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370:, in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3D coordinates from only one camera position. Stereophotogrammetry is emerging as a robust non-contacting measurement technique to determine dynamic characteristics and mode shapes of non-rotating and rotating structures. The collection of images for the purpose of creating photogrammetric models can be called more properly, polyoscopy, after Pierre Seguin
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crash scene photographs taken by the police. Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question was deformed, which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that deformation. The energy can then be used to determine important information about the crash (such as the velocity at time of impact).
450:
635:
Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by "fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements. When these rectified, scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points, a
712:
A somewhat similar application is the scanning of objects to automatically make 3D models of them. Since photogrammetry relies on images, there are physical limitations when those images are of an object that has dark, shiny or clear surfaces. In those cases, the produced model often still contains
567:
Photogrammetry is also commonly employed in collision engineering, especially with automobiles. When litigation for a collision occurs and engineers need to determine the exact deformation present in the vehicle, it is common for several years to have passed and the only evidence that remains is
408:
products. Systems which use these techniques, e.g. the ITG system, were developed in the 1980s and 1990s but have since been supplanted by LiDAR and radar-based approaches, although these techniques may still be useful in deriving elevation models from old aerial photographs or satellite images.
639:"It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future." They go on to suggest that, "photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage" of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery.
447:
242:. Digital image capturing and photogrammetric processing includes several well defined stages, which allow the generation of 2D or 3D digital models of the object as an end product. The data model on the right shows what type of information can go into and come out of photogrammetric methods.
422:
686:; wooden platforms, metal frameworks, constructed over an excavation exposure; ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks; three legged ladders; single and multi-section poles; bipods; tripods; tetrapods, and aerial bucket trucks ("cherry pickers").
92:
is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena.
378:
Photogrammetric data can be complemented with range data from other techniques. Photogrammetry is more accurate in the x and y direction while range data are generally more accurate in the z direction . This range data can be supplied by techniques like
681:
Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites. Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included: War
Balloons from World War I; rubber meteorological balloons;
119:
There are many variants of photogrammetry. One example is the extraction of three-dimensional measurements from two-dimensional data (i.e. images); for example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic
399:
imagery). Techniques such as adaptive least squares stereo matching are then used to produce a dense array of correspondences which are transformed through a camera model to produce a dense array of x, y, z data which can be used to produce
394:
the aerial photos, and then draping the orthorectified images on top of the LiDAR grid. It is also possible to create digital terrain models and thus 3D visualisations using pairs (or multiples) of aerial photographs or satellite (e.g.
631:
that is "a composite photographic image of the ground," or more precisely, as a controlled photomosaic where "individual photographs are rectified for tilt and brought to a common scale (at least at certain control points)."
738:
High-resolution 3D point clouds derived from UAV or ground-based photogrammetry can be used to automatically or semi-automatically extract rock mass properties such as discontinuity orientations, persistence, and spacing.
383:, laser scanners (using time of flight, triangulation or interferometry), white-light digitizers and any other technique that scans an area and returns x, y, z coordinates for multiple discrete points (commonly called "
446:
636:
good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements (which cannot be removed) are at a minimum."
1235:
Lundstrom, Troy; Baqersad, Javad; Niezrecki, Christopher; Avitabile, Peter (1 January 2012). "Using High-Speed
Stereophotogrammetry Techniques to Extract Shape Information from Wind Turbine/Rotor Operating Data".
155:
Close-range photogrammetry refers to the collection of photography from a lesser distance than traditional aerial (or orbital) photogrammetry. Photogrammetric analysis may be applied to one photograph, or may use
387:"). Photos can clearly define the edges of buildings when the point cloud footprint can not. It is beneficial to incorporate the advantages of both systems and integrate them to create a better product.
541:
is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film (details are given in the DVD extras). Photogrammetry was used extensively to create photorealistic environmental assets for video games including
352:). Common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of these rays (
1333:
1277:
Lundstrom, Troy; Baqersad, Javad; Niezrecki, Christopher (1 January 2013). "Using High-Speed
Stereophotogrammetry to Collect Operating Data on a Robinson R44 Helicopter".
269:
defines the geometric parameters of the imaging process. This is primarily the focal length of the lens, but can also include the description of lens distortions. Further
881:
1911:
The
Formation of Early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership: A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru
2012:
1909:
823:
1842:
717:, netfabb or MeshMixer is often still necessary. Alternatively, spray painting such objects with matte finish can remove any transparent or shiny qualities.
1816:
1685:
2254:
2197:
108:, the term "photogrammetry" was coined by the Prussian architect Albrecht Meydenbauer, which appeared in his 1867 article "Die Photometrographie."
1352:"An integrated photogrammetric and spatial database management system for producing fully structured data using aerial and remote sensing images"
2110:
805:
1965:
700:
because of the relative ease of mapping sites compared to traditional methods, allowing the creation of 3D maps which can be rendered in
1990:"Preliminary Stages in the Development of a Real-Time Digital Data Recording System for Archaeological Excavation Using ArcView GIS 3.1"
1330:
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photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the
Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure's walls.
961:
840:
811:
329:
1734:"EvaluaciĂłn de la estabilidad de taludes rocosos a partir de nubes de puntos 3D obtenidas con un vehĂculo aĂ©reo no tripulado"
1302:
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943:
776:
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2131:, vol. 2, no. 1, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley, pp. 49–70,
519:
Photograph of person using controller to explore a 3D photogrammetry experience, Future Cities by DERIVE, recreating Tokyo
348:
of points on an object employing measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions (see
2163:, vol. 2, no. 1, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley, pp. 3–18,
2050:
Estes, J. E.; Jensen, J. R.; Tinney, L. R. (1977), "The Use of
Historical Photography for Mapping Archaeological Sites",
431:
1423:
2205:
Schwartz, G. T. (1964), "Stereoscopic Views Taken with an
Ordinary Single Camera--A New Technique for Archaeologists",
304:
64:
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1926:
1989:
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A 3D visualization can be created by georeferencing the aerial photos and LiDAR data in the same reference frame,
35:
560:
353:
994:
592:
1108:"Close-range photogrammetry enables documentation of environment-induced deformation of architectural heritage"
1409:
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875:
690:
544:
323:
316:
1689:
1285:. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, New York, NY. pp.
1244:. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, New York, NY. pp.
2279:
1080:
Optische 3D-Messtechnik : Präzise
Gestaltvermessung mit einem erweiterten Streifenprojektionsverfahren
1318:
627:
Photomapping is the process of making a map with "cartographic enhancements" that have been drawn from a
1945:
1732:
Tomás, R.; Riquelme, A.; Cano, M.; Pastor, J. L.; Pagán, J. I.; Asensio, J. L.; Ruffo, M. (2020-06-23).
1331:
A. Sechin. Digital
Photogrammetric Systems: Trends and Developments. GeoInformatics. #4, 2014, pp. 32-34
730:
that uses photogrammetry to make 3D models of lost/stolen/broken artifacts that are then posted online.
689:
Handheld, near-nadir, overhead digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems (
528:
299:
over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference points. This minimization is known as
227:: 2D image from a 3D model built with photogrammetry methods from hundreds of ground-level photos of a
149:
77:
362:
2221:
Simpson, D. D. A. & Booke, F. M. B. (1967), "Photogrammetric
Planning at Grantully Perthshire",
1946:"Recording Large-Scale Archaeological Excavations with GIS: Jiskairumoko--Near Peru's Lake Titicaca"
1010:
2526:
2420:
2415:
257:
define the locations of the object points' images on the film or an electronic imaging device. The
176:
in an attempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3D relative motions.
42:
2259:
1777:
Riquelme, Adrián; Tomás, Roberto; Cano, Miguel; Pastor, José Luis; Abellán, Antonio (2018-10-01).
2548:
2272:
1286:
1245:
792:
683:
250:
1879:
Bascom, W. R. (1941), "Possible Applications of Kite Photography to Archaeology and Ethnology",
1139:"The Effect of Various Principles of External Orientation on the Overall Triangulation Accuracy"
958: – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them
1843:"Hands-on: macOS 12 brings new 'Object Capture' API for creating 3D models using iPhone camera"
1085:
Optical 3D-Metrology : Precise Shape Measurement with an extended Fringe Projection Method
335:
157:
1973:
1733:
949:
905:
866:
828:
401:
1966:"Real Time GIS Construction and Digital Data Recording of the Jiskairumoko, Excavation PerĂş"
1278:
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2132:
2023:
1918:
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1186:
921:
697:
265:
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111:
8:
2159:
Robinson, A. H., Morrison, J. L. & Meuehrcke, P. C. (1977), "Cartography 1950-2000",
1221:
1064:
1060:
1056:
677:, a civilian UAV for aerial photography and photomapping with roll-stabilised camera head
564:
was derived from photogrammetric motion-capture models taken of actress Melina Juergens.
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96:
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599:
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2148:
1817:"Apple's RealityKit 2 allows developers to create 3D models for AR using iPhone photos"
1622:
1386:
1351:
1279:
1238:
1175:"Accuracy analysis of measuring close-range image points using manual and stereo modes"
664:
501:
2191:
2104:
1798:
1779:"Automatic Mapping of Discontinuity Persistence on Rock Masses Using 3D Point Clouds"
1759:
1614:
1391:
1298:
1257:
1107:
854:
493:
345:
300:
145:
1410:"How we used Photogrammetry to Capture Every Last Detail for Star Wars Battlefront™"
1321:"iarchive:magieetphysique00hougoog/page/n167/mode/2up")._ Paris: Calmann Levy p. 112
1031:
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105:
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1606:
1381:
1371:
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1119:
946: – Computational navigational technique used by robots and autonomous vehicles
831: – Two equations relating 2D sensor plane coordinates to 3D object coordinates
628:
169:
1217:
Dynamic characteristics of a wind turbine blade using 3D digital image correlation
356:) that determines the three-dimensional location of the point. More sophisticated
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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2382:
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2059:
970:
890:
863: – Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences
860:
772:
754:
396:
161:
82:
46:
2118:
Kriegler, K. (1929), "Über Photographische Aufnahmen Prähistorischer Gräber",
2035:
1901:
1794:
1719:
1105:
1078:
115:
Photogrammetry of the headquarters of Fazenda do Pinhal, SĂŁo Carlos-SP, Brazil
100:
Photogrammetry of the headquarters of Fazenda do Pinhal, SĂŁo Carlos-SP, Brazil
2542:
2425:
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656:
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Using a pentop computer to photomap an archaeological excavation in the field
647:
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481:
296:
180:
1778:
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1123:
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469:
384:
295:
Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the
184:
165:
2013:"Multivariate Visualization and Analysis of Photomapped Artifact Scatters"
783:
running macOS Monterey and a set of captured digital images are required.
211:
2476:
2340:
2330:
2230:
Straffin, D. (1971), "A Device for Vertical Archaeological Photography",
926:
820: – Method of collecting geophysical data from high altitude aircraft
808: – Scanning of an object or environment to collect data on its shape
660:
524:
477:
457:
454:
349:
125:
121:
1754:
802: – French cartographer and photographer, "father of photogrammetry"
515:
2471:
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2074:
1319:
https://archive.org/details/magieetphysique00hougoog/page/n167/mode/2up
764:
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of a camera defines its location in space and its view direction. The
2461:
2357:
1106:
Sužiedelytė-Visockienė J, Bagdžiūnaitė R, Malys N, Maliene V (2015).
991:
955:
910:
357:
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670:
81:
Low altitude aerial photograph for use in photogrammetry. Location:
2176:
2144:
1610:
1234:
893: – process of collecting geospatial data from a mobile vehicle
367:
124:
can be determined by measuring their distance on the image, if the
2239:
Wiltshire, J. R. (1967), "A Pole for High Viewpoint Photography",
1087:) (in German). Heidelberg: Ruprechts-Karls-Universität. p. 36
2481:
2466:
2295:
2260:
Photogrammetry overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging web site
780:
714:
549:
509:
497:
2220:
1214:
Baqersad, Javad; Carr, Jennifer; et al. (April 26, 2012).
727:
504:
use it to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites, and
489:
315:"Stereophotogrammetry" redirects here. Not to be confused with
235:
133:
2066:
Fant, J. E. & Loy, W. G. (1972), "Surveying and Mapping",
1917:, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara,
878: – System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
277:, basically a known distance of two points in space, or known
128:
of the image is known. Another is the extraction of accurate
2077:(1932), "Balloon Photography and Archaeological Excavation",
380:
234:
Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines, including
200:
196:
192:
129:
913: – Instrument for observation from a concealed position
360:
can exploit other information about the scene that is known
2445:
882:
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
2264:
1276:
929: – Device used to measure distances to remote objects
281:, the connection to the basic measuring units is created.
768:
607:
2120:
Mittheliungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien
603:
1776:
1731:
952: – Method of 3D reconstruction from moving objects
871:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
837: – Computerized information extraction from images
1890:"Photographs of Stonehenge as Seen from a War Balloon"
1595:"Archaeological Intra-Site Recording with Photography"
1172:
824:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
2086:
Hampl, F. (1957), "Archäologische Feldphotographie",
2065:
2010:
1651:
1586:
1455:
1213:
1136:
2161:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
2129:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
966:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
895:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
886:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
850:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
884: – international non-governmental organization
814: – Creation of a 3D model from a set of images
104:While the invention of the method is attributed to
1464:
148:from photographs of materials for the purposes of
132:ranges and values representing such quantities as
2049:
2022:, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1617–1627,
1568:
1424:"The real-time motion capture behind 'Hellblade'"
460:skull 3D wireframe model, created with 123d Catch
2540:
2238:
1439:
1437:
1112:Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
512:when objective weather data cannot be obtained.
164:to detect, measure and record complex 2D and 3D
2204:
1987:
1881:Illinois State Academy of Science, Transactions
1720:Google Earth's Incredible 3D Imagery, Explained
1541:
1281:Special Topics in Structural Dynamics, Volume 6
1173:SuĹľiedelytÄ—-VisockienÄ—, JĹ«ratÄ— (1 March 2013).
713:gaps, so additional cleanup with software like
191:, it now has a very wide range of uses such as
2011:Craig, N.; Aldenderfer, M.; Moyes, H. (2006),
1896:, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 571–572,
1669:
1514:
2280:
2073:
2054:, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 441–447,
1887:
1878:
1559:
1550:
1523:
1505:
1446:
1434:
806:3D data acquisition and object reconstruction
696:Photogrammetry is increasingly being used in
602:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
249:define the locations of object points in the
2229:
2196:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2117:
1053:Wochenblatt des Architektenvereins zu Berlin
344:, involves estimating the three-dimensional
2094:
1593:Sterud, Eugene L.; Pratt, Peter P. (1975).
1592:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1473:
1349:
1207:
1055:Jg. 1, 1867, Nr. 14, S. 125–126 (
2287:
2273:
2126:
2109:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1972:, vol. 18, no. 1, archived from
1532:
723:uses photogrammetry to create 3D imagery.
284:Each of the four main variables can be an
2085:
1753:
1660:
1642:
1633:
1577:
1385:
1375:
1198:
933:Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society
900:National Collection of Aerial Photography
464:Photogrammetry is used in fields such as
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1988:Craig, Nathan; Adenderfer, Mark (2003),
1970:Society for American Archaeology Buletin
1840:
1709:MAKE:3D printing by Anna Kaziunas France
1482:
1011:"Photogrammetry history and modern uses"
964: – using UAVs to take aerial photos
669:
646:
514:
441:
416:
218:
210:
110:
95:
76:
1686:"Photogrammetry | Maritime Archaeology"
310:
2541:
1874:, vol. 10, pp. 486–490, 1936
962:Unmanned aerial photogrammetric survey
902: – Archive in Edinburgh, Scotland
841:Digital image correlation and tracking
812:3D reconstruction from multiple images
508:use it to determine the wind speed of
330:3D reconstruction from multiple images
2268:
2127:Petrie, G. (1977), "Orthophotomaps",
1963:
1943:
1907:
1240:Topics in Modal Analysis II, Volume 6
1076:
944:Simultaneous localization and mapping
777:Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
759:comparison of photogrammetry software
16:Taking measurements using photography
2521:
1317:Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugene (1885) _(
1148:(86). Estonia: 59–64. Archived from
575:
18:
1783:Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
1025:"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"
848: – French surveyor (1849-1924)
13:
2215:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1964.tb00592.x
869: – Geographic data discipline
693:) to record excavation exposures.
14:
2565:
2248:
2241:Industrial Commercial Photography
2068:The Minnesota Messenia Expedition
2020:Journal of Archaeological Science
1063:); Nr. 16, S. 149–150 (
1059:); Nr. 15, S. 139–140 (
857: – Geometry of stereo vision
733:
558:. The main character of the game
303:and is often performed using the
2520:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2234:, vol. 16, pp. 232–234
2225:, vol. 41, pp. 220–221
2122:, vol. 58, pp. 113–116
1137:Ina Jarve; Natalja Liba (2010).
580:
23:
2209:, vol. 7, pp. 36–42,
2081:, vol. 6, pp. 148–155
1841:EspĂłsito, Filipe (2021-06-09).
1834:
1809:
1770:
1725:
1712:
1703:
1678:
1416:
1402:
1343:
1324:
1311:
1270:
1228:
935: – British learned society
726:There is also a project called
655:Demonstrating the link between
438:, produced using photogrammetry
412:
2090:, vol. 22, pp. 54–64
1883:, vol. 34, pp. 62–63
1870:"Archaeological Photography",
1166:
1130:
1099:
1070:
1041:
1017:
1003:
985:
973: – Measurement technology
707:
642:
373:
215:A data model of photogrammetry
1:
1997:Journal of GIS in Archaeology
1350:Ahmadi, FF; Ebadi, H (2009).
978:
876:Geographic information system
779:. In order to use the API, a
545:The Vanishing of Ethan Carter
317:Roentgen stereophotogrammetry
305:Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm
292:of a photogrammetric method.
273:play an important role: With
2052:Journal of Field Archaeology
1999:, vol. 1, pp. 1–22
1688:. 2019-01-19. Archived from
1657:Craig and Aldenderfer (2003)
1599:Journal of Field Archaeology
1295:10.1007/978-1-4614-6546-1_44
1254:10.1007/978-1-4614-2419-2_26
1200:10.3846/20296991.2013.786881
767:introduced a photogrammetry
561:Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
179:From its beginning with the
168:by feeding measurements and
7:
2441:Precession of the equinoxes
2294:
786:
742:
523:It is also used to combine
10:
2570:
2060:10.1179/009346977791490104
1863:
1083:(Doctoral dissertation). (
790:
771:called Object Capture for
746:
571:
529:computer-generated imagery
333:
327:
321:
314:
206:
150:physically based rendering
2490:
2454:
2396:
2323:
2302:
2255:History of Photogrammetry
2036:10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.018
1902:10.1017/s0261340900005208
1795:10.1007/s00603-018-1519-9
1461:Robinson et al. (1977:10)
1738:Revista de TeledetecciĂłn
1574:Simpson and Cooke (1967)
757:for photogrammetry; see
600:summarize the quotations
1746:10.4995/raet.2020.13168
1179:Geodesy and Cartography
749:Photogrammetry software
430:Video of a 3D model of
340:A special case, called
271:additional observations
2097:Historical Archaeology
2088:Archaeologia Austriaca
1964:Craig, Nathan (2000),
1944:Craig, Nathan (2002),
1908:Craig, Nathan (2005),
1888:Capper, J. E. (1907),
1124:10.30638/eemj.2015.149
1047:Albrecht Meydenbauer:
678:
652:
520:
461:
439:
336:Computer stereo vision
231:
216:
158:high-speed photography
116:
101:
86:
2421:Earth's gravity field
2416:Earth's energy budget
2232:Plains Anthropologist
1146:Technologijos Mokslai
1077:Wiora, Georg (2001).
1049:Die Photometrographie
997:May 20, 2015, at the
950:Structure from motion
906:Neural radiance field
867:Geomatics engineering
829:Collinearity equation
673:
650:
555:Star Wars Battlefront
518:
453:
429:
402:digital terrain model
328:Further information:
222:
214:
114:
99:
80:
2336:Computer cartography
2095:Hume, I. N. (1969),
922:Photo interpretation
698:maritime archaeology
342:stereophotogrammetry
324:Stereophotogrammetry
311:Stereophotogrammetry
260:exterior orientation
174:computational models
2455:Related disciplines
2169:1977TrIBG...2....3R
2137:1977TrIBG...2...49P
2028:2006JArSc..33.1617C
1976:on 19 February 2007
1923:2005PhDT.......140C
1675:Craig et al. (2006)
1556:Fant and Loy (1972)
1470:Estes et al. (1977)
1368:2009Senso...9.2320A
1222:Proceedings of SPIE
1191:2013GeCar..39...18S
593:too many quotations
466:topographic mapping
240:projective geometry
138:specular reflection
85:, Laguna Beach, CA.
2503:Geodesy portal
2353:Geodetic astronomy
1952:, vol. Spring
1336:2016-04-21 at the
679:
653:
521:
462:
440:
232:
217:
117:
102:
87:
2536:
2535:
2045:on 4 October 2007
1789:(10): 3005–3028.
1547:Whittlesey (1966)
1452:Petrie (1977: 49)
1443:Petrie (1977: 50)
1377:10.3390/s90402320
1304:978-1-4614-6545-4
1263:978-1-4614-2418-5
1224:. Vol. 8348.
855:Epipolar geometry
755:software packages
753:There exist many
657:orthophotomapping
625:
624:
494:cultural heritage
451:
427:
301:bundle adjustment
297:squares of errors
266:inner orientation
255:image coordinates
146:ambient occlusion
75:
74:
67:
2561:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2431:Gravity of Earth
2363:Gravity of Earth
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2244:
2243:, pp. 53–56
2235:
2226:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2155:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2070:
2062:
2046:
2044:
2038:, archived from
2017:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1925:, archived from
1916:
1904:
1884:
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1838:
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1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:Wiltshire (1967)
1518:
1512:
1509:
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1500:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
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1441:
1432:
1431:
1430:. 8 August 2017.
1420:
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1170:
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1154:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1118:(6): 1371–1381.
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1030:. Archived from
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
989:
967:
896:
887:
872:
851:
620:
617:
611:
584:
583:
576:
452:
428:
225:Reconstruction I
223:Tuure Leppänen,
189:topographic maps
170:imagery analysis
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2450:
2436:Plate tectonics
2411:Coriolis effect
2406:Chandler wobble
2398:
2392:
2319:
2298:
2293:
2251:
2189:
2188:
2102:
2101:
2042:
2015:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1979:
1977:
1955:
1953:
1935:
1933:
1932:on 23 July 2011
1929:
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1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:Straffin (1971)
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:Kriegler (1928)
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:Schwartz (1964)
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1422:
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1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1348:
1344:
1338:Wayback Machine
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1233:
1229:
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1208:
1171:
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1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:Wayback Machine
990:
986:
981:
976:
965:
917:Photoclinometry
894:
885:
870:
849:
846:Edouard Deville
835:Computer vision
795:
791:Main category:
789:
751:
747:Main category:
745:
736:
710:
702:virtual reality
645:
621:
615:
612:
606:or excerpts to
597:
585:
581:
574:
533:post-production
492:investigation,
486:quality control
442:
436:Monmouth Museum
417:
415:
392:orthorectifying
376:
338:
332:
326:
322:Main category:
320:
313:
229:japanese garden
209:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
34:has an unclear
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2549:Photogrammetry
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
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2458:
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2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:Geopositioning
2380:
2378:Remote Sensing
2375:
2373:Photogrammetry
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
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2312:
2306:
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2300:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2249:External links
2247:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2202:
2177:10.2307/622190
2156:
2145:10.2307/622193
2124:
2115:
2092:
2083:
2071:
2063:
2047:
2008:
1985:
1961:
1941:
1905:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1833:
1808:
1769:
1724:
1711:
1702:
1677:
1668:
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1611:10.2307/529625
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1433:
1415:
1412:. 19 May 2015.
1401:
1362:(4): 2320–33.
1342:
1323:
1310:
1303:
1269:
1262:
1227:
1206:
1165:
1129:
1098:
1069:
1040:
1037:on 2017-08-30.
1016:
1013:. 8 June 2022.
1002:
983:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:
971:Videogrammetry
968:
959:
953:
947:
941:
936:
930:
924:
919:
914:
908:
903:
897:
891:Mobile mapping
888:
879:
873:
864:
861:Geoinformatics
858:
852:
843:
838:
832:
826:
821:
815:
809:
803:
800:Aimé Laussedat
796:
793:Photogrammetry
788:
785:
773:macOS Monterey
744:
741:
735:
734:Rock mechanics
732:
709:
706:
644:
641:
623:
622:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
506:meteorologists
502:Archaeologists
432:Horatio Nelson
414:
411:
397:SPOT satellite
375:
372:
366:, for example
312:
309:
247:3D coordinates
208:
205:
181:stereoplotters
162:remote sensing
106:Aimé Laussedat
90:Photogrammetry
83:Three Arch Bay
73:
72:
36:citation style
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:Virtual globe
2386:
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2374:
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2359:
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2348:Earth's orbit
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2134:
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2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Guy, P. L. O.
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1823:. 8 June 2021
1822:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
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1761:
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1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1692:on 2019-01-19
1691:
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1596:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1502:Bascom (1941)
1499:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1479:Capper (1907)
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1429:
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1419:
1411:
1405:
1397:
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1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1155:on 2016-04-22
1151:
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1125:
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1109:
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993:
988:
984:
972:
969:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:
939:Stereoplotter
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
912:
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907:
904:
901:
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856:
853:
847:
844:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
819:
818:Aerial survey
816:
813:
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807:
804:
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798:
797:
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633:
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619:
609:
605:
601:
595:
594:
589:This article
587:
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569:
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540:
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534:
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482:manufacturing
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410:
407:
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398:
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371:
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355:
354:triangulation
351:
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243:
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230:
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221:
213:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:contour lines
183:used to plot
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:motion fields
163:
159:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
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109:
107:
98:
94:
91:
84:
79:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2525:
2513:
2494:
2372:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2207:Archaeometry
2206:
2160:
2128:
2119:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2067:
2051:
2040:the original
2019:
2001:, retrieved
1996:
1978:, retrieved
1974:the original
1969:
1954:, retrieved
1950:ESRI ArcNews
1949:
1934:, retrieved
1927:the original
1910:
1894:Archaeologia
1893:
1880:
1871:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1755:10045/107612
1737:
1727:
1722:, 2017-04-18
1718:Gopal Shah,
1714:
1705:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1671:
1666:Craig (2005)
1662:
1653:
1648:Craig (2002)
1644:
1639:Craig (2000)
1635:
1605:(1/2): 151.
1602:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1538:Hampl (1957)
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1428:engadget.com
1427:
1418:
1404:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1326:
1313:
1280:
1272:
1239:
1230:
1216:
1209:
1185:(1): 18–22.
1182:
1178:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1145:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1032:the original
1019:
1005:
992:ASPRS online
987:
775:at the 2021
763:
752:
737:
725:
721:Google Earth
719:
711:
695:
688:
680:
654:
638:
634:
626:
613:
598:Please help
590:
566:
559:
553:
543:
536:
522:
470:architecture
463:
413:Applications
389:
385:point clouds
377:
361:
341:
339:
294:
289:
285:
283:
278:
274:
270:
264:
258:
254:
246:
244:
233:
224:
178:
154:
118:
103:
89:
88:
61:
52:
33:
2477:Mathematics
2341:Web mapping
2331:Cartography
1583:Hume (1969)
1065:Digitalisat
1061:Digitalisat
1057:Digitalisat
927:Rangefinder
708:3D modeling
663:, historic
661:archaeology
643:Archaeology
629:photomosaic
548:as well as
525:live action
478:engineering
458:Neanderthal
455:Gibraltar 1
374:Integration
350:stereoscopy
346:coordinates
142:metallicity
122:image plane
2543:Categories
2472:Geophysics
2368:Navigation
2315:Geodesists
2099:, New York
2003:9 February
1980:9 February
1956:9 February
1936:9 February
1852:2022-09-26
1827:2022-03-09
1821:TechCrunch
1696:2019-01-19
1493:Guy (1932)
1159:2016-04-08
1091:20 October
979:References
675:Pteryx UAV
608:Wikisource
538:The Matrix
531:in movies
474:filmmaking
406:orthoimage
368:symmetries
358:algorithms
334:See also:
279:fix points
275:scale bars
47:footnoting
2462:Astronomy
2426:Geodynamo
2399:phenomena
2397:Physical
2358:Geomatics
2324:Subfields
2223:Antiquity
2079:Antiquity
1872:Antiquity
1803:1434-453X
1764:1988-8740
1740:(55): 1.
1619:0093-4690
956:Surveying
911:Periscope
665:airphotos
616:June 2019
604:Wikiquote
591:contains
510:tornadoes
55:June 2019
2515:Category
2303:Overview
2192:citation
2105:citation
1396:22574014
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