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which let private publishers produce postcards. These could be mailed for one cent each, while the letter rate was two cents. Publishers created thousands of photochrom prints, usually of cities or landscapes, and sold them as postcards. In this format, photochrom reproductions became popular. The
544:, for historical reasons, in its classification and description of its collection of such images. Variants of the spelling exist, both in English and in German. "Photochrome" is the English spelling used in some contexts, even by the Library of Congress in a few of its image descriptions. "
167:, strengthening or softening tones as required. The image became imprinted on the stone in bitumen. Each tint was applied using a separate stone that bore the appropriate retouched image. The finished print was produced using at least six, but more commonly ten to fifteen, tint stones.
409:
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69:(color lithography). Because no color information was preserved in the photographic process, the photographer would make detailed notes on the colors within the scene and use the notes to hand paint the negative before transferring the image through
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155:, causing the bitumen to harden in proportion to the amount of light passing through each portion of the negative. This would take ten to thirty minutes in summer and up to several hours in winter. A solvent such as
89:) as the business vehicle for the commercial exploitation of the process and both Füssli and Photoglob continue to exist today. From the mid-1890s the process was licensed by other companies, including the
178:
127:
After World War I, which ended the craze for collecting photochrom postcards, the chief use of the process was for posters and art reproductions. The last photochrom printer operated up to 1970.
387:
317:
797:
201:
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Marc Walter & Sabine Arque, “The World in 1900”, Thames & Hudson, 2007 contains about 300 well-reproduced photochromes from around the world.
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negative was hand colored according to the sketch and notes taken at the scene, then pressed against the coating and exposed to daylight through
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reportedly produced as many as seven million photochrom prints in some years, and ten to thirty thousand different views were offered.
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85:—a printing firm whose history began in the 16th century. Füssli founded the stock company Photochrom Zürich (later
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The process was invented in the 1880s by Hans Jakob Schmid (1856–1924), an employee of the Swiss company
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called a "litho stone" was coated with a light-sensitive surface composed of a thin layer of purified
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in the US (making it the basis of their "phostint" process), and the
Photochrom Company of London.
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82:
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108:, all active in the 1880s. The photochrom process was most popular in the 1890s, when true
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Amongst the first commercial photographers to employ the technique were French photographer
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Process for producing colorized images from black-and-white photographies
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Detroit
Photographic Company’s Views of North America, ca. 1897–1924
195:, which shows the evocative coloration characteristic of the process
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was applied to remove the unhardened bitumen. The plate would be
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The
Library of Congress Public Domain Photochrom Prints Search
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was first developed but was still commercially impractical.
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printing plates. The process is a photographic variant of
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via the direct photographic transfer of the negative onto
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759:https://photochrome.us/description-and-provenance/
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669:"MetropoPostcard Guide to Printing Techniques 5"
211:town hall in the 1890s, using fewer color plates
323:A photochrom of an elderly Irish woman using a
708:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography
554:, the Swiss company that invented the process.
301:A photochrom of Belgian milk peddlers with a
780:(holds probably world's largest collection:
661:
545:
802:Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
452:Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
626:"Orell Füssli Company History (in German)"
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639:
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18:
705:
607:. University of Vermont. Archived from
550:" is the German spelling used today by
809:
696:
764:Description of the Photochrom process
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438:to the right of the opening of Vågen.
57:images from a single black-and-white
393:Ruins of the Castle of Arques, near
115:In 1898 the US Congress passed the
13:
14:
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732:"An introduction to photochromes"
710:. CRC Press. pp. 1078–1079.
684:Paris bibliothèques, 2009, p. 41
736:www.photographers-resource.co.uk
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540:) is the spelling used by the
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469:(Detroit Photographic Company)
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794:prints are accessible online)
647:"History / Erfolgsgeschichte"
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605:"Photochrome (1939–Present)"
225:Shakespeare Memorial Theatre
122:Detroit Photographic Company
91:Detroit Photographic Company
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456:Arlington National Cemetery
53:is a process for producing
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104:and American photographer
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73:onto the printing plates.
23:1890s photochrom print of
426:in the bottom left side,
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430:in the middle, the bay (
117:Private Mailing Card Act
817:Photographic techniques
587:Oxford University Press
100:, British photographer
778:Zurich Central Library
706:Hannavy, John (2008).
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450:A photochrom print of
279:A photochrom print of
223:Photochrom of the old
137:lithographic limestone
35:
583:UK English Dictionary
106:William Henry Jackson
59:photographic negative
25:Neuschwanstein Castle
22:
671:. metropostcard.com.
83:Orell Gessner Füssli
542:Library of Congress
357:near low tide, 1900
87:Photoglob Zürich AG
436:Bergenhus Fortress
375:photochrom print,
253:Photochrom of the
36:
717:978-0-415-97235-2
428:Holy Cross Church
229:Stratford-on-Avon
188:in New York City
110:color photography
67:chromolithography
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832:Swiss inventions
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682:Farbige Reise,
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611:on 2008-07-24.
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487:"Photochrom" (
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422:. Visible are
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98:Félix Bonfils
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739:. Retrieved
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651:. Retrieved
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630:. Retrieved
609:the original
599:
591:the original
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576:"Photochrom"
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552:Orell Füssli
483:
420: 1890s
371:
353:Entrance to
340: 1890s
135:A tablet of
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71:colored gels
63:lithographic
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
649:(in German)
402: 1895
380: 1895
288: 1900
193: 1900
165:tonal scale
153:gel filters
51:Aäc process
47:Photochrome
811:Categories
741:2021-03-05
653:28 October
632:2012-06-16
562:References
490:English:
434:) and the
397:, France,
209:Hildesheim
157:turpentine
39:Photochrom
822:Postcards
800:from the
787:of their
547:Fotochrom
261:, India,
255:Taj Mahal
161:retouched
55:colorized
43:Fotochrom
827:Printing
628:. Ofv.ch
462:, U.S.,
460:Virginia
149:halftone
776:at the
372:Osborne
333:Ireland
303:dogcart
233:England
171:Gallery
145:benzene
141:bitumen
131:Process
77:History
49:or the
33:Germany
29:Bavaria
774:Search
714:
581:Lexico
395:Dieppe
475:Notes
454:, in
432:Vågen
712:ISBN
655:2012
370:HMY
259:Agra
791:000
784:600
257:at
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789:10
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