39:
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recordings of music intended to be used for dancing to be regularized into strict tempo despite the original performance having the slight tempo fluctuations of all human performances, as due to the recording and production process, any fluctuations would be magnified/exaggerated in the finished production copy and result in an uneven rhythm.)
330:
increases, and with it the paper speed. Player piano engineers were well aware of this, as can be seen from many patents of the time, but since reproducing piano recordings were generally made with a similar take-up spool drive, the tempo of the recorded performance is faithfully reproduced, despite the gradually increasing paper speed.
265:
The player piano gives the opportunity to create music that is impossible for humans to play, or, more correctly, music that was not conceived in terms of performance by hand. Over one hundred composers wrote music specially for the player piano during the course of the 20th century. Many mainstream
234:
rolls are rolls produced by positioning the music slots without real-time input from a performing musician. The music, when played back, is typically purely metronomical. Metronomically arranged music rolls are deliberately left metronomic so as to enable a player-pianist to create their own musical
329:
Recorded rolls play at a specific, marked speed, where for example, 70 signifies 7 feet (2.1 m) of paper travel in one minute, at the start of the roll. On all pneumatic player pianos, the paper is pulled on to a take-up spool, and as more paper winds on, so the effective diameter of the spool
325:
Reproducing pianos can also re-create the dynamics of a pianist's performance by means of specially encoded control perforations placed towards the edges of a music roll. Different companies had different ways of notating dynamics, some technically advanced, some secret, and some dependent entirely
317:
were generally made from the recorded performances of famous musicians. Typically, a pianist would sit at a specially designed recording piano, and the pitch and duration of any notes played would be either marked or perforated on a blank roll, together with the duration of the sustaining and soft
241:
rolls are created by capturing in real time the hand-played performance of one or more pianists upon a piano connected to a recording machine. The production roll reproduced the real-time performance of the original recording when played back at a constant speed. (It became industry convention for
164:
inches (286 mm) and perforation standards for 65-note rolls of 6 holes to the inch, and for 88-note rolls of 9 holes to the inch. That left margins at both ends for future developments. Any pianos built to those standards could play rolls made to them, albeit sometimes with a loss of special
256:
it is designed to be played back on, producing an approximation of the original recording pianist's dynamics. Reproducing pianos were beyond the reach of the average home in the original era of popularity of these instruments and were heavily marketed as reproducing the 'soul' of the performer –
194:
77:
files have generally supplanted piano rolls in storing and playing back performance data, accomplishing digitally and electronically what piano rolls do mechanically. MIDI editing software often features the ability to represent the music graphically as a piano roll.
196:
66:, are continuous rolls of paper with holes punched into them. These perforations represent note control data. The roll moves over a reading system known as a tracker bar; the playing cycle for each musical note is triggered when a perforation crosses the bar.
1309:
The player-piano up-to-date: a comprehensive treatise on the principles, construction, adjustment, regulation and use of pneumatic mechanisms for piano-playing: together with a description of the leading mechanisms now in use and some hints on the playing
483:
There were hundreds of companies worldwide producing rolls during the peak period of their popularity (1900–1927). Some other non-reproducing rolls makers of live performances are listed below together with their most memorable recording artistes.
143:, was introduced in 1896 in the United States, specifically for piano music. In 1900, an American format playing all 88 notes of the standard piano scale (A0 to C8) was introduced. In 1902, a German 72-note scale (F1, G1 to E7) was introduced.
326:
on a recording producer's handwritten notes, but in all cases these dynamic hieroglyphics had to be skillfully converted into the specialized perforated codes needed by the different types of instrument.
193:
195:
717:
From the mid 1980s, music software started to include grid-based graphical editors inspired by piano rolls, with the two axes representing pitch and time, and the notes displayed as bars on the grid.
667:
to the composers. The ruling was based on a holding that the piano rolls were not copies of the plaintiffs' copyrighted sheet music, but were instead parts of the machine that reproduced the music.
733:
graphical user interface to implement a piano roll-style editor with a keyboard aligned vertically on the left of a grid. Other early examples of piano roll-inspired editors include
Southworth's
107:
in
Brentford, London, England houses one of the world's largest collections of piano rolls, with over 20,000 rolls as well as an extensive collection of instruments which may be seen and heard.
139:
In the early years of player pianos, piano rolls were produced in varying dimensions and formats. Most rolls used one of three musical scales. The 65-note format, with a playing range of
297:
brands were known as "reproducing" piano rolls, as they could accurately reproduce the touch and dynamics of the artist as well as the notes struck, when played back on capable pianos.
609:
1581:
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741:(1987) by System Exclusive, which used a vertical scrolling piano roll with the keyboard aligned horizontally at the top of the editing window, and
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were employed as "nine to five" pianola pianists. They were not famous when they started in the 1920s but they became well known for their playing.
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note data. Piano rolls allow the user to enter the pitch, length and velocity of notes manually, instead of recording the output of a
868:
1796:
1671:
235:
performance (such as varying the dynamics, tempo, and phrasing) via the hand controls that are a feature of all player pianos.
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historical overview of companies and individuals, biographical essays on the recording artists and composers. (out of print).
1801:
955:
1416:
1365:
1184:
656:
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slogans such as "The Master's
Fingers On Your Piano" or "Paderewski will play for you in your own house!" were common.
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1279:
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1215:
1248:
The Welte-Mignon, its music and musicians; complete catalogue of Welte-Mignon reproducing piano recordings 1905–1932
706:
or other device for entering note data. Usually a means of manually editing other aspects of the MIDI data, such as
1378:
73:
offers 45,000 titles with "new titles being added on a regular basis", although they are no longer mass-produced.
1409:
252:
rolls but have additional control codes to operate the dynamic modifying systems specific to whichever brand of
146:
On
December 10, 1908, a group representing most of the largest U.S. manufacturers of player pianos gathered in
1633:
69:
Piano rolls have been in continuous production since at least 1896, and are still being manufactured today;
1272:
Welte-Mignon
Reproductions: Complete Library of Recordings for the Welte-Mignon Reproducing Piano 1905–1932
1268:
Welte-Mignon-Reproduktionen: Gesamtkatalog der
Aufnahmen für das Welte-Mignon Reproduktions-Piano 1905–1932
912:
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17:
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Duo-Art piano music: a complete classified catalog of music recorded for the Duo-Art reproducing piano
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823:
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104:
1753:
1333:
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software, the term "piano roll" is used to refer to a graphical display of, and means of editing,
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This case was subsequently eclipsed by
Congress's intervention in the form of an amendment to the
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8:
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was established as a standard MIDI editing feature in modern digital audio workstations.
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for the manufacture and distribution of such "mechanical" embodiments of musical works.
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207:
27:
Music storage medium used to operate a player piano, piano player or reproducing piano
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The playing of many pianists and composers is preserved on reproducing piano roll.
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is a listing of piano rolls, especially made by a single performer, analogous to a
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Pianola.co.nz – Listen to MIDI files created by scanning player piano rolls
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440:. Welte-Mignon, the earliest reproducing system, recorded artists such as
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994:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
714:, is also present, although not strictly part of the piano roll itself.
42:
Mastertouch
Australian Dance Gems piano roll with lyrics printed to side
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and its Key Edit window in 1989, the piano roll format introduced by
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150:, to try to agree on some standards. The group settled on a width of
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115:
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The piano roll: a valuable recording medium of the twentieth century
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480:(who was the earliest-born pianist to record in any media format).
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and pianists who have had their performances recorded in this way.
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30:
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260:
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851:"The Pianola Institute – History of the Pianola – Piano Players"
755:
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976:, New York, NY, Vol. 47, No. 24, p. 31 from December 12, 1908.
1712:
1471:
305:
1359:
1354:
699:
74:
913:"US Patent 287,599, Emil Welte, New York, 30 October 1883"
165:
functionality. The formats became a loose world standard.
266:
composers experimented with its possibilities, including
1337:
641:
1207:
830:
White-Smith Music
Publishing Company v. Apollo Company
795:
is the generic term for similar rolls used to operate
648:
White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company
1171:
Brett, Thomas (2021). "Electronic Music Production".
1226:
Aeolian Company (1987). Smith, Charles Davis (ed.).
769:
1293:(Thesis). Department of Music, University of Utah.
1431:
1246:Smith, Charles David; Howe, Richard James (1994).
659:which ruled that manufacturers of music rolls for
1773:
681:
81:The first paper rolls were used commercially by
1225:
943:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
416:. The Ampico brand's featured artists included
261:Compositions for pianola and reproducing piano
169:Metronomic, hand played, and reproducing rolls
1672:
1417:
1274:] (in German). Stuttgart: Rombach Druck.
1265:
1686:
1345:The Player Piano Group – the main UK society
932:
1350:The Pianola Forum – online discussion group
1679:
1665:
1424:
1410:
1390:Complete listing of all Welte-Mignon rolls
1266:Dangel, Gerhard; Schmitz, Hans-W. (2006).
1046:Electronic Soundmaker & Computer Music
1245:
1203:
905:
807:and other types of automatically played
685:
304:
122:
114:
37:
29:
1334:"The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation"
1039:
1010:
14:
1774:
1379:"Piano Roll Scanning Information Page"
1288:
1173:The Creative Electronic Music Producer
1660:
1405:
1376:
1305:
1170:
1091:
985:
300:
135:, according to the Buffalo Convention
119:A stack of piano rolls, some in boxes
110:
1210:. New York: American Piano Company.
1143:
1118:
1066:
674:, protecting them and introducing a
642:Legal protectability against copying
24:
992:Australian Dictionary of Biography
965:
657:Supreme Court of the United States
175:
25:
1818:
1326:
388:Duo-Art featured artists such as
1470:
1366:"Information about Welte-Mignon"
772:
282:, made it their primary milieu.
218:Problems playing this file? See
191:
34:A player piano roll being played
1313:. New York: Edward Lyman Bill.
1164:
1137:
1112:
1085:
1060:
1011:Lavroff, Nicholas (June 1985).
988:"Edith Emma Pardey (1896–1963)"
131:, about 1919, with lines for a
127:First part of a piano roll for
1797:Mechanical musical instruments
1432:Mechanical musical instruments
1144:Lord, Nigel (September 1989).
1119:Elen, Richard (October 1987).
1040:Jenkins, Chris (August 1985).
1033:
1004:
979:
940:, eds. (2001). "Rollography".
926:
883:
875:. 10 June 2011. Archived from
861:
843:
655:(1908), was a decision by the
318:pedal. In Australia Edith and
13:
1:
1306:White, William Braid (1914).
1232:. Monrovia, CA: Player Shop.
1081:(9). SOS Publications: 15–20.
1027:PC World Communications, Inc.
836:
682:In digital audio workstations
309:Tracker bar of a Welte-Mignon
187:Example audio of a piano roll
1802:History of Buffalo, New York
1398:, Brentford, London, England
1250:. Vestal, NY: Vestal Press.
1121:"Passport Master Tracks Pro"
1092:Trask, Simon (August 1987).
7:
1146:"Steinberg Cubase (Part 2)"
1133:(12). SOS Publications: 50.
765:
10:
1823:
1204:Obenchain, Elaine (1977).
1197:
1067:Russ, Martin (July 1986).
62:. Piano rolls, like other
1722:
1695:
1574:
1548:
1520:
1479:
1468:
1437:
824:Virtual Studio Technology
696:digital audio workstation
580:U.S. Music Roll Company:
1754:Optical mark recognition
1289:Bryner, Barbara (2002).
1158:Music Maker Publications
1106:Music Maker Publications
946:(2nd ed.). London:
869:"The day the music died"
202:Piano roll from 1920 of
803:, hand-cranked organs,
1487:American Piano Company
691:
310:
248:rolls are the same as
180:
136:
120:
43:
35:
689:
672:Copyright Act of 1909
390:Ignace Jan Paderewski
308:
179:
126:
118:
41:
33:
1054:Northern & Shell
948:Macmillan Publishers
754:With the release of
725:(1984) utilized the
663:did not have to pay
630:, Clarence Johnson,
278:; others, including
1377:Trachtman, Warren.
729:'s high resolution
446:Camille Saint-Saëns
418:Sergei Rachmaninoff
363:Sergei Rachmaninoff
339:Camille Saint-Saëns
89:beginning in 1883.
1688:Paper data storage
1179:. pp. 14–15.
1013:"Roll Over Mozart"
973:Music Trade Review
799:(or band organs),
692:
676:compulsory license
626:Capitol/Columbia:
564:J. Russel Robinson
458:Alexander Scriabin
371:Alexander Scriabin
311:
301:Reproducing pianos
181:
137:
121:
111:Buffalo Convention
58:, piano player or
54:used to operate a
44:
36:
1769:
1768:
1748:Edge-notched card
1654:
1653:
1634:Berry-Wood A.O.W.
1094:"Iconix Software"
1069:"Totally Musical"
986:Brownrigg, Jeff,
957:978-1-56159-239-5
797:fairground organs
744:Master Tracks Pro
618:Cow Cow Davenport
602:Jelly Roll Morton
438:Marguerite Volavy
434:Winifred MacBride
375:Jelly Roll Morton
315:reproducing piano
254:reproducing piano
197:
148:Buffalo, New York
60:reproducing piano
16:(Redirected from
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1462:Fairground organ
1426:
1419:
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1381:. Archived from
1373:
1368:. Archived from
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1336:. Archived from
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1191:
1190:
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1150:Music Technology
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1098:Music Technology
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1042:"The Work Ethic"
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873:The Buffalo News
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813:mechanical organ
782:
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749:Passport Designs
592:Charley Straight
548:J. Lawrence Cook
506:Constance Mering
462:Enrique Granados
414:Ferruccio Busoni
410:Leopold Godowsky
381:are amongst the
367:Sergei Prokofiev
280:Conlon Nancarrow
199:
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83:Welte & Sons
21:
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1556:Automaton clock
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1355:QRS Piano Rolls
1332:
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1282:
1258:
1242:(out of print).
1222:(out of print).
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855:www.pianola.org
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694:In most modern
684:
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622:Amanda Randolph
586:Robert Billings
528:James P Johnson
502:Jules de Sivrai
454:Manuel de Falla
430:Mischa Levitzki
394:George Gershwin
379:George Gershwin
355:Manuel de Falla
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272:Alfredo Casella
268:Igor Stravinsky
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1396:Musical Museum
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1385:on 2020-02-16.
1374:
1372:on 2006-02-27.
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1342:
1340:on 2010-03-01.
1328:
1327:External links
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1074:Sound on Sound
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934:Sadie, Stanley
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879:on 2011-06-10.
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610:Clarence Jones
606:Walter Davison
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490:Pauline Alpert
470:Josef Lhévinne
466:Eugen d'Albert
450:Claude Debussy
406:Percy Grainger
402:Teresa Carreño
351:Claude Debussy
347:Teresa Carreño
313:Rolls for the
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276:Paul Hindemith
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1742:Punched card
1736:Punched tape
1561:Cuckoo clock
1537:
1533:Player piano
1528:Barrel piano
1512:Welte-Mignon
1447:Barrel organ
1383:the original
1370:the original
1338:the original
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897:12 September
895:. Retrieved
885:
877:the original
872:
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805:orchestrions
780:Music portal
759:
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669:
646:
645:
636:Eddie Hanson
628:Jimmy Blythe
600:Vocalstyle:
570:Scott Joplin
568:Connorized:
560:Victor Arden
522:Les Copeland
494:Edythe Baker
482:
426:Leo Ornstein
387:
359:Scott Joplin
343:Edvard Grieg
332:
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1738:(mid-1800s)
1646:Photoplayer
1629:Orchestrion
1457:Dance organ
893:. QRS Music
819:Scorewriter
735:Total Music
632:Pearl White
540:Blind Boone
536:Zez Confrey
532:Fats Waller
518:Eubie Blake
510:Frank Milne
498:Felix Arndt
474:Raoul Pugno
422:Ferde Grofé
250:hand-played
246:Reproducing
239:Hand played
208:Afghanistan
204:Zez Confrey
98:discography
94:rollography
64:music rolls
50:is a music
18:Piano rolls
1776:Categories
1730:Index card
1624:Music roll
1592:Book music
1538:Piano roll
1492:Disklavier
1452:Book music
998:2024-02-15
837:References
809:pipe organ
793:Music roll
788:Book music
760:MusicWorks
747:(1987) by
723:MusicWorks
712:modulation
708:pitch bend
653:209 U.S. 1
590:Imperial:
574:Republic:
556:Phil Ohman
544:Lem Fowler
514:Rube Bloom
228:Metronomic
220:media help
48:piano roll
1696:Antiquity
1602:Music box
1597:Componium
1587:Belloneon
1238:165572039
1177:Routledge
801:calliopes
727:Macintosh
719:MacroMind
665:royalties
596:Roy Bargy
488:Aeolian:
383:composers
206:playing "
141:A1 to C♯7
133:pianolist
85:in their
71:QRS Music
1715:(105 CE)
1617:Polyphon
1502:Polyphon
1299:50482085
1160:: 70–71.
1108:: 87–90.
1029:: 74–75.
1018:Macworld
766:See also
737:(1986),
704:keyboard
582:Lee Sims
232:arranged
1760:Barcode
1756:(1930s)
1744:(1880s)
1732:(1640s)
1707:papyrus
1703:Writing
1497:Duo-Art
1319:6494797
1310:thereof
1198:Sources
891:"Music"
287:Duo-Art
159:⁄
1762:(1948)
1750:(1904)
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1782:Piano
1713:Paper
1690:media
1582:AMICA
1575:Other
1270:[
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916:(PDF)
526:QRS:
1612:MBSI
1394:The
1315:OCLC
1295:OCLC
1276:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1234:OCLC
1212:ISBN
1181:ISBN
952:ISBN
899:2010
731:WIMP
700:MIDI
412:and
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