44:
580:. Although the sources sympathetic to Photios give the impression that the trial ended without a conviction, the chronicle of Pseudo-Symeon clearly states that Photios was banished to the monastery of Gordon, where he later died. Latin sources confirm that while he did not die in a state of complete excommunication, having been reinstated by a council which was approved by Pope John VIII, his ecclesiastical career was viewed in utter disgrace by Catholic authorities and many of his theological opinions were condemned posthumously. Yet it appears that he did not remain reviled for the remainder of his life.
548:
458:
454:. True or not, this story does reveal Basil's dependence on Photios for literary and ideological matters. Following Photios's recall, Ignatios and the ex-patriarch met, and publicly expressed their reconciliation. When Ignatios died on October 23, 877, it was a matter of course that his old opponent replaced him on the patriarchal throne three days later. Shaun Tougher asserts that from this point on Basil no longer simply depended on Photios, but in fact he was dominated by him.
384:, since it was believed that he was having an affair with his widowed daughter-in-law. In response, Bardas and Michael engineered Ignatios's confinement and removal on the charge of treason, thus leaving the patriarchal throne empty. The throne was soon filled with a kinsman of Bardas, Photios himself, who was tonsured a monk on December 20, 858, and on the four following days was successively ordained lector, sub-deacon, deacon and priest, and then on Christmas Day, the
627:
yet the other side of his character is no less evident. His insatiable ambition, his determination to obtain and keep the patriarchal see, led him to the extreme of dishonesty. His claim was worthless. That
Ignatius was the rightful patriarch as long as he lived, and Photius an intruder, cannot be denied by any one who does not conceive the Church as merely the slave of a civil government. And to keep this place Photius descended to the lowest depth of deceit."
675:. Theology and ecclesiastical history are also very fully represented, but poetry and ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored. It seems that he did not think it necessary to deal with those authors with whom every well-educated man would naturally be familiar. The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and independent judgment, and the excerpts vary considerably in length. The numerous biographical notes are probably taken from the work of
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442:, who now usurped the throne. Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil I was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor. Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23. Photios was condemned by the
707:, "since the time I learned how to understand and evaluate literature" i.e. since his youth. Moreover, the Abbasids were interested only in Greek science, philosophy and medicine; they did not have Greek history, rhetoric, or other literary works translated; nor did they have Christian patristic writers translated. Yet the majority of works in
450:
restore him. Ignatios's biographer argues that
Photios forged a document relating to the genealogy and rule of Basil's family, and had it placed in the imperial library where a friend of his was a librarian. According to this document, the Byzantine emperor's ancestors were not mere peasants as everyone believed but descendants of the
588:
upon his death: according to some chronicles, his body was permitted to be buried in
Constantinople. In addition, according to the anti-Photian biographer of Ignatius, partisans of the ex-patriarch after his death endeavored to claim for him the "honor of sainthood". Furthermore, a leading member of Leo's court,
449:
Not long after his condemnation, Photios had reingratiated himself with Basil, and became tutor to the
Byzantine emperor's children. From surviving letters of Photios written during his exile at the Skepi monastery, it appears that the ex-patriarch brought pressure to bear on the Byzantine emperor to
258:
Most of the popular sources treating
Photios's life are written by persons hostile to him. The chief contemporary authority for the life of Photios is his bitter enemy, Nicetas the Paphlagonian, the biographer of his rival Ignatios. Modern scholars are thus cautious when assessing the accuracy of the
626:
regards him as "one of the most wonderful men of all the middle ages", and stresses that "had not given his name to the great schism, he would always be remembered as the greatest scholar of his time". Yet, Fortescue is equally adamant of his condemnation of
Photios' involvement in the Schism: "And
605:
After his death, Photius began to be venerated as saint in environs of
Constantinople. His name features in a manuscript of the Typicon of the Great Church of Constantinople dated to the middle of the tenth century, where he is referred to a saint with a day of commemoration of February 6. According
473:
attended, prepared to acknowledge
Photios as legitimate patriarch, a concession for which the pope was much censured by Latin opinion. The patriarch stood firm on the main points contested between the Eastern and Western Churches: the demand of an apology to the Pope, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction
298:
Although
Photios had an excellent education, we have no information about how he received this education. The famous library he possessed attests to his enormous erudition (theology, history, grammar, philosophy, law, the natural sciences, and medicine). Most scholars believe that he never taught at
617:
Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century
Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire. One of the most learned men of his age, and revered – even by some of his opponents and detractors – as the most prolific theologian of his time, he has earned his fame due
596:
and the Patriarch Stephen, and he also wrote one on Photios. Shaun Tougher notes, however, that "yet Photios's passing does seem rather muted for a great figure of Byzantine history Leo certainly did not allow him back into the sphere of politics, and it is surely his absence from this arena that
343:
Photios achieved a dazzling reputation as a scholar. In a feud with Patriarch Ignatios, Photios invented a fanciful theory that people have two souls, for the sole purpose of tricking Ignatios into embarrassing himself by being seen to take it seriously, whereupon Photius withdrew his proposal and
587:
on his brothers, a text probably written in 888, the Emperor presents Photios favorably, portraying him as the legitimate archbishop, and the instrument of ultimate unity, an image that jars with his attitude to the patriarch in the previous year. Confirmation that Photios was rehabilitated comes
559:
Basil died in 886 injured while hunting, according to the official story. Warren T. Treadgold believes that this time the evidence points to a plot on behalf of Leo VI, who became emperor, and deposed Photios, although the latter had been his tutor. Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's
621:
Analyzing his intellectual work, Tatakes regards Photios as "mind turned more to practice than to theory". He believes that, thanks to Photios, humanism was added to Orthodoxy as a basic element of the national consciousness of the medieval Byzantines, returning it to the place it had had in the
395:
The confinement and removal of Ignatios and the speedy promotion of Photios at first caused only internal controversy within the Church of Constantinople, and in 859 a local council was held, examining the issue and confirming the removal of Ignatios and election of Photios. In the same time,
230:
in order to force him into resignation, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed to replace him. Amid power struggles between the pope and the Byzantine emperor, Ignatius was reinstated. Photios resumed the position when Ignatius died (877), by order of the Byzantine emperor. The new pope,
2437:
Treadgold, Warren T. (October 1983). "Review: Patriarch Photios of Constantinople: His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence together with a Translation of Fifty-Two of His Letters by Despina Stratoudaki White; The Patriarch and the Prince: The Letter of Patriarch Photios of
694:
court, since many of the mentioned works were rarely cited during the so-called Byzantine Dark Ages c. 630 – c. 800, and it was known that the Abbasids were interested in works of Greek science and philosophy. However, specialists of this period of Byzantine history, such as
311:
Photios says that, when he was young, he had an inclination for the monastic life, but instead he started a secular career. The way to public life was probably opened for him by (according to one account) the marriage of his brother Sergios to Irene, a sister of Empress
303:
or at any other university; Vasileios N. Tatakes asserts that, even while he was patriarch, Photios taught "young students passionately eager for knowledge" at his home, which "was a center of learning". He was a friend of the renowned Byzantine scholar and teacher
732:, was probably in the main the work of some of his pupils. It was intended as a book of reference to facilitate the reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose language and vocabulary were out of date. For a long time, the only manuscripts of the
259:
information these sources provide. Little is known of Photios's origin and early years. It is known that he was born into a notable family and that his uncle Saint Tarasius had been the patriarch of Constantinople from 784–806 under both Empress
405:
sought to involve himself in determining the legitimacy of the succession. His legates were dispatched to Constantinople with instructions to investigate, but finding Photios well ensconced, they acquiesced in the confirmation of his election at a
410:
in 861. On their return to Rome, they discovered that this was not at all what Nicholas had intended, and in 863 at a synod in Rome the Supreme Pontiff deposed Photios, and reappointed Ignatius as the rightful patriarch, triggering a
978:
Fr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" ), p.
2411:
Taylor, Fr. Justin (1990), essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" by Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward,
652:, a collection of extracts and abridgements of 280 volumes of previous authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a great extent lost. The work is especially rich in extracts from historical writers.
744:
and Berolinensis graec. oct. 22, both of which were incomplete. But in 1959, Linos Politis of the University of Thessaloniki discovered a complete manuscript, codex Zavordensis 95, in the Zavorda Monastery (Greek: Ζάβορδα) in
715:
are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy. This further indicates that the majority of the works cannot have been read while Photios was in the Abbasid empire.
622:
early Byzantine period. Tatakes also argues that, having understood this national consciousness, Photios emerged as a defender of the Greek nation and its spiritual independence in his debates with the Western Church.
191:'s archbishopric around the turn of the fifth century. He is also viewed as the most important intellectual of his time – "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance". He was a central figure in both the
527:, Photios took the side of the Byzantine emperor. In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace; he would have even have Leo blinded had he not been dissuaded by Photios and
400:
and the rest of the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios. The latter's confinement and removal without a formal ecclesiastical trial meant that Photios's election was uncanonical, and eventually
874:
is characteristic: the author argues that Photios was educated after an agreement he concluded with a Jewish magician who offered him knowledge and secular recognition, in case he renounced his faith.
858: The exact dates of Photios's birth and death are not known. Most sources list circa 810 and others circa 820 as his year of birth. He died some time between 890 and 895 (probably 891 or 893).
756:, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, archbishop of Cyzicus. Other similar works are his treatise in four books against the
703:
in Baghdad because he clearly states in both his introduction and his postscript that when he learned of his appointment to the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of books that he read
1485:
775:
Photios is also the writer of two "mirrors of princes", addressed to Boris-Michael of Bulgaria (Epistula 1, ed. Terzaghi) and to Leo VI the Wise (Admonitory Chapters of Basil I).
1616:
1586:
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La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères
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seem to have been the prime movers. All four were, at least in part, of Armenian descent as for Photius, the fact is that his mother Irene, was the sister of
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partisans of Ignatios decided to appeal to the Holy Roman and Catholic Church, thus initiating ecclesiastical controversy on an ecumenical scale as the
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236:
275:. Sergios's family returned to favor only after the restoration of the icons in 842. Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of
2330:
He Thematike ton Byzantinon "Katoptron Hegemonos" tes Proimes kai Meses Byzantines Periodo (398–1085). Symbole sten Politike Theoria ton Byzantinon
561:
389:
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and many other officials. In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority.
446:, thus putting an end to the schism. During his second patriarchate, however, Ignatios followed a policy not very different from that of Photios.
2343:
583:
Photios continued his career as a writer throughout his exile, and Leo probably rehabilitated his reputation within the next few years; in his
492:, and the papal legates made do with his return of Bulgaria to Rome. This concession, however, was purely nominal, as Bulgaria's return to the
1136:, p. 110: "Something of it, though, has been saved for posterity in the extracts made later by the Greek Byzantine patriarch Photios..."
218:
Photios was a well-educated man from a noble Constantinopolitan family. Photios's great uncle was a previous patriarch of Constantinople,
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2084:. Vol. 609 (Subsidia Tomus 117). Louvain, Belgium: Éditions Peeters (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium).
768:. Photios also addressed a long letter of theological advice to the newly converted Boris I of Bulgaria. Numerous other
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Recent years have seen the first translations into English of a number of primary sources about Photios and his times.
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to Dvornik, Photius must have been venerated as a saint in the second half of the tenth century at the very latest.
199:, and is considered "he great systematic compiler of the Eastern Church, who occupies a similar position to that of
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churches on two separate occasions, once in 862 and again in 877, but his efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful.
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stresses that "Arshavir, Photius' uncle, must not be confused with Arshavir, the brother of John the Grammarian".
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886: David Marshall Lang argues that "Photius was only one of many Byzantine scholars of Armenian descent".
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Photios is widely regarded as the most powerful and influential church leader of Constantinople subsequent to
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320:(r. 829–842) in 842, had assumed the regency of the Byzantine Empire. Photios became a captain of the guard (
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The contemporary Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Photius as a saint, with his feast day being February 6.
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to the east of the empire. He sought to bridge the confessional differences between the Greek Orthodox and
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described this as "perhaps the only really satisfactory practical joke in the whole history of theology."
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Arméniens et Byzantins à l'Époque de Photius: Deux Débats Théologiques Après le Triomphe de l'Orthodoxie
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Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplectitur
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2013:
East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence
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415:. Four years later, Photios was to respond on his own part by calling a Council and attempting to
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271:, which began in 814, his family suffered persecution since his father, Sergios, was a prominent
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Constantinople to Khan Boris of Bulgaria by Despina Stratoudaki White; Joseph R. Berrigan, Jr".
797:" by Photios was published in 1983. Another translation was published in 1987 with a preface by
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Shepard, Jonathan (2002). "Spreading the Word: Byzantine Missions". In Cyril A. Mango (ed.).
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The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs
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and his nephew, the youthful Emperor Michael, put an end to the administration of the regent
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222:. He intended to be a monk, but chose to be a scholar and statesman instead. In 858, Emperor
62:
1953:), Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies; Byzantina Australiensia 11, 1998.
535:, Leo's mistress. In 886, Basil discovered and punished a conspiracy by the domestic of the
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Bougard, Francois (2002). "Hadrian III". In Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W. (eds.).
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592:, wrote poems commemorating the memory of several prominent contemporary figures, such as
8:
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902:, the Arshavir who had married Calomaria the sister of Bardas and the empress Theodora."
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the Holy Father on grounds of heresy – over the question of the double procession of the
345:
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to his part in ecclesiastical conflicts, and also for his intellect and literary works.
576:, were put on trial for treason before a tribunal headed by senior officials, headed by
243:, reversing the former. The contested councils mark the end of unity represented by the
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to transmit notice of his election and a synodal letter to Photios about faith and the
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Photios's summary of Books 9–16 of Memnon of Heraclea's history of Heraclea Pontica
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authority over the entire Church and by disputed jurisdiction over newly converted
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in 870 had already secured for it an autocephalous church. Without the consent of
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notes that Leo was not one of the persons with whom Photios had a correspondence.
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anathematizing Photios, while Eastern Orthodox regard as legitimate a subsequent
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Green, Timothy (2006). "Failure of a Mission? Photius and the Armenian Church".
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that Leo extracted a resignation from Photios. In 887, Photios and his protégé,
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Photios was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1847.
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1979:
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385:
232:
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124:
75:
20:
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1971:, Liverpool University Press; Translated Texts for Byzantinists, vol. 7, 2019.
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by the Western church. Eventually, Photios refused to apologize or accept the
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2551:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 483–484.
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1335:, Chapter 3: "Early Christian Diversity: The Quest for Coherence", p. 146.
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The first English translation, by Holy Transfiguration Monastery, of the "
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4716:
4675:
4536:
4445:
4435:
4397:
4355:
4318:
4284:
2726:
2113:
1939:
765:
420:
373:
366:
284:
223:
465:
Photios now obtained the formal recognition of the Christian world in a
5518:
5478:
5047:
5037:
4914:
4844:
4731:
4700:
4680:
4624:
4619:
4574:
4469:
2461:
1967:
Wahlgren, Staffan (translator, writer of introduction and commentary).
1406:
Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900
806:
802:
761:
757:
272:
2208:. Toronto: Medieval Academy of America (University of Toronto Press).
1926:
Featherstone, Jeffrey Michael and Signes-Codoñer, Juan (translators).
512:. Photios also promoted a policy of religious reconciliation with the
5558:
5508:
5272:
5147:
4874:
4645:
4569:
4476:
4450:
4370:
2974:
2739:
2605:
1052:, Chapter Thirteen: "Ignatius, Photius, and Pope Nicholas I", p. 168.
711:
are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in
537:
292:
291:-faced", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his
276:
235:, approved Photios's reinstatement. Catholics regard as legitimate a
212:
208:
16:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and 877 to 886
4209:
2624:
2592:
Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
2453:
211:
in two parts...formed and still forms the classic source of ancient
5483:
4959:
4685:
4655:
4614:
4609:
4375:
4350:
2763:
2628:
1024:, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 159;
899:
475:
428:
376:
in 856. In 858, Bardas found himself opposed by the then Patriarch
333:
332:). At an uncertain date, Photios participated in an embassy to the
2532:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1928:
Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Libri I-IV
1640:, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 171.
504:
chose a policy of appeasement and sent between 884 and 885 bishop
434:
This state of affairs changed with the murder of Photios's patron
4721:
4584:
4365:
4323:
4306:
4193:
2569:
779:
746:
691:
687:
656:
565:
337:
92:
423:. The situation was additionally complicated by the question of
5503:
4594:
4564:
4416:
4328:
4259:
4123:
2194:. Stockholm, Sweden: Almquist & Wiksell Periodical Company.
764:, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the
672:
435:
424:
362:
288:
1486:"The Errors of the Greeks Condemned in Three General Councils"
19:"Photios" redirects here. For other people with the name, see
4604:
4599:
4579:
4387:
523:
During the altercations between Emperor Basil I and his heir
356:
Photios's ecclesiastical career took off spectacularly after
176:
from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886. He is recognized in the
30:
2226:
Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-al-Rashid's Codification Project
4589:
2499:"About the Deposition of Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos (907)"
1746:
500:(r. 852–889), the papacy was unable to enforce its claims.
438:
in 866 and of Emperor Michael III in 867, by his colleague
397:
388:
of Constantinople's cathedral, Hagia Sophia, Photios's was
161:
155:
2397:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated.
1964:
comprising the Life of Basil I), Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
158:
2272:. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
1609:"Saints and Feasts: Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople"
790:
is the principal source for the work, which is now lost.
655:
To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of
1803:
1667:
1294:
1282:
2391:
Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).
2057:
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).
1201:
279:
descent while other scholars merely refer to him as a "
1997:(1950). "Role of the Armenians in Byzantine Science".
1559:
1347:, Chapter Fourteen: "External Gains, 842–912", p. 457.
1086:
699:, have shown that Photios could not have compiled his
551:
The trial of Photios, miniature from the 12th century
461:
A fresco of St. Photios as Patriarch of Constantinople
5359:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1643:
164:
152:
48:
Photios baptising the Bulgarians, miniature from the
2108:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1197:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
2613:, Berolini typis et impensis Ge. Reimeri, 1824–25,
1152:, Chapter IV: "The Schism of Photius", pp. 146–147.
564:, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in
241:
Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)
149:
2611:Photii biblioteca ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri
2419:The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People
2280:Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681–1071
1687:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Photius of Constantinople"
642:The most important of the works of Photios is his
2390:
1982:, active 1081), Cambridge University Press, 2010.
1661:
1164:
237:Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)
5584:
2077:
2056:
1409:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 958–959.
1068:
951:"Photius the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople"
344:admitted he had not been serious. The historian
5628:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
2283:. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press.
1266:. Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines.
2205:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071
351:
283:". Byzantine writers also report that Emperor
4225:
2712:
2448:(4). Medieval Academy of America: 1100–1102.
2150:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press LLC.
2060:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
326:) and subsequently chief imperial secretary (
5643:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
4467:
4421:
4407:
2475:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1579:"Saint Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople"
728:(Λέξεων Συναγωγή), published later than the
316:, who upon the death of her husband Emperor
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
957:. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
752:His most important theological work is the
682:Some older scholarship speculated that the
568:. It is confirmed from letters to and from
4232:
4218:
2719:
2705:
2606:Ongoing English Translation of the Lexicon
2342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
287:(r. 842–867) once angrily called Photios "
226:(r. 842–867) decided to confine Patriarch
50:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
42:
2566:Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (February 6)
2496:
2468:
2436:
2304:. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2140:
1976:A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057
1673:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1402:
1344:
1312:
1180:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1037:
5648:9th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
2537:
2350:
2136:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2030:
2009:
1907:
1879:
1855:
1834:
1752:
1332:
1230:
1218:
1092:
1055:
974:
972:
690:at the time of Photius's embassy to the
546:
456:
2728:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
2415:
2369:
2318:
2264:
2222:
2198:
2126:
1903:
1776:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1699:
1649:
1565:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1368:
1356:
1320:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1246:
1234:
1121:
1109:
1049:
193:conversion of the Slavs to Christianity
5585:
2327:
2133:The Photian Schism: History and Legend
2112:
2098:
1993:
1891:
1764:
1655:
1546:
1192:
1186:
1155:
1145:
1080:
174:ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople
4239:
4213:
2700:
2297:
2276:
2164:
2037:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire
1934:Books I-IV, comprising the reigns of
1830:
1637:
1613:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
1436:
1316:
1258:
1176:
1025:
1021:
988:
969:
943:
2625:Works by Photios I of Constantinople
2243:
2187:
1986:
1942:), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015.
1867:
1743:" by Roger Pearse, January 15, 2011.
1133:
139:815 – 6 February 893), also spelled
2644:Titles of Chalcedonian Christianity
2570:Patriarch Photios of Constantinople
2376:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2328:Paidas, Konstantinos D. S. (2005).
2063:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2016:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1804:Photius; Joseph P. Farrell (1987).
1780:On the Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
1619:from the original on April 14, 2024
1589:from the original on April 18, 2023
989:White, Despina Stratoudaki (1981).
740:, which passed into the library of
13:
2572:Life and translations of his works
1917:
870: The case of pseudo-Simeon's
749:, Greece, where it still resides.
467:council convened at Constantinople
14:
5724:
5668:9th-century Christian theologians
2582:The Myrobiblion at Tertullian.Org
2557:
2301:Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome
2191:Orientalia Suecana, Volumes 51–52
2105:The History of the Jewish Khazars
1375:. Psychology Press. p. 682.
597:accounts for his quiet passing."
5703:9th-century Greek mathematicians
5429:The Closing of the American Mind
5349:Civilization and Its Discontents
5329:A Vindication of Natural Society
4192:
2632:
2525:
2497:Vlyssidou, Vassiliki N. (1997).
2247:The Armenians: A People in Exile
1807:The Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
839:Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
469:in November 879. The legates of
380:, who refused to admit him into
267:(r. 802–811). During the second
145:
2587:Catholic Encyclopedia – Photius
2373:The Oxford History of Byzantium
2122:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
2078:Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor (2004).
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1840:
1824:
1797:
1770:
1758:
1733:
1721:
1705:
1693:
1679:
1601:
1571:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1396:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1306:
1270:
1252:
1240:
1224:
1170:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1098:
253:
245:first seven Ecumenical Councils
5688:9th-century Greek philosophers
5633:Critics of the Catholic Church
1969:The Chronicle of the Logothete
1549:Le Typicon de la Grande Église
1074:
1043:
1031:
1015:
982:
719:
635:
612:
1:
5603:9th-century Byzantine writers
5319:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2319:Norwich, John Julius (1991).
2244:Lang, David Marshall (1988).
2229:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1947:On the reigns of the emperors
1810:. Holy Cross Orthodox Press.
1662:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
1553:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1165:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
995:. Holy Cross Orthodox Press.
992:The Life of Patriarch Photios
931:
894:, Photius, Caesar Bardas and
600:
136:
5698:9th-century Greek scientists
5653:9th-century Christian saints
5389:The Society of the Spectacle
4120:Patriarchs of Constantinople
3591:Patriarchs of Constantinople
3004:Patriarchs of Constantinople
2599:Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
2250:. London: Unwin Paperbacks.
2200:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald
2042:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
1069:Cross & Livingstone 2005
936:
910:
878:
862:
850:
795:Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
392:and installed as patriarch.
7:
2679:Patriarch of Constantinople
2660:Patriarch of Constantinople
2631:(public domain audiobooks)
2355:(in Greek). Athens: Armos.
2332:(in Greek). Athens, Greece.
2147:The Orthodox Eastern Church
1403:McCormick, Michael (2001).
918: G. N. Wilson regards
812:
671:, and the lost writings of
630:
352:Patriarch of Constantinople
89:6 February 893 (aged c. 78)
10:
5729:
2898:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
2351:Plexidas, Ioannis (2007).
2223:Jokisch, Benjamin (2007).
1547:Mateos, Juan, ed. (1962).
922:as Photios's teacher, but
742:Trinity College, Cambridge
478:, and the addition of the
452:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
18:
5693:9th-century Greek writers
5613:Christian anti-Gnosticism
5567:
5471:
5459:Intellectuals and Society
5409:The Culture of Narcissism
5300:
4968:
4760:
4709:
4638:
4552:
4545:
4485:
4247:
4181:
4119:
3590:
3003:
2892:
2737:
2685:
2676:
2666:
2657:
2649:
2642:
2597:Saint Photius the Great,
2480:Stanford University Press
2181:10.2143/MUS.119.1.2011771
1956:Ševčenko, Ihor (trans.).
1846:Symeon Metaphrastes (?).
1372:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
1233:, "Introduction", p. 17;
263:(r. 797–802) and Emperor
128:
108:
98:
85:
69:
56:
41:
28:
5658:Byzantine letter writers
5449:The Malaise of Modernity
5399:The History of Sexuality
4498:Catholic social teaching
2478:. Stanford, California:
2298:Mango, Cyril A. (1980).
2010:Chadwick, Henry (2003).
1974:Wortley, John (trans.).
1945:Kaldellis, A. (trans.).
1910:, "Introduction", p. 16.
1858:, "Introduction", p. 15.
1837:, "Introduction", p. 15.
844:
542:John Kourkouas the Elder
5638:Greek religious writers
5529:Philosophy of education
4199:Christianity portal
2576:The Excerpta of Photius
2564:Saint Photios the Great
2548:Encyclopædia Britannica
2509:: 23–36. Archived from
2416:Tougher, Shaun (1997).
215:for the Greek Church."
182:Saint Photios the Great
178:Eastern Orthodox Church
103:Eastern Orthodox Church
4468:
4422:
4408:
4126:period, since 1923 AD)
2277:Louth, Andrew (2007).
2100:Dunlop, Douglas Morton
1962:Theophanes Continuatus
1932:Theophanes Continuatus
1783:. Studion Publishers.
1741:The Lexicon of Photius
1193:Vlasto, A. P. (1970).
829:University of Magnaura
556:
462:
371:logothete of the drome
59:Confessor of the Faith
5618:Byzantine theologians
5534:Philosophy of history
5524:Philosophy of culture
5419:A Conflict of Visions
3597:period, 1453–1923 AD)
2602:(English translation)
2353:The Prince of Photios
2321:Byzantium: The Apogee
1551:. Vol. 1. Rome:
1501:, pp. 73–76, 84.
920:Leo the Mathematician
834:Bibliotheca (Photius)
594:Leo the Mathematician
574:Theodore Santabarenos
550:
460:
306:Leo the Mathematician
65:, Pillar of Orthodoxy
63:Equal to the Apostles
5539:Political philosophy
5339:Democracy in America
3010:period, 451–1453 AD)
2394:Byzantine Philosophy
1714:, pp. 365–386;
1315:, pp. 147–148;
1179:, pp. 168–169;
819:Byzantine philosophy
677:Hesychius of Miletus
667:, the lost books of
440:Basil the Macedonian
390:consecrated a bishop
5678:9th-century jurists
5379:One-Dimensional Man
3926:Callinicus IV (III)
2503:Byzantine Symmeikta
2188:Gren, Erik (2002).
1755:, pp. 483–484.
1702:, pp. 365–386.
1555:. pp. 228–229.
1439:, pp. 123–168.
896:Leo the Philosopher
892:John the Grammarian
578:Andrew the Scythian
498:Boris I of Bulgaria
346:John Julius Norwich
5598:9th-century births
5593:9th-century deaths
5499:Cultural pessimism
5494:Cultural criticism
4393:National character
2747:period, 38–330 AD)
2270:Byzantine Humanism
2044:Armenian Library.
1936:Leo V the Armenian
1488:. 17 January 2018.
805:) Chrysostomos of
661:Memnon of Heraclea
590:Leo Choirosphaktes
557:
529:Stylianos Zaoutzes
506:Theodosius of Oria
463:
444:Council of 869–870
5673:Byzantine jurists
5623:Byzantine writers
5580:
5579:
5296:
5295:
4441:Spontaneous order
4431:Social alienation
4280:Cultural heritage
4241:Social philosophy
4207:
4206:
3986:Callinicus V (IV)
2955:John I Chrysostom
2695:
2694:
2686:Succeeded by
2667:Succeeded by
2470:Treadgold, Warren
2429:978-90-04-10811-0
2422:. Leiden: Brill.
2362:978-960-527-396-5
2290:978-0-88141-320-5
2236:978-3-11-019048-9
2142:Fortescue, Adrian
2023:978-0-19-926457-5
1987:Secondary sources
1882:, pp. 27–28.
1730:, pp. 26–27.
1525:, pp. 87–88.
1513:, pp. 85–86.
1416:978-0-521-66102-7
1382:978-0-415-92230-2
1359:, pp. 70–71.
1303:, pp. 70–90.
1291:, pp. 39–69.
118:
117:
99:Venerated in
36:Photios the Great
5720:
5544:Social criticism
5464:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
4550:
4549:
4532:Frankfurt School
4510:Communitarianism
4473:
4427:
4413:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4197:
4196:
2731:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2650:Preceded by
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2552:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2493:
2465:
2433:
2408:
2387:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2294:
2273:
2261:
2240:
2219:
2195:
2184:
2175:(1–2): 123–168.
2161:
2137:
2128:Dvornik, Francis
2123:
2119:The Age of Faith
2109:
2095:
2074:
2053:
2027:
2006:
1995:Adontz, Nicholas
1978:(the history of
1949:(the history of
1911:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1777:Photius (1983).
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:, pp. 63–64
1244:
1238:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:978-0-91658626-3
986:
980:
976:
967:
966:
964:
962:
947:
913:
881:
865:
853:
686:was compiled in
669:Diodorus Siculus
624:Adrian Fortescue
553:Madrid Skylitzes
531:, the father of
514:Armenian kingdom
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
138:
130:
80:Byzantine Empire
46:
26:
25:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5683:Protospatharioi
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5563:
5489:Critical theory
5467:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5412:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5342:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5292:
4970:
4964:
4762:
4756:
4705:
4634:
4541:
4493:Budapest School
4481:
4270:Cosmopolitanism
4243:
4238:
4208:
4203:
4191:
4177:
4121:
4115:
3694:Metrophanes III
3592:
3586:
3307:Constantine III
3005:
2999:
2897:
2893:Archbishops of
2888:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2691:
2682:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2633:
2560:
2555:
2541:, ed. (1911). "
2526:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2490:
2454:10.2307/2853829
2430:
2405:
2384:
2363:
2335:
2334:
2312:
2291:
2258:
2237:
2216:
2158:
2092:
2071:
2032:Charanis, Peter
2024:
1999:Armenian Review
1989:
1951:Joseph Genesios
1920:
1918:Primary sources
1915:
1914:
1906:, p. 159;
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1833:, p. 169;
1829:
1825:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:, p. 171;
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1183:, p. 1100.
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:, p. 194;
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1003:
987:
983:
977:
970:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:
907:
904:Nicholas Adontz
875:
859:
847:
824:Filioque clause
815:
722:
640:
633:
615:
603:
502:Pope Adrian III
403:Pope Nicholas I
354:
323:prōtospatharios
281:Greek Byzantine
256:
207:," and whose "
189:John Chrysostom
148:
144:
90:
74:
52:
37:
34:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Social science
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5439:Gender Trouble
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5369:The Second Sex
5365:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4419:
4414:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Invisible hand
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Constantine VI
4135:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Neophytus VIII
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Sophronius III
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Constantius II
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Joannicius III
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3900:Callinicus III
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Parthenius III
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Athanasius III
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:Metrophanes II
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Constantine IV
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Constantine II
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:Constantinople
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:Constantinople
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:877–886
2674:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2664:858–867
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2558:External links
2556:
2554:
2553:
2539:Chisholm, Hugh
2522:
2494:
2488:
2466:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2325:
2323:. London: BCA.
2316:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2196:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2028:
2022:
2007:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:John Scylitzes
1972:
1965:
1960:(Chronicle of
1954:
1943:
1930:(Chronicle of
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1852:PG 109, 732 BC
1839:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1732:
1720:
1704:
1692:
1678:
1676:, p. 138.
1674:Fortescue 2001
1666:
1664:, p. 103.
1654:
1642:
1630:
1600:
1570:
1568:, p. 389.
1558:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1477:
1475:, p. 461.
1473:Treadgold 1997
1465:
1461:Vlyssidou 1997
1453:
1451:, p. 460.
1449:Treadgold 1997
1441:
1429:
1415:
1395:
1381:
1361:
1349:
1345:Treadgold 1997
1337:
1325:
1313:Fortescue 2001
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1260:Janin, Raymond
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 235.
1223:
1221:, p. 483.
1200:
1185:
1181:Treadgold 1983
1169:
1167:, p. 102.
1154:
1150:Fortescue 2001
1138:
1126:
1114:
1097:
1095:, p. 484.
1085:
1083:, p. 529.
1073:
1054:
1042:
1040:, p. 1100
1038:Treadgold 1983
1030:
1028:, p. 168.
1014:
1001:
981:
968:
941:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
888:Peter Charanis
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
814:
811:
788:Church History
772:also survive.
738:Codex Galeanus
721:
718:
639:
634:
632:
629:
614:
611:
602:
599:
533:Zoe Zaoutzaina
494:Byzantine rite
471:Pope John VIII
386:patronal feast
353:
350:
255:
252:
220:Saint Tarasius
197:Photian schism
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
87:
83:
82:
76:Constantinople
71:
67:
66:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
35:
29:
21:Photios (name)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5725:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:Social theory
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Radhakrishnan
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:20th and 21st
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:18th and 19th
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Constantine V
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Constantius I
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Gerasimus III
3974:
3972:
3971:Neophytus VII
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Sophronius II
3954:
3952:
3951:Theodosius II
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Callinicus II
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Athanasius IV
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Methodius III
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Dionysius III
3817:
3815:
3814:Parthenius IV
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Joannicius II
3787:
3785:
3784:Parthenius II
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:Neophytus III
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
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3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Theoleptus II
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
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3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3582:Athanasius II
3580:
3578:
3575:
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3568:
3565:
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3500:
3498:
3495:
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3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Nicephorus II
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
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3288:
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3275:
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3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
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3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Constantine I
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
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3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Macedonius II
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
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3002:
2996:
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2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Polycarpus II
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
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2609:
2607:
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2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2534:public domain
2523:
2513:on 2016-03-03
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2489:0-8047-2630-2
2485:
2481:
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2471:
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2406:
2404:0-87220-563-0
2400:
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2383:0-19-814098-3
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2317:
2313:
2311:0-684-16768-9
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:Lemerle, Paul
2263:
2259:
2257:9780044402893
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2215:0-8020-6667-4
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
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2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
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2169:
2163:
2159:
2157:0-9715986-1-4
2153:
2149:
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2143:
2139:
2135:
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2129:
2125:
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2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:90-429-1412-2
2087:
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2076:
2072:
2070:0-19-280290-9
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1908:Plexidas 2007
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 66.
1893:
1888:
1881:
1880:Charanis 1963
1876:
1870:, p. 54.
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:Plexidas 2007
1853:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1835:Plexidas 2007
1832:
1827:
1819:
1817:0-916586-88-X
1813:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1790:0-943670-00-4
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1753:Chisholm 1911
1749:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1718:, p. 40.
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 68.
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1537:, p. 88.
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1463:, p. 33.
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1333:Chadwick 2003
1329:
1323:, p. 69.
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1231:Plexidas 2007
1227:
1220:
1219:Chisholm 1911
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1124:, p. 68.
1123:
1118:
1112:, p. 68.
1111:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1093:Chisholm 1911
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1004:
998:
994:
993:
985:
975:
973:
956:
955:Online Chapel
952:
946:
942:
928:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
876:
873:
869:
864:
860:
857:
852:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:Archimandrite
796:
791:
789:
785:
784:Philostorgius
781:
776:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
646:
638:
628:
625:
619:
610:
607:
598:
595:
591:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
554:
549:
545:
543:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
472:
468:
459:
455:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:excommunicate
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
360:
349:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:
329:protasēkrētis
325:
324:
319:
315:
309:
307:
302:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
169:
142:
134:
126:
122:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
45:
40:
32:
27:
22:
5608:Anthologists
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5317:
5307:
4727:Guicciardini
4710:Early modern
4690:
4546:Philosophers
4520:Conservatism
4515:Confucianism
4503:Distributism
4436:Social norms
4424:Sittlichkeit
4410:Ressentiment
4356:Institutions
4334:Human nature
4185:in exile at
4096:Anthimus VII
4051:Meletius III
4016:Agathangelus
4006:Anthimus III
3916:Neophytus VI
3894:Jeremias III
3879:Athanasius V
3859:Neophytus IV
3839:Gerasimus II
3834:Dionysius IV
3779:Parthenius I
3734:Neophytus II
3724:Theophanes I
3704:Pachomius II
3684:Dionysius II
3679:Joannicius I
3669:Theoleptus I
3619:Sophronius I
3604:Gennadius II
3562:Euthymius II
3552:Callistus II
3487:Athanasius I
3467:Germanus III
3447:Methodius II
3387:Theodosius I
3357:Theodotus II
3327:Nicholas III
3282:Sisinnius II
3221:
3192:Nicephorus I
3147:Callinicus I
2920:Macedonius I
2839:Philadelphus
2769:Polycarpus I
2677:
2658:
2610:
2598:
2546:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2505:(in Greek).
2502:
2474:
2445:
2439:
2418:
2393:
2372:
2352:
2329:
2320:
2300:
2279:
2269:
2246:
2225:
2204:
2190:
2172:
2166:
2146:
2132:
2118:
2114:Durant, Will
2104:
2080:
2059:
2036:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1975:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1904:Lemerle 1986
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1847:
1842:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1735:
1728:Lemerle 1986
1723:
1716:Lemerle 1986
1712:Jokisch 2007
1707:
1700:Jokisch 2007
1695:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1650:Tougher 1997
1645:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1582:
1573:
1566:Dvornik 1948
1561:
1548:
1542:
1535:Tougher 1997
1530:
1523:Tougher 1997
1518:
1511:Tougher 1997
1506:
1499:Tougher 1997
1494:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1405:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1371:
1364:
1357:Tougher 1997
1352:
1340:
1328:
1321:Tougher 1997
1308:
1301:Dvornik 1948
1296:
1289:Dvornik 1948
1284:
1279:, p. 69
1277:Tougher 1997
1272:
1263:
1254:
1247:Norwich 1991
1242:
1235:Shepard 2002
1226:
1194:
1188:
1172:
1141:
1129:
1122:Tougher 1997
1117:
1110:Tougher 1997
1108:, CII, 609;
1105:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1071:, "Photius".
1050:Jenkins 1987
1045:
1033:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
991:
984:
959:. Retrieved
954:
945:
924:Paul Lemerle
915:
911:
909:
890:notes that "
883:
879:
877:
871:
867:
863:
861:
855:
851:
849:
792:
787:
777:
774:
769:
753:
751:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:Paul Lemerle
683:
681:
654:
649:
643:
641:
636:
620:
616:
608:
604:
584:
582:
570:Pope Stephen
558:
536:
522:
509:
489:
486:Nicene creed
479:
464:
448:
433:
394:
382:Hagia Sophia
357:
355:
342:
327:
321:
310:
297:
295:is unclear.
265:Nikephoros I
257:
254:Secular life
249:
217:
186:
181:
140:
132:
120:
119:
5708:810s births
5514:Historicism
5343:(1835–1840)
5309:De Officiis
5033:de Beauvoir
5003:Baudrillard
4955:Vivekananda
4945:Tocqueville
4860:Kierkegaard
4676:Ibn Khaldun
4646:Alpharabius
4537:Personalism
4446:Stewardship
4403:Reification
4398:Natural law
4319:Familialism
4285:Culturalism
4173:Bartholomew
4163:Athenagoras
4133:Gregory VII
4111:Meletius IV
4086:Dionysius V
4076:Joachim III
4056:Anthimus VI
4046:Germanus IV
4036:Anthimus IV
4011:Chrysanthus
4001:Eugenius II
3991:Jeremias IV
3946:Meletius II
3931:Seraphim II
3869:Neophytus V
3864:Gabriel III
3759:Anthimus II
3699:Jeremias II
3664:Pachomius I
3644:Maximus III
3634:Dionysius I
3577:Gregory III
3527:Callistus I
3507:Gerasimus I
3442:Germanus II
3427:Theodore II
3377:Michael III
3362:Neophytus I
3352:Nicholas IV
3277:Nicholas II
3257:Theophylact
3242:Εuthymius I
3212:Methodius I
3197:Theodotus I
3087:Cyriacus II
3022:Gennadius I
2970:Sisinnius I
2879:Metrophanes
2804:Athenodorus
2789:Eleutherius
2738:Bishops of
2005:(3): 55–73.
1940:Michael III
1892:Adontz 1950
1765:Paidas 2005
1583:www.oca.org
1146:Dunlop 1954
1106:Epistola II
1081:Durant 1972
766:Holy Spirit
758:Manichaeans
754:Amphilochia
730:Bibliotheca
720:Other works
713:Bibliotheca
709:Bibliotheca
701:Bibliotheca
684:Bibliotheca
650:Myriobiblon
645:Bibliotheca
637:Bibliotheca
613:Assessments
421:Holy Spirit
374:Theoktistos
285:Michael III
224:Michael III
172:), was the
57:The Great,
5713:893 deaths
5587:Categories
5519:Humanities
5479:Agnotology
5138:Kołakowski
4701:Ibn Tufayl
4681:Maimonides
4625:Thucydides
4620:Tertullian
4575:Lactantius
4470:Volksgeist
4451:Traditions
4265:Convention
4148:Photius II
4106:Germanus V
4081:Joachim IV
4066:Joachim II
4041:Anthimus V
4031:Gregory VI
3961:Gabriel IV
3911:Seraphim I
3906:Paisius II
3889:Cosmas III
3809:Gabriel II
3754:Gregory IV
3749:Timothy II
3739:Raphael II
3729:Meletius I
3714:Matthew II
3689:Joasaph II
3674:Jeremias I
3654:Maximus IV
3609:Isidore II
3532:Philotheus
3482:Gregory II
3432:Maximus II
3422:Michael IV
3397:Nicetas II
3342:Michael II
3322:Eustratius
3292:Eustathius
3287:Sergius II
3272:Αntony III
3262:Polyeuctus
3247:Stephen II
3237:Nicholas I
3167:Anastasius
3162:Germanus I
3132:Theodore I
3062:Anthimus I
3057:Epiphanius
2980:Maximianus
2935:Demophilus
2854:Eugenius I
2844:Cyriacus I
2829:Olympianus
2517:2008-07-23
2040:. Lisbon:
1831:Mango 1980
1638:Louth 2007
1437:Green 2006
1317:Louth 2007
1177:Mango 1980
1026:Mango 1980
1022:Louth 2007
1008:2014-01-03
932:References
803:Archbishop
762:Paulicians
705:previously
601:Veneration
585:Epitaphios
318:Theophilos
273:iconophile
269:Iconoclasm
213:Church Law
209:collection
114:February 6
5559:Sociology
5509:Historism
5218:Santayana
5188:Oakeshott
5158:MacIntyre
5143:Kropotkin
5118:Heidegger
4971:centuries
4885:Nietzsche
4850:Jefferson
4835:Helvétius
4800:Condorcet
4763:centuries
4747:Montaigne
4570:Confucius
4560:Augustine
4477:Worldview
4371:Modernity
4344:Formation
4168:Demetrius
4158:Maximus V
4143:Basil III
4061:Cyril VII
3981:Gregory V
3966:Procopius
3874:Cyprianus
3799:Paisius I
3794:Cyril III
3719:Gabriel I
3659:Joachim I
3649:Nephon II
3639:Raphael I
3614:Joasaph I
3567:Joseph II
3557:Matthew I
3547:Antony IV
3522:Isidore I
3502:John XIII
3452:Manuel II
3412:George II
3407:Dositheus
3347:Cosmas II
3312:John VIII
3302:Michael I
3232:Antony II
3227:Stephen I
3222:Photios I
3177:Nicetas I
3117:Thomas II
3097:Sergius I
3072:Eutychius
3047:Timothy I
3037:Euphemius
3017:Anatolius
3008:Byzantine
2995:Anatolius
2975:Nestorius
2950:Nectarius
2945:Gregory I
2940:Maximus I
2905:Alexander
2884:Alexander
2740:Byzantium
2689:Stephen I
2338:cite book
2168:Le Muséon
1868:Lang 1988
1848:Chronicle
1767:, passim.
1623:April 14,
1593:April 14,
1134:Gren 2002
1104:Photios.
937:Citations
872:Chronicle
778:Photios'
736:were the
538:Hikanatoi
293:ethnicity
233:John VIII
121:Photios I
5663:Filioque
5572:Category
5484:Axiology
5472:See also
5263:Voegelin
5253:Spengler
5228:Shariati
5183:Nussbaum
5168:Maritain
5128:Irigaray
5108:Habermas
5073:Foucault
5058:Durkheim
4960:Voltaire
4925:de Staël
4900:Rousseau
4825:Franklin
4686:Muhammad
4671:Gelasius
4656:Avempace
4639:Medieval
4615:Polybius
4610:Plutarch
4376:Morality
4351:Ideology
4339:Identity
4248:Concepts
4153:Benjamin
3996:Cyril VI
3884:Cyril IV
3764:Cyril II
3629:Symeon I
3537:Macarius
3517:John XIV
3497:Nephon I
3492:John XII
3472:Joseph I
3457:Arsenius
3437:Μanuel I
3402:Leontius
3392:Basil II
3382:Chariton
3317:Cosmas I
3217:Ignatios
3207:John VII
3202:Antony I
3187:Tarasius
3142:Paul III
3137:George I
3092:Thomas I
3077:John III
3032:Fravitta
2960:Arsacius
2930:Evagrius
2925:Eudoxius
2915:Eusebius
2864:Dometius
2849:Castinus
2834:Marcus I
2824:Pertinax
2814:Laurence
2784:Diogenes
2779:Sedecion
2774:Plutarch
2764:Onesimus
2670:Ignatios
2653:Ignatios
2629:LibriVox
2472:(1997).
2441:Speculum
2268:(1986).
2202:(1987).
2144:(2001).
2130:(1948).
2116:(1972).
2102:(1954).
2050:17186882
2034:(1963).
1617:Archived
1587:Archived
1422:25 March
1388:25 March
1262:(1953).
900:Arshavir
813:See also
770:Epistles
631:Writings
560:brother
518:Armenian
510:filioque
490:filioque
481:filioque
476:Bulgaria
429:Bulgaria
378:Ignatios
369:and the
367:Theodora
334:Abbasids
314:Theodora
301:Magnaura
277:Armenian
228:Ignatius
195:and the
5313:(44 BC)
5243:Sombart
5238:Skinner
5223:Scruton
5203:Polanyi
5178:Niebuhr
5163:Marcuse
5098:Gramsci
5093:Gentile
5053:Du Bois
5043:Deleuze
5013:Benoist
4983:Agamben
4940:Thoreau
4930:Stirner
4920:Spencer
4870:Le Play
4820:Fourier
4805:Emerson
4790:Carlyle
4775:Bentham
4752:Müntzer
4722:Erasmus
4696:Plethon
4691:Photios
4651:Aquinas
4585:Mencius
4553:Ancient
4486:Schools
4366:Loyalty
4324:History
4312:Counter
4307:Culture
4275:Customs
4124:Turkish
3921:Cyril V
3824:Clement
3744:Cyril I
3624:Mark II
3595:Ottoman
3477:John XI
3332:John IX
3297:Alexius
3267:Βasil I
3252:Tryphon
3182:Paul IV
3157:John VI
3107:Paul II
3102:Pyrrhus
3082:John IV
3052:John II
3027:Acacius
2990:Flavian
2985:Proclus
2965:Atticus
2869:Rufinus
2819:Alypius
2759:Stachys
2543:Photius
2536::
2462:2853829
2412:O.S.B.)
961:10 June
780:epitome
747:Grevena
734:Lexicon
726:Lexicon
692:Abbasid
688:Baghdad
657:Ctesias
566:Armenia
562:Stephen
484:to the
338:Baghdad
203:in the
201:Gratian
141:Photius
133:Phōtios
93:Armenia
91:Bordi,
5504:Ethics
5463:(2010)
5453:(1991)
5443:(1990)
5433:(1987)
5423:(1987)
5413:(1979)
5403:(1976)
5393:(1967)
5383:(1964)
5373:(1949)
5363:(1935)
5353:(1930)
5333:(1756)
5323:(1486)
5268:Walzer
5258:Taylor
5248:Sowell
5233:Simmel
5198:Pareto
5193:Ortega
5103:Guénon
5088:Gehlen
5083:Gandhi
5038:Debord
5023:Butler
5018:Berlin
5008:Bauman
4998:Badiou
4988:Arendt
4978:Adorno
4910:Ruskin
4865:Le Bon
4840:Herder
4815:Fichte
4810:Engels
4780:Bonald
4770:Arnold
4742:Milton
4737:Luther
4717:Calvin
4595:Origen
4565:Cicero
4525:Social
4461:Family
4456:Values
4417:Rights
4381:Public
4329:Honour
4260:Anomie
4255:Agency
4187:Nicaea
3941:Samuel
3512:Isaias
3417:John X
3122:John V
2910:Paul I
2874:Probus
2809:Euzois
2754:Andrew
2619:vol. 2
2615:vol. 1
2530:
2486:
2460:
2426:
2401:
2380:
2359:
2308:
2287:
2254:
2233:
2212:
2154:
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2020:
1814:
1787:
1413:
1379:
999:
914:
882:
866:
854:
673:Arrian
525:Leo VI
436:Bardas
413:schism
363:Bardas
359:Caesar
289:Khazar
129:Φώτιος
73:c. 815
5301:Works
5288:Žižek
5273:Weber
5213:Röpke
5173:Negri
5153:Lasch
5123:Hoppe
5078:Fromm
5068:Evola
5048:Dewey
5028:Camus
4935:Taine
4915:Smith
4905:Royce
4895:Renan
4830:Hegel
4795:Comte
4785:Burke
4732:Locke
4666:Dante
4661:Bruni
4630:Xunzi
4605:Plato
4600:Philo
4580:Laozi
4388:Mores
4300:Multi
4290:Inter
3849:James
3542:Nilus
3152:Cyrus
3112:Peter
3067:Menas
2859:Titus
2794:Felix
2745:Roman
2458:JSTOR
845:Notes
801:(now
665:Conon
474:over
425:papal
408:synod
261:Irene
125:Greek
110:Feast
31:Saint
5283:Zinn
5278:Weil
5148:Land
5133:Kirk
4993:Aron
4950:Vico
4890:Owen
4880:Mill
4875:Marx
4855:Kant
4845:Hume
4590:Mozi
4295:Mono
3372:Luke
2484:ISBN
2424:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2344:link
2306:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2046:OCLC
2018:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1625:2023
1595:2023
1424:2024
1411:ISBN
1390:2024
1377:ISBN
997:ISBN
963:2016
807:Etna
760:and
724:The
398:Pope
205:West
86:Died
70:Born
5113:Han
5063:Eco
3337:Leo
2627:at
2545:".
2450:doi
2177:doi
2173:119
1938:to
782:of
648:or
336:of
180:as
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