65:
92:, and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline. Some geomorphologists held to a geological basis for physiography and emphasized a concept of physiographic regions while a conflicting trend among geographers was to equate physiography with "pure morphology," separated from its geological heritage. In the period following World War II, the emergence of process, climatic, and quantitative studies led to a preference by many Earth scientists for the term "geomorphology" in order to suggest an analytical approach to landscapes rather than a descriptive one. In current usage, physiography still lends itself to confusion as to which meaning is meant, the more specialized "geomorphological" definition or the more encompassing "physical geography" definition.
278:"Geomorphology (or physiography) refers to the study of the surface features of the earth. It involves looking at the distribution of land, water, soil and rock material that forms the land surface. Land is closely linked to the geomorphology of a particular landscape", regarding physiography as synonymous with geomorphology. Yet another source states "Physiography may be viewed from two distinct angles, the one dynamic, the other passive". The same source continues by stating "In a large fashion
1690:
1703:
1493:
1715:
1505:
585:
286:, while geomorphology connects physiography with geography. The dynamic interlude representing the active phase of physiography weaves the basic threads of geologic history." The U.S. Geological Survey defines physiography as a study of "Features and attributes of earth's land surface", while geomorphology is defined separately as "Branch of geology dealing with surface land features and the processes that create and change them".
1529:
1727:
1517:
224:, and was reinvented as a substitute for the cosmography of the Middle Ages by Professor Huxley. Although the term has since been limited by some writers to one particular part of the subject, it seems best to maintain the original and literal meaning. In the stricter sense, physical geography is that part of geography which involves the processes of contemporary change in the
160:. Shortly after, the field of "physical geography" itself was renamed as "physiography". Afterwards, physiography became a very popular school subject in Britain, accounting for roughly 10% of all examination papers in both English and Welsh schools, and physiography was now regarded as an integral, if not the most important aspect of geography.
256:
further adjusted the definition to be "Physiography (geomorphology), now generally recognized as a science distinct from geology, deals with the origins and development of land forms, traces out the topographic expression of structure, and embodies a logical history of oceanic basins, and continental
104:. Generally, forms which result from similar histories are characterized by certain similar features, and differences in history result in corresponding differences of form, usually resulting in distinctive features which are obvious to the casual observer, but this is not always the case. A maturely
143:
of each continent, along with the distribution of plant, animals and humans. This work gave impetus to further works along the field. In
Germany, Oscar Peschel in 1870, proposed that geographers should study the morphology of the Earth's surface, having an interest in the study of landforms for the
289:
Partly due to this confusion over what "physiography" actually means, some scientists have refrained from using the term physiography (and instead use the similar term geomorphology) because the definitions vary from the
American Geological Institute's "the study and classification of the surface
219:
had evolved to be "In popular usage the words 'physical geography' have come to mean geography viewed from a particular standpoint rather than any special department of the subject. The popular meaning is better conveyed by the word physiography, a term which appears to have been introduced by
277:
Even in the 21st century, some confusion remains as to exactly what "physiography" is. One source states "Geomorphology includes quaternary geology, physiography and most of physical geography", treating physiography as a separate field, but subservient to geomorphology. Another source states
171:
published his photographs and observations made during a balloon flight over the Alps; he is probably the first person to use aerial photography in geomorphological or physiographical research. The block diagrams of
Fenneman, Raisz, Lobeck and many others were based in part upon both aerial
228:
and the circulation of the fluid envelopes. It thus draws upon physics for the explanation of the phenomena with the space-relations of which it is specially concerned. Physical geography naturally falls into three divisions, dealing respectively with the surface of the
269:; of hills and valleys. Physical geography is used loosely as a synonym, but the term is more properly applied to the borderland between geography and physiography; dealing, as it does, largely with the human element as influenced by its physiographic surroundings".
95:
For the purposes of physiographic mapping, landforms are classified according to both their geologic structures and histories. Distinctions based on geologic age also correspond to physiographic distinctions where the forms are so recent as to be in their first
130:
The history of "physiography" itself is at best a complicated effort. Much of the complications arise from how the term has evolved over time, both as its own 'science' and as a synonym for other branches of science. In 1848,
108:
may grade without a break from rugged mountains on the one hand to mildly rolling farm lands on the other. So also, forms which are not classified together may be superficially similar; for example, a young
2028:
2165:
2067:
2185:
163:
In conjunction with these 'advances' in physiography, physically and visually mapping these descriptive areas was underway as well. The early photographers and balloonists,
2013:
290:
features of Earth on the basis of similarities in geologic structure and the history of geologic changes" to descriptions that also include vegetation and/or land use.
2210:
2114:
1864:
1824:
1793:
249:. All these rest upon the facts of mathematical geography, and the three are so closely inter-related that they cannot be rigidly separated in any discussion".
1420:
2023:
1998:
1885:
2033:
1892:
1843:
1829:
1805:
648:
1878:
452:
30:
into independently distinct, mutually exclusive areas, independent of political boundaries. It is based upon the classic three-tiered approach by
2150:
2008:
1765:
117:. In a large number of cases, the boundary lines are also geologic lines, due to differences in the nature or structure of the underlying rocks.
2057:
180:
By 1901, there were clear differences in the definition of the term physiography. "In
England, physiography is regarded as the introduction to
1836:
1817:
534:
1567:
789:
597:
606:
832:
1471:
410:
Frye, Charlie; Sayre, Roger; Murphy, Alexander B.; KaragĂĽlle, Deniz; Pippi, Moira; Gilbert, Mark; Richards, Jaynya W. (2023-09-14).
212:
for physical geography, and is sometimes as the science which describes and explains the physical features of the earth's surface".
738:
383:
Sawyer, Carol F. (October 2021). "The lasting impact of N.M. Fenneman's works
Physiography and Western and Eastern United States".
64:
799:
517:
492:
41:
The classification mechanism has become a popular geographical tool in the United States, indicated by the publication of a
2248:
1758:
1731:
1246:
2263:
2258:
1560:
1466:
1430:
2268:
1533:
42:
1751:
1425:
1179:
825:
1778:
1285:
299:
1451:
1212:
1707:
1553:
870:
855:
656:
460:
167:
and
Triboulet, experimented with aerial photography and the view it provided of the landscape. In 1899,
1521:
144:
development of human beings. As the chair of geography (and a geologist by training) in Bonn, Germany,
2200:
2003:
1327:
818:
626:
411:
2190:
2180:
2145:
2077:
791:
Remote
Sensing and Geographical Information Systems for Resource Management in Developing Countries
145:
621:
566:
2253:
1988:
1973:
1435:
1400:
1342:
865:
538:
2243:
1255:
1222:
970:
900:
742:
35:
2140:
2018:
1993:
1983:
1943:
1938:
1377:
1217:
1189:
1070:
920:
652:
148:
made the study of landforms the main research field for himself and his students. Elsewhere,
46:
590:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2155:
2119:
1395:
1367:
1268:
1204:
1104:
975:
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164:
2037:
8:
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2047:
1963:
1587:
1476:
1461:
1156:
1061:
1002:
985:
960:
910:
746:
149:
694:
560:
535:"Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms, Chapter 11: Mapping"
2223:
2072:
1679:
1576:
1497:
1357:
1307:
1146:
1017:
980:
955:
945:
940:
925:
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360:
89:
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1912:
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1714:
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1618:
1504:
1227:
1047:
1007:
795:
706:
513:
488:
433:
365:
105:
76:
was termed "physiography". Physiography later was considered to be a portmanteau of "
31:
767:
718:
324:
2170:
1968:
1719:
1609:
1509:
1322:
1194:
1079:
997:
930:
698:
423:
392:
355:
351:
347:
339:
208:. In America, the term has a somewhat different meaning. It is sometimes used as a
181:
97:
428:
49:
use of the terminology to describe the regions in which its parks are located.
2098:
2093:
1978:
1958:
1948:
1798:
1613:
1290:
1083:
990:
892:
482:
453:"Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms, Introduction"
225:
132:
562:
The
Student's Reference Work: A Cyclopaedia for Teachers, Students, and Families
412:"Named Landforms of the World: A Geomorphological and Physiographic Compilation"
16:
Classification system for Earth's landforms based on the work on N. M. Fenneman
2205:
2160:
1953:
1743:
1600:
1352:
1347:
1312:
1232:
1174:
1035:
157:
56:, the model became the basis for similar classifications of other continents.
702:
396:
343:
2237:
2062:
2052:
1689:
1655:
1650:
1317:
1280:
1109:
1056:
601:
591:
437:
221:
110:
101:
73:
53:
1871:
1627:
1622:
1596:
1456:
1295:
1132:
1051:
1040:
1025:
950:
710:
369:
238:
1605:
1591:
1385:
1337:
1332:
1273:
1263:
1075:
1065:
279:
246:
234:
230:
168:
610:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 630.
1899:
1857:
1660:
1640:
1635:
1390:
1140:
1118:
1093:
1088:
242:
140:
172:
photography and topographic maps, giving an oblique "birds-eye" view.
1669:
1665:
1545:
1362:
1184:
1164:
1127:
1123:
841:
193:
189:
114:
1919:
1631:
1136:
810:
283:
258:
27:
1645:
1300:
1169:
1113:
1097:
1030:
262:
209:
205:
197:
185:
34:
in 1916, that separates landforms into physiographic divisions,
1810:
201:
282:
is intimately associated with certain branches of geology, as
2042:
266:
68:
Physiographic Map from "Geography of Ohio," published in 1923
45:
shapefile that maps the regions of the original work and the
23:
787:
254:
The
Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge
1850:
456:
565:. New York and Chicago: C.B. Beach and Company. pp.
409:
571:
subject:Encyclopedias and dictionaries. +physiography.
484:
72:
During the early 1900s, the study of regional-scale
558:
480:
510:Geography, History and Concepts: A Student's Guide
184:in general. It is made to include the elements of
416:Annals of the American Association of Geographers
332:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2235:
1773:
788:Belward, Alan S.; Valenzuela, Carlos R. (1991).
325:"Physiographic Subdivision of the United States"
1759:
1561:
1421:Geographic data and information organizations
826:
318:
316:
314:
507:
215:By 1911, the definition of physiography in
1766:
1752:
1568:
1554:
833:
819:
311:
100:, as is generally the case with sheets of
1472:National Council for Geographic Education
512:. Sage Publications Inc. pp. 40–42.
474:
427:
359:
322:
139:which gave detailed descriptions of the
63:
200:, and sometimes even certain phases of
2236:
1575:
532:
382:
1747:
1549:
814:
676:
450:
1726:
1516:
840:
595:
1528:
481:Thomas Henry Huxley (1 June 1877).
13:
739:"Alphabetical index, Physiography"
14:
2280:
88:", and therefore synonymous with
1725:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1467:International Geography Olympiad
583:
781:
760:
731:
670:
641:
614:
272:
175:
125:
59:
38:, and physiographic sections.
1180:Geographic information science
768:"Subject index, Geomorphology"
576:
552:
526:
501:
444:
403:
385:Progress in Physical Geography
376:
1:
2166:Middle East Eastern Highlands
1286:Geographic information system
679:"Dual Nature of Physiography"
429:10.1080/24694452.2023.2200548
305:
300:List of physiographic regions
1213:Environmental social science
559:Adam, Graeme Mercer (1901).
7:
2029:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
596:Mill, Hugh Robert (1911). "
508:Holt-Jensen, Arild (1999).
323:Fenneman, Nevin M. (1916).
293:
10:
2285:
2249:Geographic classifications
2120:East Australian Cordillera
533:Hayden, Robert S. (1986).
196:, physical geography, and
120:
2219:
2201:Himalayan Mountain System
2133:
2125:Western Australian Shield
2107:
2086:
2004:Baja California peninsula
1931:
1786:
1697:
1686:
1583:
1487:
1444:
1413:
1376:
1328:Global Positioning System
1254:
1245:
1203:
1155:
1016:
891:
884:
851:
794:. Springer. p. 430.
703:10.1126/science.72.1853.3
627:The Canadian Encyclopedia
451:Baker, Victor R. (1986).
397:10.1177/03091333211012944
344:10.1080/00045601609357047
156:was published in 1877 in
2191:Northern Asian Mountains
2181:Central Siberian Plateau
2146:Central European Uplands
770:. U.S. Geological Survey
677:Glock, Waldo S. (1930).
487:. Kessinger Publishing.
146:Ferdinand von Richthofen
47:National Park Services's
22:are a means of defining
2264:Physiographic provinces
2259:Physiographic divisions
1989:Pacific Mountain System
1436:National mapping agency
1401:Survey (human research)
1343:Participant observation
607:Encyclopædia Britannica
352:2027/njp.32101059544153
217:Encyclopædia Britannica
36:physiographic provinces
2269:Physiographic sections
2211:Central Asian Lowlands
2115:East Australian Basins
2043:Andean Mountain System
1907:East African Highlands
1825:South African Platform
1426:Geographical societies
1223:Landscape architecture
743:U.S. Geological Survey
655:. 2006. Archived from
537:. NASA. Archived from
69:
2141:Fenno-Scandian Shield
2068:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
2019:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
1994:Rocky Mountain System
1984:Intermontane Plateaus
1944:Appalachian Highlands
1794:African Alpine System
1775:Physiographic regions
1218:Environmental studies
1190:Statistical geography
1071:Environmental science
653:Government of Alberta
233:– geomorphology; the
67:
20:Physiographic regions
2156:Great European Plain
1431:Geoscience societies
1396:Interview (research)
1368:Land change modeling
1269:Computer cartography
1247:Techniques and tools
1105:Earth system science
252:The 1919 edition of
2196:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2176:West Siberian Plain
2048:Brazilian Highlands
2024:Neovolcanic Plateau
1999:Sierra Madre System
1964:Hudson Bay Lowlands
1588:Atmospheric science
1477:Spatial citizenship
1462:Geographers on Film
1452:Geography education
1062:Atmospheric science
695:1930Sci....72....3G
150:Thomas Henry Huxley
135:published her book
52:Originally used in
2224:Physical geography
2073:Patagonian Plateau
1974:Interior Highlands
1886:Natal Terrace Belt
1865:Damara–Nama Upland
1680:Quaternary science
1577:Physical geography
1358:Statistical survey
1308:Geologic modelling
1147:Quaternary science
137:Physical Geography
90:physical geography
70:
2231:
2230:
2186:Eastern Highlands
2038:Yucatán Peninsula
1922:
1915:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1802:
1741:
1740:
1675:Landscape ecology
1619:Coastal geography
1543:
1542:
1409:
1408:
1241:
1240:
1228:Landscape ecology
1048:Coastal geography
801:978-0-7923-1268-0
519:978-0-7619-6180-2
494:978-1-4179-0806-6
106:dissected plateau
32:Nevin M. Fenneman
2276:
2171:Fertile Crescent
2034:Gulf Coast Plain
1969:Innuitian Region
1918:
1911:
1898:
1893:Mozambique Plain
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1816:
1808:
1796:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1610:Paleoclimatology
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1323:Geovisualization
1252:
1251:
1195:Spatial analysis
1080:Paleoclimatology
889:
888:
835:
828:
821:
812:
811:
806:
805:
785:
779:
778:
776:
775:
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
745:. Archived from
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
674:
668:
667:
665:
664:
645:
639:
638:
636:
635:
618:
612:
611:
589:
587:
586:
580:
574:
573:
556:
550:
549:
547:
546:
530:
524:
523:
505:
499:
498:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
459:. Archived from
448:
442:
441:
431:
422:(8): 1762–1780.
407:
401:
400:
380:
374:
373:
363:
329:
320:
182:physical science
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2129:
2103:
2099:West Antarctica
2094:East Antarctica
2082:
1979:Interior Plains
1959:Canadian Shield
1949:Arctic Lowlands
1927:
1844:Matabele Upland
1830:Kalahari Region
1806:African massive
1799:Atlas Mountains
1782:
1772:
1742:
1737:
1693:
1684:
1614:Palaeogeography
1579:
1574:
1544:
1539:
1483:
1440:
1405:
1372:
1291:Distributed GIS
1237:
1199:
1151:
1084:Palaeogeography
1012:
880:
847:
839:
809:
802:
786:
782:
773:
771:
766:
765:
761:
752:
750:
737:
736:
732:
723:
721:
675:
671:
662:
660:
649:"Geomorphology"
647:
646:
642:
633:
631:
622:"Geomorphology"
620:
619:
615:
584:
582:
581:
577:
557:
553:
544:
542:
531:
527:
520:
506:
502:
495:
479:
475:
466:
464:
449:
445:
408:
404:
381:
377:
327:
321:
312:
308:
296:
275:
257:elevations; of
178:
133:Mary Somerville
128:
123:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Earth sciences
2251:
2246:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:Deccan Plateau
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Ural Mountains
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Central Meseta
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Atlantic Plain
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1879:Cape Mountains
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1822:
1814:
1803:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1601:Phytogeography
1594:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Remote sensing
1350:
1348:Photogrammetry
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Geomathematics
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1233:Time geography
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Geoinformatics
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:Phytogeography
1033:
1022:
1020:
1014:
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1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
973:
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948:
943:
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933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
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903:
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868:
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849:
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837:
830:
823:
815:
808:
807:
800:
780:
759:
730:
669:
640:
613:
602:Chisholm, Hugh
575:
551:
525:
518:
500:
493:
473:
443:
402:
391:(5): 802–813.
375:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
295:
292:
274:
271:
177:
174:
127:
124:
122:
119:
61:
58:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
2281:
2270:
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2257:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Geomorphology
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2239:
2226:
2225:
2218:
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2209:
2207:
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2199:
2197:
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2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
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2159:
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2152:
2151:Alpine System
2149:
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2142:
2139:
2138:
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2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
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2097:
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2092:
2091:
2089:
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2079:
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2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Orinoco Basin
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Guiana Shield
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Buried Ranges
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
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1905:
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1883:
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1664:
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1657:
1656:Geostatistics
1654:
1652:
1651:Geomorphology
1649:
1647:
1644:
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1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
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1620:
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1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Geostatistics
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Geochronology
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
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1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
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1216:
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1210:
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1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:Geomorphology
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:Earth science
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
894:
890:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
850:
846:
843:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
813:
803:
797:
793:
792:
784:
769:
763:
749:on 2007-12-12
748:
744:
740:
734:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:(1853): 3–5.
688:
684:
680:
673:
659:on 2007-12-25
658:
654:
650:
644:
629:
628:
623:
617:
609:
608:
603:
599:
593:
592:public domain
579:
572:
568:
564:
563:
555:
541:on 2007-11-02
540:
536:
529:
521:
515:
511:
504:
496:
490:
486:
485:
477:
463:on 2008-03-15
462:
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417:
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333:
326:
319:
317:
315:
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301:
298:
297:
291:
287:
285:
284:sedimentation
281:
270:
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264:
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236:
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227:
223:
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199:
195:
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187:
183:
173:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
118:
116:
112:
111:coastal plain
107:
103:
102:glacial drift
99:
98:erosion cycle
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
80:
75:
74:geomorphology
66:
57:
55:
54:North America
50:
48:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2221:
2058:Amazon Plain
1872:Namib Desert
1774:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1628:Soil science
1623:Oceanography
1597:Biogeography
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1457:Geo-literacy
1414:Institutions
1296:Internet GIS
1256:Quantitative
1133:Soil science
1052:Oceanography
1041:Zoogeography
1026:Biogeography
901:Agricultural
790:
783:
772:. Retrieved
762:
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
733:
722:. Retrieved
686:
682:
672:
661:. Retrieved
657:the original
643:
632:. Retrieved
625:
616:
605:
578:
570:
561:
554:
543:. Retrieved
539:the original
528:
509:
503:
483:
476:
465:. Retrieved
461:the original
446:
419:
415:
405:
388:
384:
378:
338:(1): 17–22.
335:
331:
288:
276:
273:21st century
253:
251:
239:oceanography
216:
214:
179:
176:20th century
162:
154:Physiography
153:
136:
129:
126:19th century
94:
84:
83:
82:cal" and "ge
78:
77:
71:
60:Physiography
51:
40:
19:
18:
1939:Appalachian
1913:Rift Valley
1837:Lunda Swell
1818:Mid-African
1606:Climatology
1592:Meteorology
1534:WikiProject
1386:Ethnography
1378:Qualitative
1338:Map algebra
1333:Hydrography
1274:Web mapping
1264:Cartography
1076:Climatology
1066:Meteorology
921:Development
280:geodynamics
247:climatology
235:hydrosphere
231:lithosphere
169:Albert Heim
2238:Categories
2222:See also:
2087:Antarctica
1920:Abyssinian
1900:Madagascar
1858:High Karoo
1661:Glaciology
1641:Geobiology
1636:Edaphology
1391:Geopoetics
1205:Integrated
1141:Edaphology
1119:Glaciology
1094:Geophysics
1089:Geobiology
976:Settlement
966:Population
936:Historical
906:Behavioral
866:Philosophy
774:2007-12-21
753:2007-12-21
724:2007-12-21
663:2007-12-21
634:2007-12-21
545:2007-12-19
467:2007-12-19
306:References
243:atmosphere
241:; and the
141:topography
2108:Australia
1670:Limnology
1666:Hydrology
1445:Education
1363:Surveying
1185:Geomatics
1165:Geodesign
1157:Technical
1128:Limnology
1124:Hydrology
1003:Strategic
986:Transport
961:Political
951:Marketing
911:Cognitive
842:Geography
598:Geography
438:2469-4452
259:mountains
194:astronomy
190:chemistry
115:peneplain
28:landforms
2078:Piedmont
1932:Americas
1708:Category
1632:Pedology
1498:Category
1137:Pedology
1018:Physical
981:Regional
971:Religion
956:Military
946:Language
941:Internet
926:Economic
916:Cultural
885:Branches
856:Glossary
719:31901883
711:17769440
370:16586678
294:See also
263:plateaus
222:Linnaeus
2134:Eurasia
1732:Commons
1646:Geology
1522:Commons
1301:Web GIS
1170:Geodesy
1114:Geology
1098:Geodesy
1031:Ecology
1008:Tourism
876:Outline
861:History
691:Bibcode
683:Science
604:(ed.).
594::
361:1091163
210:synonym
206:zoology
198:geology
186:physics
158:Britain
121:History
85:ography
1811:Sahara
1787:Africa
1720:Portal
1510:Portal
998:Social
931:Health
845:topics
798:
717:
709:
630:. 2007
600:". In
588:
516:
491:
436:
368:
358:
267:plains
202:botany
113:and a
1851:Veldt
991:Urban
893:Human
871:Index
715:S2CID
328:(PDF)
226:crust
165:Nadar
79:physi
24:Earth
2036:and
1779:list
796:ISBN
707:PMID
567:1123
514:ISBN
489:ISBN
457:NASA
434:ISSN
366:PMID
265:and
204:and
43:USGS
699:doi
424:doi
420:113
393:doi
356:PMC
348:hdl
340:doi
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350::
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336:3
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