316:, beans. Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau), a raw red kidney bean may contain up to 70,000 hau, but this is reduced to between 200 and 400 hau when properly cooked. Studies by British scientists recommend soaking beans for at least five hours, discarding the water, and then boiling the beans in fresh water at 100 °C (212 °F) for at least thirty minutes. A pressure cooker at 15 psi may be used to cook beans in 45 minutes without presoaking. Insufficient cooking, such as in a
395:
in 1960 when he discovered it also had the ability to stimulate mitotic division of lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood. Prior to his discovery, these cells were assumed to be the terminal end-products of differentiation. This work had tremendous implications for the constitutional study of chromosomal disorders. T. C. Hsu's 1979 book "Human and
Mammalian Cytogenetics an Historical Perspective" (ISBN 978-1-4612-6159-9) is an excellent resource for this history.
29:
394:
Prior to 1960, crude extracts of PHA were known to coat the surface of red blood cells, make them heavier, and thereby improve the separation of the white cell buffy coat. Peter Nowell, an immunologist and pathologist at the
University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, was using PHA for this purpose
359:
is a research method that uses the protein product phytohaemagglutinin PHA-L as a molecular tracer that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell thereby tracing the path of axonal projections and relative connections that nerve impulses travel beginning with
330:
Poisoning can be induced from as few as four raw beans. Symptoms usually begin with extreme nausea and vomiting within one to three hours of ingestion, followed by diarrhea. Abdominal pain has been reported in some people. Recovery is usually spontaneous and rapid, occurring within three to four
595:
Studies done by
British scientists suggest that beans should be soaked in water for at least 5 hours,the water poured away, and the beans boiled in fresh water for at least 30 minutes
663:
Layer P, Carlson GL, DiMagno EP (June 1985). "Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in humans".
160:
452:
483:
382:
analysis. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin presents a classic model of transition of cells from the quiescent G
607:
Thompson, Lilian U.; Rea, Ramona L.; Jenkins, David J. A. (1983). "Effect of Heat
Processing on Hemagglutinin Activity in Red Kidney Beans".
235:(white blood cells) to clump. Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containing
736:
108:
180:
277:) such as fava beans. It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses, it is a
845:
487:
698:
634:
575:
543:
511:
965:
459:
168:
375:
all the way to the point of termination at the efferent synapse which then provides input to another neuron.
1131:
1031:
522:
386:
phase of the cell cycle into G1-, and subsequently progression through S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.
881:
563:
Raw kidney beans contain from 20,000 to 70,000 hau, while fully cooked beans contain from 200 to 400 hau
164:
909:
121:
817:
1136:
327:, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after consumption of beans.
324:
293:
224:
813:
289:
896:
838:
765:
369:
147:
635:"Bad Bug Book: Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins. 2nd ed"
8:
356:
240:
769:
312:
animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared legumes,
620:
267:
788:
753:
1121:
793:
732:
680:
676:
434:
411:
Hamelryck TW, Dao-Thi MH, Poortmans F, Chrispeels MJ, Wyns L, Loris R (August 1996).
155:
113:
37:
33:
706:
Foodborne
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin
583:
Foodborne
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin
551:
Foodborne
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin
519:
Foodborne
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin
64:
1126:
1088:
903:
831:
783:
773:
672:
616:
424:
143:
331:
hours after onset of symptoms, although some cases have required hospitalization.
77:
89:
1078:
758:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
297:
1115:
1095:
873:
429:
412:
1021:
950:
778:
352:
228:
684:
438:
117:
797:
317:
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254:
1056:
361:
348:
273:
262:
258:
232:
101:
28:
891:
751:
379:
236:
752:
Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Sharpless T, Melamed MR (August 1976).
1036:
1026:
1016:
1000:
995:
930:
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920:
915:
823:
410:
320:
at 75 °C/ 167 °F, may not completely destroy the toxins.
261:), and it is also found in lower quantities in many other types of
84:
284:
The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces
1073:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
854:
340:
285:
247:
208:
96:
364:(cell body or soma) and through the presynaptic part located on
211:. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called
1100:
942:
858:
365:
204:
175:
378:
Lymphocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin can be used for
1066:
1061:
886:
343:
to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent
278:
453:"PHA-E specification sheet Medicago AB: Phytohaemagglutinin"
960:
955:
372:
288:, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and
137:
71:
59:
253:
It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red
754:"Lymphocyte stimulation: a rapid multiparameter analysis"
344:
413:"The crystallographic structure of phytohemagglutinin-L"
339:
In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a
662:
606:
1113:
731:. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 144.
486:. The world's healthiest foods. Archived from
839:
846:
832:
27:
816:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
787:
777:
428:
231:(red blood cells) to clump. PHA-L causes
726:
720:
644:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2012
445:
1114:
308:As a toxin, it can cause poisoning in
257:and white kidney beans (also known as
223:. These proteins cause blood cells to
827:
642:US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
506:
504:
853:
708:. Food and Drug Administration. 2012
585:. Food and Drug Administration. 2012
553:. Food and Drug Administration. 2012
207:found in plants, especially certain
417:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
13:
621:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb14831.x
501:
14:
1148:
807:
745:
691:
966:Myelin-associated glycoprotein
729:Physiology of Behavior, 9th ed
656:
627:
600:
568:
536:
476:
404:
1:
398:
132:Available protein structures:
1032:N-Acetylglucosamine receptor
677:10.1016/0016-5085(85)90016-2
523:Food and Drug Administration
7:
882:Asialoglycoprotein receptor
303:
271:), as well as broad beans (
10:
1153:
389:
360:the source located at the
1049:
1009:
941:
910:proteochondroitin sulfate
872:
865:
347:-1 from human peripheral
174:
154:
136:
131:
127:
107:
95:
83:
70:
58:
50:
45:
26:
21:
818:Medical Subject Headings
430:10.1074/jbc.271.34.20479
265:and other common beans (
609:Journal of Food Science
334:
325:alpha amylase inhibitor
779:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2881
897:Mannan-binding lectin
699:"Bad Bug Book (2012)"
576:"Bad Bug Book (2012)"
544:"Bad Bug Book (2012)"
512:"Bad Bug Book (2012)"
22:Legume lectin domain
1132:Foodborne illnesses
1084:Phytohaemagglutinin
814:Phytohemagglutinins
770:1976PNAS...73.2881D
727:Carlson NR (2007).
357:anterograde tracing
323:Beans also contain
193:Phytohaemagglutinin
268:Phaseolus vulgaris
244:-acetylglucosamine
201:phytohemagglutinin
1109:
1108:
1045:
1044:
738:978-0-205-46724-2
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:structure summary
34:Crystal structure
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1089:Pokeweed mitogen
904:Mannose receptor
870:
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841:
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825:
824:
802:
801:
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781:
749:
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665:Gastroenterology
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521:. United States
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458:. Archived from
457:
449:
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432:
423:(34): 20479–85.
408:
292:to proteins. It
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19:
18:
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671:(6): 1895–902.
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337:
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296:most mammalian
213:leucoagglutinin
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1137:Legume lectins
1134:
1129:
1124:
1107:
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1103:
1098:
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1079:Concanavalin A
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874:C-type lectins
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863:
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843:
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822:
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809:
808:External links
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484:"Kidney Beans"
475:
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402:
400:
397:
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305:
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298:red blood cell
227:. PHA-E cause
225:clump together
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1096:Legume lectin
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764:(8): 2881–4.
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525:. p. 254
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490:on 2007-10-18
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465:on 2012-03-04
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25:
20:
1083:
1022:Calreticulin
951:Sialoadhesin
908:
761:
757:
747:
728:
722:
710:. Retrieved
705:
693:
668:
664:
658:
646:. Retrieved
641:
629:
612:
608:
602:
594:
587:. Retrieved
582:
570:
562:
555:. Retrieved
550:
538:
527:. Retrieved
518:
492:. Retrieved
488:the original
478:
467:. Retrieved
460:the original
447:
420:
416:
406:
393:
377:
353:neuroscience
338:
329:
322:
313:
307:
294:agglutinates
290:permeability
283:
272:
266:
255:kidney beans
252:
241:
229:erythrocytes
220:
216:
212:
200:
196:
192:
191:
16:Toxic lectin
1057:Toxalbumins
615:: 235–236.
349:lymphocytes
318:slow cooker
310:monogastric
263:green beans
54:Lectin_legB
46:Identifiers
1116:Categories
712:2 February
648:3 February
589:2 February
557:2 February
529:2013-12-27
494:2007-11-05
469:2010-03-14
399:References
362:perikaryon
274:Vicia faba
259:cannellini
233:leukocytes
144:structures
36:of PHA-L (
892:Collectin
380:karyotype
237:galactose
102:PDOC00278
90:IPR001220
1122:Proteins
1074:Mitogens
1037:Selectin
1027:Galectin
1017:Calnexin
1001:SIGLEC12
996:SIGLEC10
931:Neurocan
926:Brevican
921:Versican
916:Aggrecan
370:efferent
304:Toxicity
161:RCSB PDB
85:InterPro
1127:Lectins
991:SIGLEC9
986:SIGLEC8
981:SIGLEC7
976:SIGLEC6
971:SIGLEC5
859:lectins
855:Protein
766:Bibcode
685:2581844
439:8702788
390:History
341:mitogen
300:types.
286:mitosis
248:mannose
209:legumes
203:) is a
97:PROSITE
65:PF00139
1101:BanLec
943:SIGLEC
866:Animal
820:(MeSH)
798:822422
796:
789:430788
786:
735:
683:
437:
366:neuron
246:, and
219:) and
205:lectin
176:PDBsum
150:
140:
122:SUPFAM
78:CL0004
51:Symbol
1067:Ricin
1062:Abrin
1050:Plant
1010:Other
887:KLRD1
702:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
579:(PDF)
547:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
351:. In
279:toxin
221:PHA-E
217:PHA-L
199:, or
118:SCOPe
109:SCOP2
40:1fat)
961:CD33
956:CD22
794:PMID
733:ISBN
714:2022
681:PMID
650:2019
591:2022
559:2022
435:PMID
373:axon
335:Uses
314:e.g.
169:PDBj
165:PDBe
148:ECOD
138:Pfam
114:1lem
74:clan
72:Pfam
60:Pfam
784:PMC
774:doi
673:doi
617:doi
425:doi
421:271
368:'s
345:HIV
197:PHA
156:PDB
38:PDB
1118::
857::
792:.
782:.
772:.
762:73
760:.
756:.
704:.
679:.
669:88
667:.
640:.
613:48
611:.
593:.
581:.
561:.
549:.
517:.
503:^
433:.
419:.
415:.
355:,
281:.
250:.
239:,
167:;
163:;
146:/
120:/
116:/
847:e
840:t
833:v
800:.
776::
768::
741:.
716:.
687:.
675::
652:.
623:.
619::
532:.
497:.
472:.
441:.
427::
384:0
242:N
215:(
195:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
