57:
case of molecules, the photoionization cross-section can be estimated by examination of Franck-Condon factors between a ground-state molecule and the target ion. This can be initialized by computing the vibrations of a molecule and associated cation (post ionization) using quantum chemical software e.g. QChem. For photon energies below the ionization threshold, the photoionization cross-section is near zero. But with the development of pulsed lasers it has become possible to create extremely intense, coherent light where multi-photon ionization may occur via sequences of excitations and relaxations. At even higher intensities (around
22:
1072:
1084:
147:
When either the laser intensity is further increased or a longer wavelength is applied as compared with the regime in which multi-photon ionization takes place, a quasi-stationary approach can be used and results in the distortion of the atomic potential in such a way that only a relatively low and
81:
Several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom. This probability decreases rapidly with the number of photons required, but the development of very intense, pulsed lasers still makes it possible. In the perturbative regime (below about
138:
which are separated by the photon energies, indicating that the emitted electron has more kinetic energy than in the normal (lowest possible number of photons) ionization case. The electrons released from the target will have approximately an integer number of photon-energies more kinetic energy.
56:
of the species – the probability of an ionization event conceptualized as a hypothetical cross-sectional area. This cross section depends on the energy of the photon (proportional to its wavenumber) and the species being considered i.e. it depends on the structure of the molecular species. In the
1345:
130:(ATI) is an extension of multi-photon ionization where even more photons are absorbed than actually would be necessary to ionize the atom. The excess energy gives the released electron higher
1382:
161:
903:
1399:
576:
52:
Not every interaction between a photon and an atom, or molecule, will result in photoionization. The probability of photoionization is related to the
222:
794:
727:
672:
641:
336:
636:
1440:
1009:
827:
689:
101:
1503:
1450:
958:
777:
252:
Delone, N. B.; Krainov, V. P. (1998). "Tunneling and barrier-suppression ionization of atoms and ions in a laser radiation field".
1122:
898:
700:
621:
601:
1362:
844:
822:
569:
1377:
910:
832:
544:
523:
498:
473:
1460:
1455:
767:
712:
662:
1533:
1518:
1387:
994:
746:
562:
334:
Deng, Z.; Eberly, J. H. (1985). "Multiphoton absorption above ionization threshold by atoms in strong laser fields".
318:
1435:
1414:
999:
817:
134:
than the usual case of just-above threshold ionization. More precisely, the system will have multiple peaks in its
1014:
984:
915:
849:
943:
734:
631:
1465:
1430:
1088:
741:
646:
53:
1528:
1498:
1357:
1330:
875:
722:
611:
371:
Protopapas, M; Keitel, C H; Knight, P L (1 April 1997). "Atomic physics with super-high intensity lasers".
1508:
1475:
1445:
1409:
1115:
1031:
870:
839:
772:
1554:
1394:
1282:
1021:
963:
812:
684:
302:
127:
1047:
1026:
667:
789:
1221:
920:
616:
420:
1523:
1372:
1108:
707:
135:
1586:
1483:
1352:
1160:
1076:
948:
679:
593:
1320:
1252:
1185:
429:
380:
345:
297:
Dichiara, A.; et al. (2005). "2005 Quantum
Electronics and Laser Science Conference".
263:
8:
1591:
1272:
1247:
1226:
1004:
717:
626:
433:
384:
349:
267:
1513:
1292:
1257:
1190:
1052:
989:
968:
784:
762:
695:
606:
396:
279:
153:
94:. For higher intensities, this dependence becomes invalid due to the then occurring AC
25:
Photoionization is the process that makes once-invisible filaments in deep space glow.
1561:
1493:
1488:
1315:
1287:
1180:
953:
880:
854:
540:
519:
494:
469:
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275:
232:
1277:
1155:
490:
437:
388:
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306:
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236:
227:
62:
486:
Vacuum
Ultraviolet Photoionization and Photodissociation of Molecules and Clusters
21:
1549:
1404:
1231:
1150:
534:
509:
484:
463:
254:
156:
or for larger distortions even overcome this barrier. These phenomena are called
442:
415:
515:
198:
131:
310:
1580:
1325:
231:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
121:
117:
240:
32:
is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a
1367:
1262:
1175:
1165:
585:
357:
105:
95:
1216:
149:
1340:
1206:
178:
173:
416:"Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms"
1211:
299:
Proceedings of the
Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
113:
41:
1335:
1100:
511:
Photoabsorption, photoionization, and photoelectron spectroscopy
1170:
554:
33:
82:
10 W/cm at optical frequencies), the probability of absorbing
16:
Ion formation via a photon interacting with a molecule or atom
1145:
1131:
461:
109:
37:
152:
and the continuum states remains. Then, the electron can
370:
462:Uwe Becker; David Allen Shirley (1 January 1996).
1578:
507:
532:
1116:
570:
251:
86:photons depends on the laser-light intensity
642:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
482:
337:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
1123:
1109:
637:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
577:
563:
333:
76:
1010:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
690:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
468:. Springer Science & Business Media.
441:
102:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
778:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
413:
296:
20:
1579:
104:(REMPI) is a technique applied to the
1104:
558:
199:"Hubble finds ghosts of quasars past"
1083:
142:
13:
536:Laser photoionization spectroscopy
465:VUV and Soft X-Ray Photoionization
454:
414:Agostini, P.; et al. (1979).
228:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
14:
1603:
1130:
995:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
747:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
1082:
1071:
1070:
1000:Dual-polarization interferometry
584:
47:
1015:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
990:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
985:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
276:10.1070/PU1998v041n05ABEH000393
61:of infrared or visible light),
944:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
632:Vibrational circular dichroism
407:
373:Reports on Progress in Physics
364:
327:
290:
245:
216:
191:
67:barrier suppression ionization
1:
742:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
647:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
184:
54:photoionization cross section
876:Inelastic neutron scattering
7:
937:Data collection, processing
813:Photoelectron/photoemission
443:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127
167:
162:over-the-barrier ionization
10:
1608:
1395:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
1283:Anomalous X-ray scattering
1022:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
964:Time-resolved spectroscopy
393:10.1088/0034-4885/60/4/001
303:Optical Society of America
128:Above-threshold ionization
122:excited intermediate state
1542:
1474:
1423:
1308:
1301:
1240:
1199:
1138:
1066:
1048:Astronomical spectroscopy
1040:
1027:Photothermal spectroscopy
977:
936:
929:
891:
863:
805:
755:
655:
592:
508:Joseph Berkowitz (1979).
311:10.1109/QELS.2005.1549346
148:narrow barrier between a
120:can be used to access an
1222:Synchrotron light source
203:ESA/Hubble Press Release
1241:Interaction with matter
1200:Sources and instruments
1032:Pump–probe spectroscopy
921:Ferromagnetic resonance
713:Laser-induced breakdown
533:V. S. Letokhov (1987).
421:Physical Review Letters
241:10.1351/goldbook.P04620
77:Multi-photon ionization
71:rescattering ionization
1373:Diffraction tomography
728:Glow-discharge optical
708:Raman optical activity
622:Rotational–vibrational
358:10.1364/JOSAB.2.000486
305:. pp. 1974–1976.
136:photoelectron spectrum
26:
1484:X-ray crystallography
1353:Soft x-ray microscopy
1321:Panoramic radiography
1161:Synchrotron radiation
949:Hyperspectral imaging
483:Cheuk-Yiu Ng (1991).
24:
1253:Photoelectric effect
1186:Characteristic X-ray
701:Coherent anti-Stokes
656:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
1273:Photodisintegration
1248:Rayleigh scattering
1227:Free-electron laser
1005:Hadron spectroscopy
795:Conversion electron
756:X-ray and Gamma ray
663:Ultraviolet–visible
434:1979PhRvL..42.1127A
385:1997RPPh...60..389P
350:1985JOSAB...2..486D
268:1998PhyU...41..469D
1514:X-ray reflectivity
1293:X-ray fluorescence
1258:Compton scattering
1191:High-energy X-rays
1053:Force spectroscopy
978:Measured phenomena
969:Video spectroscopy
673:Cold vapour atomic
539:. Academic Press.
65:phenomena such as
27:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1562:X-ray lithography
1494:Backscatter X-ray
1489:X-ray diffraction
1316:X-ray radiography
1288:X-ray diffraction
1181:Siegbahn notation
1098:
1097:
1062:
1061:
954:Spectrophotometry
881:Neutron spin echo
855:Beta spectroscopy
768:Energy-dispersive
546:978-0-12-444320-4
525:978-0-12-091650-4
500:978-981-02-0430-3
475:978-0-306-45038-9
428:(17): 1127–1130.
158:tunnel ionization
143:Tunnel ionization
1599:
1400:X-ray holography
1306:
1305:
1278:Radiation damage
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1073:
934:
933:
845:phenomenological
594:Vibrational (IR)
579:
572:
565:
556:
555:
550:
529:
504:
491:World Scientific
479:
448:
447:
445:
411:
405:
404:
368:
362:
361:
331:
325:
324:
294:
288:
287:
249:
243:
220:
214:
213:
211:
209:
195:
164:, respectively.
63:non-perturbative
60:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1550:X-ray astronomy
1538:
1470:
1419:
1405:X-ray telescope
1297:
1268:Photoionization
1236:
1232:X-ray nanoprobe
1195:
1151:Absorption edge
1139:Characteristics
1134:
1129:
1099:
1094:
1058:
1036:
973:
925:
887:
859:
801:
751:
651:
612:Resonance Raman
588:
583:
553:
547:
526:
501:
476:
457:
455:Further reading
452:
451:
412:
408:
369:
365:
332:
328:
321:
301:. Vol. 3.
295:
291:
255:Physics-Uspekhi
250:
246:
233:photoionization
221:
217:
207:
205:
197:
196:
192:
187:
170:
145:
79:
58:
50:
30:Photoionization
17:
12:
11:
5:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
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1557:
1546:
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1526:
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1471:
1469:
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1412:
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1402:
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1234:
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837:
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830:
828:Angle-resolved
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545:
530:
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516:Academic Press
505:
499:
480:
474:
458:
456:
453:
450:
449:
406:
379:(4): 389–486.
363:
326:
319:
289:
262:(5): 469–485.
244:
215:
189:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
176:
169:
166:
154:tunnel through
144:
141:
132:kinetic energy
78:
75:
73:are observed.
49:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1604:
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1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
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1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Tomosynthesis
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
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1307:
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1300:
1294:
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1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Moseley's law
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:X-ray science
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
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1107:
1106:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1079:
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1028:
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1016:
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988:
986:
983:
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719:
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702:
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698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
685:Near-infrared
683:
681:
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669:
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664:
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386:
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338:
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320:1-55752-796-2
316:
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129:
125:
123:
119:
118:tunable laser
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
74:
72:
68:
64:
55:
48:Cross section
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
1587:Spectroscopy
1424:Spectroscopy
1368:Ptychography
1302:Applications
1267:
1263:Auger effect
1166:Water window
1087:
1075:
1055:(a misnomer)
1041:Applications
959:Time-stretch
850:paramagnetic
668:Fluorescence
586:Spectroscopy
535:
510:
485:
464:
425:
419:
409:
376:
372:
366:
341:
335:
329:
298:
292:
259:
253:
247:
226:
218:
206:. Retrieved
202:
193:
146:
126:
106:spectroscopy
100:
96:Stark effect
91:
87:
83:
80:
70:
66:
59:10 – 10 W/cm
51:
29:
28:
18:
1217:Synchrotron
627:Vibrational
150:bound state
116:in which a
1592:Ionization
1581:Categories
1476:Scattering
1341:Helical CT
1207:X-ray tube
833:Two-photon
735:absorption
617:Rotational
344:(3): 491.
185:References
179:Radiolysis
174:Ion source
112:and small
911:Terahertz
892:Radiowave
790:Mössbauer
401:250856994
114:molecules
1212:Betatron
1077:Category
806:Electron
773:Emission
723:emission
680:Vibronic
284:94362581
208:23 April
168:See also
42:molecule
36:with an
1555:History
1309:Imaging
1089:Commons
916:ESR/EPR
864:Nucleon
692:(REMPI)
430:Bibcode
381:Bibcode
346:Bibcode
264:Bibcode
1543:Others
1504:GISAXS
1176:L-edge
1171:K-edge
930:Others
718:Atomic
543:
522:
497:
472:
399:
317:
282:
34:photon
1534:EDXRD
1456:XANES
1451:EXAFS
1441:ARPES
1388:3DXRD
1146:X-ray
871:Alpha
840:Auger
818:X-ray
785:Gamma
763:X-ray
696:Raman
607:Raman
602:FT-IR
397:S2CID
280:S2CID
223:IUPAC
110:atoms
1519:RIXS
1509:WAXS
1499:SAXS
1410:DFXM
1378:XDCT
1363:STXM
1358:XPCI
1346:XACT
541:ISBN
520:ISBN
495:ISBN
470:ISBN
315:ISBN
210:2015
160:and
69:and
38:atom
1524:XRS
1466:XFH
1461:EDS
1446:AES
1436:XPS
1431:XAS
1415:DXA
1383:DCT
1331:CDI
899:NMR
438:doi
389:doi
354:doi
307:doi
272:doi
237:doi
235:".
108:of
90:as
40:or
1583::
1529:XS
1336:CT
904:2D
823:UV
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514:.
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426:42
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225:,
201:.
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98:.
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1124:e
1117:t
1110:v
578:e
571:t
564:v
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342:2
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92:I
88:I
84:N
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