354:
366:
29:
308:
response to light color. In green light the distal portions of the rods are made of red colored phycoerythrin, which absorbs green light better. In red light, this is replaced by blue colored phycocyanin, which absorbs red light better. This reversible process is known as complementary chromatic adaptation. It is the component of photosynthetic system of cyanobacteria, as a particle with which various structures are linked (i.e. thylakoid membrane, etc.).
307:
The phycobiliproteins themselves show little sequence evolution due to their highly constrained function (absorption and transfer of specific wavelengths). In some species of cyanobacteria, when both phycocyanin and phycoerythrin is present, the phycobilisome can undergo significant restructuring as
303:
There are many variations to the general phycobilisome structure. Their shape can be hemidiscoidal (in cyanobacteria) or hemiellipsoidal (in red algae). Species lacking phycoerythrin have at least two disks of phycocyanin per rod, which is sufficient for maximum photosynthesis.
283:
of the photosystem II. In this way, the cells take advantage of the available wavelengths of light (in the 500–650 nm range), which are inaccessible to chlorophyll, and utilize their energy for photosynthesis. This is particularly advantageous deeper in the
275:
Each phycobiliprotein has a specific absorption and fluorescence emission maximum in the visible range of light. Therefore, their presence and the particular arrangement within the phycobilisomes allow absorption and unidirectional transfer of light energy to
724:
692:
320:
353:
365:
128:
755:
610:"Phycobilisome-Deficient Strains of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Have Reduced Size and Require Carbon-Limiting Conditions to Exhibit Enhanced Productivity"
264:
703:
657:
Zoha SJ, Ramnarain S, Morseman JP, Moss MW, Allnutt FT, Rogers YH, Harvey B (1999). "PBXL Fluorescent Dyes for
Ultrasensitive Direct Detection".
1044:
317:
863:
347:, providing a larger signal per binding event. This property allows the detection of low-level target molecules or rare events.
76:
291:
The geometrical arrangement of a phycobilisome is very elegant in an antenna-like assembly. It results in 95% efficiency of
148:
343:, allowing them to be used in many of the same applications. They can also be up to 200 times brighter and with a larger
292:
2241:
2120:
1037:
725:"Cyanobacterial stabilized phycobilisomes as fluorochromes for extracellular antigen detection by flow cytometry"
288:, where light with longer wavelengths is less transmitted and therefore less available directly to chlorophyll.
136:
1145:
856:
1030:
941:
2141:
132:
2015:
485:
Stadnichuk IN, Kusnetsov VV (2021). "Endosymbiotic Origin of
Chloroplasts in Plant Cells' Evolution".
932:
89:
693:"MicroPlate Detection comparison between SureLight®P-3L, other fluorophores and enzymatic detection"
1739:
830:
164:
2236:
1979:
849:
2176:
2115:
2054:
1768:
945:
927:
2231:
2226:
2136:
2127:
1713:
981:
936:
435:"Structural organization of an intact phycobilisome and its association with photosystem II"
785:"Structural insight into the mechanism of energy transfer in cyanobacterial phycobilisomes"
267:. The spectral properties of a given phycobilin are influenced by its protein environment.
115:
1839:
826:
223:, and their associated linker polypeptides. Each phycobilisome consists of a core made of
8:
2246:
2064:
392:"Core and rod structures of a thermophilic cyanobacterial light-harvesting phycobilisome"
582:
1313:
1022:
811:
784:
674:
634:
609:
546:
521:
502:
459:
434:
418:
391:
236:
743:
522:"The phycobilisomes: an early requisite for efficient photosynthesis in cyanobacteria"
2110:
2069:
1422:
1135:
986:
747:
639:
605:
586:
551:
506:
464:
256:
123:
81:
678:
390:
Kawakami K, Hamaguchi T, Hirose Y, Kosumi D, Miyata M, Kamiya N, Yonekura K (2022).
371:
Phycobilisome versus cyanine dye detection capabilities in
Western blot application.
57:
2084:
1928:
1875:
1827:
1786:
1751:
1744:
1681:
1558:
1484:
1001:
919:
806:
796:
739:
666:
629:
621:
578:
541:
533:
494:
454:
446:
413:
403:
332:
240:
220:
111:
1113:
841:
1860:
1092:
996:
324:
252:
224:
69:
2044:
1885:
1795:
1781:
1582:
1438:
1386:
1243:
1162:
881:
801:
408:
328:
168:
836:
670:
498:
2220:
1974:
1946:
1850:
1823:
1820:
1754:
1172:
966:
889:
873:
260:
232:
176:
172:
2161:
2131:
1991:
1642:
1494:
1489:
1391:
1327:
1196:
1191:
1057:
1053:
904:
894:
751:
643:
555:
537:
468:
344:
285:
244:
208:
188:
625:
590:
359:
Excitation and emission spectra of a phycobilisome from a blue-green alga.
339:. Some phycobilisomes have an absorption and emission profile similar to
239:. The spectral property of phycobiliproteins are mainly dictated by their
85:
28:
2191:
2166:
2154:
1969:
1923:
1724:
1691:
1671:
1592:
1505:
1376:
1344:
1282:
1272:
1207:
1182:
1130:
899:
336:
277:
228:
216:
192:
180:
2205:
2200:
2181:
2171:
2149:
1805:
1729:
1549:
1520:
1448:
1427:
1298:
1186:
1140:
1082:
976:
971:
450:
248:
783:
Zheng L, Zheng Z, Li X, Wang G, Zhang K, Wei P, Zhao J, Gao N (2021).
227:, from which several outwardly oriented rods made of stacked disks of
2186:
2059:
2049:
1913:
1895:
1870:
1800:
1652:
1632:
1618:
1597:
1525:
1405:
1308:
1287:
1233:
1125:
1104:
212:
184:
2079:
2074:
1986:
1951:
1880:
1865:
1855:
1734:
1657:
1608:
1572:
1539:
1453:
1365:
1262:
1217:
1097:
1077:
1011:
961:
64:
1996:
1515:
1469:
1108:
1061:
16:
Light-energy harvesting structure in cyanobacteria and red algae
1918:
1776:
1479:
1355:
1087:
991:
909:
196:
143:
191:. They were lost during the evolution of the chloroplasts of
1890:
1458:
1120:
569:
Glazer AN (June 1985). "Light harvesting by phycobilisomes".
433:
Chang L, Liu X, Li Y, Liu CC, Yang F, Zhao J, Sui SF (2015).
389:
723:
Telford WG, Moss MW, Morseman JP, Allnutt FC (August 2001).
603:
105:
52:
722:
519:
656:
340:
1052:
571:
Annual Review of
Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry
597:
520:
Singh NK, Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Madamwar D (2015).
871:
484:
33:The layout of protein subunits in a phycobilisome.
1679:
167:that transmit the energy of harvested photons to
2218:
782:
480:
478:
207:Phycobilisomes are protein complexes (up to 600
604:Lea-Smith DJ, Bombelli P, Dennis JS, Scott SA,
718:
716:
1640:
1038:
857:
837:Columbia Biosciences - Phycobilisome Resource
475:
432:
702:. Columbia Biosciences. 2010. Archived from
713:
1045:
1031:
864:
850:
562:
298:
27:
1547:
829:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
810:
800:
633:
545:
458:
417:
407:
2219:
568:
215:membranes. They are made of stacks of
1026:
845:
202:
583:10.1146/annurev.bb.14.060185.000403
487:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
13:
776:
14:
2258:
820:
732:Journal of Immunological Methods
364:
352:
311:
1792:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
685:
650:
513:
426:
383:
316:Phycobilisomes can be used in
1:
1762:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
744:10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00367-2
376:
100:Available protein structures:
7:
942:Peripheral membrane protein
270:
10:
2263:
933:Integral membrane proteins
802:10.1038/s41467-021-25813-y
409:10.1038/s41467-022-30962-9
2101:
2035:
1960:
1937:
1904:
1837:
1711:
1704:
1670:
1631:
1606:
1580:
1571:
1538:
1503:
1467:
1436:
1413:
1404:
1374:
1353:
1335:
1326:
1296:
1270:
1261:
1231:
1205:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1068:
954:
918:
880:
499:10.1134/S1021443721010179
165:light-harvesting antennae
142:
122:
104:
99:
95:
75:
63:
51:
43:
38:
26:
21:
2242:Prokaryotic cell anatomy
1083:Mastigophora/Flagellates
831:Medical Subject Headings
2121:Baas-Becking hypothesis
977:Lipid raft/microdomains
671:10.1023/A:1022503600141
659:Journal of Fluorescence
608:, Howe CJ (June 2014).
299:Evolution and diversity
2116:Microbial biogeography
982:Membrane contact sites
946:Lipid-anchored protein
928:Membrane glycoproteins
538:10.17179/excli2014-723
1136:Fungus-like organisms
937:transmembrane protein
789:Nature Communications
626:10.1104/pp.114.237206
396:Nature Communications
22:Phycobilisome protein
1851:Simple cell membrane
1787:Pseudoparenchymatous
1775:Filamentous/trichal/
1759:Colonial flagellated
1692:Collar of microvilli
962:Caveolae/Coated pits
700:Technical Bulletin 3
2065:Contractile vacuole
2016:Meiosis in protists
1997:Mitosis in protists
1975:Multinucleate cells
1197:Flagellar apparatus
1146:Ambiregnal protists
1088:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
318:prompt fluorescence
243:, which are linear
1896:Periplast/pellicle
1619:Periplast/pellicle
1559:Cruciform division
987:Membrane nanotubes
872:Structures of the
451:10.1038/cr.2015.59
323:2018-03-18 at the
237:phycoerythrocyanin
2214:
2213:
2111:Microbial ecology
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2070:Eyespot apparatus
1700:
1699:
1682:Choanoflagellates
1666:
1665:
1627:
1626:
1567:
1566:
1534:
1533:
1400:
1399:
1322:
1321:
1257:
1256:
1020:
1019:
920:Membrane proteins
709:on 18 March 2018.
257:phycoerythrobilin
241:prosthetic groups
231:and (if present)
221:phycobiliproteins
203:General structure
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:structure summary
2254:
2085:Mastigont system
2038:
1963:
1940:
1929:Gliding motility
1907:
1844:
1789:/plektenchymatic
1745:Amoeboflagellate
1718:
1709:
1708:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1612:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1509:
1473:
1442:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1380:
1359:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1302:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1237:
1211:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1002:Nuclear envelope
997:Nodes of Ranvier
866:
859:
852:
843:
842:
816:
815:. Art. No. 5497.
814:
804:
770:
769:
767:
766:
760:
754:. Archived from
729:
720:
711:
710:
708:
697:
689:
683:
682:
654:
648:
647:
637:
614:Plant Physiology
601:
595:
594:
566:
560:
559:
549:
517:
511:
510:
482:
473:
472:
462:
430:
424:
423:
422:. Art. No. 3389.
421:
411:
387:
368:
356:
333:Western blotting
217:chromophorylated
97:
96:
31:
19:
18:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2103:
2089:
2036:
2031:
1961:
1956:
1938:
1933:
1905:
1900:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1715:
1712:
1696:
1680:
1662:
1641:
1623:
1607:
1602:
1581:
1563:
1548:
1530:
1504:
1499:
1468:
1463:
1439:Dinoflagellates
1437:
1432:
1414:
1396:
1375:
1370:
1354:
1349:
1336:
1318:
1297:
1292:
1271:
1253:
1232:
1227:
1206:
1201:
1171:
1150:
1071:classifications
1070:
1064:
1051:
1021:
1016:
950:
914:
882:Membrane lipids
876:
870:
823:
779:
777:Further reading
774:
773:
764:
762:
758:
727:
721:
714:
706:
695:
691:
690:
686:
655:
651:
602:
598:
567:
563:
518:
514:
483:
476:
431:
427:
388:
384:
379:
372:
369:
360:
357:
325:Wayback Machine
314:
301:
293:energy transfer
273:
265:phycobiliviolin
253:phycocyanobilin
225:allophycocyanin
205:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Photosynthesis
2234:
2229:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:Siphonocladous
1811:
1803:
1796:Multinucleated
1793:
1790:
1784:
1782:Parenchymatous
1779:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:Kinetoplastids
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1249:Phycobilisomes
1246:
1244:Pit connection
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1223:Phycobilisomes
1220:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1178:
1176:
1173:Chloroplastida
1165:
1163:Archaeplastida
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:Phycobilisomes
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Cell junctions
964:
958:
956:
952:
951:
949:
948:
939:
930:
924:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
878:
877:
869:
868:
861:
854:
846:
840:
839:
834:
827:Phycobilisomes
822:
821:External links
819:
818:
817:
778:
775:
772:
771:
738:(1–2): 13–30.
712:
684:
665:(3): 197–208.
649:
620:(2): 705–714.
596:
561:
512:
474:
445:(6): 726–737.
425:
381:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
363:
361:
358:
351:
329:flow cytometry
313:
310:
300:
297:
272:
269:
219:proteins, the
211:) anchored to
204:
201:
169:photosystem II
161:Phycobilisomes
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
126:
120:
119:
109:
102:
101:
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Fertilization
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:Pleuromitosis
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Hydrogenosome
1945:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:Multicellular
1819:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:Dictyostelids
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:Apicomplexans
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Stramenopiles
1325:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Myelin sheath
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
953:
947:
943:
940:
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
906:
905:Sphingolipids
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Phospholipids
893:
891:
890:Lipid bilayer
888:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:cell membrane
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
847:
844:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
824:
813:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
780:
761:on 2018-03-18
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
719:
717:
705:
701:
694:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
557:
553:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:EXCLI Journal
523:
516:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Cell Research
436:
429:
420:
415:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
382:
367:
362:
355:
350:
349:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
309:
305:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
279:
268:
266:
262:
261:phycourobilin
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:tetrapyrroles
242:
238:
234:
233:phycoerythrin
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:cyanobacteria
174:
173:photosystem I
170:
166:
162:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
47:Phycobilisome
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2232:Bacteriology
2227:Cell anatomy
2162:Heterotrophy
2132:Reproduction
2007:Orthomitosis
1992:Heterokaryon
1939:Mitochondria
1840:Cell surface
1716:organization
1672:Opisthokonta
1495:Micronucleus
1490:Macronucleus
1392:Pneumatocyst
1248:
1222:
1208:Glaucophytes
1192:Phragmoplast
1131:Thallophytes
1058:Protistology
1054:Microbiology
1006:
900:Lipoproteins
792:
788:
763:. Retrieved
756:the original
735:
731:
704:the original
699:
687:
662:
658:
652:
617:
613:
599:
574:
570:
564:
529:
525:
515:
490:
486:
442:
438:
428:
399:
395:
385:
345:Stokes shift
335:and protein
315:
312:Applications
306:
302:
290:
286:water column
280:
274:
209:polypeptides
206:
189:glaucophytes
181:chloroplasts
160:
159:
2192:Necrotrophy
2177:Saprotrophy
2167:Phagotrophy
2155:Phototrophy
2148:Nutrition:
2137:Life cycles
2128:Development
2102:Ecology and
1970:Nucleomorph
1924:Pseudopodia
1725:Unicellular
1609:Euglenoidea
1593:Kinetoplast
1377:Brown algae
1345:Mastigoneme
1283:Mastigoneme
1273:Cryptophyta
1183:green algae
1141:Slime molds
493:(1): 1–16.
337:microarrays
278:chlorophyll
249:phycobilins
229:phycocyanin
193:green algae
179:and in the
39:Identifiers
2247:Organelles
2221:Categories
2206:Auxotrophy
2201:Mixotrophy
2182:Parasitism
2172:Osmotrophy
2150:Autotrophy
2104:physiology
1980:Plasmodium
1906:Locomotion
1842:structures
1806:Coenocytic
1550:Phytomyxea
1521:Apicoplast
1449:Dinokaryon
1428:Trichocyst
1299:Haptophyte
1187:Phycoplast
1155:Morphology
1126:Cryptogams
972:Glycocalyx
765:2014-06-07
532:: 268–89.
377:References
251:including
112:structures
2187:Biotrophy
2060:Extrusome
2050:Cytostome
1914:Flagellum
1871:Cell wall
1830:/histonal
1810:Siphonous
1801:Syncytial
1769:Coenobial
1765:Sarcinoid
1714:Levels of
1653:Macrocyst
1633:Amoebozoa
1598:Glycosome
1526:Microneme
1406:Alveolata
1314:Haptonema
1309:Coccolith
1288:Periplast
1234:Red algae
1218:Cyanelles
1105:Infusoria
1012:Porosomes
577:: 47–77.
507:255012748
247:known as
213:thylakoid
185:red algae
70:IPR012128
2080:Axostyle
2075:Pyrenoid
2055:Fimbriae
1987:Dikaryon
1952:Mitosome
1881:Skeleton
1866:Frustule
1856:Mucilage
1828:tissular
1752:Colonial
1735:Amoeboid
1730:Monadoid
1658:Sorocarp
1573:Excavate
1540:Rhizaria
1470:Ciliates
1454:Dinocyst
1415:General:
1366:Frustule
1337:General:
1263:Hacrobia
1114:Sporozoa
1109:Ciliates
1098:Heliozoa
1078:Protozoa
1062:Protists
752:11406150
679:12373519
644:24760817
606:Smith AG
556:26417362
469:25998682
321:Archived
271:Function
129:RCSB PDB
65:InterPro
2023:Zygotic
2020:Gametic
1962:Nucleus
1740:Coccoid
1705:General
1516:Rhoptry
1423:Alveoli
1356:Diatoms
1093:Testate
910:Sterols
812:8448738
635:4044857
591:3924069
547:4553884
460:4456626
419:9205905
235:(s) or
58:PF00502
2026:Sporic
2004:Closed
1919:Cilium
1876:Lorica
1777:hyphal
1485:Cirrus
1480:Cilium
1387:Lamina
1069:Former
833:(MeSH)
809:
750:
677:
642:
632:
589:
554:
544:
505:
467:
457:
416:
197:plants
144:PDBsum
118:
108:
90:SUPFAM
44:Symbol
2037:Other
1891:Theca
1861:Scale
1459:Theca
1121:Algae
955:Other
759:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
675:S2CID
503:S2CID
86:SCOPe
77:SCOP2
2045:Cyst
2001:Open
1886:Test
1824:s.s.
1755:s.s.
748:PMID
640:PMID
587:PMID
552:PMID
465:PMID
263:and
195:and
187:and
171:and
163:are
137:PDBj
133:PDBe
116:ECOD
106:Pfam
82:1cpc
53:Pfam
1185:":
807:PMC
797:doi
740:doi
736:254
667:doi
630:PMC
622:doi
618:165
579:doi
542:PMC
534:doi
495:doi
455:PMC
447:doi
414:PMC
404:doi
341:Cy5
183:of
175:in
124:PDB
2223::
1060::
1056::
805:.
795:.
793:12
791:.
787:.
746:.
734:.
730:.
715:^
698:.
673:.
661:.
638:.
628:.
616:.
612:.
585:.
575:14
573:.
550:.
540:.
530:14
528:.
524:.
501:.
491:68
489:.
477:^
463:.
453:.
443:25
441:.
437:.
412:.
402:.
400:13
398:.
394:.
331:,
327:,
295:.
259:,
255:,
199:.
135:;
131:;
114:/
88:/
84:/
2130:/
1826:/
1684::
1645::
1611::
1585::
1508::
1472::
1441::
1379::
1358::
1301::
1275::
1236::
1210::
1181:"
1107:/
1046:e
1039:t
1032:v
944:/
935:/
865:e
858:t
851:v
799::
768:.
742::
681:.
669::
663:9
646:.
624::
593:.
581::
558:.
536::
509:.
497::
471:.
449::
406::
281:a
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
