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sheet of water transfers motion energy to the thin layer of water under it, and so on. However, because of the
Coriolis Effect, the direction of travel of the layers of water slowly move farther and farther to the right as they get deeper in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. In most cases, the very bottom layer of water affected by the wind is at a depth of 100 m – 150 m and is traveling about 180 degrees, completely opposite of the direction that the wind is blowing. Overall, the net transport of water would be 90 degrees from the original direction of the wind.
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oceans, and provide an uninterrupted stretch for the prevailing westerly winds to significantly increase wave amplitudes. It is generally accepted that these prevailing winds are primarily responsible for the circumpolar current transport. This current is now thought to vary with time, possibly in an
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high and low pressure systems, permitting them to persist for long periods of time. As a result, tiny variations in pressure can produce measurable currents. A slope of one part in one million in sea surface height, for example, will result in a current of 10 cm/s at mid-latitudes. The fact that
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on the surface of the ocean parallel to the direction that the wind is blowing. If the wind is blowing with more than 3 m s, it can create parallel windrows alternating upwelling and downwelling about 5–300 m apart. These windrows are created by adjacent ovular water cells (extending
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motion in both the atmosphere and ocean that acts to redistribute heat from the equator towards the poles, thereby reducing the temperature gradients that would exist in the absence of fluid motion. Perhaps three quarters of this heat is carried in the atmosphere; the rest is carried in the ocean.
519:
results in the net transport of surface water 90 degrees to the right of the wind in the
Northern Hemisphere, and 90 degrees to the left of the wind in the Southern Hemisphere. As the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it "grabs" onto a thin layer of the surface water. In turn, that thin
450:
Energy for the ocean circulation (and for the atmospheric circulation) comes from solar radiation and gravitational energy from the sun and moon. The amount of sunlight absorbed at the surface varies strongly with latitude, being greater at the equator than at the poles, and this engenders fluid
396:
Because the vast majority of the world ocean's volume is deep water, the mean temperature of seawater is low; roughly 75% of the ocean's volume has a temperature from 0° – 5 °C (Pinet 1996). The same percentage falls in a salinity range between 34 and 35 ppt (3.4–3.5%) (Pinet 1996). There is
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or the movement of the ocean's currents. For example, the majority of the warm water movement in the south
Atlantic is thought to have originated in the Indian Ocean. Another example of advection is the nonequatorial Pacific heating which results from subsurface processes related to atmospheric
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is the flow of energy per unit of area per unit of time. Most of the Earth's heat storage is within its seas with smaller fractions of the heat transfer in processes such as evaporation, radiation, diffusion, or absorption into the sea floor. The majority of the ocean heat flux is through
1143:. It then flows along the western boundary of the Atlantic with some part of the flow moving eastward along the equator and then poleward into the ocean basins. The NADW is entrained into the Circumpolar Current, and can be traced into the Indian and Pacific basins. Flow from the
614:
Surface winds tend to be of order meters per second; ocean currents of order centimeters per second. Hence from the point of view of the atmosphere, the ocean can be considered effectively stationary; from the point of view of the ocean, the atmosphere imposes a significant wind
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The primary impact of these waves is along the coastal shoreline, as large amounts of ocean water are cyclically propelled inland and then drawn out to sea. This can result in significant modifications to the coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy.
478:. Like the atmosphere, the ocean is far wider than it is deep, and hence horizontal motion is in general much faster than vertical motion. In the southern hemisphere there is a continuous belt of ocean, and hence the mid-latitude westerlies force the strong
187:
shows that the average elevation of Earth's landmasses is only 840 metres (2,760 ft), while the ocean's average depth is 3,800 metres (12,500 ft). Though this apparent discrepancy is great, for both land and sea, the respective extremes such as
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is of concern to ocean scientists because bottom water changes will effect currents, nutrients, and biota elsewhere. The international awareness of global warming has focused scientific research on this topic since the 1988 creation of the
469:
is important to understanding the ocean circulation. The Hadley circulation leads to
Easterly winds in the tropics and Westerlies in mid-latitudes. This leads to slow equatorward flow throughout most of a subtropical ocean basin (the
423:
usually lies near the surface, where evaporation raises salinity in the tropics, or meltwater dilutes it in polar regions. These variations of salinity and temperature with depth change the density of the seawater, creating the
458:. By contrast the ocean is heated from above, which tends to suppress convection. Instead ocean deep water is formed in polar regions where cold salty waters sink in fairly restricted areas. This is the beginning of the
1949:
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results in a deflection of fluid flows (to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere). This has profound effects on the flow of the oceans. In particular it means the flow goes
397:
still quite a bit of variation, however. Surface temperatures can range from below freezing near the poles to 35 °C in restricted tropical seas, while salinity can vary from 10 to 41 ppt (1.0–4.1%).
78:
Dynamical physical oceanography focuses primarily upon the processes that govern the motion of fluids with emphasis upon theoretical research and numerical models. These are part of the large field of
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The ebb and flow of the tides produce a cyclical current along the coast, and the strength of this current can be quite dramatic along narrow estuaries. Incoming tides can also produce a
1999:
Technical
Summary In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
504:
the
Coriolis effect is largest at the poles and weak at the equator results in sharp, relatively steady western boundary currents which are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see
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at such locations. This can be a result of heat storage in summer and release in winter; or of transport of heat from warmer locations: a particularly notable example of this is
1385:. The tides produced by these two bodies are roughly comparable in magnitude, but the orbital motion of the Moon results in tidal patterns that vary over the course of a month.
737:. This means that Kelvin waves can retain their shape and direction over long periods of time. They are usually created by a sudden shift in the wind, such as the change of the
1377:
The rise and fall of the oceans due to tidal effects is a key influence upon the coastal areas. Ocean tides on the planet Earth are created by the gravitational effects of the
75:
Descriptive physical oceanography seeks to research the ocean through observations and complex numerical models, which describe the fluid motions as precisely as possible.
591:. In general, the tropical oceans will tend to show a net gain of heat, and the polar oceans a net loss, the result of a net transfer of energy polewards in the oceans.
1953:
1219:, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland to the northeast before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
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An idealised subtropical ocean basin forced by winds circling around a high pressure (anticyclonic) systems such as the Azores-Bermuda high develops a
1492:, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was 520 m (1,710 ft) high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost 90 m (300 ft) taller than the
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Equatorwards western boundary currents occur in tropical and polar locations, e.g. the East
Greenland and Labrador currents, in the Atlantic and the
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zones plankton are caught and carried to the surface. If there are many plankton in the divergence zone fish are often attracted to feed on them.
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The waves can travel with a velocity of up to several hundred km/hour across the ocean surface, but in mid-ocean they are barely detectable with
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to the opposite end, then reflect and travel back to the mouth of the bay coincides with the tidal rhythm producing the world's highest tides.
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can be in any direction. Usually the shorter Rossby waves have an eastward group velocity and the longer ones have a westward group velocity.
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is a significant component of heat redistribution across the globe, and changes in this circulation can have major impacts upon the climate.
3832:
1481:, or waves in water with a depth less than 1/20 their wavelength. Tsunamis have very large periods, high speeds, and great wave heights.
2139:
1882:(Thesis). WHOI Theses. Falmouth, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. p. 12.
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Munk, W. and Wunsch, C., 1998: Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea
Research Part I, 45, pp. 1977--2010.
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1290:
128:
Perspective view of the sea floor of the
Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The purple sea floor at the center of the view is the
1243:. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward towards the polar region.
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A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine
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2012:
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are examples of such currents. They are narrow (approximately 100 km across) and fast (approximately 1.5 m/s).
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is currently the only continuous body of water where there is a wide latitude band of open water. It interconnects the
870:. Barotropic Rossby waves have the highest speeds and do not vary vertically. Baroclinic Rossby waves are much slower.
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Tsunamis, originally called tidal waves, were renamed because they are not related to the tides. They are regarded as
1293:. Improved ocean observation, instrumentation, theory, and funding has increased scientific reporting on regional and
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Su, Jingzhi; Li, Tim; et al. (2014). "The Initiation and Developing Mechanisms of Central Pacific El Niños".
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Tide gauges and satellite altimetry suggest an increase in sea level of 1.5–3 mm/yr over the past 100 years.
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for example have strong evaporative loss; the resulting plume of dense salty water may be traced through the
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Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as
1184:, these flows are balanced in the region of the western boundary, where a thin fast polewards flow called a
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At the ocean-atmosphere interface, the ocean and atmosphere exchange fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum.
366:
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482:. In the northern hemisphere the land masses prevent this and the ocean circulation is broken into smaller
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Roughly 97% of the planet's water is in its oceans, and the oceans are the source of the vast majority of
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1398:(Wyban 1992) clearly illustrates the impact of these natural cycles on the lifestyle and livelihood of
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The atmosphere is heated from below, which leads to convection, the largest expression of which is the
80:
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D., Talley, Lynne; L., Pickard, George; J., Emery, William; (Oceanographer), Swift, James H. (2011).
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As the surface tide oscillates over topography, such as submerged seamounts or ridges, it generates
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along a river or narrow bay as the water flow against the current results in a wave on the surface.
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The oceans' large heat capacity moderates the climate of areas adjacent to the oceans, leading to a
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about every eight years. Since it is a wave-2 phenomenon (there are two peaks and two troughs in a
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Kelvin waves are known to have very high speeds, typically around 2–3 meters per second. They have
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to about 6 m (20 ft) deep) alternating rotating clockwise and counterclockwise. In the
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describing flows occurring on spatial and temporal scales that are greatly influenced by the
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The vertical structure of the temperature can be divided into three basic layers, a surface
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circulation with slow steady flows towards the equator in the interior. As discussed by
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December 1997 chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly during the last strong El Niño
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of the ocean surface, by the presence of the waves, changes the wind near the surface.
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was a major driver of ocean currents; it is now known to be only a very minor factor.
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Oceanic currents are largely driven by the surface wind stress; hence the large-scale
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Oceanic fluxes of mass, heat, and freshwater : a global estimate and perspective
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2067:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1859:. San Diego: Scripps Institute of Oceanography. University of California San Diego
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is pronounced in the tropics, but nonexistent in polar waters (Marshak 2001). The
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that is channeled between two boundaries or opposing forces (usually between the
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1306:
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1216:
1215:, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the
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Area, volume plus mean and maximum depths of oceans (excluding adjacent seas)
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is an ocean current found in the western Pacific Ocean off the east coast of
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1950:"Amount of coldest Antarctic water near ocean floor decreasing for decades"
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Basin into the Pacific, however, is blocked by the narrow shallows of the
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1534:. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as
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1203:. They are forced by winds circulation around low pressure (cyclonic).
1127:(NADW), fills the basin and spills southwards through crevasses in the
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of four years is seen. The wave moves eastward in the direction of the
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The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on
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in Chicago and about 110 m (360 ft) taller than the former
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evaporative cooling is predominant, and the sinking water mass, the
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on its surface, and this forces large-scale currents in the ocean.
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42:, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
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to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in the unit of or
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of each individual wave always has a westward component, but the
784:
729:). There are two types, coastal and equatorial. Kelvin waves are
726:
532:
161:
153:
35:
897:
The interaction of ocean circulation, which serves as a type of
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1232:
45:
Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which
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The special identifying feature of Rossby waves is that the
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results in the occurrence of thin, visible stripes, called
483:
160:. The ocean's influence extends even to the composition of
145:
141:
16:
Study of physical conditions and processes within the ocean
2188:
2162:
1188:
develops. Flow in the real ocean is more complex, but the
889:
474:). The return flow occurs in an intense, narrow, poleward
117:
Space and time scales of physical oceanographic processes.
1427:
1378:
540:
zones debris, foam and seaweed accumulates, while at the
408:
where gradients are high, and a poorly stratified abyss.
2178:
1682:
Descriptive physical oceanography : an introduction
1211:
The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension,
411:
In terms of temperature, the ocean's layers are highly
2076:
The Physical Geography of the Seas and Its Meteorology
901:, and biological effects such as the concentration of
2183:
2174:
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
1679:
1322:
will lead to a sea level rise of 260 to 820 mm.
775:
Equatorial Kelvin waves propagate to the east in the
2001:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
1545:
638:
of the surface winds is transferred into the energy
345:
2179:
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
1789:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
1785:Hamblin, W. Kenneth; Christiansen, Eric H. (1998).
179:From sea level, the oceans are far deeper than the
2042:
1814:
1759:(3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
1752:
859:. They are usually found at low or mid latitudes.
3196:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1239:, where it merges with the easterly drift of the
855:are usually in the tens of meters and very large
666:. Evaporative loss leaves the ocean saltier; the
3848:
3186:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
982:) at each fixed point in space a signal with a
913:resulting from these interactions, include the
1857:SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography
1586:temperature and salinity oceanographic dataset
140:that condenses in the atmosphere and falls as
3521:
3507:
2238:
2092:. College Station: Texas A&M University.
1808:
1806:
1780:
1778:
1776:
952:
764:to the right of the direction of travel) and
547:
64:Physical oceanography may be subdivided into
38:conditions and physical processes within the
1712:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1280:anticlines. Recent warming observations of
622:Through the wind stress, the wind generates
2065:The Theory of Large-Scale Ocean Circulation
1746:
1744:
1742:
1437:at the tidal frequency, which are known as
575:terms at the surface are the sensible heat
168:, as well as to that of volcanic gases and
3514:
3500:
2245:
2231:
1803:
1773:
642:by the ocean surface waves. The increased
602:, which is heated at least in part by the
2252:
2116:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1912:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1291:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
559:east of the Bahamas on 15 September 2003
1853:"Reading-Advection, transports, budgets"
1739:
1340:
1089:
888:
551:
441:
384:
123:
18:
2082:
1996:
1947:
1821:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1812:
523:
446:Density-driven thermohaline circulation
3849:
3712:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2517:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2114:Tide and Current: Fishponds of Hawaiʻi
1850:
884:
823:are huge, slow waves generated in the
3495:
2226:
2111:
2086:Introduction to Physical Oceanography
2073:
1750:
862:There are two types of Rossby waves,
579:, the latent heat flux, the incoming
183:are tall; examination of the Earth's
152:of the oceans moderates the planet's
3464:
2040:
1422:since the time it takes for a large
682:. At one time, it was believed that
486:in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.
349:
1325:
1300:
1171:
98:
13:
3844:[category; physicist of the lunar
3344:National Oceanographic Data Center
2771:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2659:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2214:academic software for oceanography
2034:
1660:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
932:
909:on a time scale of decades. Known
693:
511:
489:
148:on the continents. The tremendous
14:
3873:
3191:Global Sea Level Observing System
2219:History of Salinity Determination
2163:Ocean Motion and Surface Currents
2131:
1600:Global Sea Level Observing System
1474:spanning hundreds of kilometers.
1168:that create deep ocean trenches.
993:
346:Temperature, salinity and density
3474:
3463:
3454:
3453:
2649:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
2565:
2554:
1948:Goldman, Jana (March 20, 2012).
1615:List of ocean circulation models
1579:Climate change (general concept)
1562:
1548:
1503:
1426:to travel from the mouth of the
353:
111:
81:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD)
3833:Timeline of physics discoveries
3379:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3102:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2137:
2005:
1990:
1968:
1941:
1459:, seafloor deformations due to
1251:
1235:and flowing northeastward past
1094:The ocean body surrounding the
798:of thousands of kilometers and
752:and will always propagate in a
2069:doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511736605.
1906:
1871:
1851:Talley, Lynne D. (Fall 2013).
1844:
1835:
1720:
1673:
1357:, on the northeast end of the
583:and the balance of long-wave (
431:
1:
2049:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1878:Macdonald, Alison M. (1995).
1666:
1488:The tsunami that occurred in
1164:of the ocean floor including
1114:
1007:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
988:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
480:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
404:, where gradients are low, a
83:that is shared together with
2639:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2609:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
2365:Luke's variational principle
1318:predicts that by 2081–2100,
1246:
748:Coastal Kelvin waves follow
743:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
7:
3797:Quantum information science
2112:Wyban, Carol Araki (1992).
2083:Stewart, Robert H. (2007).
1997:Stocker, Thomas F. (2013).
1976:"MyWorldCat list-OceanHeat"
1817:Earth: Portrait of a Planet
1541:
1463:, or the impact of a large
1444:
1402:tending coastal fishponds.
915:Pacific decadal oscillation
49:is divided. Others include
10:
3878:
3628:Classical electromagnetism
2704:Ocean dynamical thermostat
2552:
2197:Science of Tsunami Hazards
2074:Maury, Matthew F. (1855).
1755:Invitation to Oceanography
1595:Geophysical fluid dynamics
1507:
1448:
1334:
1304:
1255:
1082:
1057:Eastern Boundary currents
1017:Western boundary currents
959:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
956:
953:Antarctic circumpolar wave
945:
936:
919:North Atlantic oscillation
809:
702:
626:; the longer waves have a
548:Ocean–atmosphere interface
435:
3805:
3742:
3670:
3586:
3558:
3530:
3449:
3288:
3262:
3239:Ocean acoustic tomography
3224:
3176:
3115:
3052:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3010:
2882:
2779:
2644:General circulation model
2574:
2280:Benjamin–Feir instability
2260:
2045:Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics
1935:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00640.1
1813:Marshak, Stephen (2001).
1620:List of Oceanic Landforms
1125:North Atlantic Deep Water
998:Among the most important
925:. The oceanic process of
110:
105:
3734:Condensed matter physics
3369:Ocean surface topography
2744:Thermohaline circulation
2734:Subsurface ocean current
2674:Hydrothermal circulation
2507:Wave–current interaction
2285:Boussinesq approximation
2041:Gill, Adrian E. (1982).
1736:Oregon State University.
1645:Thermohaline circulation
1610:Hydrothermal circulation
1349:is a bay located on the
1330:
1186:western boundary current
1160:about that explores the
927:thermohaline circulation
831:differences between the
741:at the beginning of the
476:western boundary current
460:thermohaline circulation
87:. GFD is a sub field of
3406:Sea surface temperature
3389:Outline of oceanography
2584:Atmospheric circulation
2522:shallow water equations
2512:Waves and shallow water
2405:Significant wave height
2184:Pacific Disaster Center
2063:Samelson, R. M. (2011)
1787:Earth's Dynamic Systems
1751:Pinet, Paul R. (1996).
1538:) over long distances.
802:in the tens of meters.
467:atmospheric circulation
164:rocks through seafloor
72:physical oceanography.
3818:Nobel Prize in Physics
3680:Relativistic mechanics
3401:Sea surface microlayer
2766:Wind generated current
2189:Pacific Tsunami Museum
1952:. NOAA. Archived from
1374:
1282:Antarctic bottom water
1213:North Atlantic Current
1051:East Australia Current
894:
560:
447:
393:
133:
28:
3857:Physical oceanography
3823:Philosophy of physics
3234:Deep scattering layer
3216:World Geodetic System
2724:Princeton Ocean Model
2604:Coriolis–Stokes force
2254:Physical oceanography
1727:Physical Oceanography
1344:
1241:North Pacific Current
1090:Antarctic circumpolar
1083:Further information:
905:can result in global
892:
662:, or lose it through
555:
506:secondary circulation
445:
388:
127:
32:Physical oceanography
22:
3782:Mathematical physics
3254:Underwater acoustics
2814:Perigean spring tide
2679:Langmuir circulation
2390:Rossby-gravity waves
2140:"Hypsographic curve"
1111:oscillatory manner.
911:climate oscillations
781:Southern hemispheres
676:Straits of Gibraltar
630:tending towards the
604:north atlantic drift
529:Langmuir circulation
524:Langmuir circulation
3757:Atmospheric physics
3596:Classical mechanics
3524:branches of physics
3416:Science On a Sphere
3022:Convergent boundary
2694:Modular Ocean Model
2654:Geostrophic current
2370:Mild-slope equation
1927:2014JCli...27.4473S
1516:offshore structures
1510:Ocean surface waves
1479:shallow-water waves
885:Climate variability
770:Southern hemisphere
758:Northern hemisphere
654:The ocean can gain
624:ocean surface waves
201:
3862:Physical geography
3813:History of physics
3072:Seafloor spreading
3062:Outer trench swell
3027:Divergent boundary
2927:Continental margin
2912:Carbonate platform
2809:Lunitidal interval
2202:2006-02-07 at the
1956:on 4 February 2022
1915:Journal of Climate
1684:. Academic Press.
1498:World Trade Center
1404:Aia ke ola ka hana
1375:
1258:ocean heat content
1061:California Current
963:This is a coupled
923:Arctic oscillation
895:
561:
456:Hadley circulation
448:
394:
365:. You can help by
199:
185:hypsographic curve
134:
130:Puerto Rico Trench
29:
3841:
3840:
3828:Physics education
3777:Materials science
3744:Interdisciplinary
3702:Quantum mechanics
3489:
3488:
3481:Oceans portal
3441:World Ocean Atlas
3431:Underwater glider
3374:Ocean temperature
3037:Hydrothermal vent
3002:Submarine volcano
2937:Continental shelf
2917:Coastal geography
2907:Bathymetric chart
2789:Amphidromic point
2477:Wave nonlinearity
2335:Infragravity wave
2158:NASA Oceanography
2013:"Tsuanmi Threats"
1921:(12): 4473–4485.
1889:10.1575/1912/5620
1655:World Ocean Atlas
1630:Mediterranean Sea
1297:related to heat.
974:that circles the
843:is the change in
756:direction in the
383:
382:
343:
342:
122:
121:
3869:
3767:Chemical physics
3707:Particle physics
3633:Classical optics
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3396:Pelagic sediment
3334:Marine pollution
3128:Deep ocean water
2997:Submarine canyon
2932:Continental rise
2824:Rule of twelfths
2739:Sverdrup balance
2669:Humboldt Current
2594:Boundary current
2569:
2558:
2375:Radiation stress
2345:Iribarren number
2320:Equatorial waves
2275:Ballantine scale
2270:Airy wave theory
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2142:. Archived from
2127:
2108:
2106:
2100:. Archived from
2091:
2079:
2060:
2048:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1748:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1677:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1408:Life is in labor
1400:Native Hawaiians
1396:Tide and Current
1326:Rapid variations
1301:Sea level change
1229:Kuroshio Current
1172:Western boundary
1076:Benguela Current
1031:Labrador Current
1026:Kuroshio Current
1014:(density-driven)
754:counterclockwise
715:progressive wave
596:maritime climate
557:Hurricane Isabel
472:Sverdrup balance
415:-dependent; the
392:surface density.
378:
375:
357:
350:
202:
198:
174:subduction zones
115:
114:
103:
102:
99:Physical setting
34:is the study of
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3801:
3787:Medical physics
3738:
3697:Nuclear physics
3666:
3660:Non-equilibrium
3582:
3554:
3526:
3520:
3490:
3485:
3473:
3445:
3284:
3258:
3220:
3201:Sea-level curve
3172:
3111:
3097:Transform fault
3047:Mid-ocean ridge
3013:
3006:
2972:Oceanic plateau
2878:
2864:Tidal resonance
2834:Theory of tides
2775:
2684:Longshore drift
2634:Ekman transport
2570:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2502:Wave turbulence
2435:Trochoidal wave
2360:Longshore drift
2256:
2251:
2204:Wayback Machine
2149:
2147:
2134:
2124:
2104:
2089:
2057:
2037:
2035:Further reading
2032:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1974:
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1959:
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1907:
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1749:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1570:Tsunamis portal
1568:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1524:Coastal erosion
1512:
1506:
1453:
1447:
1415:Tidal resonance
1339:
1333:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1264:eddy covariance
1260:
1254:
1249:
1174:
1166:plate tectonics
1129:submarine sills
1117:
1092:
1087:
1041:Agulhas Current
1036:Oyashio Current
996:
980:latitude circle
961:
955:
950:
941:
935:
933:La Niña–El Niño
907:climate changes
887:
841:restoring force
821:planetary waves
814:
707:
696:
694:Planetary waves
581:solar radiation
550:
526:
517:Ekman transport
514:
512:Ekman transport
496:Coriolis effect
492:
490:Coriolis effect
440:
434:
379:
373:
370:
363:needs expansion
348:
112:
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3875:
3865:
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3859:
3839:
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3809:
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3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
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3759:
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3748:
3746:
3740:
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3737:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3650:Thermodynamics
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3461:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Stratification
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3311:Color of water
3308:
3306:Benthic lander
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3211:Sea level rise
3208:
3206:Sea level drop
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Marine geology
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Passive margin
2979:
2977:Oceanic trench
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Ocean dynamics
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Coriolis force
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Stokes problem
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Kinematic wave
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:(digital book)
2165:
2160:
2155:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2107:on 2016-03-29.
2080:
2071:
2061:
2055:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2004:
1989:
1967:
1940:
1905:
1870:
1843:
1834:
1827:
1802:
1795:
1772:
1765:
1738:
1732:2012-07-17 at
1719:
1690:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Global warming
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1543:
1540:
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1449:Main article:
1446:
1443:
1439:internal tides
1435:internal waves
1418:occurs in the
1406:meaning . . .
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:global warming
1307:Sea level rise
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1286:Southern Ocean
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1225:
1224:
1217:Gulf of Mexico
1209:
1208:
1192:, Agulhas and
1173:
1170:
1157:marine geology
1116:
1113:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:Canary Current
1063:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:Brazil Current
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1000:ocean currents
995:
994:Ocean currents
992:
976:Southern Ocean
957:Main article:
954:
951:
946:Main article:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
903:carbon dioxide
886:
883:
879:group velocity
875:phase velocity
845:Coriolis force
839:. Their major
810:Main article:
808:
807:
735:non-dispersive
719:Coriolis force
703:Main article:
701:
700:
695:
692:
680:Atlantic Ocean
652:
651:
628:phase velocity
612:
611:
600:Western Europe
571:The important
569:
568:
549:
546:
525:
522:
513:
510:
491:
488:
436:Main article:
433:
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381:
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294:Southern Ocean
290:
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271:
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264:
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256:Atlantic Ocean
252:
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233:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
120:
119:
108:
107:
106:External image
100:
97:
93:Coriolis force
89:Fluid dynamics
61:oceanography.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3874:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Ocean physics
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:Modern optics
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
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3681:
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3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3576:Computational
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
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3529:
3525:
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3503:
3498:
3497:
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3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Marine energy
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Acidification
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:SOFAR channel
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Oceanic crust
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Fracture zone
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Oceanic basin
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Abyssal plain
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Internal tide
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Ocean current
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2557:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Wave shoaling
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Ursell number
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Internal wave
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Breaking wave
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2146:on 2007-03-30
2145:
2141:
2138:Way, John H.
2136:
2135:
2125:
2123:0-8248-1396-0
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2056:0-12-283520-4
2052:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2019:on 2008-07-26
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1830:
1828:0-393-97423-5
1824:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1796:0-13-018371-7
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1766:0-7637-2136-0
1762:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1734:archive.today
1731:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:9780750645522
1687:
1683:
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1577:
1576:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1556:Oceans portal
1551:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:, as well as
1529:
1528:sedimentation
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1504:Surface waves
1501:
1500:in New York.
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
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1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1367:New Brunswick
1364:
1360:
1359:Gulf of Maine
1356:
1355:North America
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1295:global issues
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Henry Stommel
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1149:Bering Strait
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:that connect
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Norwegian Sea
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
960:
949:
944:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
851:. Their wave
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
805:
804:
803:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
698:
697:
691:
689:
688:precipitation
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Mediterranean
665:
661:
657:
649:
648:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
609:
608:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
565:
564:
558:
554:
545:
543:
539:
534:
530:
521:
518:
509:
507:
502:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
444:
439:
438:Ocean current
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
391:
387:
377:
368:
364:
361:This section
359:
356:
352:
351:
338:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Caribbean Sea
326:
325:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
237:Pacific Ocean
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
197:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:heat capacity
147:
143:
139:
131:
126:
118:
109:
104:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
3843:
3791:
3752:Astrophysics
3566:Experimental
3436:Water column
3384:Oceanography
3359:Observations
3354:Explorations
3324:Marginal sea
3317:
3275:OSTM/Jason-2
3107:Volcanic arc
3082:Slab suction
2799:Head of tide
2689:Loop Current
2629:Ekman spiral
2415:Stokes drift
2325:Gravity wave
2300:Cnoidal wave
2253:
2206:
2192:Hilo, Hawaii
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2113:
2102:the original
2085:
2075:
2064:
2044:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2007:
1998:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1943:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1879:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
1846:
1837:
1816:
1786:
1754:
1722:
1681:
1675:
1640:Oceanography
1625:Marginal sea
1584:CORA dataset
1513:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1432:
1420:Bay of Fundy
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1376:
1361:between the
1347:Bay of Fundy
1346:
1313:
1310:
1261:
1252:Heat storage
1226:
1210:
1198:
1175:
1155:
1153:
1145:Arctic Ocean
1118:
1093:
1071:Peru Current
997:
962:
942:
896:
872:
861:
817:Rossby waves
815:
806:Rossby Waves
793:
783:, using the
774:
747:
708:
699:Kelvin Waves
672:Persian Gulf
653:
621:
613:
593:
570:
562:
527:
515:
500:
493:
464:
453:
449:
410:
399:
395:
371:
367:adding to it
362:
311:Arctic Ocean
275:Indian Ocean
228:
222:
216:
210:
205:
178:
166:metamorphism
135:
77:
74:
69:
65:
63:
47:oceanography
44:
31:
30:
23:World ocean
3655:Statistical
3571:Theoretical
3548:Engineering
3426:Thermocline
3143:Mesopelagic
3116:Ocean zones
3087:Slab window
2952:Hydrography
2892:Abyssal fan
2859:Tidal range
2849:Tidal power
2844:Tidal force
2729:Rip current
2664:Gulf Stream
2624:Ekman layer
2614:Downwelling
2589:Baroclinity
2576:Circulation
2472:Wave height
2462:Wave action
2445:megatsunami
2425:Stokes wave
2385:Rossby wave
2350:Kelvin wave
2330:Green's law
2168:Ocean World
1590:Downwelling
1494:Sears Tower
1472:wavelengths
1461:earthquakes
1371:Nova Scotia
1207:Gulf stream
1190:Gulf stream
1021:Gulf Stream
857:wavelengths
829:temperature
825:troposphere
812:Rossby wave
796:wavelengths
739:trade winds
733:driven and
711:Kelvin wave
705:Kelvin wave
684:evaporation
664:evaporation
538:convergence
432:Circulation
417:thermocline
406:thermocline
402:mixed layer
172:created at
138:water vapor
85:meteorology
66:descriptive
3851:Categories
3772:Geophysics
3762:Biophysics
3606:Analytical
3559:Approaches
3364:Reanalysis
3263:Satellites
3244:Sofar bomb
3092:Subduction
3067:Ridge push
2962:Ocean bank
2942:Contourite
2869:Tide gauge
2854:Tidal race
2839:Tidal bore
2829:Slack tide
2794:Earth tide
2714:Ocean gyre
2534:Wind setup
2529:Wind fetch
2492:Wave setup
2487:Wave radar
2482:Wave power
2380:Rogue wave
2310:Dispersion
2150:2006-01-10
2023:2008-06-28
1978:. WorldCat
1863:August 30,
1667:References
1490:Lituya Bay
1457:landslides
1390:tidal bore
1115:Deep ocean
1085:Ocean gyre
1012:Deep ocean
969:atmosphere
868:baroclinic
864:barotropic
853:amplitudes
837:continents
800:amplitudes
760:(with the
750:shorelines
632:wind speed
542:divergence
426:pycnocline
223:Mean depth
196:are rare.
181:continents
158:atmosphere
59:geological
51:biological
25:bathymetry
3722:Molecular
3623:Acoustics
3616:Continuum
3611:Celestial
3601:Newtonian
3588:Classical
3531:Divisions
3226:Acoustics
3178:Sea level
3077:Slab pull
3014:tectonics
2922:Cold seep
2884:Landforms
2761:Whirlpool
2756:Upwelling
2539:Wind wave
2467:Wave base
2395:Sea state
2315:Edge wave
2305:Cross sea
2207:(journal)
2098:169907785
1960:30 August
1899:1912/5620
1708:cite book
1700:784140610
1650:Upwelling
1465:meteorite
1363:provinces
1353:coast of
1277:advection
1272:Heat flux
1268:petawatts
1247:Heat flux
1154:Also see
1133:Greenland
1096:Antarctic
1002:are the:
899:heat pump
766:clockwise
762:shoreline
723:coastline
678:into the
644:roughness
589:radiation
508:effects.
421:halocline
374:June 2008
190:mountains
70:dynamical
3459:Category
3411:Seawater
3138:Littoral
3133:Deep sea
2992:Seamount
2874:Tideline
2819:Rip tide
2749:shutdown
2719:Overflow
2452:Undertow
2295:Clapotis
2200:Archived
1730:Archived
1542:See also
1532:harbours
1445:Tsunamis
1351:Atlantic
1223:Kuroshio
1194:Kuroshio
1100:Atlantic
849:latitude
835:and the
777:Northern
660:rainfall
656:moisture
650:Moisture
636:Momentum
610:Momentum
585:infrared
533:windrows
413:latitude
194:trenches
162:volcanic
55:chemical
36:physical
3806:Related
3690:General
3685:Special
3543:Applied
3469:Commons
3339:Mooring
3289:Related
3280:Jason-3
3270:Jason-1
3153:Pelagic
3148:Oceanic
3123:Benthic
2440:Tsunami
2410:Soliton
1982:Aug 30,
1923:Bibcode
1451:Tsunami
1284:in the
1201:Oyashio
1162:geology
1141:Britain
1137:Iceland
1119:In the
1104:Pacific
948:La Niña
939:El Niño
785:equator
768:in the
731:gravity
727:equator
725:or the
713:is any
250:-11033
229:Maximum
219:(10km)
213:(10km)
154:climate
3717:Atomic
3672:Modern
3522:Major
3158:Photic
2987:Seabed
2400:Seiche
2120:
2096:
2053:
1825:
1793:
1763:
1698:
1688:
1233:Taiwan
1108:Indian
984:period
921:, and
721:and a
617:stress
501:around
339:-7686
305:-7235
288:-8047
282:291.0
269:-8605
263:323.6
244:707.6
241:165.2
217:Volume
170:magmas
3349:Ocean
3318:Alvin
3168:Swash
3012:Plate
2957:Knoll
2947:Guyot
2902:Atoll
2781:Tides
2544:model
2430:Swell
2262:Waves
2105:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1635:Ocean
1536:swell
1520:ships
1337:Tides
1331:Tides
1237:Japan
965:ocean
847:with
833:ocean
819:, or
789:guide
787:as a
658:from
484:gyres
320:1038
315:14.1
298:20.3
285:3963
279:73.4
266:3926
260:82.4
247:4282
40:ocean
3643:Wave
3538:Pure
3316:DSV
3301:Argo
3163:Surf
2619:Eddy
2212:NEMO
2118:ISBN
2094:OCLC
2051:ISBN
1984:2014
1962:2014
1865:2014
1823:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1714:link
1696:OCLC
1686:ISBN
1526:and
1424:wave
1383:Moon
1381:and
1369:and
1345:The
1316:IPCC
1314:The
1227:The
1178:gyre
1139:and
1106:and
972:wave
943:and
866:and
779:and
670:and
640:flux
577:flux
573:heat
567:Heat
494:The
332:2.8
231:(m)
225:(m)
211:Area
206:Body
192:and
146:snow
142:rain
68:and
57:and
3638:Ray
1931:doi
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