941:
1022:
1046:
1034:
990:
874:
238:—installed in arcades and taverns, but within a few years, private owners of phonographs were increasingly buying them for home use. Unlike later, shorter-playing high-speed cylinders, early cylinder recordings were usually cut at a speed of about 120 rpm and can play for as long as three minutes. They were made of a relatively soft wax formulation and would wear out after they were played a few dozen times. The buyer could then use a mechanism which left their surfaces shaved smooth so new recordings could be made on them.
760:
399:
316:
178:
1010:
886:
838:
862:
898:
966:
954:
929:
978:
850:
3807:
27:
664:
242:
3369:
940:
1086:
1058:
914:
484:
brand. They were made from a harder (and more fragile) form of wax to withstand the smaller stylus used to play them. The longer playing time was achieved by reducing the groove size and placing them half as far apart. In 1912, the Edison company eventually acquired
Lambert's patents to the celluloid
717:
520:
stylus. Beginning in 1915, new Edison cylinder issues consisted of re-recordings from Edison discs; they therefore had lower audio quality than the disc originals. Although his cylinders continued to be sold in steadily dwindling and eventually minuscule quantities, Edison continued to support the
457:
of France was producing celluloid cylinders as early as 1893, but they were individually recorded rather than molded.) That same year, the
Lambert Company of Chicago began selling cylinder records made of the material. They would not break if dropped and could be played thousands of times without
286:
Over the years, the type of wax used in cylinders was improved and hardened, so that cylinders could be played with good quality over 100 times. In 1902, Edison
Records launched a line of improved, hard wax cylinders marketed as "Edison Gold Moulded Records". The major development of this line of
724:
Because of the nature of the recording medium, playback of many cylinders can cause degradation of the recording. The replay of cylinders diminishes their fidelity and degrades their recorded signals. Additionally, when exposed to humidity, mold can penetrate a cylinder's surface and cause the
946:
Cylinder on
Dictaphone dictation machine (c. 1922). The recording head moved left to right. The black lines are shiny gaps between tracks. Each cylinder could record 1,200 to 1,500 words. They could be reused 100 to 120 times by putting them in a machine that erased them by shaving off the
752:
format. The resulting sound clip in most cases sounds better than stylus playback from the original cylinder. Having an electronic version of the original recordings enables archivists to open access to the recordings to a wider audience. This technique also has the potential to allow for
1089:
826:
1088:
1061:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
121:
wrapped around a hand-cranked, grooved metal cylinder. Tin foil was not a practical recording medium for either commercial or artistic purposes, and the crude hand-cranked phonograph was only marketed as a novelty, to little or no profit. Edison moved on to developing a practical
1093:
1066:
804:
781:
165:. After this system was demonstrated to Edison's representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph. He settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edison's "
1091:
419:
1063:
803:
418:
1294:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph | History of Edison Sound Recordings | Articles and Essays | Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
282:
Originally, all cylinders sold needed to be recorded live on the softer brown wax, which wore out after as few as 20 plays. Later cylinders were reproduced either mechanically or by linking phonographs together with rubber tubes.
229:
Beginning in 1889, prerecorded wax cylinders were marketed. These have professionally made recordings of songs, instrumental music or humorous monologues in their grooves. At first, the only customers for them were proprietors of
196:
249:
Cylinder machines of the late 1880s and the 1890s were usually sold with recording attachments. The ability to record as well as play back sound was an advantage of cylinder phonographs over the competition from cheaper
989:
462:. Unlike wax, the hard, inflexible material could not be shaved and recorded over, but it had the advantage of being nearly permanent. A 1905 Edison Phonograph may be seen and heard playing a celluloid cylinder at the
1045:
1033:
575:. The other songs recorded were "James K. Polk", "Maybe I Know", and "The Edison Museum", the last a song about the site of the recording. These recordings were officially released online as MP3 files in 2001.
169:" were commercialized in 1888. Eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed, and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edison's all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format.
1358:
1293:
780:
801:
1021:
782:
1453:
873:
417:
194:
1090:
1062:
802:
578:
Small numbers of cylinders have been manufactured in the 21st century out of modern long-lasting materials. Two companies engaged in such enterprise are the Vulcan
Cylinder Record Company of
500:. Edison marketed its "Fireside" model phonograph with a gearshift and a 'model K' reproducer with two different styli, which allowed it to play both two-minute and four-minute cylinders.
544:
recording. However, cylinders for older style dictating machines continued to be available for some years, and it was not unusual to encounter cylinder dictating machines into the 1950s.
3186:
2636:
333:
3612:
2714:
2425:
415:
291:
to be made from a master cylinder, which then permitted the production of several hundred cylinders to be made from the mold. The process was labeled "Gold
Moulded" because of the
195:
2510:
825:
332:
2804:
599:
on a wax cylinder in a limited edition of 40, of which only 30 were put on sale. The box set came with instructions on how to make a cylinder player for less than £20. The
367:
cylinders were sold in unlined boxes. These protective boxes were normally kept and used to house the cylinders after purchase. Their general appearance allowed bandleader
2720:
2858:
2708:
2504:
2473:
2786:
2467:
729:
player, designed by Henri
Chamoux and the "Endpoint Cylinder and Dictabelt Machine" by Nicholas Bergh. The Archéophone is used by the Edison National Historic Site,
477:
company in Europe had separately licensed the technology and were able to market Edison's titles in both wax (popular series) and celluloid (indestructible series).
416:
2870:
2816:
521:
owners of cylinder phonographs by making new titles available in that format until the company ceased manufacturing all records and phonographs in
November 1929.
496:
Edison designed several phonograph types, both with internal and external horns for playing these improved cylinder records. The internal horn models were called
257:
In the earliest stages of phonograph manufacturing, various incompatible, competing types of cylinder recordings were made. A standard system was decided upon by
3510:
2834:
2660:
2419:
334:
2648:
2461:
2455:
458:
wearing out. The color was changed to black in 1903, but brown and blue cylinders were also produced. The coloring was purportedly because the dyes reduced
3662:
2630:
2277:
447:
2684:
2726:
2654:
769:
2586:
2516:
2413:
1912:
555:, who in 1996 recorded "I Can Hear You" and three other songs, performed without electricity, on an 1898 Edison wax recording studio phonograph at the
3141:
2750:
2696:
2678:
897:
794:
254:
phonographs, which began to be mass-marketed at the end of the 1890s, as the disc system machines could be used only to play back prerecorded sound.
134:
3026:
2822:
2449:
1009:
885:
3405:
3135:
2702:
1656:
738:
734:
2598:
2666:
2592:
2437:
2431:
3657:
3244:
2762:
2443:
2307:
1599:
595:
571:
3733:
3129:
1172:
3697:
3349:
837:
590:
508:
Cylinder records continued to compete with the growing disc record market into the 1910s, when discs won the commercial battle. In 1912,
953:
725:
recording to have surface noise. Currently, the only professional machines manufactured for the playback of cylinder recordings are the
3841:
3836:
3637:
442:
On March 20, 1900, Thomas B. Lambert was granted a US patent (645,920) that described a process for mass-producing cylinders made from
85:
objects have an audio recording engraved on the outside surface which can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder
3743:
2078:
2036:
3738:
1414:
1073:
965:
480:
In late 1908, Edison had introduced wax cylinders that played for nominally four minutes (instead of the usual two) under the
3748:
3647:
3485:
3440:
977:
681:
2562:
1386:
3861:
3398:
3012:
2604:
2580:
2574:
2568:
1718:
540:
technology, which cut a mechanical groove into a plastic belt instead of into a wax cylinder. This was later replaced by
187:
720:
Proper way to hold a cylinder record: put fingers on the inside; do not touch the outer surface which has the recording.
3782:
1218:
1039:
Delivering
Ediphone wax cylinder recordings of propaganda broadcasts for analysis at the CBS listening post (May 1941)
3237:
2539:
1992:
1973:
1463:
703:
3771:
3331:
583:
74:
1051:
Transcribing propaganda broadcasts from Europe recorded on
Ediphone cylinders at the CBS listening post (May 1941)
879:
Portion of the label from the outside of a Columbia cylinder box, before 1901. Note that the title is handwritten.
1326:
97:
was created a decade later, after which they were commercialized. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system
3866:
3851:
3810:
3391:
861:
730:
685:
1439:
849:
3776:
3607:
3147:
2917:
2218:
2047:
556:
512:, which had been selling both discs and cylinders, dropped the cylinder format, while Edison introduced his
2271:
2259:
2236:
2206:
2200:
2194:
3856:
3230:
3092:
2852:
2642:
1568:
618:
In June 2017 the Cthulhu Breakfast Club podcast released a special limited wax cylinder edition of a show.
3763:
3717:
3687:
2897:
2624:
2071:
1947:
1141:
928:
231:
1321:
153:
as the recording medium, and engraving, rather than indenting, as the recording method. In 1887, their "
77:. Commonly known simply as "records" in their heyday (c. 1896–1916), a name which has been passed on to
3702:
3692:
3642:
3536:
3020:
3001:
2224:
2212:
2188:
127:
2110:
265:, and other companies in the late 1880s. The standard cylinders are about 4 inches (10 cm) long,
3790:
1874:
463:
3682:
3373:
3204:
3086:
2970:
1027:
Thomas Edison in 1888 listening to a wax cylinder phonograph at the Edison laboratory, Orange, N.J.
913:
3153:
1607:
3505:
3475:
3470:
3430:
1077:
674:
560:
408:
1892:
1268:
University of California, Santa Barbara Library Department of Special Collections (2005-11-16).
3846:
3831:
3632:
3566:
3495:
3270:
2905:
2360:
2088:
2064:
1652:
1363:
Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies
1160:
1126:
744:
In an attempt to preserve the historic content of the recordings, cylinders can be read with a
210:, and played at the August 14, 1888, press conference that introduced the phonograph to London.
158:
138:
1857:
3414:
2104:
452:
142:
1690:
1243:
547:
In the late 20th and early 21st century, new recordings have been made on cylinders for the
3480:
3275:
2995:
2490:
2230:
2011:
Schüller, Dietrich (2004). "Technology for the Future". In A. Seeger; S. Chaudhuri (eds.).
1181:
919:
904:
831:
Two Edison cylinder records (left and right) and their cylindrical cardboard boxes (center)
552:
384:
485:
technology, and almost immediately started production under a variation of their existing
8:
3515:
3103:
2780:
1550:
1532:
1366:
1269:
745:
631:
262:
31:
An Edison Gold Mould cylinder record, taken out of its storing tube (left), from c. 1900s
2550:
2029:– History of phonograph cylinders; listen to many examples dating from 1878 through 1912
2013:
Archives for the Future: Global Perspectives on Audiovisual Archives in the 21st Century
1185:
3758:
3500:
3465:
3038:
2958:
2672:
2528:
2265:
1197:
1131:
1000:
996:
513:
469:
This superior technology was licensed by the Indestructible Record Company in 1906 and
1691:"The Cylinder Archive – Cylinder Guide: Amberol and 4-minute Indestructible Cylinders"
1581:
3677:
3652:
3445:
3321:
2940:
2774:
2732:
2253:
1988:
1969:
1839:
1768:
1459:
1214:
749:
368:
341:
325:
288:
251:
166:
123:
78:
1418:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3460:
2798:
2756:
2522:
2133:
2056:
1201:
1189:
565:
509:
470:
430:
279:
inches (5.7 cm) in diameter, and play about two minutes of recorded material.
3597:
3455:
3450:
3300:
2738:
2096:
2051:
1985:
Edison Cylinder Records, 1889–1912, With an illustrated history of the phonograph
1861:
1164:
1163:; Radding, Zachary; Maul, Christian; McBride, John; Golden, Mitchell (May 2004).
646:
157:" system was being put to the test of practical use by official reporters of the
146:
3602:
3551:
3531:
3295:
3050:
2882:
2846:
2392:
2366:
2289:
1879:
1483:
1391:
623:
548:
426:
388:
258:
207:
203:
1628:
1111:
726:
348:
3825:
3753:
3622:
3617:
3541:
3490:
3435:
3354:
3290:
3174:
2989:
2981:
2964:
2949:
2828:
2615:
2542:
2340:
2301:
2148:
1121:
541:
459:
110:
70:
1913:"Mystery recordings will now be heard for the first time in about 100 years"
363:. Later, molded hard-wax cylinders were sold in boxes with a cotton lining.
3592:
3587:
3285:
2876:
2283:
2116:
1116:
640:
612:
345:
1744:
638:
songs "Touch-Tone Telephone" and "The Oldest Man On MySpace", from albums
3667:
3627:
2923:
2792:
2556:
2174:
1136:
635:
474:
154:
3383:
1815:
1511:
1455:
The Compleat Talking Machine: A Collector's Guide to Antique Phonographs
1072:
Playback demonstration of a recording and playback demonstration at the
466:, Brentford, England and the quality of the sound is surprisingly good.
371:
to deride their contents as "canned music", an epithet he borrowed from
3712:
3582:
3265:
3117:
3111:
2744:
2372:
2324:
2178:
2122:
788:
This was played at the conference introducing the phonograph to London.
688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
608:
551:
of using obsolete technology. Probably the most famous of these are by
530:
372:
219:
162:
114:
98:
86:
3222:
1193:
26:
3326:
3210:
3056:
2768:
2690:
2354:
2348:
2329:
2295:
2032:
1793:
1015:
Close-up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured c. 1915
891:
Edison Gold Moulded record made of relatively hard black wax, c. 1904
604:
579:
537:
443:
364:
299:
733:(Bowling Green, Ohio), the Department of Special Collections at the
716:
663:
3192:
3123:
3080:
3074:
3062:
3032:
2810:
1929:
1165:"Reconstruction of Mechanically Recorded Sound by Image Processing"
737:, and many other libraries and archives, including the Endpoint by
241:
118:
101:
in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium.
90:
82:
3613:
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
1567:
Bierley, Paul Edmund, "The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa".
359:
The earliest soft wax cylinders were sold wrapped in thick cotton
3280:
3180:
2911:
2864:
2042:
1950:, from the Edison National Historic Site, National Park Service.
517:
360:
235:
287:
cylinders is that Edison had developed a process that allowed a
2039:: Streaming and downloadable versions of over 10,000 cylinders.
133:
Following seven years of research and experimentation at their
3068:
2929:
2840:
959:
Celluloid phonograph cylinders displaying a variety of colors
295:
1707:
Model Number taken directly from actual Fireside reproducer.
1551:"The Cylinder Archive - Cylinder Guide: Black Wax Cylinders"
999:
containing a fragment of a live performance recorded at the
843:
Brown wax cylinders showing various shades (and mold damage)
3672:
3198:
3044:
2404:
2384:
292:
2026:
1442:(via the Audio Engineering Society). Retrieved 2014-05-04.
795:
1888 speech by Arthur Sullivan at the Little Menlo, London
1582:"Norman Bruderhofer's Cylinder Guide – Lambert Cylinders"
1331:
600:
150:
94:
1671:
1267:
529:
Cylinder phonograph technology continued to be used for
1935:
1213:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams.
1158:
3511:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
2006:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1773:
The Official Website of Brooklyn's Ambassadors of Love
810:
One of the earliest surviving wax cylinder recordings.
653:
627:
released ten limited edition wax cylinder recordings.
582:, England, and the Wizard Cylinder Records Company in
536:
In 1947, Dictaphone replaced wax cylinders with their
3663:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
2086:
1655:. Cylinder Preservation and Digitalization Project.
1211:
From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph
770:
An example of a heavily degraded cylinder: Handel's
593:
released the track "Sewer", from their debut album,
533:
and Ediphone recordings for office use for decades.
161:, with commercial units later being produced by the
739:
The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
971:Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of diameters
188:One of the earliest surviving recordings of music
3823:
2004:Sound Recording – The Life Story of a Technology
1270:"Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project"
983:Wax phonograph cylinders in a variety of lengths
569:in 1996 and re-released on the 2002 compilation
1657:University of California, Santa Barbara Library
1322:"Chronology: Technology and the Music Industry"
753:reconstruction of damaged or broken cylinders.
735:University of California, Santa Barbara Library
3658:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
3399:
3238:
2072:
572:Dial-A-Song: 20 Years of They Might Be Giants
3734:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1893:"We put Lemon Demon songs on wax cylinders!"
1440:"Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone"
1173:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3698:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
3350:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
1477:
1475:
591:The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing
3638:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
3406:
3392:
3245:
3231:
2079:
2065:
1710:
1512:"Phonograph Cylinders: A Beginner's Guide"
1412:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
596:Now That's What I Call Steampunk! Volume 1
25:
16:Medium for recording and reproducing sound
3744:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
3413:
1966:The Edison Cylinder Phonographs 1877–1929
1964:Frow, George L.; Sefl, Albert F. (1978).
1814:Dilg, Peter N. (November–December 2008).
1736:
1677:
1505:
1503:
1417:. University of San Diego. Archived from
1208:
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
378:
73:) are the earliest commercial medium for
2325:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
1667:– via UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive.
1472:
715:
240:
89:. The first cylinders were wrapped with
3739:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
3252:
2037:University of California, Santa Barbara
1344:
1319:
1248:Transcript of History of Recorded Music
1209:Read, Oliver; Welch, Walter L. (1976).
305:
3824:
2184:
2168:
1796:. Vulcan Cylinder Record Company. 2002
1761:
1742:
1716:
1509:
1500:
1481:
1387:"1877 Thomas Edison Cylinder Recorder"
1241:
1074:Thomas Edison National Historical Park
907:" celluloid cylinder with plaster core
245:Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
3749:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
3648:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
3486:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
3387:
3226:
2060:
1907:
1905:
1451:
1315:
1313:
1152:
603:covered the release on Television on
524:
202:1888 recording of Arthur Sullivan's "
1816:"The Wizard Cylinder Record Company"
1813:
1445:
1406:
1359:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph"
1298:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
1235:
855:Paper record slip from 1903 cylinder
686:adding citations to reliable sources
657:
104:
1968:. Sevenoaks, Kent: George F. Frow.
1820:Canadian Antique Phonograph Society
1514:. Tim's Phonographs and Old Records
1242:Phipps, Aodhan (November 8, 2013).
1228:
654:Preservation of cylinder recordings
13:
3783:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
1957:
1902:
1723:History of Sound Recording Devices
1482:Orcutt, Russ (September 7, 2017).
1413:Schoenherr, Steve (July 6, 2005).
1310:
995:A sound engineer holds one of the
758:
634:released wax cylinder singles for
589:In 2010 the British musical group
397:
314:
176:
14:
3878:
3842:Audiovisual introductions in 1888
3837:Audiovisual introductions in 1877
3187:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
2637:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
2020:
2015:. Calcutta, India: Seagull Books.
1987:. Brooklyn, New York: APM Press.
1864:. 2017-05-25 – via Twitter.
1840:"Tech Know: A journey into sound"
1794:"New Phonograph Cylinder Records"
326:Song of the "Ujangong" mask dance
93:but the improved version made of
3806:
3805:
3772:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
3367:
1320:Taintor, Callie (May 27, 2004).
1084:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
988:
976:
964:
952:
939:
927:
912:
896:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
799:
778:
662:
413:
340:Phonograph cylinder recorded in
330:
218:Problems playing this file? See
192:
2715:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
2426:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
1941:
1886:
1868:
1850:
1832:
1807:
1786:
1743:Curtis, Jason (30 April 2013).
1701:
1683:
1645:
1621:
1592:
1574:
1561:
1543:
1525:
673:needs additional citations for
126:, and the next improvements to
75:recording and reproducing sound
2043:Vulcan Cylinder Record Company
1432:
1415:"Recording Technology History"
1379:
1286:
1261:
731:Bowling Green State University
344:on August 23, 1904, by German
1:
3777:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
3608:Aerial Experiment Association
2002:Morton, David L. Jr. (2004).
1147:
867:Back side of 1903 record slip
557:Edison National Historic Site
3374:Record production portal
2511:Thermionic Products Recordon
1775:. They Might Be Giants. 2017
1569:University of Illinois Press
563:. This song was released on
7:
3718:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
3688:National Geographic Society
2898:Analog-to-digital converter
2805:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
2033:UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive
1983:Koenigsberg, Allen (1987).
1600:"Lambert Replica Cylinders"
1244:"History of Recorded Music"
1142:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
1105:
621:In April 2019, the podcast
491:Edison Blue Amberol Records
471:Columbia Phonograph Company
298:that was given off by gold
124:incandescent electric light
79:their disc-shaped successor
10:
3883:
3862:History of sound recording
3703:Oriental Telephone Company
3693:National Telephone Company
3643:Canadian Aerodrome Company
3436:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
3021:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2105:Music box cylinder or disc
2048:Ethnographic wax cylinders
1484:"13 All About the Records"
1274:cylinders.library.ucsb.edu
934:Disc records and cylinders
817:
503:
446:, an early hard plastic. (
409:1910 Indestructible Record
382:
128:sound recording technology
113:and his team invented the
3801:
3791:The Sound and the Silence
3726:
3575:
3524:
3421:
3363:
3342:
3309:
3258:
3167:
3102:
3011:
2980:
2948:
2939:
2896:
2721:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
2614:
2538:
2500:
2483:
2402:
2382:
2339:
2317:
2246:
2158:
2141:
2132:
2095:
1858:"Podcast on Wax Cylinder"
1725:. Sound Recording History
52:
44:
36:
24:
3683:Life Extension Institute
2971:Digital Compact Cassette
2859:Capitol Records Audiopak
2709:Dictaphone Travel master
2505:Telefunken magnetic disc
2474:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1749:Museum of Obsolete Media
1653:"Indestructible Records"
3754:Bell Telephone Memorial
3506:Melville Bell Grosvenor
3476:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
3471:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3431:Alexander Melville Bell
2787:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
2468:Protona Minifon special
2089:audio recording formats
1745:"History of Dictaphone"
1719:"History of Dictaphone"
1604:phonographcylinders.com
1452:Reiss, Eric L. (1954).
1100:Recording demonstration
1078:West Orange, New Jersey
561:West Orange, New Jersey
3633:Bell Telephone Company
3567:Walter Seymour Allward
3496:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
3271:Direct-drive turntable
2871:Bandai micro cartridge
2817:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
1875:"Wax cylinder episode"
1458:. Sanoran Publishing.
1438:Schoenherr, S. (1999)
1127:Cylinder Audio Archive
763:
721:
516:format, played with a
402:
379:Hard plastic cylinders
319:
246:
181:
163:Dictaphone Corporation
139:Charles Sumner Tainter
117:using a thin sheet of
3867:Obsolete technologies
3852:Alexander Graham Bell
3441:Bell House (Virginia)
3415:Alexander Graham Bell
3266:Phonograph/gramophone
2739:Cousino Echo-matic II
2219:Indestructible record
1948:Very Early Recordings
1678:Read & Welch 1976
1533:"Brown Wax Cylinders"
762:
719:
401:
318:
302:used in the process.
244:
180:
143:Alexander Graham Bell
130:were made by others.
65:(also referred to as
3537:Charles Williams Jr.
3481:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
3276:Belt-drive turntable
2835:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2661:Rediffusion Reditune
2540:Loose (reel-to-reel)
2491:Magnetic stripe card
2420:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
2185:Perfected phonograph
2113:(early 17th century)
1717:Gracyk, Tim (2018).
1695:The Cylinder Archive
1586:The Cylinder Archive
1555:The Cylinder Archive
1537:The Cylinder Archive
1510:Gracyk, Tim (2006).
682:improve this article
553:They Might Be Giants
385:Blue Amberol Records
306:Commercial packaging
167:Perfected Phonograph
63:Phonograph cylinders
3857:American inventions
3708:Phonograph cylinder
3317:Phonograph cylinder
3253:Grooved track audio
2649:Mohawk Midgetape RL
2462:Protona Minifon P55
2456:Protona Minifon P51
2231:Blue Amberol record
2213:Gold moulded record
2207:Le Céleste cylinder
2179:Dictaphone cylinder
2169:Phonograph cylinder
1936:Fedeyev et al. 2004
1629:"MMCatalogue (All)"
1395:. September 1, 2006
1367:Library of Congress
1186:2001ASAJ..115.2494F
748:and converted to a
746:confocal microscope
632:Needlejuice Records
263:Columbia Phonograph
21:
20:Phonograph cylinder
3759:Graham Bell Island
3501:Mabel H. Grosvenor
3466:Edwin S. Grosvenor
3104:Electronic circuit
2959:Digital Audio Tape
2673:RCA tape cartridge
2631:Cousino Echo-matic
2529:Audio High Density
2278:Edison Voicewriter
1769:"Factory Showroom"
1633:The Musical Museum
1488:45 Record Adapters
1421:on August 13, 2006
1159:Fedeyev, Vitaliy;
1153:General references
1132:Mapleson Cylinders
1001:Metropolitan Opera
997:Mapleson Cylinders
764:
722:
525:Later applications
448:Henri Jules Lioret
403:
320:
247:
182:
109:In December 1877,
69:after its creator
19:
3819:
3818:
3678:Hubbard Monoplane
3653:Dictation machine
3381:
3380:
3322:Phonograph record
3220:
3219:
3163:
3162:
2892:
2891:
2727:Orrtronic Tapette
2655:Dictaphone Dictet
2254:Phonograph record
2111:Mechanical cuckoo
1194:10.1121/1.4782907
1095:
1067:
805:
783:
714:
713:
706:
584:Baldwin, New York
420:
369:John Philip Sousa
342:German New Guinea
335:
197:
105:Early development
60:
59:
3874:
3809:
3808:
3562:Thomas A. Watson
3557:Thomas Selfridge
3547:Marcellus Bailey
3461:Graham Fairchild
3408:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
2946:
2945:
2799:DC-International
2757:Compact cassette
2575:Fullcoat magfilm
2517:Record Maker Pye
2484:Magnetic surface
2414:Lorenz Textophon
2237:Paradis cylinder
2201:Stentor cylinder
2139:
2138:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1979:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1900:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1596:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1239:
1229:Inline citations
1224:
1205:
1169:
1097:
1096:
1069:
1068:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
992:
980:
968:
956:
943:
931:
922:cylinder box lid
916:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
807:
806:
785:
784:
761:
709:
702:
698:
695:
689:
666:
658:
650:, respectively.
566:Factory Showroom
510:Columbia Records
456:
431:Frank C. Stanley
422:
421:
400:
337:
336:
317:
278:
277:
273:
270:
199:
198:
179:
135:Volta Laboratory
67:Edison cylinders
29:
22:
18:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3797:
3722:
3598:AEA Silver Dart
3571:
3520:
3516:Telephone Cases
3456:David Fairchild
3451:Chichester Bell
3423:
3417:
3412:
3382:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3338:
3305:
3301:Laser turntable
3254:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3159:
3148:USB flash drive
3142:Toymax VJ Starz
3098:
3007:
2976:
2935:
2888:
2751:Philips EL 3583
2697:Cousino MR-9000
2685:Protona Attaché
2679:Philips EL 3581
2610:
2534:
2496:
2479:
2398:
2383:Loose magnetic
2378:
2335:
2313:
2242:
2154:
2142:Grooved surface
2128:
2091:
2085:
2052:British Library
2023:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1963:
1960:
1958:Further reading
1955:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1862:British Library
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1167:
1155:
1150:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1004:
993:
984:
981:
972:
969:
960:
957:
948:
944:
935:
932:
923:
917:
908:
903:Rim of Edison "
901:
892:
889:
880:
877:
868:
865:
856:
853:
844:
841:
832:
829:
820:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
800:
797:
791:
790:
789:
786:
779:
776:
774:(June 29, 1888)
772:Israel in Egypt
765:
759:
710:
699:
693:
690:
679:
667:
656:
647:Dinosaurchestra
527:
506:
450:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
423:
414:
411:
404:
398:
391:
381:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
352:
351:
338:
331:
328:
321:
315:
308:
275:
271:
268:
266:
227:
226:
225:
224:
216:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:", recorded by
200:
193:
190:
183:
177:
147:Chichester Bell
107:
81:, these hollow
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:AEA White Wing
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Thomas Cowherd
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Anthony Pollok
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Bras d'Or Lake
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:Record changer
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3205:Timecode vinyl
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3051:Super Audio CD
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3027:Philips CD-BGM
3024:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2883:Pocket Rockers
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2847:Steno-Cassette
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2823:Grundig DeJ614
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2581:Stripe magfilm
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2450:Peirce 330/360
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2393:Wire recording
2389:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2272:Pathé Actuelle
2269:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2225:Amberol record
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2195:Salon cylinder
2192:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2022:
2021:External links
2019:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1901:
1885:
1880:Hello Internet
1867:
1849:
1831:
1806:
1785:
1760:
1735:
1709:
1700:
1682:
1680:, p. 146.
1670:
1644:
1620:
1591:
1573:
1571:, 2006. p. 82.
1560:
1542:
1524:
1499:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1431:
1405:
1378:
1343:
1309:
1285:
1260:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:978-0672212062
1219:
1206:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1005:
994:
987:
985:
982:
975:
973:
970:
963:
961:
958:
951:
949:
945:
938:
936:
933:
926:
924:
918:
911:
909:
902:
895:
893:
890:
883:
881:
878:
871:
869:
866:
859:
857:
854:
847:
845:
842:
835:
833:
830:
823:
819:
816:
809:
798:
793:
792:
787:
777:
768:
767:
766:
757:
756:
755:
712:
711:
670:
668:
661:
655:
652:
624:Hello Internet
549:novelty effect
526:
523:
505:
502:
464:Musical Museum
427:Auld Lang Syne
424:
412:
407:
406:
405:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:Edison Records
380:
377:
346:anthropologist
339:
329:
324:
323:
322:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
307:
304:
259:Edison Records
215:
208:George Gouraud
204:The Lost Chord
201:
191:
186:
185:
184:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
106:
103:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3879:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Thomas Edison
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Audio storage
3830:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Bell Oionus I
3621:
3619:
3618:Bell Boatyard
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Glenn Curtiss
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Kendall Myers
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3355:Vinyl revival
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Highway Hi-Fi
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3175:Mini-cassette
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:Takara E-kara
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2982:Sound-on-film
2979:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:Magnetic tape
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:Stenorette DL
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:Microcassette
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:Micro pack 35
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:IBM Magnabelt
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:Magnetic tape
2613:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:Blattnerphone
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:magnetic tape
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2341:Sound-on-film
2338:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:Highway Hi-Fi
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:(9th century)
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1994:0-937612-07-3
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1975:0-9505462-2-4
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1846:. 2010-05-27.
1845:
1841:
1835:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1610:on 2012-03-24
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1465:9781886606227
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Audio storage
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
955:
950:
942:
937:
930:
925:
921:
915:
910:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
821:
796:
775:
773:
754:
751:
750:digital audio
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
718:
708:
705:
697:
694:November 2019
687:
683:
677:
676:
671:This section
669:
665:
660:
659:
651:
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
633:
630:In May 2023,
628:
626:
625:
619:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
585:
581:
576:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
542:magnetic tape
539:
534:
532:
522:
519:
515:
511:
501:
499:
494:
492:
488:
483:
478:
476:
473:in 1908. The
472:
467:
465:
461:
460:surface noise
454:
449:
445:
432:
428:
410:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
350:
347:
343:
327:
303:
301:
297:
294:
290:
284:
280:
264:
260:
255:
253:
243:
239:
237:
233:
223:
221:
209:
205:
189:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
111:Thomas Edison
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Thomas Edison
68:
64:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
3789:
3781:
3765:
3707:
3593:AEA Red Wing
3588:AEA June Bug
3365:
3316:
3286:Seeburg 1000
3114:(late 1970s)
3013:Optical disc
2877:Picocassette
2873:(late 1980s)
2667:Saba Sabafon
2438:RCA MI-12877
2432:RCA MI-12875
2318:Grooved tape
2284:SoundScriber
2280:(late 1940s)
2266:Diamond disc
2247:Grooved disc
2160:
2149:Phonautogram
2117:Punched card
2012:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1943:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1896:
1888:
1883:, April 2019
1878:
1870:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1659:. 2005-11-16
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1454:
1447:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:Mix Magazine
1390:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1362:
1335:. Retrieved
1325:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1210:
1177:
1171:
1117:Audio format
920:Blue Amberol
905:Blue Amberol
771:
743:
723:
700:
691:
680:Please help
675:verification
672:
645:
641:Spirit Phone
639:
629:
622:
620:
617:
613:Radio 5 Live
594:
588:
577:
570:
564:
546:
535:
528:
514:Diamond Disc
507:
497:
495:
490:
486:
481:
479:
468:
441:
358:
285:
281:
256:
248:
232:nickelodeons
228:
217:
132:
108:
66:
62:
61:
53:Discontinued
3794:(1992 film)
3786:(1939 film)
3668:Graphophone
3628:Bell System
2924:PCM adaptor
2912:X80/ProDigi
2906:Soundstream
2793:Cantata 700
2763:Grundig En3
2557:Magnetophon
2444:Peirce 265B
2308:Bandai 8ban
2175:Graphophone
2027:Tinfoil.com
1897:Twitter.com
1161:Haber, Carl
1137:Telediphone
1112:Archéophone
727:Archéophone
636:Lemon Demon
475:Edison Bell
451: [
429:", sung by
349:Rudolf Pöch
252:disc record
234:—the first
159:US Congress
155:Graphophone
149:introduced
83:cylindrical
3826:Categories
3713:Photophone
3583:AEA Cygnet
3332:production
3130:Yaboom Box
3118:MP3 player
3112:Sound chip
2930:DA-88/DTRS
2745:Stereo-Pak
2643:Stenorette
2523:Synchrofax
2373:Fantasound
2367:Photophone
2260:Pathé disc
2123:Music roll
2097:Mechanical
1922:2022-04-29
1899:, May 2023
1825:2014-10-20
1800:2014-10-20
1779:2018-01-12
1754:2018-01-12
1729:2018-01-12
1638:2024-08-08
1614:2012-03-15
1518:2018-01-12
1493:2018-01-12
1425:2018-01-12
1399:2016-07-11
1372:2018-01-12
1337:2018-01-12
1303:2024-05-05
1279:2024-05-05
1254:2018-01-12
1180:(5): 172.
1148:References
609:BBC Online
531:Dictaphone
383:See also:
373:Mark Twain
300:electrodes
220:media help
115:phonograph
87:phonograph
3766:Bras d'Or
3327:LP record
3211:VinylDisc
3057:DVD-Audio
2952:cartridge
2769:Sabamobil
2733:3M Scotch
2691:Fidelipac
2618:cartridge
2599:3/4" tape
2569:1/2" tape
2563:1/4" tape
2407:cartridge
2403:Magnetic
2361:Movietone
2355:Tri-Ergon
2349:Phonofilm
2330:Dictabelt
2296:Long play
2290:Audograph
2087:Physical
2050:from the
1327:Frontline
611:, and on
605:BBC Click
580:Sheffield
538:Dictabelt
498:Amberolas
489:brand as
444:celluloid
365:Celluloid
236:jukeboxes
99:triumphed
40:2 minutes
3811:Category
3727:Tributes
3422:Life and
3259:Machines
3193:CD Video
3124:HitClips
3081:BD-Audio
3075:DualDisc
3063:DataPlay
3033:MiniDisc
2811:PlayTape
2625:Optaphon
2189:Ediphone
2161:cylinder
2159:Grooved
1844:BBC News
1663:June 19,
1106:See also
1003:in 1901.
947:surface.
119:tin foil
91:tin foil
45:Released
37:Capacity
3343:Related
3310:Formats
3281:Jukebox
3181:U-matic
3154:MicroSD
2941:Digital
2865:Elcaset
2775:8-track
2605:3" tape
2593:2" tape
2587:1" tape
2209:(1890s)
2203:(1890s)
2197:(1890s)
1917:NPR.org
1250:. Prezi
1202:7371031
1182:Bibcode
818:Gallery
518:diamond
504:Decline
487:Amberol
482:Amberol
433:in 1910
361:batting
274:⁄
48:c. 1888
3525:People
3424:family
3213:(2007)
3207:(2001)
3201:(1991)
3195:(1987)
3189:(1986)
3183:(1971)
3177:(1967)
3168:Hybrid
3156:(2007)
3150:(2004)
3144:(2002)
3138:(2001)
3132:(1999)
3126:(2000)
3120:(1996)
3095:(2014)
3093:MQA-CD
3089:(2013)
3083:(2008)
3077:(2004)
3071:(2004)
3065:(2002)
3059:(2000)
3053:(1999)
3047:(1995)
3041:(1993)
3035:(1992)
3029:(1989)
3023:(1982)
3004:(1993)
2998:(1990)
2992:(1986)
2973:(1992)
2967:(1992)
2961:(1987)
2932:(1993)
2926:(1982)
2920:(1982)
2914:(1980)
2908:(1976)
2885:(1988)
2879:(1985)
2867:(1976)
2861:(1972)
2855:(1972)
2849:(1971)
2843:(1971)
2837:(1969)
2831:(1969)
2825:(1968)
2819:(1967)
2813:(1966)
2807:(1965)
2801:(1965)
2795:(1965)
2789:(1965)
2783:(1964)
2777:(1964)
2771:(1964)
2765:(1964)
2759:(1963)
2753:(1963)
2747:(1962)
2741:(1962)
2735:(1962)
2729:(1962)
2723:(1962)
2717:(1961)
2711:(1961)
2705:(1961)
2699:(1960)
2693:(1959)
2687:(1959)
2681:(1958)
2675:(1958)
2669:(1958)
2663:(1957)
2657:(1957)
2651:(1955)
2645:(1954)
2639:(1953)
2633:(1952)
2627:(1951)
2607:(1978)
2601:(1969)
2595:(1967)
2589:(1957)
2583:(1953)
2577:(1953)
2571:(1953)
2565:(1949)
2559:(1935)
2553:(1928)
2531:(1978)
2525:(1959)
2519:(1953)
2513:(1948)
2507:(1945)
2493:(1900)
2476:(1962)
2470:(1961)
2464:(1955)
2458:(1951)
2452:(1951)
2446:(1951)
2440:(1947)
2434:(1947)
2428:(1944)
2422:(1944)
2416:(1942)
2395:(1898)
2375:(1940)
2369:(1929)
2363:(1926)
2357:(1922)
2351:(1919)
2332:(1947)
2310:(2004)
2304:(1956)
2298:(1948)
2292:(1945)
2286:(1945)
2274:(1920)
2268:(1912)
2262:(1905)
2256:(1889)
2239:(1913)
2233:(1912)
2227:(1908)
2221:(1907)
2215:(1902)
2191:(1888)
2181:(1887)
2171:(1877)
2151:(1857)
2134:Analog
2125:(1883)
2119:(1881)
1991:
1972:
1462:
1217:
1200:
145:, and
3764:HMCS
3576:Works
3069:Hi-MD
2841:HiPac
1198:S2CID
1168:(PDF)
607:, on
455:]
296:vapor
3673:HD-4
3199:ADAT
3087:HFPA
3045:HDCD
3002:SDDS
2918:DASH
2405:wire
2385:wire
1989:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1665:2021
1460:ISBN
1215:ISBN
644:and
387:and
293:gold
289:mold
56:1929
3039:DTS
2996:CDS
1332:PBS
1190:doi
1178:115
1076:in
684:by
601:BBC
559:in
151:wax
95:wax
3828::
2990:DD
2965:NT
2035:,
1915:.
1904:^
1895:,
1877:,
1860:.
1842:.
1818:.
1771:.
1747:.
1721:.
1693:.
1631:.
1602:.
1584:.
1553:.
1535:.
1502:^
1486:.
1474:^
1389:.
1365:.
1361:.
1346:^
1330:.
1324:.
1312:^
1296:.
1272:.
1246:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:.
1170:.
741:.
615:.
586:.
493:.
453:fr
375:.
261:,
141:,
137:,
3407:e
3400:t
3393:v
3246:e
3239:t
3232:v
2187:/
2177:/
2080:e
2073:t
2066:v
1997:.
1978:.
1938:.
1925:.
1828:.
1803:.
1782:.
1757:.
1732:.
1697:.
1641:.
1617:.
1588:.
1557:.
1539:.
1521:.
1496:.
1468:.
1428:.
1402:.
1375:.
1340:.
1306:.
1282:.
1257:.
1223:.
1204:.
1192::
1184::
707:)
701:(
696:)
692:(
678:.
425:"
276:4
272:1
269:+
267:2
222:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
