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physician-scientist pathway. The major reasons for leaving research include the inability to obtain research funding, disparities in salaries between research track physician-scientists and full-time clinicians, and increased financial obligations during this time of life. Therefore, early career awards are the best target for new funding opportunities.
152:
Physician-scientists are a particularly productive research cohort contributing to biomedical innovation, discovering life saving therapies, and developing disease prevention strategies. Physician-scientists only make up 1.5% of the biomedical workforce, yet according to the PSW, they account for 37%
144:
number of MD/PhD trainees in the country and number of medical trainees intending research intense careers . Although this dual-degree pathway is not necessary to establish a physician-scientist career, most do receive some form of explicit research training in addition to their clinical education.
143:
that aim to train physician-scientists, originally established in 1964 and present at 45 institutions as of 2015. Similar programs were established in the United
Kingdom in the 1980s, although with relatively less funding support. There are 3000-5000 trainees in this early-career pool based on the
200:
and the long initial training phase are often cited as concerns by aspiring entrants to the field. Data from the NIH on physician-scientist grant awardees suggests that women and minorities are often underrepresented in the population, even in fields like veterinary science where the majority of
212:
dedicated to physician-scientists, founded in 2003. APSA has worked to identify and remove barriers thus improving the retention of physician-scientists in academic research. Transitioning through early career stages of resident to fellow to junior faculty is the leakiest part of the
123:—who would later go on to become the director of the NIH—describing physician-scientists as an "endangered species" in 1979. Among U.S. biomedical researchers, physician-scientists have declined over time as a share of the total researcher population since the 1970s.
66:
Physician-scientists are often employed by academic or research institutions where they drive innovation across a wide range of medical specialties and may also use their extensive training to focus their clinical practices on specialized
169:. As of 2014, the NIH counted around 9,000 NIH-funded physician-scientists; this count does not include those whose work is funded by sources other than the NIH—typically meaning those who work in industry, such as at
224:
related clinical duties and diminished funding opportunities by private foundations as a result of revenue loss due to the pandemic. These challenges have weakened the physician-scientist workforce further.
63:. Compared to other clinicians, physician-scientists invest significant time and professional effort in scientific research, with ratios of research to clinical time ranging from 50/50 to 80/20.
131:
Physician-scientists by definition hold terminal degrees in medicine and/or biomedical science. In the United States and Canada, some universities run specialized dual degree
699:
Jain MK, Cheung VG, Utz PJ, Kobilka BK, Yamada T, Lefkowitz R (August 2019). "Saving the
Endangered Physician-Scientist - A Plan for Accelerating Medical Breakthroughs".
79:. Although they are a minority of both practicing physicians and active research scientists, physician-scientists are often cited as playing a critical role in
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from 1990 to 2014, and over the last 30 years of the Lasker Awards, 41% of the Basic Awards and 65% of the
Clinical Awards have gone to physician-scientists.
550:
791:"Challenges facing physician scientist trainees: a survey of trainees in Canada's largest undergraduate and postgraduate programs in a single centre"
180:
At many medical schools, physician-scientist faculty are expected to obtain significant fractions of their nominal salary in the form of competitive
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139:-granting institutions also offer dual degree options as D.O.-Ph.D. In the United States the NIH supports competitive university programs called
220:, there has been an unprecedented delay and drop in research productivity due to halted studies, reduction of research time to prioritize
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findings to health care applications. Over time, the term physician scientist has expanded to holders of other clinical degrees—such as
205:
140:
119:'s work in the early 1900s. Concern has often been displayed at declining interest or participation in the field, with
951:"A nationwide assessment of perceptions of research-intense academic careers among predoctoral MD and MD-PhD trainees"
900:"Exploring intentions of physician-scientist trainees: factors influencing MD and MD/PhD interest in research careers"
576:"A nationwide assessment of perceptions of research-intense academic careers among predoctoral MD and MD-PhD trainees"
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Most physician-scientists are employed by universities and medical schools, or by research institutions such as the
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104:
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Morel PA, Ross G (December 2014). "The physician scientist: balancing clinical and research duties".
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introduced Young
Physician-Scientist Awards in 2013 to support productive early-career researchers.
1126:"My life as a clinician-scientist: trying to bridge the perceived gap between medicine and science"
209:
170:
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Payne AS, Brass S (16 October 2013). "Finding
Nirvana: Paths to Becoming a Physician-Scientist".
80:
24:
650:"Re-examining physician-scientist training through the prism of the discovery-invention cycle"
188:. This "up or out" system has been described as developed for a primarily male workforce with
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Kwan JM, Daye D, Schmidt ML, Conlon CM, Kim H, Gaonkar B, et al. (July 2017).
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323:"Challenges and opportunities for reinvigorating the physician-scientist pipeline"
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Kwan JM, Toubat O, Harrison AM, Riddle M, Wu B, Kim H, et al. (March 2020).
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Kwan JM, Toubat O, Harrison AM, Riddle M, Wu B, Kim H, et al. (March 2020).
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375:"The physician-scientist career pipeline in 2005: build it, and they will come"
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255:"The clinician-scientist: a rare breed under threat in a hostile environment"
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Eisenberg MJ (2011). "Is a
Physician-Scientist Career Right for You?".
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1000:"Physician-Scientists in the Era of COVID-19: Gone but Not Forgotten"
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needs of the current workforce. Uncertainty about stable careers in
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1049:"COVID-19 impact on early career investigators: a call for action"
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The concept of the physician-scientist is often attributed to
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in its studies of the physician-scientist workforce (PSW).
948:
743:"NIH RePORT - Physician Scientist-Workforce Report 2014"
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551:"2020 FACTS: Enrollment, Graduates, and MD-PhD Data"
43:who divides their professional time between direct
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16:Conducts clinical practice and scientific research
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422:"Physician-Scientist Workforce (PSW) Report 2014"
321:Daye D, Patel CB, Ahn J, Nguyen FT (March 2015).
51:. Physician-scientists traditionally hold both a
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1101:The American Society for Clinical Investigation
184:, which are also requirements for the award of
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529:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
955:Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
580:Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
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103:—who are also included by the United States
230:American Society for Clinical Investigation
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155:Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
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373:Ley TJ, Rosenberg LE (September 2005).
303:"Life as a Clinician-Scientist - AAHMS"
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625:The physician scientist's career guide
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71:populations, such as those with rare
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525:"Medical Scientist Training Program"
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452:"The vanishing physician-scientist?"
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1097:"Young Physician-Scientist Awards"
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135:programs, and a small number of
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531:. National Institutes of Health
428:. National Institutes of Health
259:Disease Models & Mechanisms
253:Lemoine NR (July–August 2008).
667:10.12688/f1000research.21448.1
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192:wives, incompatible with the
167:National Institutes of Health
105:National Institutes of Health
1016:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003771
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450:Schafer AI (January 2010).
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1124:Kennedy PG (June 2015).
808:10.25011/cim.v37i5.22008
392:10.1001/jama.294.11.1343
210:professional association
171:pharmaceutical companies
998:Wade C (January 2021).
1053:Nature Reviews. Cancer
627:. New York: Springer.
456:Translational Research
81:translational medicine
25:North American English
1142:10.1089/dna.2015.2860
904:BMC Medical Education
201:students are women.
1192:Physician-scientists
1130:DNA and Cell Biology
713:10.1056/NEJMp1904482
161:Career and Workforce
57:doctor of philosophy
1187:Medical researchers
1182:Science occupations
967:10.1017/cts.2020.18
592:10.1017/cts.2020.18
89:biomedical research
59:, also known as an
49:scientific research
29:clinician-scientist
21:physician-scientist
271:10.1242/dmm.000752
47:with patients and
37:Australian English
1004:Academic Medicine
832:Nature Immunology
500:"Do/PhD Programs"
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236:References
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190:homemaker
127:Education
41:physician
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