: 5599: 5571: 5528: 5480: 5437: 5421:Incompatibilism 5390: 5362: 5314: 5286: 5209: 5198: 5193: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5136:Word and Object 5133: 5126: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5074: 5058: 5057: 5045: 5031: 5027: 5012: 4998: 4994: 4979: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4927: 4923: 4912: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4791: 4787: 4768: 4764: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4646: 4642: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477:"Archived copy" 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4309: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4268: 4261: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4077: 4073: 4065:Chomsky, Noam. 4064: 4060: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4000:Wayback Machine 3990: 3986: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3925: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3882: 3875: 3858:Wayback Machine 3848: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3680: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3529: 3525: 3517:Also available 3513: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3370: 3295: 3246:Wayback Machine 3232:Wayback Machine 3200: 3161: 3140: 3103: 3058: 3056:Further reading 3033: 3021:Donald Davidson 3013:semantic holism 2999:Word and Object 2984: 2972: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2850:Donald Davidson 2821: 2765: 2759: 2715:neuropsychology 2640:logical grammar 2540: 2530:predicate logic 2502: 2496: 2491: 2467: 2454:Literary theory 2384:Robert Stainton 2356: 2293:Lera Boroditsky 2225:Michael Dummett 2211:Sapir and Whorf 2200: 2165: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2130: 2114: 2103: 2075:Nativist models 2041: 2036: 1934:parts of speech 1930: 1847:Joseph R. Biden 1779: 1738:Michael Dummett 1714:verificationist 1660:Wilfrid Sellars 1614:Donald Davidson 1554: 1546:Main articles: 1544: 1539: 1492:linguistic turn 1488: 1482: 1449:editio princeps 1388: 1370:Martin of Dacia 1363:use and mention 1321:. The study of 1254: 1172:extreme realism 1151:conventionalism 1137: 1130: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1067:linguistic turn 1022: 981: 980: 891: 883: 882: 794: 786: 785: 781:Writing systems 672:Anthropological 662: 654: 653: 604: 596: 553: 524: 523: 489:Epistemologists 479: 478: 467: 466: 403: 379: 378: 367: 366: 112: 111: 100: 59: 57: 56: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9931: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9867:Inferentialism 9864: 9862:Formal grammar 9859: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9782:Possible world 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9666:Glue semantics 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9629:Formal systems 9623: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9554:Polarity items 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9439:Conservativity 9436: 9431: 9426: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9403:Quantification 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9280:Presupposition 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9204: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9181: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9136:Patrick Suppes 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9018:Michael Walzer 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8904:Adolf Grünbaum 8901: 8896: 8891: 8889:Robert Brandom 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8845:W. V. O. Quine 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8820:Nelson Goodman 8817: 8815:Daniel Dennett 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8780:Moritz Schlick 8777: 8772: 8767: 8761: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8691:Charles Taylor 8688: 8683: 8681:P. F. Strawson 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8578:Norman Malcolm 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8547:J. J. C. Smart 8544: 8539: 8534: 8532:David Chalmers 8529: 8523: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8494:Giuseppe Peano 8491: 8486: 8484:Edmund Gettier 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8439:Possible world 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8391:Counterfactual 8388: 8383: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8250:Paraconsistent 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8161:Areas of focus 8155: 8151: 8150: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8006: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7966: 7956: 7946: 7936: 7926: 7916: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7816:Presupposition 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7595:Deconstruction 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7288: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7240: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7040:Middle Eastern 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6947: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6804:Existentialism 6801: 6799:Deconstruction 6796: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Applied ethics 6628: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6596:Nietzscheanism 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6538:Utilitarianism 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6436:Transcendental 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6374:Existentialism 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Augustinianism 6159: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6075:Zoroastrianism 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5918:Church Fathers 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5433:Libertarianism 5430: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5237:Metaphilosophy 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5124: 5105:(2): 197–208. 5085: 5072: 5043: 5025: 5010: 4992: 4977: 4959: 4946: 4939: 4921: 4906: 4893: 4870: 4845:(5): 489–558. 4822: 4785: 4762: 4743:(3): 317–340. 4727: 4720: 4708:Nöth, Winfried 4699: 4696:on 2023-03-26. 4672: 4665: 4640: 4621: 4615:978-0872203495 4614: 4596: 4589: 4571: 4564: 4543: 4534: 4513: 4468: 4411: 4390: 4368: 4337: 4324: 4303: 4283: 4259: 4231: 4222: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4157: 4150: 4132: 4116: 4104: 4084: 4071: 4058: 4034: 4017: 4004: 3984: 3952: 3939: 3916: 3896: 3873: 3842: 3829: 3806: 3793: 3770: 3757: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3671: 3651: 3631: 3624:Peter Abelard. 3615: 3608: 3587: 3580: 3551: 3544: 3523: 3511: 3486: 3479: 3467:Honderich, Ted 3454: 3430: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3376:Eco, Umberto. 3374: 3368: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3173: 3159: 3150: 3139: 3138:External links 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3054: 3032: 3029: 2983: 2980: 2976:David K. Lewis 2971: 2968: 2949:Robert Brandom 2928: 2908: 2888: 2861:P. F. Strawson 2820: 2817: 2758: 2755: 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2481:, and more in 2466: 2463: 2355: 2352: 2258:Daniel Dennett 2199: 2196: 2167: 2166: 2117: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 1929: 1926: 1877:descriptivists 1866:Samuel Clemens 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1759: 1745: 1710: 1690: 1667: 1664:Robert Brandom 1652:inferentialist 1648: 1645:Robert Brandom 1637:P. F. Strawson 1621: 1598: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1481: 1478: 1414:reversing the 1387: 1384: 1301:words such as 1253: 1250: 1156:compound words 1107: 1104: 1096: 1093: 1041:intentionality 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 998: 995: 994: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 961:Prescriptivism 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 828: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 778: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 595: 594: 589: 584: 578: 575: 574: 568: 567: 555: 554: 552: 551: 544: 537: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 504:Metaphysicians 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Metaphilosophy 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 362: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 317: 316: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 209: 208: 207: 202: 197: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 167: 157: 152: 147: 142: 141: 140: 135: 122: 121: 113: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9930: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9549:Performatives 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9529:Logophoricity 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9363:Evidentiality 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9225: 9220: 9218: 9213: 9211: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9190: 9182: 9180: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9158: 9157:Alfred Tarski 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Peter Galison 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:Nathan Salmon 9011: 9009: 9008:Richard Rorty 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8978:Alonzo Church 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8914:Ruth Millikan 8912: 8910: 8909:John McDowell 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8840:Hilary Putnam 8838: 8836: 8835:Robert Nozick 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8765:Rudolf Carnap 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8757:Vienna Circle 8754: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8734:Berlin Circle 8731: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8641:Philippa Foot 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Graham Priest 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568:Charlie Broad 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8479:Gottlob Frege 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8406:Supervenience 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8305:Functionalism 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Descriptivism 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:Philosophical 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Non-classical 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8060:Scholasticism 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675:Structuralism 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Descriptivism 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7580:Contrastivism 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7251: 7250: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177:Miscellaneous 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873:Miscellaneous 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Structuralism 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Postmodernism 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Phenomenology 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Vienna Circle 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701:Moral realism 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Phenomenology 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Individualism 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6308:Judeo-Islamic 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284:ʿIlm al-Kalām 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Shuddhadvaita 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6167:Scholasticism 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Conceptualism 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5547:Particularism 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5514:Functionalism 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Eliminativism 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404:Compatibilism 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Particularism 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5144:0-262-67001-1 5141: 5138:. MIT Press; 5137: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5044:9780262621304 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5011:9780631178910 5007: 5003: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4978:9780631198789 4974: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4940:0-674-41152-8 4936: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4590:9780199585847 4586: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4565:0-631-20891-7 4561: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4489:on 2013-11-02 4485: 4478: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4379: 4372: 4358:on 2012-04-26 4354: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4320:0-226-46804-6 4317: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4300:88-86570-85-6 4297: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4279:0-674-51030-5 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4219:0-394-74502-7 4216: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4181:88-04-45350-8 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4151:0-262-56025-9 4147: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4101:88-86570-85-6 4098: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4055:88-8183-730-7 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3981:88-420-6347-9 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3936:88-15-05669-6 3933: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3914: 3913:88-86570-85-6 3910: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3893:88-339-1135-7 3890: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3871: 3870:88-459-0257-9 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3826:0-674-54330-0 3823: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3790:0-19-924629-7 3787: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3725:David Kreps, 3722: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3702:0-521-22605-8 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686:Anthony Kenny 3683: 3682:Kretzmann, N. 3678: 3676: 3669: 3668:88-11-50515-1 3665: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3622:King, Peter. 3619: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:Mates, Benson 3591: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463:Blackburn, S. 3458: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3395: 3394:9780253203984 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2957:Stephen Neale 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2906: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:Rudolf Carnap 2831: 2830:Alfred Tarski 2827: 2826:Gottlob Frege 2816: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:neo-Darwinian 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654:'s theory of 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2479:actually true 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380:Metasemantics 2377: 2376: 2375:metasemantics 2370: 2365: 2362: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2318:, a tribe in 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256:interaction. 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246:Ruth Millikan 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2215:George Orwell 2212: 2207: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:communication 2163: 2160: 2152: 2149:February 2022 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2118:This section 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2101:Communication 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Connectionist 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2007:semantic fact 2004: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1950:structuralist 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:Frege–Russell 1908: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:Gottlob Frege 1784: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742:comprehension 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1703:Hilary Putnam 1700: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647:, and others. 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:communitarian 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Alfred Tarski 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499:Gottlob Frege 1495: 1493: 1487: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1429:Hieroglyphica 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:categorematic 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1283:Summa Logicae 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Peter Abelard 1267: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242:truth-bearing 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1133:in India and 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Vienna Circle 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Gottlob Frege 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 993: 989: 985: 984: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 911:Descriptivism 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 887: 886: 879: 878:Structuralism 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 861:Prague circle 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 832: 829: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 800: 797: 796: 790: 789: 782: 779: 777: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 707:Documentation 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 682:Computational 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 658: 657: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 600: 599: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 577: 576: 573: 570: 569: 565: 561: 560: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 477: 471: 470: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447:Phenomenology 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 371: 370: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 315: 312: 311: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 182: 179: 178: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 139: 138:Ancient Greek 136: 134: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 120: 117: 116: 110: 104: 103: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 66: 55: 54: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 39: 36: 35: 31: 30: 25: 21: 16: 9881: 9822:Type shifter 9792:Quantization 9742:Continuation 9609:Veridicality 9489:Exhaustivity 9454:Cumulativity 9373:Indexicality 9353:Definiteness 9348:Conditionals 9275:Logical form 9046:Cora Diamond 8962:Morton White 8830:Thomas Nagel 8775:Otto Neurath 8724:Ernest Nagel 8671:Gilbert Ryle 8666:Derek Parfit 8626:J. L. Austin 8573:Casimir Lewy 8542:Peter Singer 8537:J. L. Mackie 8509:Barry Stroud 8469:Noam Chomsky 8462:Philosophers 8396:Natural kind 8280:Anti-realism 8240:Mathematical 8214:Performative 8177: 8173:Epistemology 8008: 7998: 7988: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7948: 7938: 7918: 7908: 7898: 7888: 7878: 7860: 7801:Metalanguage 7796:Logical form 7751:Truth-bearer 7710:Unilalianism 7620:Expressivism 7447:Wittgenstein 7392:von Humboldt 7309:Philosophers 7291: 7242: 7228: 6899: 6890:Postcritique 6880:Kyoto School 6839:Posthumanism 6819:Hermeneutics 6674: / 6615:Contemporary 6591:Newtonianism 6554:Cartesianism 6513:Reductionism 6349:Conservatism 6344:Collectivism 6282: 6010:Sarvāstivadā 5988:Anekantavada 5913:Neoplatonism 5881:Epicureanism 5814:Pythagoreans 5753:Confucianism 5719:Contemporary 5709:Early modern 5613:Anti-realism 5567:Universalism 5524:Subjectivism 5320:Epistemology 5246: 5151: 5135: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5080: 5075: 5034: 5028: 5001: 4995: 4968: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4930: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4896: 4885: 4873: 4862:. Retrieved 4842: 4838: 4825: 4814:. 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Retrieved 3418: 3409: 3377: 3348: 3331: 3283: 3166: 3093: 3086: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3045: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3007:in principle 3006: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2953:Paul Horwich 2874: 2869:Gilbert Ryle 2854: 2837: 2822: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2708: 2672:Wittgenstein 2664: 2637: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2548: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2459:hermeneutics 2452: 2444:performative 2417: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2369:Noam Chomsky 2366: 2357: 2344: 2340: 2324: 2310: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2261: 2254: 2250:Fred Dretske 2229: 2218: 2208: 2201: 2185: 2170: 2155: 2146: 2131:Please help 2119: 2095:Reductionist 2064: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2027: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1938:lexical word 1931: 1922:Noam Chomsky 1919: 1904: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1846: 1840: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817:epistemology 1811: 1803:truth values 1782: 1780: 1758:pragmatists. 1741: 1736:". However, 1687:proper names 1592: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1528: 1518: 1496: 1490:The phrase " 1489: 1473: 1461: 1448: 1434: 1427: 1408:John Wilkins 1389: 1377: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1281: 1255: 1245: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1216:conjunctions 1208:appellatives 1205: 1194: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1144: 1142: 1109: 1074: 1057: 1028: 1027: 824:Glossematics 804:Constituency 776:interpreting 746: 614:Lexicography 476:Philosophers 421: 384:Epistemology 205:South Africa 160:Contemporary 109:Philosophies 15: 9737:Context set 9711:Type theory 9594:Subtrigging 9358:Disjunction 9285:Proposition 9145:Lwow-Warsaw 9131:Ian Hacking 9098:Karl Popper 9093:Thomas Kuhn 9041:Alice Crary 9003:Saul Kripke 8998:Jaegwon Kim 8993:David Lewis 8983:Jerry Fodor 8952:Susan Haack 8866:Robert Audi 8676:John Searle 8646:Peter Geach 8636:Antony Flew 8583:G. E. Moore 8504:Ernest Sosa 8434:Possibility 8183:Mathematics 8168:Metaphysics 8045:Linguistics 8010:Limited Inc 7930:On Denoting 7756:Proposition 7407:de Saussure 7372:Ibn Khaldun 6885:Objectivism 6824:Neo-Marxism 6786:Continental 6696:Meta-ethics 6676:Coherentism 6581:Hegelianism 6518:Rationalism 6478:Natural law 6458:Materialism 6384:Historicism 6354:Determinism 6245:Navya-Nyāya 6020:Sautrāntika 6015:Pudgalavada 5951:Vaisheshika 5804:Presocratic 5704:Renaissance 5643:Physicalism 5628:Materialism 5534:Normativity 5519:Objectivism 5504:Emergentism 5494:Behaviorism 5443:Metaphysics 5409:Determinism 5348:Rationalism 4900:Partee, B. 4608:. Hackett. 4461:15 February 4030:online text 3973:Carlo Penco 3969:Eva Picardi 3690:Jan Pinborg 3600:Stoic Logic 3213:Sprachlogik 3122:Linguistics 3050:fuzzy logic 2877:speech acts 2660:formalistic 2541: 1305 2506:predication 2436:pejoratives 2428:didacticism 2413:institution 2237:Jerry Fodor 2192:translation 2188:interpreter 2181:speech acts 2091:Emergentist 2083:Computation 2071:associative 2052:behaviorist 1881:Saul Kripke 1855:proposition 1851:On Denoting 1709:and others. 1707:Saul Kripke 1699:Tyler Burge 1679:Saul Kripke 1656:inferential 1641:John Searle 1392:Renaissance 1264:texts into 1258:scholastics 1238:proposition 1140:in Greece. 976:Terminology 951:Orthography 871:Usage-based 772:Translating 667:Acquisition 572:Linguistics 399:Metaphysics 314:By religion 170:Continental 150:Renaissance 9907:Categories 9887:Pragmatics 9534:Mirativity 9300:Speech act 9255:Entailment 9250:Denotation 9121:John Dupré 8988:Kurt Gödel 8944:Pragmatism 8859:Notre Dame 8850:John Rawls 8719:A. J. 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Quine 2964:Paul Grice 2941:pragmatics 2786:nominalism 2770:universals 2605:Schleicher 2601:sound laws 2545:transitive 2424:propaganda 2396:stylistics 2233:Paul Grice 2209:Linguists 1989:pragmatics 1870:Mark Twain 1833:indexicals 1831:and other 1766:Paul Grice 1584:John Locke 1581:empiricist 1484:See also: 1453:Varadarāja 1355:suppositio 1335:suppositio 1331:suppositio 1325:words (or 1210:(names or 1196:nominalism 1122:, and the 946:Orismology 831:Functional 819:Generative 809:Dependency 629:Pragmatics 619:Morphology 609:Diachronic 407:Aesthetics 96:Categories 38:Philosophy 9686:Mereology 9622:Formalism 9504:Givenness 9429:Cataphora 9417:Phenomena 9408:Vagueness 9338:Ambiguity 9290:Reference 9270:Intension 9260:Extension 8971:Princeton 8770:Hans Hahn 8556:Cambridge 8429:Necessity 8424:Actualism 8295:Emotivism 8260:Predicate 8230:Classical 8082:Semiotics 8070:Semantics 7920:Alciphron 7856:Statement 7791:Intension 7731:Ambiguity 7610:Dramatism 7590:Cratylism 7342:Eubulides 7337:Aristotle 7317:Confucius 7063:Pakistani 7025:Taiwanese 6972:Ethiopian 6945:By region 6931:By region 6746:Scientism 6741:Systemics 6601:Spinozism 6528:Socialism 6463:Modernism 6426:Objective 6334:Anarchism 6268:Averroism 6157:Christian 6109:Neotaoism 6080:Zurvanism 6070:Mithraism 6065:Mazdakism 5836:Cyrenaics 5763:Logicians 5396:Free will 5358:Solipsism 5305:Formalism 5119:0167-7411 5061:cite book 4757:170924210 3692:. 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