321:
224:
20:
82:
628:
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physique photographers like Bob Mizer and Al Urban were the subject of investigations by postal inspectors for distributing their photos through the mail. A pattern which continued through the era of the physique magazine was that the photographer or publisher would usually ultimately succeed at trial (sometimes after one or more appeals), but bore a significant financial burden in fighting the case.
249:, short shorts, or a towel or piece of cloth. Full-frontal nudity was generally not depicted until the late 1960s when obscenity enforcement was loosened and physique magazines began to give way to overt pornography. Beginning in the early 1960s, some magazines began to push the envelope with outlines of genitalia becoming increasingly visible through posing straps.
193:, began in 1939. According to Bob Mizer, it was an "open secret" that gay men comprised a large portion of the audience for these competitions, in which men would display their muscled bodies on stage in skimpy costumes. Gay men also became involved behind-the-scenes in the bodybuilding community, organizing competitions, and working as event photographers.
436:...and all the magazines, they keep saying, operate under principles that are almost embarrassingly respectable. When accused, as some of them have been, of catering only to homosexuals, they act shocked; editorially they protest that they are eminently "cultural," devoted to "esthetic appreciation of the male physique," no naughtier than
1280:) to 1967 as the "physique era". Thomas Waugh describes the magazines as peaking between 1955 and 1965. Physique magazines had largely disappeared by the end of the 1960s, as new legal precedent allowed full-frontal nudity and frank discussion of homosexuality. Some titles transitioned to more explicit content in order to remain viable.
758:
According to David K. Johnson, "almost all" photographers and publishers associated with the physique magazine industry faced arrest and trial at some point, with many, including Bob Mizer, Lynn Womack, and John
Barrington, being jailed as a result. In the 1940s, before the first physique magazines,
402:
Though largely created by and for gay men, physique magazines initially avoided overt references to homosexuality, using a number of pretenses to explain their content. Magazines became more relaxed in their adherence to these pretenses over time, occasionally incorporating coy sexual allusions into
284:
Compared to mainstream fitness and bodybuilding magazines, which focused on highly muscular physiques, physique magazines included models with a wider variety of body types, including men with more lean, "natural" builds. Models were mostly white men, a fact which has been attributed to weak demand
214:
The characteristic uniting all physique magazines was a focus on physique photography—homoerotic photographs of nearly (or sometimes entirely) nude, attractive young men. Many physique magazines also included reproductions of homoerotic artwork, and editorial content, such as exercise tips or book
762:
In addition to producers, consumers of physique magazines were also sometimes subject to prosecution. Among the best known examples was a 1959 case in
Massachusetts involving seven "physique enthusiasts" found to be in the possession of "obscene photographs and literature" which included physique
142:
By the 1920s, demand for photos of musclemen was sufficient to support photographers who dedicated themselves entirely to physique photography, such as John Hernic. Waugh dates the first appearance of a "systematic crypto-gay subculture" working behind the scenes of the bodybuilding sphere to the
151:, Lou Melan, Barton Horvath, and Dick Falcon (all but the last operating in New York City). During this period, many of these photographers shot primarily in the nude; if it was necessary to obscure genitalia for publication, they would do so after the fact by modifying the negatives or prints.
72:
The genre was popular from approximately the early 1950s until the mid 1960s. With the legalization and increased availability of gay pornographic magazines and videos in the late 1960s and 1970s, most physique magazines either evolved to include more explicit material or went out of business.
720:
The studios which provided photographs for physique magazines received little in the way of direct compensation from publishers; instead, the magazines served to advertise their mail order sales of photographs directly to readers. Many of the most prominent physique studios, such as those of
417:, relied on the pretense of promoting health and fitness, including short articles on diet and weightlifting, reporting on bodybuilding competitions, and commentary on models' muscular development. Others claimed to be providing reference photographs for artists. For example, a 1954 issue of
107:" movement, a social movement spanning Europe and North America which emphasized the development of the body via exercise and weightlifting. Magazines devoted to physical culture began to appear in the 1890s, starting in Germany. The first such English publications were Eugen Sandow's
1255:
Overtly gay
Toronto publication bearing the subtitle "The Homosexual Viewpoint in Canada". Around half the magazine was devoted to teen physique photography, with the remainder being a mix of articles, stories, and local event listings. Featured the work of photographer Frank Borck.
186:, which, by the time of World War II, was the leading fitness magazine, to advertise "undraped" (i.e. nude) photographs for sale. Further evidence for gay readership has been seen in pen-pal letters printed in the magazine's "Leaguers" column, which seem to carry a gay subtext.
591:
was found to be selling about twenty different physique magazines, each of which would likely have sold around twenty to forty thousand copies per issue. One publisher estimated a total annual circulation, across all physique magazines, of nine million in the United States.
421:
claimed that the magazine was "planned primarily as an art reference book and is widely used in colleges and private schools throughout the country." A third alibi, mostly limited to
European publications, was a claimed affiliation with the nudist movement.
299:
Captions typically featured the name, age, and measurements of the model, along with varying amounts of biographical detail. However, these details were often fabricated to appeal to readers' appetites, and most studios allowed models to use pseudonyms.
387:. Though editors were careful to deny it, the photos sold by mail were often more explicit than those featured in the magazine, including frontal nudity or posing straps which were merely "inked on" and could be rubbed away by the consumer.
681:. Unlike other prominent publishers, Weider was heterosexual. He employed Hal Warner, a gay man, to edit several of his physique publications. Weider would go on to found several major American fitness magazines in the 1980s, including
749:, which applied to any material which had the tendency to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences" (typically taken to be children). The Hicklin test was replaced following the Supreme Court case
652:, founded in 1951, is widely regarded as the first in the tradition of physique magazines targeted to a gay audience, and also the first magazine of any kind in the US to target gay men. Mizer's photography, distributed via his
48:" men – typically young and attractive – in athletic poses, usually in revealing, minimal clothing. During their heyday in North America in the 1950s to 1960s, they were presented as magazines dedicated to fitness, health, and
480:
Even covert textual references to homosexuality were rare in the early years of physique magazines. One early example cited by
Kenneth Krauss is a 1956 announcement of the marriage of famed physique model Glenn Bishop in
797:
physique magazines in the
English-speaking world, and many more non-English publications originating from northern Europe. However, many of these were of a "fly-by-night" character, and are therefore poorly documented.
446:
Adherence to these alibis became more relaxed over time. By the 1960s, most magazines had moved away from the rigid poses associated with bodybuilding and toward more relaxed poses and naturalistic settings such as the
835:
magazine, but by 1947, its focus had shifted toward physique photography, with a mix of photos from
British and American studios. Resurrected in 2013 as a general fitness, health, nutrition, and adventure publication.
52:, with the models often shown demonstrating exercises or the results of their regimens, or as artistic reference material. However, their unstated primary purpose was erotic imagery, primarily created by and for
425:
Waugh considers it likely that the true nature of physique magazines was an "open secret", with these alibis existing mostly as a polite fiction. An example of contemporary skepticism is a 1959 exposé in
587:, by a factor of ten, or even one hundred. One factor affecting this discrepancy was that homophile publications faced greater barriers to being carried by newsstands. In 1964, a large newsstand in
59:
Physique magazines were sold by newspaper stands, bookstores, and pharmacies. They were available in cities and even towns across the United States and by subscription, and popular titles such as
280:
poked fun at the trend of physique magazines moving toward young, slim, models and flamboyant presentation, compared to the rigid poses and bulky bodies displayed in "old school" publications.
2683:
1454:
459:
A subtle early signal to gay audiences was physique magazines' use of classical Greco-Roman imagery and language. This connection was embodied in the names of several publications, including
516:. The circulation of overtly gay magazines increased tenfold between 1965 and 1969. The increased acceptability of such publications contributed to the extinction of the physique magazine.
595:
The United States led the world in physique photography, and
American physique magazines were consumed internationally, but other countries also developed their own local titles such as:
3242:
566:
At their height of popularity, physique magazines were a major industry. It has been estimated that their circulation exceeded the serious political magazines dedicated to the
269:
Photographs were sourced from a variety of photographers and studios, such as Bob Mizer's
Athletic Model Guild. Some magazines included amateur photography sent in by readers.
2099:
3247:
500:'s study of male sexuality. The article warned that homosexuals and readers of physique magazines were being unfairly scapegoated as causes of juvenile delinquency.
2674:
196:
When the new generation of physique magazines targeted at gay men began to appear in the 1950s, they faced opposition from traditional bodybuilding publications.
2717:
2255:
1345:
was launched in
February 1940 in Columbus, Ohio. This is likely a conflation with the earlier (apparently unrelated) short-lived physical culture magazine,
2747:
189:
Another early nexus for gay men's involvement in the physique world were bodybuilding competitions. The first of the modern bodybuilding competitions,
856:
Widely considered to be the first physique magazine. Remained in publication until 1990, but switched to fully nude photographs starting in 1969.
306:
spreads began to appear in physique magazines shortly after being popularized in corresponding heterosexual ("cheesecake") publications such as
1462:
942:, it featured models with Greek and Roman statuary. Barrington would go on to publish many more homoerotic magazines up until 1979, including
694:
252:
The first appearance of frontal male nudity on American newsstands were imported European publications which bore the alibi of promoting the
1014:
sensibilities. Originally edited by William E. Bunton, then, from 1959, by Jack Zuideveld (using the pseudonym Jack Walters). Relaunched by
2667:
496:
included an article titled "Males, Morals & Mores" which offered a measured defense of homosexuality as merely "different", and quoted
741:, which, at the time, took an active role in preventing the circulation through the mail of what it deemed obscene materials, under the
477:, as well as the frequent use of Grecian columns and props in photographs, which also served to justify the amount of nudity depicted.
2757:
2107:
492:
As time went on, some magazines became more daring in their willingness to discuss homosexuality directly. The July 1959 issue of
2660:
1133:
in April 1959, and renamed in August 1959. Originally a physique art catalog published by SirPrise in Chicago, later acquired by
411:
Thomas Waugh identifies three main "alibis" which physique magazines used to mask their true purpose and audience. Some, such as
128:, became increasingly common in the popular press and as fodder for postcards (which experienced a boom between 1900 and 1920).
3196:
2707:
2547:
2489:
489:"—many gay men in the 1950s would have understood this as an inside joke, given the status of Fire Island as a gay hotspot.
3014:
296:
used a 16-year-old cover model for its summer issue, and ran a 2-page spread of a 14-year-old model in its spring issue.
2652:
1929:
1617:
1303:
109:
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At the same time, depictions of the bodies of muscular athletes and weightlifters, including stars such as Sandow and
3216:
2640:
2615:
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206:
magazine called for a cleanup of the "homosexual element" which had "infiltrated" bodybuilding magazines and events.
737:
Both producers and consumers of physique magazines in the US faced frequent legal challenges, particularly from the
669:
starting in 1940, but later branched out into publishing several physique magazines in the 1950s and 60s, including
143:
1930s. Gay physique photographers working during this era included Edwin F. Townsend, Earle Forbes, Robert Gebhart,
3160:
2772:
713:
512:
from 1964 was an example of a hybrid format combining physique photography with editorial content devoted to the
2593:
1817:
256:
lifestyle, which began to appear as early as 1965. The first American magazines to feature frontal nudity were
139:
social reform movement, as influencing the subsequent development of physique magazines in Germany and beyond.
697:, created a number of original physique magazines, and acquired several other existing publications including
3128:
3000:
2742:
223:
155:
1808:
Morgan, Tracy D. (1996). "Pages of Whiteness: Physique Magazines, and the Emergence of Public Gay Culture".
336:
Physique magazines often featured reproductions of homoerotic paintings and drawings by gay artists such as
2075:"A Briefly Annotated Bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture"
916:
Produced by Montreal-based Weider Organization, and published in two simultaneous editions from London and
894:
Produced by Montreal-based Weider Organization, and published in two simultaneous editions from London and
485:, which joked that "The Broken Hearts chapter of the GLENN BISHOP FAN CLUB will sponsor a mass drowning at
3237:
3102:
2858:
2645:
Streitmatter, Rodger and Watson, John C., "Herman Lynn Womack: Pornographer as First Amendment Pioneer,"
85:
Early gay physique photographers advertised their work in "legitimate" bodybuilding publications such as
3190:
3170:
3077:
1108:
1947:
Living in Arcadia : homosexuality, politics, and morality in France from the liberation to AIDS
3252:
2993:
2810:
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504:
320:
258:
627:
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2722:
2702:
1246:
1029:
785:, was forced out of his teaching position and subsequently hospitalized for suicidal depression.
765:
699:
546:. Eventually large-format titles would appear, some with full color. Among the earliest were the
461:
144:
1185:
publication edited by Bob Anthony, featuring photos and illustrations but no editorial content.
3084:
2608:
Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Eroticism in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall
233:. Models would generally wear a "posing strap" or other skimpy attire to skirt obscenity laws.
200:
ran an editorial warning of "trashy magazines" which contributed to juvenile delinquency, and
3050:
3021:
3007:
2894:
751:
272:
190:
938:
Has been described as the first British physique magazine. Created by physique photographer
3201:
3145:
3044:
2830:
2732:
2712:
1298:
1284:
transitioned from physique photos to full nudes in 1969, and remained in print until 1990.
1204:
755:, which established a narrower standard of being "utterly without redeeming social value".
653:
438:
380:
372:
332:. Sailors and leather-clad motorcyclists were common subjects of Tom of Finland's drawings.
160:
125:
87:
56:
at a time when homosexuality was the subject of cultural taboos and government censorship.
41:
615:
in France. Several Canadian titles had wide international circulation, including those of
69:
described physique magazines as the "richest documentation of gay culture of the period".
8:
3175:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3038:
2949:
2682:
2503:
1455:"Beefcake From Across the Pond, Part III: From Muscle & Fitness to Barrington's Boys"
202:
174:
1077:
and Anthony Guyther. A single issue was published before the magazine was relaunched by
245:-style undergarment with a pouch for the genitalia) or another minimal covering such as
132:
3180:
3165:
2899:
2782:
2737:
2526:
2152:
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1228:
939:
847:
648:
567:
513:
428:
391:
359:
A sub-genre of physique magazines devoted themselves entirely to physique art, such as
229:
61:
154:
A new generation of bodybuilding magazines began to appear in the 1930s, most notably
2636:
2611:
2589:
2570:
2553:
2543:
2530:
2485:
2465:
1950:
1925:
1813:
1613:
1104:
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867:
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of 1873. The determination of obscenity in the United States originally followed the
583:
530:
413:
337:
114:
25:
3155:
2914:
2843:
2518:
2499:
2477:
2144:
1308:
1273:
832:
729:, started their own magazines, which essentially served as advertising catalogues.
683:
341:
104:
3206:
3185:
3090:
2687:
2457:
2384:
1969:
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794:
726:
632:
619:
and of photographer Alan B. Stone (operating under the name "Mark-One Studio").
2969:
2795:
738:
345:
325:
65:
served as an early nationwide cultural nexus for bisexual and gay men. Scholar
2944:
2469:
2148:
81:
3231:
3150:
3096:
2939:
2889:
2848:
2727:
2557:
1954:
782:
742:
665:
535:
497:
29:, an early physique magazine ostensibly dedicated to health and bodybuilding.
2256:"John S. Barrington, the 1950s Artist Behind the UK's First Male Pin-Up Mag"
3211:
3120:
2964:
2959:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2815:
2800:
2603:
2567:
Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s
1313:
1011:
901:
778:
746:
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588:
575:
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448:
288:
Models were typically young adult men in their late teens or twenties, but
164:
in 1932, and various publications from the Montreal-based Weider brothers,
100:
96:
66:
49:
19:
1610:
Bigger Than Life: The History of Gay Porn Cinema from Beefcake to Hardcore
1166:
1114:
1055:
Said to have a circulation of more than 30,000 within a year of its debut.
961:
923:
859:
839:
383:
photo sets by mail, as had previously been done through the back pages of
95:
The early 20th century brought an increased interest in weightlifting and
2954:
2934:
2884:
2853:
2540:
Male Beauty: Postwar Masculinity in Theater, Film, and Physique magazines
1259:
1232:
1210:
1188:
1182:
1140:
1134:
1084:
1078:
1058:
1040:
1021:
1015:
995:
978:
917:
895:
879:
690:
543:
528:
Most physique magazines were printed in a small digest format, including
509:
486:
390:
Later, magazines expanded their offerings to include other items such as
246:
148:
1555:
1543:
1238:
2929:
2522:
2156:
2132:
1156:
1100:
660:
616:
547:
303:
169:
165:
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2805:
2752:
2100:"Beefcake from across the pond: The male physique in Britain, part I"
1332:
Different sources give the date of first issue as either 1944 or 1946
1227:
An overtly gay publication containing a mix of articles covering the
643:
285:
for photos of racially diverse men among consumers of the magazines.
179:
1810:
Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Anthology
1163:
in 1963, but reappeared as a separate publication some years later.
2838:
2790:
289:
45:
793:
According to Thomas Waugh, there were "well over one hundred" pre-
308:
53:
292:
models were occasionally featured openly. For example, in 1955,
91:
before the inception of physique magazines designed for gay men.
2586:
Foundlings: Lesbian and Gay Historical Emotion before Stonewall
2504:"Physique pioneers: The politics of 1960s gay consumer culture"
253:
136:
1073:
Founded by five physique photographers and artists, including
534:, shown here in the hands of founder Irv Johnson and comedian
831:
A British magazine published up to 1955. Initially a serious
242:
1983:
1981:
1979:
816:
352:
in 1956, and it was editor Bob Mizer who coined the credit
348:
came to notice in America after submitting his drawings to
2281:
1483:
1481:
1479:
131:
Thomas Waugh also identifies the late-19th century German
2482:
Buying Gay: How Physique Entrepreneurs Sparked a Movement
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1976:
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1203:
A large-format colour magazine published by Bob Mizer's
1155:
A large-format glossy magazine, published and edited by
656:, also appeared in other magazines, including overseas.
2484:(eBook ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
1903:
1901:
1899:
1845:
1843:
1841:
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1565:
1544:"The Masculine Mystique: Physique Magazine Photography"
1510:
1508:
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1390:
1363:
363:. These magazines experienced a boom around 1963–1964.
3243:
LGBTQ-related magazines published in the United States
2344:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2228:
2017:
1922:
Pink Ink: The Golden Era for Gay and Lesbian Magazines
1782:
1758:
1419:
1417:
1380:
1378:
711:. He fought the landmark Supreme Court obscenity case
356:
for the artist (whose real name was Touko Laaksonen).
266:, both in 1966, though these led to legal challenges.
2410:
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2029:
1884:
1872:
1855:
1826:
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1638:
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1107:, and creative sets designed by the gay photographer
237:
Physique photographs typically depicted young men in
2422:
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2041:
2005:
1993:
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1838:
1710:
1589:
1562:
1505:
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1493:
1429:
1414:
1402:
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639:, which was essentially a catalogue for his studio.
1018:in 1963 with more explicitly gay, sexual content.
3248:Defunct magazines published in the United States
3229:
1349:, published by Roger Eels between 1940 and 1941.
777:. As a result of the scandal, one of the seven,
2684:Early LGBT rights advocacy in the United States
276:A cartoon in a 1959 issue of physique magazine
454:
397:
2668:
2072:
1276:identifies the years from 1951 (the debut of
371:Many physique magazines doubled as a sort of
2635:St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1993,
135:(literally "free body culture") movement, a
2462:Fully Exposed: The Male Nude in Photography
2073:Todd, Jan; Roark, Joe; Todd, Terry (1991).
1537:
1535:
558:, debuting in 1958 and 1961, respectively.
2675:
2661:
2253:
103:. An early driver of this change was the "
2631:Barron, Jerome A. and Dienes, C. Thomas,
2093:
2091:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1607:
781:, an esteemed professor of literature at
178:. Gay photographers such as Al Urban and
2569:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2126:
2124:
1532:
1131:The New MANual: The Bodybuilder's Manual
626:
561:
523:
319:
271:
222:
80:
18:
3197:ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives
2498:
2476:
2416:
2368:
2353:
2326:
2314:
2299:
2287:
2241:
2035:
2023:
1970:"Alan B. Stone and the Senses of Place"
1944:
1938:
1866:
1795:
1764:
1692:
1644:
1632:
1526:
1487:
1099:Large-format color magazine founded by
3230:
2708:Council on Religion and the Homosexual
2583:
2564:
2537:
2456:
2440:
2379:
2377:
2338:
2275:
2222:
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2198:
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2053:
2011:
1919:
1890:
1878:
1832:
1807:
1776:
1752:
1728:
1704:
1656:
1541:
876:Published in Chicago by Irvin Johnson.
659:Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur
2656:
2602:
2428:
2404:
2121:
2097:
2047:
1999:
1987:
1907:
1849:
1740:
1716:
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1514:
1499:
1452:
1435:
1423:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1369:
622:
366:
3015:The Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice
1967:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1231:and physique photography. Edited by
1207:. Only one issue was ever published.
788:
663:published the bodybuilding magazine
403:editorial and photographic content.
44:— that is, photographs of muscular "
2374:
732:
99:, led by figures such as strongman
13:
2625:
1304:List of gay pornographic magazines
14:
3264:
3217:LGBTQ rights in the United States
1441:
394:, calendars, and posing straps.
2773:Veterans Benevolent Association
2254:Miss Rosen (13 December 2019).
2247:
1961:
1949:. University of Chicago Press.
1913:
1801:
1601:
1335:
1326:
714:Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2133:"Wrestling with Francis Bacon"
570:(what would now be called the
542:Early physique magazines were
218:
1:
3001:Focus: A Journal for Lesbians
2743:Metropolitan Community Church
2610:. Columbia University Press.
2450:
1612:. Running Press. p. 19.
379:began as a venue for selling
328:drawing from a 1962 issue of
76:
2584:Nealon, Christopher (2001).
1356:
635:published his own magazine,
262:and the San Francisco-based
227:A page from a 1955 issue of
7:
2859:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon
2464:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
1608:Escoffier, Jeffrey (2009).
1287:
802:List of physique magazines
455:References to homosexuality
398:Connection to homosexuality
10:
3269:
1812:. NYU Press. p. 292.
315:
209:
121:, both appearing in 1898.
40:were magazines devoted to
3191:Minorities Research Group
3171:Garden of Allah (cabaret)
3138:
3112:
3078:MANual Enterprises v. Day
3031:
2978:
2877:
2829:
2781:
2695:
2588:. Duke University Press.
2511:Journal of Social History
2098:Mizer, Bob (2016-12-14).
1453:Mizer, Bob (2016-12-27).
1341:Thomas Waugh states that
1267:
519:
406:
3103:Compton's Cafeteria riot
2768:Student Homophile League
2763:Society for Human Rights
2538:Krauss, Kenneth (2015).
1945:Jackson, Julian (2009).
1319:
2723:Homophile Action League
2703:Columbia Queer Alliance
2565:Meeker, Martin (2006).
2149:10.1093/oxartj/24.1.113
1347:Vim: The Vital Magazine
1103:, featured drawings by
1030:Grecian Guild Pictorial
920:. Edited by Hal Warner.
898:. Edited by Hal Warner.
766:Grecian Guild Pictorial
700:Grecian Guild Pictorial
462:Grecian Guild Pictorial
182:used the back pages of
3085:Fun Lounge police raid
2131:Ofleld, Simon (2001).
1924:. Cambridge Scholars.
1542:Aletti, Vince (2007).
640:
631:Physique photographer
539:
444:
333:
281:
234:
92:
30:
3051:Pullman porter affair
1920:Calder, Bill (2016).
752:Roth v. United States
630:
562:Circulation and scale
527:
434:
385:Strength & Health
323:
275:
226:
198:Strength & Health
161:Strength & Health
88:Strength & Health
84:
22:
3202:Oscar Wilde Bookshop
3146:Athletic Model Guild
3045:Harvard Secret Court
2831:Daughters of Bilitis
2733:Knights of the Clock
2713:Daughters of Bilitis
2633:First Amendment Law,
2104:Bob Mizer Foundation
1459:Bob Mizer Foundation
1299:Physique photography
1159:. Incorporated into
654:Athletic Model Guild
605:Sciences culturistes
439:The Atlantic Monthly
381:Athletic Model Guild
373:mail order catalogue
361:Fizeek Art Quarterly
175:Muscle & Fitness
126:George Hackenschmidt
119:Physical Development
42:physique photography
3071:Cooper Do-nuts Riot
3064:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3039:Newport sex scandal
2950:Richard L. Schlegel
2649:28:56 (Summer 2002)
2647:Journalism History,
2443:, pp. 135–136.
2290:, pp. 178–180.
2225:, pp. 216–217.
1990:, pp. 249–250.
1779:, pp. 255–256.
1755:, pp. 100–101.
1743:, pp. 222–223.
1671:, pp. 232–233.
1659:, pp. 239–240.
1586:, pp. 225–226.
1399:, pp. 191–192.
1372:, pp. 217–219.
1129:First published as
810:Year of first issue
803:
609:La culture physique
572:gay rights movement
344:. Famed gay artist
184:Strength and Health
3238:Physique magazines
3181:Henry Gerber House
3166:Homophile movement
2900:Charles Henri Ford
2783:Mattachine Society
2738:Mattachine Society
2523:10.1353/jsh.0.0342
2137:Oxford Art Journal
1282:Physique Pictorial
1278:Physique Pictorial
1229:homophile movement
1092:The Young Physique
940:John S. Barrington
931:Male Model Monthly
848:Physique Pictorial
801:
679:The Young Physique
649:Physique Pictorial
641:
623:Notable publishers
597:Male Model Monthly
568:homophile movement
540:
514:homophile movement
429:Sports Illustrated
419:Physique Pictorial
377:Physique Pictorial
367:Commercial content
350:Physique Pictorial
334:
330:Physique Pictorial
294:Physique Pictorial
282:
235:
230:Physique Pictorial
93:
62:Physique Pictorial
38:beefcake magazines
34:Physique magazines
31:
3225:
3224:
2549:978-1-4384-5000-1
2500:Johnson, David K.
2491:978-0-231-54817-5
2478:Johnson, David K.
2082:Iron Game History
1968:Deitcher, David.
1695:, pp. 68–70.
1490:, pp. 28–29.
1265:
1264:
1105:George Quaintance
1075:George Quaintance
789:List of magazines
637:Male Model Parade
584:Mattachine Review
338:George Quaintance
115:Bernarr Macfadden
3260:
3176:Julius (NYC bar)
3156:Black Cat Tavern
3057:Hazel's Inn raid
2915:Aristide Laurent
2844:Barbara Gittings
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2621:
2599:
2580:
2561:
2534:
2508:
2495:
2473:
2458:Cooper, Emmanuel
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2095:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1894:
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1654:
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1569:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1461:. Archived from
1450:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1309:Gay pulp fiction
1274:David K. Johnson
956:Youth in the Sun
833:physical culture
804:
800:
733:Legal challenges
133:Freikörperkultur
110:Physical Culture
105:physical culture
23:A 1953 issue of
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3253:Magazine genres
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3186:LGBTQ movements
3134:
3129:The Homosexuals
3108:
3091:Annual Reminder
3027:
2974:
2873:
2825:
2777:
2691:
2688:Stonewall riots
2681:
2628:
2626:Further reading
2618:
2596:
2577:
2550:
2506:
2492:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
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2382:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
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1699:
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1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1606:
1602:
1594:
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1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1540:
1533:
1525:
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1513:
1506:
1498:
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1468:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1294:Beefcake (film)
1290:
1270:
791:
763:magazines like
735:
727:Lon of New York
633:Lon of New York
625:
564:
522:
508:, published by
457:
432:, which noted:
409:
400:
369:
318:
221:
212:
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
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3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2970:H. Lynn Womack
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Rudi Gernreich
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2562:
2548:
2542:. SUNY Press.
2535:
2517:(4): 867–892.
2496:
2490:
2474:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2431:, p. 176.
2421:
2409:
2407:, p. 251.
2397:
2373:
2358:
2356:, p. 226.
2343:
2341:, p. 261.
2331:
2329:, p. 221.
2319:
2317:, p. 219.
2304:
2302:, p. 233.
2292:
2280:
2278:, p. 104.
2265:
2246:
2244:, p. 158.
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 216.
2203:
2201:, p. 217.
2174:
2172:, p. 100.
2162:
2143:(1): 113–130.
2120:
2087:
2052:
2050:, p. 275.
2040:
2028:
2026:, p. 876.
2016:
2004:
2002:, p. 242.
1992:
1975:
1960:
1937:
1931:978-1443893077
1930:
1912:
1910:, p. 217.
1895:
1893:, p. 116.
1883:
1881:, p. 100.
1871:
1854:
1852:, p. 250.
1837:
1835:, p. 135.
1825:
1818:
1800:
1798:, p. 875.
1781:
1769:
1767:, p. 873.
1757:
1745:
1733:
1731:, p. 115.
1721:
1719:, p. 224.
1709:
1707:, p. 123.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1619:978-0786747535
1618:
1600:
1598:, p. 252.
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 249.
1561:
1550:(187): 54–59.
1531:
1519:
1517:, p. 210.
1504:
1502:, p. 213.
1492:
1475:
1440:
1438:, p. 209.
1428:
1426:, p. 208.
1413:
1411:, p. 205.
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 180.
1374:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1010:Known for its
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
993:
991:
988:
982:
981:
976:
974:
971:
965:
964:
959:
936:
933:
927:
926:
921:
914:
911:
909:Body Beautiful
905:
904:
899:
892:
889:
883:
882:
877:
874:
871:
868:Tomorrow's Man
863:
862:
857:
854:
851:
843:
842:
837:
829:
826:
820:
819:
814:
811:
808:
790:
787:
739:US Post Office
734:
731:
675:Body Beautiful
624:
621:
603:in Australia;
601:Muscle Builder
563:
560:
552:Young Physique
531:Tomorrow's Man
521:
518:
483:Body Beautiful
456:
453:
414:Tomorrow's Man
408:
405:
399:
396:
368:
365:
354:Tom of Finland
346:Tom of Finland
326:Tom of Finland
317:
314:
220:
217:
211:
208:
78:
75:
26:Tomorrow's Man
16:Magazine genre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:DOB Australia
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Black Cat Bar
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:Julius sip-in
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Craig Rodwell
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Reed Erickson
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Barbara Grier
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Dale Jennings
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Janus Society
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:Organizations
2694:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:0-314-02581-2
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:0-231-09998-3
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:Waugh, Thomas
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2576:0-226-51735-7
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2419:, p. 45.
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2371:, p. 68.
2370:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2110:on 2020-03-05
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2038:, p. 64.
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2014:, p. 19.
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1869:, p. 12.
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1683:, p. 37.
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 40.
1646:
1641:
1635:, p. 36.
1634:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1529:, p. 30.
1528:
1523:
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3121:The Rejected
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2987:The Advocate
2985:
2979:Publications
2965:Randy Wicker
2960:Parker Tyler
2920:W. Dorr Legg
2910:Morris Kight
2905:Henry Gerber
2895:Arthur Evans
2864:Ruth Simpson
2821:Jack Nichols
2816:Frank Kameny
2801:James Gruber
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2417:Johnson 2019
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2388:. Retrieved
2369:Johnson 2019
2354:Johnson 2019
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2300:Johnson 2019
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2242:Johnson 2019
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2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
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2024:Johnson 2010
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1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
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97:bodybuilding
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67:Thomas Waugh
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50:bodybuilding
37:
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3093:(1965–1969)
2955:Drew Shafer
2945:José Sarria
2935:Clark Polak
2885:Merton Bird
2854:Kay Lahusen
2441:Nealon 2001
2339:Krauss 2015
2276:Cooper 2007
2260:Another Man
2223:Krauss 2015
2211:Krauss 2015
2199:Krauss 2015
2170:Cooper 2007
2012:Meeker 2006
1891:Nealon 2001
1879:Nealon 2001
1833:Nealon 2001
1777:Krauss 2015
1753:Cooper 2007
1729:Nealon 2001
1705:Nealon 2001
1657:Krauss 2015
1233:Clark Polak
1183:Lynn Womack
1135:Lynn Womack
1079:Lynn Womack
1016:Lynn Womack
986:Star Models
969:Men and Art
918:Jersey City
896:Jersey City
828:1944/1946?
695:Guild Press
691:Lynn Womack
599:in the UK;
544:digest size
510:Clark Polak
487:Fire Island
247:swim briefs
219:Photographs
191:Mr. America
156:Bob Hoffman
149:Lon Hanagan
3232:Categories
3022:Vice Versa
3008:The Ladder
2930:Troy Perry
2595:0822380617
2470:1050065497
2451:References
2429:Waugh 1996
2405:Waugh 1996
2114:2020-02-06
2048:Waugh 1996
2000:Waugh 1996
1988:Waugh 1996
1908:Waugh 1996
1850:Waugh 1996
1819:0814712584
1741:Waugh 1996
1717:Waugh 1996
1681:Waugh 1996
1669:Waugh 1996
1596:Waugh 1996
1584:Waugh 1996
1572:Waugh 1996
1515:Waugh 1996
1500:Waugh 1996
1469:2020-02-06
1436:Waugh 1996
1424:Waugh 1996
1409:Waugh 1996
1397:Waugh 1996
1385:Waugh 1996
1370:Waugh 1996
1157:Joe Weider
1101:Joe Weider
944:MAN-ifique
902:1024014323
661:Joe Weider
617:Joe Weider
574:) such as
550:magazines
548:Joe Weider
304:Centerfold
172:, such as
77:Background
3207:The Patch
2925:Bob Mizer
2869:Ada Bello
2806:Harry Hay
2753:ONE, Inc.
2558:906090551
2531:143289271
2460:(2007) .
2390:16 August
1955:748910710
1357:Citations
1167:229986472
1161:Muscleboy
1148:Demi-Gods
1115:504117461
962:473823208
924:224987899
860:643902464
840:884498598
795:Stonewall
644:Bob Mizer
556:Demi-Gods
215:reviews.
180:Bob Mizer
3131:" (1967)
2839:Lisa Ben
2791:Hal Call
2606:(1996).
2502:(2010).
2480:(2019).
1556:24473256
1548:Aperture
1288:See also
1272:Scholar
1260:65217138
1211:38421813
1189:18574986
1174:Manorama
1141:38219987
1085:18583963
1059:18583918
1041:18564261
1022:38404562
996:37662994
979:32777971
948:FORMosus
880:18535079
581:and the
579:magazine
290:underage
203:Iron Man
145:Al Urban
46:beefcake
3139:Related
3113:Film/TV
2157:3600381
1239:3163560
342:Etienne
316:Artwork
309:Playboy
210:Content
54:gay men
3124:(1961)
3105:(1966)
3099:(1966)
3087:(1964)
3081:(1962)
3073:(1959)
3067:(1958)
3059:(1956)
3053:(1940)
3047:(1920)
3041:(1919)
3032:Events
2878:Others
2639:
2614:
2592:
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2529:
2488:
2468:
2155:
1953:
1928:
1816:
1616:
1554:
1268:Legacy
1122:MANual
1066:Fizeek
954:, and
887:Adonis
824:Vigour
773:, and
771:MANual
709:MANual
707:, and
677:, and
671:Adonis
611:, and
520:Format
473:, and
471:Vulcan
467:Apollo
407:Alibis
392:slides
254:nudist
137:nudist
2758:PRIDE
2748:NACHO
2686:(pre–
2527:S2CID
2507:(PDF)
2385:"Two"
2153:JSTOR
2078:(PDF)
1552:JSTOR
1320:Notes
1252:1964
1224:1964
1178:1961
1152:1961
1126:1959
1096:1958
1007:1954
935:1954
853:1951
813:Notes
807:Title
264:Butch
243:thong
3193:(UK)
2994:Drum
2718:ECHO
2637:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2554:OCLC
2544:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2466:OCLC
2392:2021
1951:OCLC
1926:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1219:Drum
1200:1963
1070:1957
1052:1956
1048:TRIM
1035:1955
1012:camp
990:1954
973:1954
913:1954
891:1954
873:1952
817:OCLC
725:and
554:and
505:Drum
340:and
259:Drum
168:and
113:and
2519:doi
2145:doi
1343:Vim
1247:TWO
1205:AMG
1003:Vim
775:Gym
705:Vim
646:'s
577:ONE
494:VIM
442:...
278:Gym
241:(a
170:Ben
166:Joe
158:'s
117:'s
36:or
3234::
2552:.
2525:.
2515:43
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2509:.
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1457:.
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1235:.
1181:A
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538:.
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