2243:
2939:
399:
630:. The upper 200 metres is referred to as the photic or euphotic zone. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support photosynthesis, and it corresponds to the epipelagic zone. From 200 to 1000 metres lies the dysphotic zone, or the twilight zone (corresponding with the mesopelagic zone). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 metres is the aphotic (or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.
498:
639:
587:
595:
colour of light available at depth underwater, so it is the only colour that can be reflected back to the eye, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colours near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.
3324:
827:
545:
566:
4212:
2965:
4233:
2953:
779:
770:
3313:
2571:
391:
4222:
1348:
1262:
839:
458:(animals that can propel themselves, like fish, squids, and crabs), which are the largest and the most obvious animals in the photic zone, but their quantity is the smallest among all the groups. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants living suspended in the water column that have little or no means of motility. They are primary producers that use solar energy as a food source.
357:) of the phytoplankton. The thicknesses of the photic and euphotic zones vary with the intensity of sunlight as a function of season and latitude and with the degree of water turbidity. The bottommost, or aphotic, zone is the region of perpetual darkness that lies beneath the photic zone and includes most of the ocean waters.
461:
Detritivores and scavengers are rare in the photic zone. Microbial decomposition of dead organisms begins here and continues once the bodies sink to the aphotic zone where they form the most important source of nutrients for deep sea organisms. The depth of the photic zone depends on the transparency
1787:
Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Keigwin, Lloyd D.; Plessen, Birgit; Schettler, Georg; Cook, Mea S.; Haug, Gerald H. (2010). "Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North
Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum".
622:
than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small
582:
In addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates. The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10
578:
Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only
574:
Most of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each colour of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while
483:
of inorganic nitrogen across the nutricline. Chemical factors include oxygen and trace elements. Biological factors include grazing and migrations. Upwelling carries nutrients from the deep waters into the photic zone, strengthening phytoplankton growth. The remixing and upwelling eventually bring
488:
additionally brings more nutrients to the photic zone. Nutrient pulse frequency affects the phytoplankton competition. Photosynthesis produces more of it. Being the first link in the food chain, what happens to phytoplankton creates a rippling effect for other species. Besides phytoplankton, many
854:
Dimethylsulfide loss within the photic zone is controlled by microbial uptake and photochemical degradation. But what exactly is dimethylsulfide and why is it important? This compound (see the photo) helps regulate sulfur cycle and ecology within the ocean. Marine bacteria, algae, coral and most
594:
This is why things appear blue underwater. How colours are perceived by the eye depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by the eye. An object appears red to the eye because it reflects red light and absorbs other colours. So the only colour reaching the eye is red. Blue is the only
465:
Animals within the photic zone use the cycle of light and dark as an important environmental signal, migration is directly linked to this fact, fishes use the concept of dusk and dawn when its time to migrate, the photic zone resembles this concept providing a sense of time. These animals can be
834:
Phytoplankton are restricted to the photo zone only. As its growth is completely dependent upon photosynthesis. This results in the 50–100 m water level inside the ocean. Growth can also come from land factors, for example minerals that are dissolved from rocks, mineral nutrients from
606:, such as phytoplankton or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colours are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand,
377:
grow extremely quickly because of sunlight's heavy influence, enabling it to be produced at a fast rate. In fact, ninety five percent of photosynthesis in the ocean occurs in the photic zone. Therefore, if we go deeper, beyond the photic zone, such as into the
858:
However this compound can be toxic to humans if swallowed, absorbed through the skin and inhaled. Proteins within plants and animals depend on this compound. Making it a significant part of ecology, it's good to know that it lives in the photic zone as well.
802:
water upwelling associated with this may have contributed to the establishment of globally cooler conditions and the expansion of glaciers across the
Northern Hemisphere from 2.73 Ma. While the halocline appears to have prevailed through the
489:
other animals also live in this zone and utilize these nutrients. The majority of ocean life occurs in the photic zone, the smallest ocean zone by water volume. The photic zone, although small, has a large impact on those who reside in it.
569:
Comparison of the depths which different colors of light penetrate open ocean waters and the murkier coastal waters. Water absorbs the warmer long wavelengths colours, like reds and oranges, and scatter the cooler short wavelength
1877:
1431:
Haug, Gerald H.; Ganopolski, Andrey; Sigman, Daniel M.; Rosell-Mele, Antoni; Swann, George E. A.; Tiedemann, Ralf; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Bollmann, Jörg; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Eglinton, Geoffrey (2005).
474:
Due to biological uptake, the photic zone has relatively low levels of nutrient concentrations. As a result, phytoplankton doesn't receive enough nutrients when there is high water-column stability. The
1544:
Nie, Junsheng; King, John; Liu, Zhengyu; Clemens, Steve; Prell, Warren; Fang, Xiaomin (2008). "Surface-water freshening: A cause for the onset of North
Pacific stratification from 2.75 Ma onward?".
509:
in the water column. As incoming light at the surface can vary widely, this says little about the net growth of phytoplankton. Typical euphotic depths vary from only a few centimetres in highly
575:
the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colours of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar “ROYGBIV”; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
382:, there is little to no phytoplankton, because of insufficient sunlight. The zone which extends from the base of the euphotic zone to the aphotic zone is sometimes called the dysphotic zone.
2402:
2894:
1687:
Jaccard, S.L.; Galbraith, E.D.; Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H. (2010). "A pervasive link between
Antarctic ice core and subarctic Pacific sediment records over the past 800kyrs".
1644:
Sarnthein, M.; Gebhardt, H.; Kiefer, T.; Kucera, M.; Cook, M.; Erlenkeuser, H. (2004). "Mid
Holocene origin of the sea-surface salinity low in the subarctic North Pacific".
846:
An increase in the amount of phytoplankton also creates an increase in zooplankton, the zooplankton feeds on the phytoplankton as they are at the bottom of the food chain.
583:
metres, orange by about 40 metres, and yellow disappears before 100 metres. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.
532:
is actually greater than the photosynthesis rate. The reason why phytoplankton production is so important is because it plays a prominent role when interwoven with other
712:
refer to preserved or fossilized physical markers which serve as substitutes for direct meteorological or ocean measurements. An example of proxies is the use of
1497:"Diatom δ18O evidence for the development of the modern halocline system in the subarctic northwest Pacific at the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation"
2397:
623:
silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the colour of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.
479:
of organisms can be controlled by a number of factors. Physical factors include: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, turbulent mixing such as the upward
1730:
Galbraith, Eric D.; Kienast, Markus; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Pedersen, Thomas F.; Brunelle, Brigitte G.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Kiefer, Thorsten (2008-05-23).
505:
The depth is, by definition, where radiation is degraded down to 1% of its surface strength. Accordingly, its thickness depends on the extent of light
462:
of the water. If the water is very clear, the photic zone can become very deep. If it is very murky, it can be only fifty feet (fifteen meters) deep.
3952:
3942:
3001:
2427:
1090:
Longhurst, Alan R.; Glen
Harrison, W. (June 1988). "Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton".
296:
1732:"Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka"
1919:
1627:
2267:
2012:
1280:"What Are "Proxy" Data? | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)"
743:). In 2015, Swann and Snelling used these isotope records to document historic changes in the photic zone conditions of the north-west
2242:
1230:
3858:
2417:
2202:
794:
at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and
708:
is used in order to relate elements collected in modern-day sedimentary samples to climatic and oceanic conditions in the past.
4225:
3273:
3041:
1074:
932:
752:
4263:
3505:
2432:
414:
lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters deep. This includes phytoplankton (plants), including
2994:
2530:
2392:
870:
402:
Zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration. The mesopelagic is sometimes referred to as the
3395:
4100:
3527:
3415:
1831:
Kohfeld, Karen E.; Chase, Zanna (2011). "Controls on deglacial changes in biogenic fluxes in the North
Pacific Ocean".
289:
3947:
3218:
2422:
3405:
3365:
2057:
1912:
1589:"Salinity changes in the North West Pacific Ocean during the late Pliocene/early Quaternary from 2.73Ma to 2.52Ma"
4135:
3121:
1033:
1009:
860:
4215:
3808:
2987:
2884:
778:
769:
282:
3263:
2904:
2889:
759:. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with the breakdown of the regional
1182:
Lee, ZhongPing; Weidemann, Alan; Kindle, John; Arnone, Robert; Carder, Kendall L.; Davis, Curtiss (2007).
2899:
1905:
1495:
Swann, George E. A.; Maslin, Mark A.; Leng, Melanie J.; Sloane, Hilary J.; Haug, Gerald H. (2006-02-24).
626:
The ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in
3323:
3460:
2207:
956:
365:
In the photic zone, the photosynthesis rate exceeds the respiration rate. This is due to the abundant
3995:
3400:
3360:
2515:
2409:
354:
4258:
4125:
3500:
3490:
3430:
3066:
3036:
2968:
2761:
2756:
2052:
230:
4162:
4145:
3982:
3475:
3340:
3278:
3268:
3161:
2669:
2480:
2374:
2102:
2092:
1254:
795:
1588:
985:
4157:
4095:
3522:
3208:
2495:
2485:
2187:
2172:
1135:"Some Chemical and Microbiological Observations in the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands1"
969:
787:
558:
147:
398:
3990:
3972:
3480:
3375:
3010:
2914:
2841:
2776:
2641:
2616:
2591:
2475:
2222:
2002:
880:
669:
1607:
4177:
4010:
3713:
3570:
3435:
3146:
2649:
2611:
1942:
1840:
1797:
1743:
1696:
1653:
1603:
1553:
1508:
1445:
1433:
1378:
1366:
1319:
1195:
1146:
1099:
716:
709:
619:
476:
260:
8:
4172:
4057:
4052:
3778:
3450:
3410:
3126:
2871:
2525:
2334:
2292:
2062:
2022:
728:
497:
255:
1844:
1801:
1747:
1700:
1657:
1557:
1512:
1449:
1382:
1323:
1199:
1150:
1103:
814:, other studies have shown that the stratification boundary may have broken down in the
579:
1% of the original light is left at 100 metres. No light penetrates beyond 1000 metres.
4115:
3828:
3818:
3783:
3683:
3668:
3565:
2791:
2786:
2654:
2596:
2490:
2339:
2257:
2142:
2122:
2032:
1975:
1769:
1477:
1410:
950:
855:
other organisms within the ocean release this, constituting a range of gene families.
638:
603:
525:
379:
791:
466:
herrings and sardines and other fishes that consistently live within the photic zone.
4197:
4187:
4130:
4110:
3793:
3758:
3693:
3673:
3663:
3545:
3233:
3091:
2801:
2679:
2626:
2545:
2212:
2177:
2117:
2077:
2047:
2017:
1928:
1856:
1813:
1761:
1712:
1669:
1619:
1569:
1526:
1469:
1461:
1434:"North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago"
1402:
1394:
1337:
1279:
1213:
1164:
1115:
1111:
1070:
938:
928:
927:. Fa2000lkowski, Paul G., Knoll, Andrew H. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2007.
520:. It also varies with seasonal changes in turbidity, which can be strongly driven by
370:
350:
265:
90:
1852:
1809:
1708:
1665:
1565:
1481:
341:. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply
4152:
4120:
4090:
3899:
3884:
3753:
3688:
3580:
3495:
3425:
3350:
3131:
3101:
3031:
3026:
2909:
2601:
2505:
2457:
2369:
2262:
1960:
1848:
1805:
1773:
1751:
1704:
1661:
1611:
1561:
1516:
1453:
1414:
1386:
1327:
1203:
1184:"Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing"
1154:
1107:
1062:
701:
673:
529:
79:
586:
3957:
3853:
3803:
3768:
3728:
3620:
3590:
3440:
3390:
3300:
3258:
3191:
3116:
3076:
2879:
2846:
2707:
2659:
2535:
2510:
2319:
2272:
2197:
2042:
2027:
900:
875:
815:
748:
697:
485:
427:
1259:, chapter 6.5 Light, Rebus Community, Roger Williams University, open textbook.
4067:
4062:
3967:
3962:
3798:
3738:
3733:
3465:
3355:
3176:
3111:
3086:
2743:
2697:
2692:
2664:
2631:
2500:
2359:
2287:
2277:
2127:
2072:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1731:
1615:
1352:
1266:
1183:
1133:
Gundersen, K.; Mountain, C. W.; Taylor, Diane; Ohye, R.; Shen, J. (July 1972).
552:
415:
338:
270:
250:
3312:
1159:
1134:
1066:
4252:
4237:
4085:
4005:
3894:
3813:
3788:
3723:
3653:
3560:
3455:
3332:
3253:
3213:
3186:
3096:
3046:
2957:
2851:
2816:
2717:
2712:
2687:
2217:
2182:
2157:
2007:
1970:
1860:
1817:
1765:
1716:
1673:
1623:
1573:
1530:
1465:
1398:
1341:
1217:
1168:
1119:
942:
826:
811:
804:
744:
662:
521:
423:
374:
334:
326:
127:
4192:
4140:
4080:
4031:
3909:
3904:
3879:
3863:
3838:
3555:
3445:
3385:
3171:
3081:
3056:
2943:
2722:
2702:
2606:
2344:
2227:
2147:
2107:
2097:
2067:
1473:
1406:
835:
generations of plants and animals ,that made its way into the photic zone.
657:
627:
607:
565:
366:
346:
138:
101:
68:
35:
1332:
1307:
544:
524:
concentrations, such that the depth of the photic zone often decreases as
4182:
3843:
3708:
3648:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3485:
3420:
3380:
3370:
3345:
3228:
3201:
3181:
3141:
3106:
2856:
2831:
2826:
2796:
2579:
2555:
2520:
2329:
2232:
2112:
1965:
1756:
1521:
1496:
1208:
689:
666:
506:
443:
435:
431:
411:
219:
2979:
1457:
1390:
4000:
3848:
3823:
3718:
3698:
3625:
3610:
3595:
3585:
3550:
3470:
3290:
3285:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3136:
2836:
2771:
2560:
2540:
2324:
2297:
2082:
1995:
705:
599:
480:
451:
195:
184:
162:
112:
4232:
2952:
4072:
3934:
3919:
3833:
3678:
3517:
3512:
3295:
3223:
3151:
3071:
3061:
3018:
2861:
2766:
2550:
2314:
2307:
2282:
2192:
1897:
760:
513:
510:
439:
206:
173:
16:
The uppermost layer of a sea water column that is exposed to sunlight
901:"Photic zone | Marine Life, Photosynthesis & Light | Britannica"
818:
at glacial terminations and during the early part of interglacials.
4167:
3889:
3748:
3640:
3630:
3575:
3051:
2811:
2621:
2167:
2162:
2087:
1308:"Photic zone changes in the north-west Pacific Ocean from MIS 4–5e"
808:
685:
681:
610:
often appears greenish. Coastal water contains much more suspended
533:
342:
330:
747:, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue
4036:
4026:
3196:
3166:
2821:
2781:
2751:
2729:
2349:
2137:
2037:
1351:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1265:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
799:
653:
549:
Phytoplankton growth is affected by the colour spectrum of light,
447:
2570:
1940:
724:
720:
643:
Intricate silicate (glass) shell, 32-40 million years old, of a
3743:
3156:
2806:
2132:
1729:
1430:
1365:
Sigman, Daniel M.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Haug, Gerald H. (2004).
756:
713:
677:
644:
455:
419:
454:
distributed everywhere in the photic zone. Finally, there are
390:
4105:
3924:
3703:
3658:
1643:
1347:
1261:
615:
517:
1786:
3537:
2302:
1132:
838:
693:
611:
1686:
1444:(7028). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 821–825.
2364:
2354:
1377:(6978). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 59–63.
1181:
369:
which is used as an energy source for photosynthesis by
1092:
Deep Sea
Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1353:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1267:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1089:
1061:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. p. 636.
1494:
602:
appears clear and blue because it contains much less
469:
484:
nutrient-rich wastes back into the photic zone. The
763:and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone.
1034:"Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1010:"Photic Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
684:. When diatoms die their shells can settle on the
3953:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1543:
1364:
692:. Over time, these microfossils become buried as
4250:
360:
3943:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1872:
1870:
1306:Swann, G. E. A.; Snelling, A. M. (2015-01-06).
1057:Sheppard, Charles R. C. (1982). "Photic zone".
1367:"Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate"
438:, the consumers in the photic zone. There are
2995:
2203:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1913:
1305:
786:The initial development of the halocline and
349:. The photic zone is home to the majority of
290:
1867:
1830:
1742:(2). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a.
1507:(1). American Geophysical Union (AGU): n/a.
1301:
1299:
821:
2268:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1426:
1424:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
3002:
2988:
1920:
1906:
790:has been attributed to the onset of major
385:
297:
283:
3009:
1755:
1520:
1331:
1296:
1207:
1158:
925:Evolution of primary producers in the sea
1421:
1236:
1056:
837:
825:
637:
585:
564:
543:
516:lakes, to around 200 meters in the open
496:
397:
389:
1537:
1188:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
4251:
3274:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1927:
2983:
2456:
2455:
1939:
1901:
1586:
4221:
680:, which grow silicate shells called
539:
492:
2531:Oceanic physical-biological process
2393:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1596:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
871:Electromagnetic absorption by water
633:
13:
4101:National Oceanographic Data Center
3528:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3416:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
849:
557:in the blue and red range through
470:Nutrient uptake in the photic zone
14:
4275:
3948:Global Sea Level Observing System
1839:(23–24). Elsevier BV: 3350–3363.
1796:(19–20). Elsevier BV: 2579–2590.
1652:(20–22). Elsevier BV: 2089–2099.
4231:
4220:
4211:
4210:
3406:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3322:
3311:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2937:
2569:
2241:
2058:Colored dissolved organic matter
1633:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1346:
1260:
777:
768:
4136:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3859:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2403:Latin America and the Caribbean
1853:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.007
1824:
1810:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.010
1780:
1723:
1709:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.007
1680:
1666:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.008
1637:
1580:
1566:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.08.003
1488:
1358:
1272:
1224:
1175:
986:"Trophic Levels of Coral Reefs"
842:Drawn image of a phytoplankton
704:is the study of past climates.
590:Cycling of marine phytoplankton
2885:Ecological values of mangroves
2428:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1233:NOAA. Updated: 26 August 2010.
1126:
1083:
1050:
1026:
1002:
978:
973:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
963:
917:
893:
792:Northern Hemisphere glaciation
751:, from the modern day back to
325:) is the uppermost layer of a
1:
1695:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 206–212.
1602:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 332–338.
1318:(1). Copernicus GmbH: 15–25.
886:
373:such as phytoplankton. These
361:Photosynthesis in photic zone
3396:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3366:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3122:Luke's variational principle
2905:Marine conservation activism
2890:Fisheries and climate change
1256:Introduction to Oceanography
1112:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90065-9
7:
4264:Oceanographical terminology
2900:Human impact on marine life
2777:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2013:Aquatic population dynamics
1587:Swann, George E.A. (2010).
1552:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 49–52.
1546:Global and Planetary Change
1059:Beaches and Coastal Geology
864:
812:glacial–interglacial cycles
755:, which coincides with the
672:which form the base of the
501:Depth of light penetration
10:
4280:
3461:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3309:
1833:Quaternary Science Reviews
1790:Quaternary Science Reviews
1689:Quaternary Science Reviews
1646:Quaternary Science Reviews
1616:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.035
1139:Limnology and Oceanography
830:Dimethyl sulfide structure
651:
551:and in the process called
394:Layers of the pelagic zone
4206:
4045:
4019:
3996:Ocean acoustic tomography
3981:
3933:
3872:
3809:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3767:
3639:
3536:
3401:General circulation model
3331:
3037:Benjamin–Feir instability
3017:
2931:
2870:
2742:
2678:
2640:
2587:
2578:
2567:
2516:Marine primary production
2468:
2464:
2451:
2410:List of marine ecoregions
2385:
2250:
2239:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1160:10.4319/lo.1972.17.4.0524
1067:10.1007/0-387-30843-1_325
822:Phytoplankton side notes.
528:increases. Moreover, the
4126:Ocean surface topography
3501:Thermohaline circulation
3491:Subsurface ocean current
3431:Hydrothermal circulation
3264:Wave–current interaction
3042:Boussinesq approximation
2762:Coastal biogeomorphology
2757:Marine coastal ecosystem
796:sea surface temperatures
761:halocline stratification
757:last interglacial period
676:. They are dominated by
4163:Sea surface temperature
4146:Outline of oceanography
3341:Atmospheric circulation
3279:shallow water equations
3269:Waves and shallow water
3162:Significant wave height
2670:Paradox of the plankton
2481:Diel vertical migration
2375:Freshwater swamp forest
2093:GIS and aquatic science
1941:General components and
1608:2010E&PSL.297..332S
788:stratified water column
753:marine isotope stage 5e
559:photosynthetic pigments
386:Life in the photic zone
4158:Sea surface microlayer
3523:Wind generated current
2496:Large marine ecosystem
2188:Shoaling and schooling
955:: CS1 maint: others (
843:
831:
649:
591:
571:
562:
502:
407:
395:
3991:Deep scattering layer
3973:World Geodetic System
3481:Princeton Ocean Model
3361:Coriolis–Stokes force
3011:Physical oceanography
2915:Marine protected area
2842:Salt pannes and pools
2617:Marine larval ecology
2592:Census of Marine Life
2476:Deep scattering layer
2433:San Francisco Estuary
2398:Africa and Madagascar
2223:Underwater camouflage
2003:Aquatic biomonitoring
1943:freshwater ecosystems
1882:www.dnr.louisiana.gov
1333:10.5194/cp-11-15-2015
1038:www.sciencedirect.com
1014:www.sciencedirect.com
881:Mesophotic coral reef
841:
829:
652:Further information:
641:
620:microscopic organisms
589:
568:
547:
500:
401:
393:
353:due to the activity (
4011:Underwater acoustics
3571:Perigean spring tide
3436:Langmuir circulation
3147:Rossby-gravity waves
2650:Marine bacteriophage
2612:Marine invertebrates
1757:10.1029/2007pa001518
1522:10.1029/2005pa001147
1209:10.1029/2006JC003802
710:Paleoclimate proxies
477:spatial distribution
446:plant eaters. Next,
261:Ocean stratification
4173:Science On a Sphere
3779:Convergent boundary
3451:Modular Ocean Model
3411:Geostrophic current
3127:Mild-slope equation
2526:Ocean fertilization
2335:Trophic state index
2293:Lake stratification
2023:Aquatic respiration
1845:2011QSRv...30.3350K
1802:2010QSRv...29.2579B
1748:2008PalOc..23.2212G
1701:2010QSRv...29..206J
1658:2004QSRv...23.2089S
1558:2008GPC....64...49N
1513:2006PalOc..21.1009S
1458:10.1038/nature03332
1450:2005Natur.433..821H
1391:10.1038/nature02357
1383:2004Natur.428...59S
1324:2015CliPa..11...15S
1312:Climate of the Past
1200:2007JGRC..112.3009L
1151:1972LimOc..17..524G
1104:1988DSRA...35..881L
434:. It also includes
256:Lake stratification
3829:Seafloor spreading
3819:Outer trench swell
3784:Divergent boundary
3684:Continental margin
3669:Carbonate platform
3566:Lunitidal interval
2792:Intertidal wetland
2787:Intertidal ecology
2655:Marine prokaryotes
2597:Deep-sea community
2491:Iron fertilization
2414:Specific examples
2340:Upland and lowland
2258:Freshwater biology
2123:Microbial food web
2033:Aquatic toxicology
1976:Aquatic adaptation
1929:Aquatic ecosystems
1253:Webb, Paul (2019)
905:www.britannica.com
844:
832:
798:. The decrease of
650:
604:particulate matter
592:
572:
563:
526:primary production
503:
410:Ninety percent of
408:
396:
380:compensation point
355:primary production
266:Aquatic ecosystems
4246:
4245:
4238:Oceans portal
4198:World Ocean Atlas
4188:Underwater glider
4131:Ocean temperature
3794:Hydrothermal vent
3759:Submarine volcano
3694:Continental shelf
3674:Coastal geography
3664:Bathymetric chart
3546:Amphidromic point
3234:Wave nonlinearity
3092:Infragravity wave
2977:
2976:
2958:Oceans portal
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2802:Hydrothermal vent
2738:
2737:
2627:Seashore wildlife
2458:Marine ecosystems
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2213:Thermal pollution
2178:Ramsar Convention
2118:Microbial ecology
2078:Fisheries science
2018:Aquatic predation
1284:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
1076:978-0-87933-213-6
975:. 14 August 2009.
934:978-0-08-055051-0
674:ocean food chains
540:Light attenuation
493:Photic zone depth
371:primary producers
307:
306:
4271:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4153:Pelagic sediment
4091:Marine pollution
3885:Deep ocean water
3754:Submarine canyon
3689:Continental rise
3581:Rule of twelfths
3496:Sverdrup balance
3426:Humboldt Current
3351:Boundary current
3326:
3315:
3132:Radiation stress
3102:Iribarren number
3077:Equatorial waves
3032:Ballantine scale
3027:Airy wave theory
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2944:Lakes portal
2942:
2941:
2940:
2910:Marine pollution
2602:Deep-water coral
2585:
2584:
2573:
2506:Marine chemistry
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2370:Freshwater marsh
2263:Freshwater biome
2245:
1961:Acoustic ecology
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1736:Paleoceanography
1727:
1721:
1720:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1501:Paleoceanography
1492:
1486:
1485:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
982:
976:
967:
961:
960:
954:
946:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
897:
809:early Quaternary
781:
772:
702:Paleoclimatology
696:deposits in the
634:Paleoclimatology
530:respiration rate
442:meat eaters and
428:coccolithophores
299:
292:
285:
229:
227:
218:
216:
205:
203:
194:
192:
183:
181:
172:
170:
161:
159:
137:
135:
126:
124:
111:
109:
100:
98:
89:
87:
78:
76:
67:
65:
56:
54:
45:
43:
34:
32:
19:
18:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4259:Aquatic ecology
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4230:
4202:
4041:
4015:
3977:
3958:Sea-level curve
3929:
3868:
3854:Transform fault
3804:Mid-ocean ridge
3770:
3763:
3729:Oceanic plateau
3635:
3621:Tidal resonance
3591:Theory of tides
3532:
3441:Longshore drift
3391:Ekman transport
3327:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3259:Wave turbulence
3192:Trochoidal wave
3117:Longshore drift
3013:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2880:Coral bleaching
2866:
2847:Seagrass meadow
2744:Marine habitats
2734:
2708:Coral reef fish
2674:
2660:Marine protists
2636:
2574:
2565:
2536:Ocean turbidity
2511:Marine food web
2460:
2439:
2381:
2320:River ecosystem
2273:Freshwater fish
2246:
2237:
2043:Bioluminescence
2028:Aquatic science
1945:
1931:
1926:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1829:
1825:
1785:
1781:
1728:
1724:
1685:
1681:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1542:
1538:
1493:
1489:
1429:
1422:
1363:
1359:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1252:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1180:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
984:
983:
979:
968:
964:
948:
947:
935:
923:
922:
918:
909:
907:
899:
898:
894:
889:
876:Epipelagic fish
867:
852:
850:Dimethylsulfide
824:
816:late Quaternary
782:
773:
749:biological pump
742:
738:
734:
717:isotope records
698:marine sediment
660:
648:
636:
561:
556:
550:
542:
495:
486:Ekman transport
472:
416:dinoflagellates
388:
363:
345:into the upper
319:epipelagic zone
303:
251:Marine habitats
225:
224:
214:
213:
201:
200:
190:
189:
179:
178:
168:
167:
157:
156:
133:
132:
122:
121:
107:
106:
96:
95:
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
62:
52:
51:
41:
40:
30:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4228:
4218:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4178:Stratification
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4068:Color of water
4065:
4063:Benthic lander
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3968:Sea level rise
3965:
3963:Sea level drop
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Marine geology
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Passive margin
3736:
3734:Oceanic trench
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Ocean dynamics
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Coriolis force
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Stokes problem
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Kinematic wave
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2947:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:Saltwater fish
2695:
2693:Marine reptile
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:Marine viruses
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2642:Microorganisms
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2632:Wild fisheries
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Thorson's rule
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Marine biology
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Brackish marsh
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Lake ecosystem
2285:
2280:
2278:Hyporheic zone
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Microbial loop
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Eutrophication
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Cascade effect
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1981:Aquatic animal
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1878:"Accumulation"
1866:
1823:
1779:
1722:
1679:
1636:
1579:
1536:
1487:
1420:
1357:
1295:
1271:
1235:
1231:Ocean Explorer
1223:
1194:(C3): C03009.
1174:
1145:(4): 524–532.
1125:
1098:(6): 881–889.
1082:
1075:
1049:
1025:
1001:
977:
962:
933:
916:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
866:
863:
851:
848:
823:
820:
784:
783:
776:
774:
767:
740:
736:
732:
670:microorganisms
642:
635:
632:
553:photosynthesis
548:
541:
538:
494:
491:
481:turbulent flux
471:
468:
450:are the small
404:dysphotic zone
387:
384:
362:
359:
339:photosynthesis
329:that receives
305:
304:
302:
301:
294:
287:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
271:Wild fisheries
268:
263:
258:
253:
245:
244:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
211:
210:
209:
198:
176:
151:
150:
148:Stratification
144:
143:
142:
141:
130:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
104:
93:
82:
60:
59:
58:
24:
23:
22:Aquatic layers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4276:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Marine energy
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Acidification
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:SOFAR channel
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Oceanic crust
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Fracture zone
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Oceanic basin
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Abyssal plain
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Internal tide
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Ocean current
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3314:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Wave shoaling
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Ursell number
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Internal wave
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Breaking wave
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Sponge ground
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Marine biomes
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Demersal fish
2716:
2714:
2713:Deep-sea fish
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Marine mammal
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Trophic level
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Sediment trap
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Phytoplankton
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Aquatic plant
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Anoxic waters
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1015:
1011:
1005:
991:
987:
981:
974:
971:
966:
958:
952:
944:
940:
936:
930:
926:
920:
906:
902:
896:
892:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
862:
861:
856:
847:
840:
836:
828:
819:
817:
813:
810:
806:
805:late Pliocene
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
775:
771:
766:
765:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Pacific Ocean
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
663:Phytoplankton
659:
655:
646:
640:
631:
629:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:coastal water
605:
601:
598:Water in the
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
567:
560:
554:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:phytoplankton
519:
515:
512:
508:
499:
490:
487:
482:
478:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:cyanobacteria
421:
417:
413:
405:
400:
392:
383:
381:
376:
375:phytoplankton
372:
368:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:phytoplankton
332:
328:
327:body of water
324:
323:sunlight zone
320:
316:
315:euphotic zone
312:
300:
295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
242:
241:
232:
223:
222:
221:
212:
208:
199:
197:
188:
187:
186:
177:
175:
166:
165:
164:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
131:
129:
120:
114:
105:
103:
102:Abyssopelagic
94:
92:
83:
81:
72:
71:
70:
61:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
28:
27:
26:
25:
21:
20:
4193:Water column
4141:Oceanography
4116:Observations
4111:Explorations
4081:Marginal sea
4074:
4032:OSTM/Jason-2
3914:
3864:Volcanic arc
3839:Slab suction
3556:Head of tide
3446:Loop Current
3386:Ekman spiral
3172:Stokes drift
3082:Gravity wave
3057:Cnoidal wave
2872:Conservation
2723:Pelagic fish
2703:Coastal fish
2607:Marine fungi
2345:Water garden
2228:Water column
2173:Productivity
2152:
2148:Pelagic zone
2108:Macrobenthos
2098:Hydrobiology
2068:Ecohydrology
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1441:
1437:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1315:
1311:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1255:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1058:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
972:
965:
924:
919:
908:. Retrieved
904:
895:
857:
853:
845:
833:
785:
690:microfossils
661:
658:microfossils
628:pelagic zone
625:
597:
593:
581:
577:
573:
555:absorb light
504:
473:
464:
460:
432:cryptomonads
409:
403:
367:solar energy
364:
351:aquatic life
347:water column
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
231:Thermohaline
91:Bathypelagic
46:
4183:Thermocline
3900:Mesopelagic
3873:Ocean zones
3844:Slab window
3709:Hydrography
3649:Abyssal fan
3616:Tidal range
3606:Tidal power
3601:Tidal force
3486:Rip current
3421:Gulf Stream
3381:Ekman layer
3371:Downwelling
3346:Baroclinity
3333:Circulation
3229:Wave height
3219:Wave action
3202:megatsunami
3182:Stokes wave
3142:Rossby wave
3107:Kelvin wave
3087:Green's law
2857:Sponge reef
2832:Rocky shore
2827:Oyster reef
2797:Kelp forest
2680:Vertebrates
2580:Marine life
2556:Viral shunt
2521:Marine snow
2423:Maharashtra
2330:Stream pool
2233:Zooplankton
2153:Photic zone
2113:Meiobenthos
1966:Algal bloom
970:Photic zone
739:, and δ30Si
688:and become
667:unicellular
647:microfossil
507:attenuation
452:crustaceans
444:herbivorous
440:carnivorous
436:zooplankton
412:marine life
337:to perform
333:, allowing
311:photic zone
220:Thermocline
113:Hadopelagic
80:Mesopelagic
4253:Categories
4121:Reanalysis
4020:Satellites
4001:Sofar bomb
3849:Subduction
3824:Ridge push
3719:Ocean bank
3699:Contourite
3626:Tide gauge
3611:Tidal race
3596:Tidal bore
3586:Slack tide
3551:Earth tide
3471:Ocean gyre
3291:Wind setup
3286:Wind fetch
3249:Wave setup
3244:Wave radar
3239:Wave power
3137:Rogue wave
3067:Dispersion
2837:Salt marsh
2772:Coral reef
2561:Whale fall
2541:Photophore
2418:Everglades
2386:Ecoregions
2325:Stream bed
2298:Macrophyte
2251:Freshwater
2083:Food chain
1996:Water bird
1887:2023-12-01
1289:2020-10-20
1043:2023-12-01
1019:2023-11-27
995:2019-11-22
910:2023-11-27
887:References
706:Proxy data
600:open ocean
196:Nutricline
185:Chemocline
163:Pycnocline
57:Epipelagic
3983:Acoustics
3935:Sea level
3834:Slab pull
3771:tectonics
3679:Cold seep
3641:Landforms
3518:Whirlpool
3513:Upwelling
3296:Wind wave
3224:Wave base
3152:Sea state
3072:Edge wave
3062:Cross sea
2862:Tide pool
2767:Cold seep
2551:Upwelling
2315:Rheotaxis
2308:Fish pond
2283:Limnology
2208:Substrate
2193:Siltation
2063:Dead zone
1861:0277-3791
1818:0277-3791
1766:0883-8305
1717:0277-3791
1674:0277-3791
1624:0012-821X
1574:0921-8181
1531:0883-8305
1466:0028-0836
1399:0028-0836
1342:1814-9332
1218:2156-2202
1169:0024-3590
1120:0198-0149
990:Sciencing
951:cite book
943:173661015
682:frustules
534:food webs
514:eutrophic
343:nutrients
207:Halocline
174:Isopycnal
4216:Category
4168:Seawater
3895:Littoral
3890:Deep sea
3749:Seamount
3631:Tideline
3576:Rip tide
3506:shutdown
3476:Overflow
3209:Undertow
3052:Clapotis
2969:Category
2895:HERMIONE
2812:Mangrove
2622:Seagrass
2168:Pleuston
2163:Plankton
2143:Particle
2088:Food web
1628:Archived
1482:24116155
1474:15729332
1407:14999278
865:See also
686:seafloor
570:colours.
448:copepods
331:sunlight
243:See also
128:Demersal
4226:Commons
4096:Mooring
4046:Related
4037:Jason-3
4027:Jason-1
3910:Pelagic
3905:Oceanic
3880:Benthic
3197:Tsunami
3167:Soliton
2822:Mudflat
2782:Estuary
2752:Bay mud
2730:Seabird
2486:f-ratio
2469:General
2350:Wetland
2138:Neuston
2103:Hypoxia
2048:Biomass
2038:Benthos
1954:General
1841:Bibcode
1798:Bibcode
1774:4082469
1744:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1654:Bibcode
1604:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1509:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
1415:4329978
1379:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1196:Bibcode
1147:Bibcode
1100:Bibcode
800:abyssal
678:diatoms
654:diatoms
420:diatoms
139:Benthic
69:Aphotic
36:Pelagic
3915:Photic
3744:Seabed
3157:Seiche
2807:Lagoon
2133:Nekton
1991:Mammal
1986:Insect
1859:
1816:
1772:
1764:
1715:
1672:
1622:
1572:
1529:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1438:Nature
1413:
1405:
1397:
1371:Nature
1340:
1216:
1167:
1118:
1073:
941:
931:
741:diatom
737:diatom
735:, δ18O
733:diatom
714:diatom
645:diatom
511:turbid
456:nekton
430:, and
228:
226:
217:
215:
204:
202:
193:
191:
182:
180:
171:
169:
160:
158:
136:
134:
125:
123:
110:
108:
99:
97:
88:
86:
77:
75:
66:
64:
55:
53:
47:Photic
44:
42:
33:
31:
4106:Ocean
4075:Alvin
3925:Swash
3769:Plate
3714:Knoll
3704:Guyot
3659:Atoll
3538:Tides
3301:model
3187:Swell
3019:Waves
2198:Spawn
1770:S2CID
1631:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1478:S2CID
1411:S2CID
731:(δ13C
729:δ30Si
616:algae
518:ocean
321:, or
4073:DSV
4058:Argo
3920:Surf
3376:Eddy
2303:Pond
1857:ISSN
1814:ISSN
1762:ISSN
1713:ISSN
1670:ISSN
1620:ISSN
1570:ISSN
1527:ISSN
1470:PMID
1462:ISSN
1403:PMID
1395:ISSN
1338:ISSN
1214:ISSN
1165:ISSN
1116:ISSN
1071:ISBN
957:link
939:OCLC
929:ISBN
807:and
725:δ18O
721:δ13C
694:opal
665:are
656:and
618:and
614:and
612:silt
313:(or
309:The
2365:Fen
2355:Bog
1849:doi
1806:doi
1752:doi
1705:doi
1662:doi
1612:doi
1600:297
1562:doi
1517:doi
1454:doi
1442:433
1387:doi
1375:428
1328:doi
1204:doi
1192:112
1155:doi
1108:doi
1063:doi
719:of
4255::
1880:.
1869:^
1855:.
1847:.
1837:30
1835:.
1812:.
1804:.
1794:29
1792:.
1768:.
1760:.
1750:.
1740:23
1738:.
1734:.
1711:.
1703:.
1693:29
1691:.
1668:.
1660:.
1650:23
1648:.
1626:.
1618:.
1610:.
1598:.
1594:.
1568:.
1560:.
1550:64
1548:.
1525:.
1515:.
1505:21
1503:.
1499:.
1476:.
1468:.
1460:.
1452:.
1440:.
1436:.
1423:^
1409:.
1401:.
1393:.
1385:.
1373:.
1369:.
1336:.
1326:.
1316:11
1314:.
1310:.
1298:^
1282:.
1238:^
1212:.
1202:.
1190:.
1186:.
1163:.
1153:.
1143:17
1141:.
1137:.
1114:.
1106:.
1096:35
1094:.
1069:.
1036:.
1012:.
988:.
953:}}
949:{{
937:.
903:.
727:,
723:,
700:.
536:.
426:,
422:,
418:,
317:,
3003:e
2996:t
2989:v
1921:e
1914:t
1907:v
1890:.
1863:.
1851::
1843::
1820:.
1808::
1800::
1776:.
1754::
1746::
1719:.
1707::
1699::
1676:.
1664::
1656::
1614::
1606::
1576:.
1564::
1556::
1533:.
1519::
1511::
1484:.
1456::
1448::
1417:.
1389::
1381::
1355:.
1344:.
1330::
1322::
1292:.
1269:.
1220:.
1206::
1198::
1171:.
1157::
1149::
1122:.
1110::
1102::
1079:.
1065::
1046:.
1022:.
998:.
959:)
945:.
913:.
406:.
298:e
291:t
284:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.