695:
2880:
106:
1642:
397:
1263:
A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale, J. Morris, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. I: AD 260–395, Cambridge 1971 (hereinafter: PLRE I), pp. 1105–1110 (fasti). For the reviews, often negative, and corrections to the first volume of PLRE, cf. A.H.M. Jones, “Fifteen years of Late Roman
676:
to each frontier province, and, although in some provinces one legion was sometimes deemed sufficient, the upper limit was not exceeded. This policy appears to have been continued during the third century AD, as seen in the case of
637:
The ecclesiastical administration paralleled the political, but with some differences. The bishop of Tyre emerged as the pre-eminent prelate of
Phoenice by the mid-3rd century. When the province was divided c. 394,
1468:
1418:
1422:
1433:
1414:
1578:
1443:
1493:
3331:
523:
men and archers to sack the city. However, Niger lost the civil war, and
Septimius Severus decided to show his gratitude for Tyre's support by making it the capital of Phoenice.
2806:
1673:
266:
252:
227:
213:
1316:
3326:
2049:
438:(reigned 117–138) is said to have considered a division of the overly large Syrian province in 123–124 AD, but it was not until shortly after c. 194 AD that
3256:
2799:
2044:
1568:
1541:
1666:
1641:
787:
In the fourth century, as a whole, almost 30 governors of
Phoenicia are known with 23 governors of Phoenicia being in office between 353 and 394.
1572:
3281:
2792:
1473:
1448:
1557:
1547:
1519:
1515:
1610:
1606:
1530:
1526:
1659:
1537:
1507:
3311:
1511:
1428:
1378:
3296:
1483:
1591:
1587:
1478:
3306:
3182:
1458:
1304:
1737:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
1562:
1552:
485:
were now subject to governor in Tyre. Veterans of this military unit were settled in Tyre, which also received the rank of
380:
694:
3276:
3266:
2844:
1602:
1488:
462:
to co-capital, and the two cities rivalled each other as the head of the province until its division in the 4th century.
2179:
1631:
1621:
1597:
1503:
1498:
1463:
1453:
3291:
3271:
3261:
2328:
1616:
1583:
1408:
1398:
1626:
1403:
1651:
3301:
3228:
2951:
2753:
2004:
1438:
3251:
2072:
1996:
1985:
3167:
2139:
1773:
1371:
610:
385:
1339:, Volume I, Edinburgh 1973, p. 243-266 (Survey of the Roman Province of Syria from 63 B.C. to A.D. 70).
563:
Constantine's province was short-lived, but formed the basis of the re-division of
Phoenice c. 394 into the
2576:
1682:
709:
26:
This article is about the ancient Roman province in the Levant. For the ancient Greek city in Epirus, see
3137:
2916:
2906:
2864:
2059:
3177:
3117:
654:
c. 450; after 480/1, however, the
Metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first in precedence (
415:
2879:
2256:
2198:
2009:
698:
Marble head of the emperor
Septimius Severus, from Tyre, on display at the National Museum of Beirut.
650:, with Damascus initially outranking Tyre, whose position was also briefly challenged by the see of
3321:
3286:
3021:
2971:
2849:
2596:
2581:
2405:
2134:
2081:
2077:
2039:
1971:
1792:
1364:
1290:
1296:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the
Collapse of the Umayyads
3172:
2911:
2400:
2347:
2284:
2124:
2114:
1943:
1913:
647:
337:
320:
64:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3147:
3061:
2606:
1933:
423:
218:
3212:
3152:
2981:
2966:
2621:
2390:
2203:
2129:
1722:
544:
539:
3316:
3016:
2869:
2759:
2276:
1928:
1760:
1730:
1118:
Latin designation for the Berber population of
Mauretania, a region in the ancient Maghreb.
163:
8:
3132:
2839:
2834:
2765:
2720:
2538:
2528:
2190:
2019:
1966:
1961:
1734:
606:
401:
245:
105:
2784:
3127:
2616:
2591:
2498:
2473:
2362:
2246:
2096:
1908:
1705:
589:
406:
1264:
Prosopography in the West” (1981–95), Medieval
Prosopography 17/1, 1996, pp. 263–274.
3066:
2901:
2859:
2854:
2743:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2339:
2309:
2106:
1956:
1847:
1837:
1812:
1807:
1300:
714:
669:
513:
478:
439:
145:
3086:
3051:
3001:
2679:
2674:
2631:
2586:
2493:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2166:
1903:
1895:
1681:
643:
505:
259:
232:
79:
3096:
2659:
2649:
2556:
2508:
2463:
2382:
2304:
2289:
2208:
1951:
1855:
1827:
1802:
1784:
1294:
962:
486:
431:
1324:
1204:
551:
out of the eastern half of the old province, encompassing the territory east of
3081:
3026:
2956:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2601:
2546:
2357:
2251:
2223:
2213:
2091:
1880:
1875:
1832:
1822:
1745:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
1387:
1337:
The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135)
622:
572:
534:
348:
315:
304:
132:
50:
1328:
587:(Φοινίκη Λιβανησία), with Tyre and Emesa as their respective capitals. In the
3245:
3157:
3091:
2896:
2551:
2503:
2468:
2458:
2367:
2067:
1870:
1865:
1817:
1797:
1726:
1710:
1332:
552:
509:
451:
118:
396:
3046:
2749:
2566:
2561:
2513:
2299:
2266:
2261:
2086:
1860:
1738:
656:
618:
352:
75:
3162:
2772:
2644:
2611:
2523:
2478:
2352:
2294:
681:
raising the garrisons of
Phoenice to the normal strength of two legions.
443:
427:
3056:
3036:
2996:
2961:
2936:
2639:
2483:
1885:
1714:
798:
595:
526:
455:
434:, Phoenicia remained part of the province of Syria thereafter. Emperor
3041:
3031:
2986:
2425:
2314:
1923:
1918:
673:
626:
614:
466:
356:
20:
3142:
3101:
2931:
2771: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
2518:
2488:
2410:
2119:
2034:
1742:
1169:
678:
639:
530:
493:
482:
343:
27:
1356:
1320:. Vol. Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon–Pignus. pp. 350–379.
593:, written shortly after the division, Phoenice I is governed by a
3011:
2829:
2715:
2571:
2430:
2372:
2135:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
2029:
2024:
2014:
1227:
651:
601:
520:
497:
474:
442:(r. 193–211) actually undertook this, dividing the province into
435:
284:
1245:
Parker, “The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine,” p. 177/178.
465:
The province was much larger than the area traditionally called
3071:
3006:
2976:
2941:
2725:
1153:
419:
292:
1275:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I AD 260-395
689:
621:, with parts in the south and north going to the provinces of
3076:
2921:
2420:
2415:
2395:
1184:
1182:
1109:
Arabic: الرفنية, romanized: al-Rafaniyya; colloquial: Rafniye
517:
501:
470:
459:
288:
2991:
2946:
2926:
1729:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1217:
1215:
1179:
110:
Roman Empire in 210 with Syria Phoenice highlighted in red
2814:
1137:
1135:
1133:
537:, while sometime before 328, when it is mentioned in the
426:. With the exception of a brief period in 36–30 BC, when
331:
3332:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
1299:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1273:
Martindale, J. R. & A. H. M. Jones, "Nicentius 1",
1212:
672:, it had been the practice to assign not more than two
1353:, Vol. I AD 260–395, Cambridge University Press (1971)
1317:
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1130:
2165:
558:
1759:
492:After the death of the 2nd century Roman emperor
384:, a division that persisted until the region was
56:
3243:
733:Q. Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L. Calvinianus
632:
359:. It was officially created in 194 AD and after
1314:Eißfeldt, Otto (1941). "Phoiniker (Phoinike)".
660:) of all the Metropolitans subject to Antioch.
646:of Phoenice II. Both provinces belonged to the
3327:States and territories established in the 190s
2800:
2752:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
1667:
1372:
454:became the capital of the new province, but
2775:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1351:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
1289:
1277:(Cambridge: University Press, 1971), p. 628
1233:
690:Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia
617:, most of the two Phoenices came under the
38:
3257:410s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
2807:
2793:
1674:
1660:
1379:
1365:
1100:A military unit of the Imperial Roman army
779:
609:. This division remained intact until the
104:
1709:. Provincial administration reformed and
547:(r. 306–337) created the new province of
391:
1683:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
1313:
1221:
1188:
1141:
693:
395:
355:, encompassing the historical region of
3168:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
1344:Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity
1194:
529:(r. 284–305) separated the district of
404:with its provinces, as recorded in the
3244:
342:
3282:7th-century disestablishments in Asia
3225:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
3183:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
2815:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
2788:
2705:
2704:
2164:
1758:
1694:
1655:
1360:
314:
16:Roman/Byzantine province (c. 194–394)
599:, while Libanensis is governed by a
162:• Division during the reign of
1386:
1349:Martindale, J. R.; Jones, A. H. M,
13:
1078:Modern-day Homs/Hims (حمص), Syria.
559:Phoenice I and Phoenice Libanensis
14:
3343:
3312:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
3102:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
388:by the Muslim Arabs in the 630s.
2878:
2115:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
1741:in c. 640–660, although in
1640:
642:, rather than Emesa, became the
605:, with both provinces under the
496:, a civil war erupted, in which
264:
250:
225:
211:
3297:Holy Land during Byzantine rule
3229:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
1725:established after the death of
1267:
1257:
1248:
1239:
791:
703:
458:(r. 218–222) raised his native
3002:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
2073:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
1997:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1163:
1147:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1081:
1072:
344:[(h)epʰyˈni.kesyˈri.a]
1:
3307:Provinces of the Roman Empire
2140:Tripolitania (Roman province)
1718:
1124:
633:Ecclesiastical administration
611:Muslim conquest of the Levant
360:
316:[ˈsʏri.apʰoe̯ˈniːkeː]
169:
151:
94:
87:
789:
710:Legatus Augusti pro praetore
701:
684:
332:
7:
3158:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
3138:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
3077:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
2917:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
2907:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
2870:Roman Law school of Berytus
2865:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2748: Re-established after
2060:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1695:
663:
579:, "coastal Phoenice"), and
469:: for example, cities like
58:ἐπαρχία τῆς Φοινίκης Συρίας
10:
3348:
3277:2nd-century establishments
3267:Ancient Rome-related lists
3178:Catholic Church in Lebanon
1283:
930:Aelius Claudius Dulcitius
741:Domitius Leo Procillianus
516:, which led Niger to send
324:
57:
36:Province of Syria Phoenice
25:
18:
3221:
3123:Phoenice (Roman province)
3110:
2982:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
2887:
2876:
2855:Berytus Colonnaded street
2845:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
2820:
2738:
2721:Quaestura exercitus (536)
2711:
2700:
2630:
2537:
2449:
2381:
2338:
2327:
2275:
2237:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2105:
2058:
1995:
1984:
1942:
1894:
1846:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1754:
1701:
1690:
1638:
1394:
1291:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
795:
765:L. Artorius Pius Maximus
707:
576:
280:
190:
186:
182:
178:
160:
142:
138:
128:
124:
114:
103:
86:
73:
39:
35:
3292:Lebanon in the Roman era
3272:Lists of Roman governors
3262:Roman governors of Syria
3082:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
3022:Monastery of Saint Maron
2972:Canalizations of Zenobia
2597:Palaestina III Salutaris
1793:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
1066:
792:
704:
422:created the province of
42:Provincia Syria Phoenice
19:Not to be confused with
3173:Christianity in Lebanon
2937:Ain Harcha roman temple
2912:Temples of Mount Hermon
2850:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
2764: Placed under the
2125:Mauretania Caesariensis
1944:Diocese of the Britains
1569:Mauretania Caesariensis
648:Patriarchate of Antioch
613:in the 630s. Under the
3302:Geography of Phoenicia
3208:6th century in Lebanon
3203:5th century in Lebanon
3198:4th century in Lebanon
3193:3rd century in Lebanon
3188:2nd century in Lebanon
3148:Marcus Valerius Probus
2835:Roman Forum of Berytus
2607:Phoenice II Libanensis
2310:Macedonia II Salutaris
1723:praetorian prefectures
1685:(4th–7th centuries AD)
1542:Hispania Tarraconensis
1236:, pp. 47–48, 240.
699:
411:
392:Administrative history
308:
219:Syria (Roman province)
3252:60s BC establishments
3213:551 Beirut earthquake
3153:Eudokia of Heliopolis
3087:Tripolis in Phoenicia
2329:Praetorian prefecture
2204:Noricum mediterraneum
2180:Praetorian prefecture
2130:Mauretania Sitifensis
2025:Picenum Suburbicarium
1986:Praetorian prefecture
1774:Praetorian prefecture
1721: 293. Permanent
796:Provincial governor (
697:
545:Constantine the Great
540:Laterculus Veronensis
399:
3072:Schleem roman temple
3052:Qal'at Bustra temple
3017:Monastery of Qozhaya
3012:Libbaya roman temple
2760:Diocese of Illyricum
2754:Prefecture of Africa
2509:Galatia II Salutaris
2277:Diocese of Macedonia
2167:Eastern Roman Empire
1929:Mauretania Tingitana
1761:Western Roman Empire
1573:Mauretania Tingitana
1469:Corsica and Sardinia
1409:Africa proconsularis
1206:in partibus Orientis
818:Sossianus Hierocles
725:Ti. Manilius Fuscus
619:province of Damascus
508:. While the city of
477:and the base of the
164:Theodosius the Great
3133:Phoenice Libanensis
3007:Labweh Roman temple
2840:Berytus Roman Baths
2766:Quaestura exercitus
2539:Diocese of the East
2529:Pontus Polemoniacus
2191:Diocese of Pannonia
2020:Lucania et Bruttium
1967:Maxima Caesariensis
1962:Flavia Caesariensis
1474:Crete and Cyrenaica
1449:Bithynia and Pontus
1191:, pp. 368–369.
815:Between 293 and 303
807:Between 293 and 305
762:Between 284 and 305
754:Between 268 and 270
607:Diocese of the East
585:Phoenice Libanensis
430:gave the region to
402:Diocese of the East
381:Phoenice Libanensis
246:Phoenice Libanensis
3128:Palaestina Secunda
3027:Nahle roman temple
2997:Kafr Zabad temples
2617:Syria II Salutaris
2474:Armenian Satrapies
2247:Dacia Mediterranea
2169:(395–c. 640)
2097:Venetia et Histria
2005:Apulia et Calabria
1706:Notitia Dignitatum
1558:Lycia et Pamphylia
1520:Gallia Narbonensis
1516:Gallia Lugdunensis
1342:Linda Jones Hall,
1201:Notitia Dignitatum
757:Salvius Theodorus
700:
668:Since the time of
590:Notitia Dignitatum
549:Augusta Libanensis
412:
407:Notitia Dignitatum
333:hē Phoinī́kē Syría
144:• Created by
78:(after 395 of the
3237:
3236:
3067:Saraain El Faouqa
2902:Temple of Bacchus
2860:Byzantine mosaics
2782:
2781:
2744:Septem Provinciae
2734:
2733:
2706:Other territories
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2479:Armenia III (536)
2451:Diocese of Pontus
2441:Phrygia Salutaris
2436:Phrygia Pacatiana
2340:Diocese of Thrace
2323:
2322:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2107:Diocese of Africa
1980:
1979:
1848:Diocese of Vienne
1838:Maxima Sequanorum
1750:
1749:
1649:
1648:
1611:Pannonia Superior
1607:Pannonia Inferior
1531:Germania Superior
1527:Germania Inferior
1306:978-0-7914-1827-7
1087:Arabic: تَدْمُر (
1064:
1063:
831:? Between 309/313
777:
776:
715:imperial province
670:Septimius Severus
514:Septimius Severus
479:Legio III Gallica
446:in the north and
440:Septimius Severus
370:was divided into
330:
298:
297:
276:
275:
272:
271:
238:
237:
146:Septimius Severus
3339:
3032:Nebi Safa temple
2987:Hebbariye temple
2942:Amioun Monastery
2890:(actual Lebanon)
2882:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2758: Later the
2742: Later the
2702:
2701:
2680:Thebais Inferior
2675:Thebais Superior
2632:Diocese of Egypt
2622:Theodorias (528)
2484:Armenia IV (536)
2336:
2335:
2239:Diocese of Dacia
2229:Valeria ripensis
2187:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2045:Tuscia et Umbria
1993:
1992:
1896:Diocese of Spain
1781:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1720:
1703:As found in the
1692:
1691:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1538:Hispania Baetica
1508:Gallia Aquitania
1381:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1321:
1310:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:Blankinship 1994
1231:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1076:
826:Julius Julianus
790:
749:D. Pius Cassius
702:
578:
569:Phoenice Paralia
506:Pescennius Niger
416:under Roman rule
376:Phoenice Paralia
365:
362:
346:
341:
335:
329:romanized:
328:
326:
318:
313:
268:
267:
260:Phoenice Paralia
254:
253:
242:
241:
233:Syria Palaestina
229:
228:
215:
214:
208:
207:
192:
191:
174:
171:
156:
153:
108:
99:
96:
92:
89:
80:Byzantine Empire
74:Province of the
68:
60:
59:
54:
46:
45:
44:
43:
33:
32:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3322:Byzantine Syria
3287:Ancient Lebanon
3242:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3217:
3106:
3097:Tyre Necropolis
3062:Castra El Banat
2932:Ain Aata temple
2889:
2888:Roman Phoenicia
2883:
2874:
2823:(actual Beirut)
2822:
2816:
2813:
2783:
2778:
2730:
2707:
2684:
2660:Augustamnica II
2626:
2533:
2445:
2383:Diocese of Asia
2377:
2330:
2319:
2305:Macedonia Prima
2271:
2233:
2209:Noricum ripense
2181:
2170:
2144:
2101:
2054:
1987:
1976:
1938:
1890:
1856:Alpes Maritimae
1842:
1828:Lugdunensis III
1785:Diocese of Gaul
1775:
1764:
1763:(395–476)
1746:
1713:established by
1697:
1686:
1680:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1592:Moesia Superior
1588:Moesia Inferior
1419:Alpes Maritimae
1390:
1388:Roman governors
1385:
1307:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
810:Aelius Statuus
785:
692:
687:
666:
635:
577:Φοινίκη Παραλία
561:
533:and gave it to
432:Ptolemaic Egypt
418:in 64 BC, when
414:Phoenicia came
394:
363:
336:
325:ἡ Φοινίκη Συρία
311:
291:
287:
265:
251:
226:
212:
172:
166:
154:
148:
109:
97:
90:
69:
62:
55:
48:
41:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Libya Inferior
2667:
2665:Libya Superior
2662:
2657:
2655:Augustamnica I
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Lycaonia (370)
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Dacia Ripensis
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Carthaginensis
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1881:Novempopulania
1878:
1876:Narbonensis II
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:Lugdunensis IV
1830:
1825:
1823:Lugdunensis II
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1600:
1595:
1581:
1576:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1512:Gallia Belgica
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Arabia Petraea
1426:
1423:Alpes Poeninae
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1224:, p. 369.
1211:
1193:
1178:
1162:
1146:
1144:, p. 368.
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
955:
952:
948:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
916:
915:
912:
908:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
892:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
852:
851:
850:Fl. Dionysius
848:
844:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
804:
803:
794:
784:
778:
775:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
706:
691:
688:
686:
683:
665:
662:
634:
631:
629:respectively.
560:
557:
450:in the south.
448:Syria Phoenice
393:
390:
368:Phoenice Syria
309:Syria Phoenīcē
296:
295:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
248:
239:
236:
235:
230:
222:
221:
216:
204:
203:
198:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
167:
161:
158:
157:
149:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
133:Late Antiquity
130:
129:Historical era
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
101:
100:
84:
83:
71:
70:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Roman Lebanon
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Dakoue temple
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Augusti Pagus
2950:
2948:
2947:Arca Caesarea
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:Roman Berytus
2819:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Palaestina II
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Cappadocia II
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Armenia Maior
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Alpes Cottiae
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1934:Tarraconensis
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Narbonensis I
1869:
1867:
1866:Aquitanica II
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Lugdunensis I
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Constantine I
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Alpes Cottiae
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:Millar Fergus
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1222:Eißfeldt 1941
1218:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1189:Eißfeldt 1941
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:Roman History
1171:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1142:Eißfeldt 1941
1138:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
975:
971:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
805:
801:
800:
788:
782:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:(Governor of
712:
711:
696:
682:
680:
675:
671:
661:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
553:Mount Lebanon
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
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488:
484:
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476:
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468:
463:
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322:
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294:
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283:
281:Today part of
279:
263:
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258:
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117:
113:
107:
102:
85:
81:
77:
72:
66:
52:
34:
29:
22:
3239:
3122:
3057:Castra Chbib
3047:Qalaat Faqra
2967:Bziza temple
2957:Bakka temple
2922:Aaqbe temple
2726:Spania (552)
2587:Palaestina I
2567:Euphratensis
2514:Helenopontus
2494:Cappadocia I
2401:Hellespontus
2300:Epirus Vetus
2267:Praevalitana
2182:of Illyricum
1972:Valentia (?)
1957:Britannia II
1861:Aquitanica I
1739:theme system
1704:
1567:Mauretania (
1350:
1343:
1336:
1325:Schürer Emil
1315:
1295:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1254:Hall, pg. 94
1250:
1241:
1229:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1074:
906:Euchrostius
882:Apollinaris
874:Marcellinus
797:
786:
783:of Phoenicia
780:
708:
667:
657:protothronos
655:
636:
600:
594:
588:
584:
580:
568:
564:
562:
548:
538:
525:
491:
464:
447:
413:
405:
379:
375:
371:
367:
353:Roman Empire
300:
299:
201:Succeeded by
200:
195:
76:Roman Empire
3317:Roman Syria
3163:Coele-Syria
2992:Iaat column
2773:Justinian I
2645:Aegyptus II
2577:Mesopotamia
2524:Paphlagonia
2353:Haemimontus
2331:of the East
2295:Epirus Nova
2219:Pannonia II
1952:Britannia I
1813:Germania II
1579:Mesopotamia
1329:Vermes Geza
1052:Severianus
1036:Epiphanius
1020:Eustathius
922:Andronicus
581:Phoenice II
444:Syria Coele
428:Mark Antony
400:Map of the
338:Koinē Greek
321:Koinē Greek
196:Preceded by
65:Koinē Greek
3246:Categories
2962:Batroumine
2897:Heliopolis
2750:reconquest
2640:Aegyptus I
2602:Phoenice I
2557:Cilicia II
2464:Armenia II
2214:Pannonia I
1886:Viennensis
1808:Germania I
1803:Belgica II
1743:Asia Minor
1715:Diocletian
1536:Hispania (
1525:Germania (
1459:Cappadocia
1125:References
1028:Antherius
1017:Before 388
938:Anatolius
927:Before 361
911:Before 360
903:(?) 359/60
898:Nicentius
890:Demetrius
887:Before 358
858:Archelaus
842:Achillius
823:Before 305
799:Consularis
781:Consulares
773:Crispinus
644:metropolis
596:consularis
565:Phoenice I
527:Diocletian
512:supported
504:supported
456:Elagabalus
374:proper or
364: 394
173: 394
155: 194
98: 394
91: 194
3042:Hosn Niha
2552:Cilicia I
2504:Galatia I
2459:Armenia I
2426:Pamphylia
2358:Moesia II
2315:Thessalia
2092:Raetia II
1924:Lusitania
1919:Gallaecia
1909:Balearica
1798:Belgica I
1563:Macedonia
1553:Lusitania
1454:Britannia
1060:Leontius
1044:Domitius
1012:Proculus
1009:382 – 383
996:Leontius
988:Domninus
985:364 – 365
980:Ulpianus
969:363 – 364
959:362 – 363
954:Julianus
946:Polycles
919:360 – 361
914:Julianus
895:358 – 359
847:328 – 329
770:292 – 293
722:193 – 194
685:Governors
615:Caliphate
483:Raphanaea
467:Phoenicia
386:conquered
357:Phoenicia
21:Phoenicia
3143:Ulpianus
2519:Honorias
2489:Bithynia
2262:Moesia I
2257:Dardania
2199:Dalmatia
2120:Byzacena
2087:Raetia I
2035:Sardinia
2010:Campania
1988:of Italy
1711:dioceses
1603:Pannonia
1489:Dalmatia
1404:Aegyptus
1293:(1994).
1170:Herodian
1160:50.15.1.
943:c. 361/2
834:Maximus
679:Aurelian
664:Military
640:Damascus
531:Batanaea
494:Commodus
410:, c. 400
372:Phoenice
349:province
347:) was a
301:Phoenice
28:Phoenice
3111:Related
2830:Berytus
2716:Taurica
2650:Arcadia
2612:Syria I
2582:Osroene
2572:Isauria
2431:Pisidia
2406:Islands
2373:Thracia
2368:Scythia
2363:Rhodope
2082:Aemilia
2078:Liguria
2050:Valeria
2040:Sicilia
2030:Samnium
2015:Corsica
1904:Baetica
1776:of Gaul
1731:Ravenna
1696:History
1632:Thracia
1622:Sicilia
1598:Noricum
1499:Galatia
1464:Cilicia
1444:Assyria
1434:Armenia
1413:Alpes (
1284:Sources
1158:Digests
1004:Petrus
972:Marius
963:Gaianus
866:Nonnus
674:legions
652:Berytus
602:praeses
521:javelin
498:Berytus
487:colonia
475:Palmyra
436:Hadrian
351:of the
285:Lebanon
115:Capital
2768:in 536
2562:Cyprus
2547:Arabia
2348:Europa
2285:Achaea
1735:Africa
1617:Raetia
1584:Moesia
1548:Judaea
1494:Epirus
1479:Cyprus
1399:Achaia
1346:(2004)
1303:
1154:Ulpian
1089:Tadmur
863:c. 337
839:c. 323
738:c. 207
623:Jordan
535:Arabia
500:, and
420:Pompey
378:, and
312:Latin:
293:Israel
61:
47:
3092:Tyrus
2421:Lydia
2416:Lycia
2396:Caria
2290:Creta
2224:Savia
1627:Syria
1484:Dacia
1067:Notes
879:353/4
793:Date
705:Date
627:Emesa
573:Greek
518:Mauri
502:Sidon
471:Emesa
460:Emesa
424:Syria
305:Latin
289:Syria
119:Tyrus
51:Latin
3037:Niha
2927:Afqa
2391:Asia
1733:and
1609:and
1590:and
1571:and
1540:and
1529:and
1518:and
1504:Gaul
1439:Asia
1421:and
1301:ISBN
1176:3.3.
625:and
510:Tyre
473:and
452:Tyre
2080:et
1208:, I
1057:392
1049:391
1041:390
1033:388
1025:388
1001:380
993:372
977:364
951:362
935:361
871:342
855:335
746:213
730:198
583:or
567:or
481:in
3248::
1719:c.
1717:,
1514:,
1510:,
1417:,
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1214:^
1203:,
1181:^
1172:,
1156:,
1132:^
802:)
717:)
575::
555:.
543:,
489:.
366:,
361:c.
327:,
323::
319:;
307::
170:c.
152:c.
95:c.
88:c.
2808:e
2801:t
2794:v
1675:e
1668:t
1661:v
1613:)
1605:(
1594:)
1586:(
1575:)
1544:)
1533:)
1522:)
1506:(
1425:)
1380:e
1373:t
1366:v
1309:.
1091:)
571:(
340::
303:(
93:–
82:)
67:)
63:(
53:)
49:(
30:.
23:.
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