209:. This is important in regards to plant flowering. Experiments by Halliday et al. showed that manipulations of the red-to far-red ratio in Arabidopsis can alter flowering. They discovered that plants tend to flower later when exposed to more red light, proving that red light is inhibitory to flowering. Other experiments have proven this by exposing plants to extra red-light in the middle of the night. A short-day plant will not flower if light is turned on for a few minutes in the middle of the night and a long-day plant can flower if exposed to more red-light in the middle of the night.
108:
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androgen levels drop dramatically, resulting in decreased singing frequency. Not only is singing frequency dependent on the photoperiod but the song repertoire is also. The long photoperiod of spring results in a greater song repertoire. Autumn's shorter photoperiod results in a reduction in song repertoire. These behavioral photoperiod changes in male canaries are caused by changes in the song center of the brain. As the photoperiod increases, the
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36:
81:
defines the length of the light, for example a summer day the length of light could be 16 hours while the dark is 8 hours, whereas a winter day the length of day could be 8 hours, whereas the dark is 16 hours. Importantly, the seasons are different in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere.
547:
Many mammals, particularly those inhabiting temperate and polar regions, exhibit a remarkable degree of seasonality in response to changes in daylight hours(photoperiod). This seasonality manifests in a broad spectrum of behaviors and physiology, including hibernation, seasonal migrations, and coat
503:
depends on the photoperiod. In the spring, when the photoperiod increases (more daylight), the male canary's testes grow. As the testes grow, more androgens are secreted and song frequency increases. During autumn, when the photoperiod decreases (less daylight), the male canary's testes regress and
80:
is the change of day length around the seasons. The rotation of the earth around its axis produces 24 hour changes in light (day) and dark (night) cycles on earth. The length of the light and dark in each phase varies across the seasons due to the tilt of the earth around its axis. The photoperiod
335:
Short-day (also called long-night) plants flower when the night lengths exceed their critical photoperiod. They cannot flower under short nights or if a pulse of artificial light is shone on the plant for several minutes during the night; they require a continuous period of darkness before floral
236:
Long-day plants flower when the night length falls below their critical photoperiod. These plants typically flower during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year (summer solstice) is on or about 21 June. After that date, days
212:
Cryptochromes are another type of photoreceptor that is important in photoperiodism. Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light. It has been found that both cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can
127:
even though night is the critical factor because of the initial misunderstanding about daylight being the controlling factor. Along with long-day plants and short-day plants, there are plants that fall into a "dual-day length category". These plants are either long-short-day plants (LSDP) or
118:
In 1920, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard published their discoveries on photoperiodism and felt it was the length of daylight that was critical, but it was later discovered that the length of the night was the controlling factor. Photoperiodic flowering plants are classified as
98:
In animals photoperiodism (sometimes called seasonality) is the suite of physiological changes that occur in response to changes in day length. This allows animals to respond to a temporally changing environment associated with changing seasons as the earth orbits the sun.
482:, for instance, photoperiod conditions during nymphal development have been shown to trigger seasonal changes in wing frequency and also induce diapause, although the threshold critical day lengths for the determination of both traits diverged by about an hour. In
95:. Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. They are classified under three groups according to the photoperiods: short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants.
454:
Daylength, and thus knowledge of the season of the year, is vital to many animals. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Together with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in the color of fur and feathers,
548:
color changes. A prime example of the adaptation to photoperiods is the seasonal coat color (SCC) species. These animals undergo molting, transforming from dark summer fur to white coat in winter, that provides crucial camouflage in snowy environments.
339:
Short-day plants flower as days grow shorter (and nights grow longer) after 21 June in the northern hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of the dark period required to induce flowering differs among species and varieties of a species.
128:
short-long-day plants (SLDP). LSDPs flower after a series of long days followed by short days whereas SLDPs flower after a series of short days followed by long days. Each plant has a different length critical photoperiod, or critical night length.
220:
that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, photoperiodism in plants includes the growth of stems or roots during certain seasons and the loss of leaves. Artificial lighting can be used to induce extra-long days.
474:, sensitivity to photoperiod has been proven to be initiated by photoreceptors located in the brain. Photoperiod can affect insects at different life stages, serving as an environmental cue for physiological processes such as
111:
Pr converts to Pfr during the day time and Pfr slowly reverts to Pr during the night time. When nights are short, an excess amount of Pfr remains in the day time and during long nights, most of the Pfr is reverted to
442:) do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism. Instead, they may initiate flowering after attaining a certain overall developmental stage or age, or in response to alternative environmental stimuli, such as
544:. This hormonal signal, combined with outputs from the SCN inform the rest of the body about the time of day, and the length of time that melatonin is secreted is how the time of year is perceived.
564:
varies throughout the year, and the peak month of births appears to vary by latitude. Seasonality in human birth rate appears to have largely decreased since the industrial revolution.
1445:
Harada T, Numata H (1993). "Two
Critical Day Lengths for the Determination of Wing Forms and the Induction of Adult Diapause in the Water Strider, Aquarius paludum".
216:
Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during the daytime, with the rhythms of the
57:
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development can begin. Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is not of sufficient brightness or duration to interrupt flowering.
1782:
Ivonne Balzer, RĂĽdiger
Hardeland ,Photoperiodism and Effects of Indoleamines in a Unicellular Alga, Gonyaulax polyedra.Science253,795-797(1991).
1840:
44:
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Suzuki, L., Johnson, C. Photoperiodic control of germination in the unicell
Chlamydomonas. Naturwissenschaften 89, 214–220 (2002).
1554:"Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world?"
1552:
Zimova, Marketa; Hackländer, Klaus; Good, Jeffrey M.; Melo-Ferreira, José; Alves, Paulo Célio; Mills, L. Scott (August 2018).
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change depending on day-length. This shows how important both of the photoreceptors are in regards to determining day-length.
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151:, to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. In a further subdivision,
177:) which then stimulates various processes such as germination, flowering or branching. In comparison, plants receive more
241:). This situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere (i.e., longest day is 21 December and shortest day is 21 June).
1326:
Claret J (1966). "Recherche du centre photorecepteur lors de l'induction de la diapause chez Pieris brassicae L.".
343:
Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds.
1833:
1114:"Analysis of PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY5 sheds light on the role of phytochromes in photoperiodic flowering in rice"
1629:...we have the evolutionary baggage of showing seasonality but we're not entirely sure what the mechanism is.
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1757:
Tan Y, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Photoperiodism in
Neurospora crassa. J Biol Rhythms. 2004 Apr;19(2):135-43.
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17:
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1826:
1490:"Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signalling"
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Photoperiodism has also been demonstrated in other organisms besides plants and animals. The fungus
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2019:
2004:
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is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period. It occurs in
49:
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by a process known as dark reversion, where long periods of darkness trigger the conversion of P
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only during the hours of darkness, influenced by the light input through the RHT and by innate
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photoperiodic plants absolutely require a long or short enough night before flowering, whereas
1703:
1646:"Human birth seasonality: latitudinal gradient and interplay with childhood disease dynamics"
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248:
140:
136:
1347:"In vitro reprogramming of the photoperiodic clock in an insect brain-retrocerebral complex"
1940:
1454:
1358:
1282:. Little Rock, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. pp. 5–7
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557:
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8:
1644:
Martinez-Bakker, Micaela; Bakker, Kevin M.; King, Aaron A.; Rohani, Pejman (2014-05-22).
512:(RA) increase in size. When the photoperiod decreases, these areas of the brain regress.
488:, another water strider species, photoperiod has also been shown to be the cause of wing
1553:
1458:
1362:
1070:
720:"Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development"
496:
in response to photoperiod has evolved even between relatively closely related species.
173:. Red light (which is present during the day) converts phytochrome to its active form (P
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Hamner KC (1940). "Interrelation of light and darkness in photoperiodic induction".
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The view has been expressed that humans' seasonality is largely believed to be
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1978:
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Mockler T, Yang H, Yu X, Parikh D, Cheng YC, Dolan S, Lin C (February 2003).
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492:, although the specific daylengths changed between species, suggesting that
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conversion allows the plant to sense when it is night and when it is day. P
1920:
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665:(3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 422–27.
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1704:"Photoperiodism in Humans and Other Primates: Evidence and Implications"
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528:, which are not involved in vision. The information travels through the
27:
Responses of organisms to the relative lengths of light and dark periods
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1935:
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Bowen MF, Saunders DS, Bollenbacher WE, Gilbert LI (September 1984).
1055:"Regulation of photoperiodic flowering by Arabidopsis photoreceptors"
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induction and termination, and seasonal morphs. In the water strider
360:
838:"The phytochromes, a family of red/far-red absorbing photoreceptors"
159:
photoperiodic plants are more likely to flower under one condition.
1983:
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697:(2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. pp. 148–51.
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Epigenetics of plant growth and development § Photoperiodism
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grow shorter (i.e. nights grow longer) until 21 December (the
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88:
1303:
Genetic
Analysis: Genes, Genomes, and Networks in Eukaryotes
1112:
Andrés F, Galbraith DW, Talón M, Domingo C (October 2009).
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380:
1165:. Vol. 4 (13th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 517.
283:
268:
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1305:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 373.
1268:
1160:
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1802:
Plant Growth & Development, A Molecular
Approach
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have been shown to display photoperiodic responses.
1052:
1702:
1541:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. p. 189.
879:"Light perception and signalling by phytochrome A"
876:
181:in the shade, and this converts phytochrome from P
930:"Photoreceptors and regulation of flowering time"
2032:
1808:
1639:
1637:
1608:
663:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
1834:
1161:Starr C, Taggart R, Evers C, Starr L (2013).
829:
811:Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller I, Murphy A (2015).
1634:
1444:
1279:Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - MP197
970:
877:Casal JJ, Candia AN, Sellaro R (June 2014).
717:
1539:An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
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520:In mammals, daylength is registered in the
499:The singing frequency of birds such as the
1841:
1827:
1269:Purcell LC, Salmeron M, Ashlock L (2014).
835:
189:, inhibiting germination. This system of P
1804:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 495.
1772:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0302-6
1677:
1577:
1513:
1421:
1406:"Insect photoperiodism: seeing the light"
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1328:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
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1759:https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730404263015
1609:Foster R, Williams R (5 December 2009).
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
1784:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1876838
1300:
1217:(9 ed.). BSCS. 2002. p. 519.
1001:
981:. Scientific American. pp. 17–18.
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346:Some short-day facultative plants are:
14:
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1244:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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526:retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells
279:Some long-day facultative plants are:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
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508:(HVC) and the robust nucleus of the
29:
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842:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
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532:(RHT). In most species the hormone
467:, and even the resizing of organs.
323:
244:Some long-day obligate plants are:
24:
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1494:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1423:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2012.00837.x
813:Plant Physiology and Development
34:
1813:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
1809:Thomas B, Vince-Prue D (1997).
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1701:Wehr, Thomas A. (August 2001).
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1611:"Extra-retinal photo receptors"
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580:and the unicellular green alga
446:(a period of low temperature).
201:can also be converted back to P
48:may be too short to adequately
921:
883:Journal of Experimental Botany
870:
576:as well as the dinoflagellate
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
1709:Journal of Biological Rhythms
634:
1163:Plant Structure and Function
718:Hamner KC, Bonner J (1938).
524:(SCN), which is informed by
426:Day-neutral plants, such as
7:
836:Fankhauser C (April 2001).
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10:
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1721:10.1177/074873001129002060
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1992:
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582:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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102:
1811:Photoperiodism in plants
1410:Physiological Entomology
530:retinohypothalamic tract
2005:Diel vertical migration
1372:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5881
1080:10.1073/pnas.0437826100
1021:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220
522:suprachiasmatic nucleus
185:to its inactive form, P
1662:10.1098/rspb.2013.2438
1506:10.1098/rspb.2021.2764
1002:Lin C, Todo T (2005).
855:10.1074/jbc.R100006200
578:Lingulodinium polyedra
440:autoflowering cannabis
332:
233:
113:
1191:The Natural Navigator
1130:10.1104/pp.109.139097
494:phenotypic plasticity
331:
232:
165:comes in two forms: P
141:photoreceptor protein
110:
1620:. ABC Radio National
1404:Saunders DS (2012).
977:Chamovitz D (2013).
695:Botany for Gardeners
558:evolutionary baggage
135:(angiosperms) use a
2066:Biology terminology
1974:Behavioural ecology
1459:1993NW.....80..430H
1447:Naturwissenschaften
1363:1984PNAS...81.5881B
1071:2003PNAS..100.2140M
1004:"The cryptochromes"
946:10.1104/pp.123.1.39
848:(15): 11453–11456.
661:Mauseth JD (2003).
536:is produced by the
355:Hibiscus cannabinus
1850:Biological rhythms
1800:Fosket DE (1994).
1656:(1783): 20132438.
1558:Biological Reviews
1537:Nelson RJ (2005).
1500:(1973): 20212764.
1467:10.1007/BF01168342
1301:Meneely P (2014).
979:What A Plant Knows
928:Lin C (May 2000).
896:10.1093/jxb/ert379
422:Day-neutral plants
333:
234:
114:
2046:Animal physiology
2028:
2027:
1570:10.1111/brv.12405
1312:978-0-19-968126-6
1255:978-0-521-42524-7
1238:Jones HG (1992).
1224:978-0-7872-9008-5
1200:978-0-7535-2311-7
1172:978-1-111-58068-1
988:978-0-374-28873-0
889:(11): 2835–2845.
822:978-1-60535-353-1
770:Botanical Gazette
727:Botanical Gazette
704:978-0-88192-655-2
672:978-0-7637-2134-3
574:Neurospora crassa
542:circadian rhythms
506:high vocal center
438:, and Ruderalis (
317:Triticum aestivum
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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2061:Circadian rhythm
2056:Plant physiology
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1874:Ultradian rhythm
1869:Infradian rhythm
1864:Circadian rhythm
1857:Internal rhythms
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1761:. PMID 15038853.
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619:Seasonal Breeder
604:Circadian rhythm
480:Aquarius paludum
465:sexual behaviour
324:Short-day plants
137:circadian rhythm
133:flowering plants
125:short-day plants
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2010:Light pollution
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1953:Photoperiodism
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1750:
1715:(4): 348–364.
1693:
1633:
1601:
1544:
1529:
1480:
1453:(9): 430–432.
1437:
1416:(3): 207–218.
1396:
1357:(18): 5881–4.
1337:
1318:
1311:
1293:
1261:
1254:
1230:
1223:
1206:
1199:
1189:(2010-03-30).
1178:
1171:
1153:
1124:(2): 681–690.
1104:
1045:
1008:Genome Biology
994:
987:
969:
920:
869:
828:
821:
803:
782:10.1086/334903
760:
739:10.1086/334793
733:(2): 388–431.
710:
703:
678:
671:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
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378:
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325:
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321:
320:
310:
307:Lactuca sativa
300:
290:
288:Pisum sativum)
277:
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266:
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226:
223:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
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174:
170:
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139:together with
104:
101:
85:Photoperiodism
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
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2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Chronobiology
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:Vernalization
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Cathemerality
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:Diurnal cycle
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:Annual rhythm
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
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1832:
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1825:
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1798:
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1785:
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1760:
1754:
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1507:
1503:
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1484:
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1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
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1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
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1314:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1281:
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1272:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
984:
980:
973:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
916:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
824:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:(3): 658–87.
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
714:
706:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
683:
674:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
651:
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645:
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630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:Chronobiology
592:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
510:archistriatum
507:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:
485:Gerris buenoi
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
459:, entry into
458:
447:
445:
444:vernalisation
441:
437:
433:
429:
416:
412:
409:
406:
405:Vigna radiata
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
341:
337:
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318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
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291:
289:
285:
282:
281:
280:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
231:
222:
219:
214:
210:
180:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
126:
122:
116:
109:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1952:
1921:Nocturnality
1879:Lunar rhythm
1810:
1801:
1778:
1766:
1753:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1653:
1649:
1628:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:Science Show
1617:
1604:
1579:10216/118423
1561:
1557:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1302:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1278:
1264:
1240:
1233:
1215:BSCS Biology
1214:
1209:
1190:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1011:
1007:
997:
978:
972:
940:(1): 39–50.
937:
933:
923:
886:
882:
872:
845:
841:
831:
812:
806:
773:
769:
763:
730:
726:
713:
694:
662:
624:Scotobiology
614:Photobiology
571:
555:
546:
538:pineal gland
519:
498:
483:
479:
469:
453:
425:
414:
404:
403:(Mung bean,
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
345:
342:
338:
334:
316:
306:
296:
287:
278:
272:
262:
252:
243:
235:
215:
211:
161:
156:
152:
149:cryptochrome
130:
124:
120:
117:
115:
97:
84:
83:
77:
76:
66:October 2023
63:
47:
45:lead section
1948:Seasonality
1931:Crepuscular
1614:(Interview)
1286:21 February
1271:"Chapter 2"
490:polyphenism
461:hibernation
415:Glycine max
163:Phytochrome
157:facultative
145:phytochrome
78:Photoperiod
18:Photoperiod
2035:Categories
2000:Chronotype
1941:Vespertine
1909:Diurnality
1624:2010-05-28
1334:: 553–556.
1014:(5): 220.
906:11336/4338
635:References
562:birth rate
401:Green gram
263:Hyoscyamus
143:, such as
1936:Matutinal
1729:0748-7304
1670:0962-8452
1588:1464-7931
560:.. Human
534:melatonin
457:migration
428:cucumbers
375:Gossypium
361:Marijuana
249:Carnation
50:summarize
1993:See also
1984:Ethology
1745:25886221
1737:11506380
1688:24695423
1596:29504224
1524:35473377
1475:39616943
1432:85249708
1187:Gooley T
1148:19675157
1099:12578985
1040:15892880
964:10806223
915:24220656
864:11279228
798:83682483
755:84084837
609:Florigen
588:See also
476:diapause
436:tomatoes
411:Soybeans
365:Cannabis
253:Dianthus
153:obligate
2041:Zoology
1679:3996592
1515:9043737
1455:Bibcode
1391:6592591
1359:Bibcode
1139:2754645
1067:Bibcode
1031:1175950
955:1539253
790:2472399
747:2471641
516:Mammals
472:insects
450:Animals
391:Sorghum
303:Lettuce
259:Henbane
179:far-red
93:animals
2051:Botany
1967:Fields
1743:
1735:
1727:
1686:
1676:
1668:
1594:
1586:
1522:
1512:
1473:
1430:
1389:
1382:391816
1379:
1309:
1252:
1221:
1197:
1169:
1146:
1136:
1097:
1090:149972
1087:
1038:
1028:
985:
962:
952:
913:
862:
819:
796:
788:
753:
745:
701:
669:
552:Humans
501:canary
371:Cotton
293:Barley
103:Plants
89:plants
1741:S2CID
1471:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
794:S2CID
786:JSTOR
751:S2CID
743:JSTOR
723:(PDF)
432:roses
385:Oryza
351:Kenaf
313:Wheat
273:Avena
169:and P
131:Many
1733:PMID
1725:ISSN
1684:PMID
1666:ISSN
1592:PMID
1584:ISSN
1520:PMID
1387:PMID
1307:ISBN
1288:2016
1250:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1144:PMID
1095:PMID
1036:PMID
983:ISBN
960:PMID
911:PMID
860:PMID
817:ISBN
699:ISBN
667:ISBN
381:Rice
193:to P
91:and
1717:doi
1674:PMC
1658:doi
1654:281
1574:hdl
1566:doi
1510:PMC
1502:doi
1498:289
1463:doi
1418:doi
1377:PMC
1367:doi
1332:262
1246:225
1134:PMC
1126:doi
1122:151
1085:PMC
1075:doi
1063:100
1026:PMC
1016:doi
950:PMC
942:doi
938:123
901:hdl
891:doi
850:doi
846:276
778:doi
774:101
735:doi
731:100
470:In
284:Pea
269:Oat
147:or
123:or
112:Pr.
2037::
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