1925:
54:
504:
426:
630:
1766:
1048:
1778:
1443:
2112:
1665:
1806:
454:
taken from the local population. While they had full political representation in Paris and the French government, the native population did not. Many settlers were fiercely committed to maintaining the overseas empire because they came from impoverished
European backgrounds. Nearly half of the Algerian settlers in the 1880s were from Spain, southern Italy, or Malta, and the remainder were mostly poor French. They had nothing to return to if a local nationalist movement won its war of national liberation.
605:, when colonisation intensified. Large-scale regrouping of lands began when land-speculation companies took advantage of government policy that allowed massive sales of native property. By the 20th century Europeans held 1,700,000 hectares; by 1940, 2,700,000 hectares, about 35 to 40 percent; and by 1962 it was 2,726,700 hectares representing 27 percent of the arable land of Algeria. Settlers came from all over the western Mediterranean region, particularly
1013:
1790:
680:
are represented in
Parliament, have moreover given in peace, as before in war, enough proof of their attachment to France for France, in its turn, not to allow in question this unit. Between them and the metropolis, there is no conceivable secession. Never France, no government, no French Parliament, whatever their particular tendencies, will ever yield on this fundamental principle. I affirm that no comparison with Tunisia or Morocco is more false, more dangerous. Here it is France."
473:
935:
485:
1346:
924:
2098:
5623:
388:
1330:, with limited powers, and two chambers, one for those who were French citizens before 1947, and another for all the others who had just become French citizens. Given the equal numbers of members in each chamber this meant that one group's votes had seven times more weight than the other group's. Paramilitary groups such as the
663:
torture regime inspired by the likes of French general Massu. The French aligned OAS started to increase murders and bombings against
Algerians and French who opposed further French control of Algeria. Staying remarkably patient despite the increasing terrorism from French settlers and army, in 1954 the
1531:
auxiliaries, who had fought on the French side during the
Algerian War, also tried to emigrate. But of approximately 250,000 Muslim loyalists only about 90,000, including dependents, were able to escape to France. Of those who remained, many thousands were killed by lynch mobs or executed as traitors
1317:
laws applied by
Islamic customary courts to Muslim women, which gave women certain rights to property and inheritance that they did not have under French law. Discontent among the Muslim Algerians grew after the World Wars, in which the Algerians sustained many casualties. Algerian nationalists began
980:
until 1945 and wielded limited influence in local governance. To obtain citizenship, they were required to renounce their Muslim identity â with only about 2,500 Muslims acquiring citizenship before 1930. The settlers' politically and economically dominant position worsened relations between the
662:
After the French committed the SĂ©tif and Guelma massacres (1945), with the French navy and air force shelling and bombing
Algerian territory, Algerians increasingly began to look towards increased autonomy or outright independence. The French government and military reacted with implementing a brutal
679:
We do not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity, the integrity of the
Republic. The departments of Algeria constitute a part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time and irrevocably. Their populations, who enjoy French citizenship and
1592:
In France, many relocated to the south, which offered a climate similar to North Africa. The influx of new citizens bolstered the local economies; however, the newcomers also competed for jobs, which caused resentment. One unintended consequence, with significant and ongoing political effects, was
453:
French, along with
Spanish, Italian and other European settlers, moved to France's overseas colonies or territories. The largest group of one million settled in Algeria, followed by 200,000 in Morocco and proportionally fewer in other colonies. These settlers often took land that had been forcibly
415:
dictionary states that in 1901 the word indicated a sailor working barefoot in the coal room of a ship, who would find his feet blackened by the soot and dust. Since in the
Mediterranean this was often an Algerian native, the term was used pejoratively for Algerians until 1955, when it first began
565:
against the French. The French signed two peace treaties with Al-Kader, but they were broken because of a miscommunication between the military and the government in Paris. In response to the breaking of the second treaty, Abd al-Kader drove the French to the coast. In response, a French force of
1624:
frequently felt "disaffected" from French society. They also suffered from a sense of alienation stemming from the French government's changed position towards
Algeria. Until independence, Algeria was legally a part of France; after independence many felt that they had been betrayed and were now
971:
In Algeria, the Muslims were not considered French and did not share the same political or economic benefits of the territory. For example, the indigenous population did not own most of the settlements, farms, or businesses, although they numbered nearly nine million (versus roughly one million
902:
generally dominated much of Algeria's industrial, cultural and political institutions, comprising the most influential section of society. However, French Algeria also attracted laborers, blue collar and agricultural workers from metropolitan France, Spain, Italy and Malta in search of better
1612:
Integration was easier for the upper classes, many of whom found the transformation less stressful than the lower classes, whose only capital had been left in Algeria when they fled. Many were surprised at often being treated as an "underclass or outsider-group" with difficulties in gaining
1544:
The Government of France claimed that it had not anticipated that such a massive number would leave; it believed that perhaps 300,000 might choose to depart temporarily and that a large portion would return to Algeria. The administration had set aside funds for absorption of those it called
1709:
prompted many remaining Algerians of European descent to leave the country and apply for citizenship of France. The French Consulate in Algiers recorded that around 300 persons of European descent remain in the country, whereas an Algerian census company recorded the number as higher.
444:
There is also a theory that the term comes from the black boots worn by French soldiers compared to the barefoot Algerians. Other theories focus on new settlers dirtying their clothing by working in swampy areas, wearing black boots when on horseback, or trampling grapes to make wine.
1191:
362:
political movements for their perceived exploitation of native Muslims, while others blamed them for the war and thus for the political turmoil surrounding the collapse of the Fourth Republic. In popular culture, the community is often represented as feeling removed from
796:
was used to refer both to children with parentage from both metropolitan France and French Algeria, and to French settlers from independent Tunisia and Morocco who moved to French Algeria in the late 1950s rather than to France. French writer René Domergue noted that
1399:. This paramilitary group began attacking officials representing de Gaulle's authority, Muslims, and de Gaulle himself. The OAS was also accused of murders and bombings, which nullified any remaining reconciliation opportunities between the communities. The
1549:
to partly reimburse them for property losses. The administration avoided acknowledging the true numbers of refugees to avoid upsetting its Algeria policies. Consequently, few plans were made for their return, and, psychologically at least, many of the
1704:
journalist Daniel Junqua put the population as being around 3,000. In 1993, French historian HĂ©lĂšne Bracco claimed the population to be higher at around 30,000 but noted most were elderly. Lingering political instability and events such as the
1468:
because of violence and allegations that the entire community of French nationals had been responsible for "terrorism, torture, colonial racism, and ongoing violence in general" and because the group felt "rejected by the nation as
658:
in 1956 led to mass emigration of French people from both states. These two countries had been placed under protectorate, whereas Algeria and its population fell under territory status and were considered part of overseas France.
1322:, which requested equal representation under the state and access to citizenship, but no equality for all citizens to preserve Islamic precepts. The French response was to grant citizenship to 60,000 "meritorious" Muslims.
3812:
994:
338:
of French nationality evacuated to mainland France, while about 200,000 remained in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965, about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s and 30,000 in 1993. During the
1325:
During a reform effort in 1947, the French laws were changed to give the former French subjects with the legal status of "indigenes" full French legal citizenship. The French created an Algerian Assembly, a form of
315:(English: Algerian National Movement) (MNA). The roots of the conflict lay in political and economic inequalities perceived as an "alienation" from the French rule as well as a demand for a leading position for the
1027:
numbered 1,025,000, and accounted for 10.4% of the total population of Algeria, a percentage gradually diminishing since the peak of 15.2% in 1926. However, some areas of Algeria had high concentrations of
1357:
civilians had always been targets for the FLN: they were assassinated in bombings of bars and cinemas; suffered mass massacres; and were tortured and sometimes raped on farms. At the onset of the war, the
526:
European settlement of Algeria began during the 1830s, after France had commenced the process of conquest with the military seizure of the city of Algiers in 1830. The invasion was instigated when the
351: rebel groups. The French Consulate in Algiers recorded that around 300 persons of European descent remain in the country, whereas an Algerian census company recorded the number as higher. The
1071:
of Oran, a rich European-developed agricultural land of 16,520 km (6,378 sq. miles) stretching between the cities of Oran and Sidi-Bel-AbbĂšs, and including them, was the area of highest
1009:
accounted for approximately 10% of the total Algerian population. Although they constituted a numerical minority, they were undoubtedly the prime political and economic force of the region.
1370:, occupied an Algerian government building. Plots to overthrow the Fourth Republic, some including metropolitan French politicians and generals, had been swirling in Algeria for some time.
409:, it refers to "a person of European origin living in Algeria during the period of French rule, especially a French person expatriated after Algeria was granted independence in 1962". The
1649:, had often written of his love for the sea-shores and mountains of Algeria, declaring Algeria was a place that was a part of his soul, feelings she noted mirrored those of other
1924:
1691:
to emigrate over choosing citizenship. In 1965, it was believed more than 500 ethnic European persons had applied for Algerian citizenship, with 200 having been born in Algeria.
1385:
Once de Gaulle assumed leadership, he attempted peace by visiting Algeria within three days of his appointment, proclaiming "French Algeria!"; but in September 1959 he planned a
1750:
community by successive governments in France. The movement has been referred to as Ătat pied-noir. Since 2022, some of its members call for the establishment of an autonomous
1382:, to prevent the "abandonment of Algeria". This eventually led to the fall of the Republic. In response, the French Parliament voted 329 to 224 to place de Gaulle in power.
1001:(post-1957 administrative division). White: less than 2% non-Muslim; light blue: 2-5%; mid-blue: 5-10%; dark blue: 10-30%; black: greater than 30% non-Muslim population.
53:
3699:
Alba, Richard; Silberman, Roxane (December 2002). "Decolonization Immigrations and the Social Origins of the Second Generation: The Case of North Africans in France".
675:, President of the Council, addressing the French National Assembly expressed the distinction between the political status of Algeria compared to Tunisia and Morocco:
1067:
In the Algiers metropolitan area, Europeans accounted for 35.7% of the population. In the metropolitan area of BĂŽne, they accounted for 40.5% of the population. The
915:
were particularly scathing in response to accusations from the French political left that they were exploiters or elite colonialists over the indigenous population.
2052:
371:
has been characterized by a sense of twofold alienation, on the one hand from the land of their birth and on the other from their adopted homeland. Though the term
3546:
4295:
2245:
1609:
Muslim counterparts. Their resettlement was made easier by the economic boom of the 1960s. However, the ease of assimilation depended on socioeconomic class.
1456:
granted automatic French citizenship to French Algeria's Sephardic Jews. In contrast, Muslims and 3-year resident European foreigners had to have reached the
1680:
chose to remain in Algeria; their population was recorded at standing around 200,000 in October 1962. By 1965 their population had dropped to around 50,000.
1386:
4879:
2185:
1418:. In July, Algerians voted 5,975,581 to 16,534 to become independent from France. On the morning of 5 July 1962, the day Algeria became independent, seven
276:
As of the last census in French-ruled Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians, some 10 per cent of the population. Most
1464:
The exodus began once it became clear that Algeria would become independent. In Algiers, it was reported that by May 1961 the morale had sunk among the
2500:
874:
community in Algeria and contained words, idioms, expressions and slang terms not commonly found in Metropolitan France. Ferdinand Duchene noted that
4423:
4023:
1641:
replied: "Because when I last heard the mass in Latin, I thought I had a religion, and I thought I had a country." Messud noted that the novelist
4349:
4307:
4273:
4226:
4214:
4190:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
3735:
249:
on 18 June 1830 to its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France; its ethnic European population were simply called Algerians or
1205:
were present in North Africa and Iberia for centuries, some since the time when "Phoenicians and Hebrews, engaged in maritime commerce, founded
911:
community contained different social classes and structures. Following the exodus to France in the aftermath of the Algerian war, working-class
4837:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
2581:
692:
considered themselves at one time to be "true Algerians", whereas they termed Muslim Algerians as "Indigenous" peoples. An exchange between a
5501:
2481:
3623:
2980:
1044:. Oran had been under European rule since the 16th century (1509); the population in the Oran metropolitan area was 49.3% European in 1959.
717:
avoided using the term after the Second World War so as not to be confused with indigenous Algerian migrant workers who went to France. The
2387:
1900:
643:
In Metropolitan France, Algeria was considered an integral part of French national territory, and this sentiment was largely shared by the
1805:
303:
were loyalists and overwhelmingly supported colonial French rule in Algeria. They were opposed to Algerian nationalist groups such as the
5627:
1899:
The "Song of the Africans" was banned from use as official military music in 1962 at the end of the Algerian War until August 1969. The
1876:
1669:
1617:
contended that the money allocated by the government to assist in relocation and reimbursement was insufficient regarding their losses.
4615:
1765:
4290:
697:
4428:
4085:
4005:
2461:
3149:
2640:
1504:
were half-empty. All administration-, police-, school-, justice-, and commercial activities stopped within three months after many
817:
often mixed traditional French and occasionally Spanish and Italian cuisine with local Arab and Jewish influences. Dishes such as
5097:
2195:
1687:
were permitted to obtain Algerian citizenship, but political reluctance by the FLN and the slowness of the process prompted some
688:
began to define themselves as distinct from the French citizens of metropolitan France; they identified as Algerian people. Some
5071:
4113:
4814:
4459:
3347:
3285:
1536:, little effort was made by the French government to extend protection to the harkis or to arrange their organised evacuation.
2845:
Les réformes agraires en Algérie - Lazhar Baci - Institut National Agronomique, Département d'Economie Rurale, Alger (Algérie)
2431:
5664:
4989:
3903:
3825:
3745:
3527:
3473:
3428:
3388:
3361:
3193:
3159:
3115:
2830:
2789:
2724:
2650:
2565:
2540:
2441:
2401:
2365:
2327:
2287:
1415:
957:
had a tenuous connection to mainland France; 28 percent of them had never visited there. The settlers encompassed a range of
2603:
1832:
community has adopted, as both an unofficial anthem and as a symbol of its identity, Captain FĂ©lix Boyer's 1943 version of "
3231:
1389:
that passed overwhelmingly. Many French political and military leaders in Algeria viewed this as a betrayal and formed the
1777:
953:
relationship with France and Algeria was marked by alienation. The settlers considered themselves French, but many of the
5578:
5299:
4856:
4762:
2180:
1979:
1410:, led by retired generals. After its failure, on 18 March 1962, de Gaulle and the FLN signed a cease-fire agreement, the
1338:, FLN) appeared, claiming an Arab-Islamic brotherhood and state. This led to the outbreak of a war for independence, the
1331:
664:
530:
struck the French consul with a fly-swatter in 1827, although economic reasons are also cited. In 1830 the government of
305:
227:
1789:
5047:
3378:
2317:
3554:
3306:
5659:
4610:
4039:
3500:
3219:
2530:
2230:
5042:
2242:
1637:
father, a lapsed Catholic, crying while watching Pope John Paul II deliver a Mass on his TV. When asked why, Messud
5654:
5573:
1260:
regime. Jews were barred from professional jobs between 1940 and 1943. Citizenship was restored in 1943, after the
1492:
left only with what they could carry in a suitcase. Adding to the confusion, the de Gaulle government ordered the
1422:(companies) of the FLN troops entered the city and were fired at by some Europeans. An outraged Arab mob swept to
5187:
1391:
1279:
5017:
425:
5420:
5389:
5137:
5118:
5066:
3975:
3949:
3767:
3293:
3067:
3040:
3026:
1179:
655:
651:
2855:
L'Afrique française : bulletin mensuel du Comité l'Afrique française et du Comité du Maroc, volumes 61-65
503:
311:
5563:
5170:
5060:
4600:
4078:
3643:"L'exil, la mémoire et l'intégration culturelle: les Pieds-Noirs d'Argentine, des Argentins avant la lettre?"
2070:
538:
sailed to Algiers, followed by a land expedition. A troop of 34,000 soldiers landed on 18 June 1830, at
5027:
566:
nearly 100,000 troops marched to the Algerian countryside and forced Abd al-Kader's surrender in 1847.
5349:
5084:
4263:
1446:
993:
5679:
5611:
5091:
4268:
1516:
chose to remain, but they gradually left through the following decades; by the 1980s only a few thousand
554:
1880:("7th African Light Cavalry Regiment"). Boyer's song was adopted during World War II by the Free French
1248:, to give French citizenship to most Algerian Jews. This advancement was resisted by part of the larger
5154:
5012:
5002:
4807:
4580:
4377:
4054:
Migrations of Decolonization, Welfare, and the Unevenness of Citizenship in the UK, France and Portugal
1222:
246:
35:
3403:
Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. Saharan Jews and the fate of French Algeria. University of Chicago Press, 2014.
5394:
5343:
5315:
4633:
4397:
4337:
2589:
2170:
418:
405:
17:
1629:
felt a powerful sense of loss and a longing for their lost homeland in Algeria. The American author
327:
cultures and rules existing before the French conquest. The conflict contributed to the fall of the
4874:
4444:
4418:
4324:
4071:
3353:
2818:
1948:
977:
785:
629:
582:
2755:
5674:
5616:
5425:
5223:
3627:
2996:
2683:
2465:
2393:
1885:
938:
519:
411:
3547:"French migration to South Australia (1955-1971): What Alien Registration documents can tell us"
3185:
3179:
2040:
1403:
had never believed such reconciliation possible as their community was targeted from the start.
1252:
community and in 1897 a wave of anti-Semitic riots occurred in Algeria. During World War II the
672:
5309:
5217:
5078:
4978:
4919:
4392:
4387:
4382:
3642:
2822:
2812:
2716:
2357:
1985:
1833:
1407:
1379:
1374:
controlled the riot by forming a 'Committee of Public Safety', demanding that his acquaintance
1310:
1218:
721:
themselves also used several nicknames to designate the French in metropolitan France, such as
328:
3799:
3519:
3513:
3210:
5669:
5533:
5128:
4884:
4800:
4690:
4572:
4551:
4413:
4231:
3576:
3261:
2486:
2221:
1474:
1327:
1047:
602:
570:
2349:
1496:
not to help with transportation of French citizens. By September 1962, cities such as Oran,
907:
fold and acquired French nationality after several years of living in Algeria. As such, the
5649:
5384:
5206:
5197:
5181:
4909:
4014:
2781:
2279:
2271:
1854:
1598:
1442:
1244:
113:
2992:
1019:
Park photographed in 1900 was frequented by mixed European and indigenous Algerian people.
8:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5379:
5304:
5111:
4940:
4845:
4464:
2200:
1919:
1881:
531:
3843:
2749:
2082:
1449:
1239:
5523:
5518:
5294:
4972:
4914:
4894:
4680:
4654:
4329:
4135:
3716:
3712:
3045:
2709:
2620:
Eric Savarese, "After the Algerian War: Reconstructing Identity among the PiedsNoirs."
2150:
2145:
1957:
1952:
1706:
1605:
were able to integrate well into the French community, in particular relative to their
1431:
574:
549:
In the 1830s the French controlled only the northern part of the country. Entering the
467:
340:
262:
2064:
1453:
1283:
1185:
289:
5588:
5528:
5493:
5374:
5284:
5165:
5105:
4924:
4731:
4711:
4706:
4590:
4452:
4285:
4207:
4053:
4035:
3831:
3821:
3741:
3720:
3523:
3496:
3469:
3424:
3384:
3357:
3289:
3215:
3189:
3155:
3111:
3022:
2826:
2785:
2720:
2646:
2561:
2536:
2437:
2397:
2361:
2350:
2323:
2283:
2226:
2165:
2155:
2125:
2058:
2029:
1664:
1375:
589:
578:
3624:"Vidéo: l'alyah des juifs d'Algérie - JSS News - Israël - Diplomatie - Géopolitique"
3416:
2672:
2560:. Vol. 2. Paris, France: Dictionnaires le Robert. March 2000. pp. 2728â9.
2019:
1501:
1041:
984:
964:, ranging from peasants to large landowners, the latter of whom were referred to as
67:
5467:
5175:
5160:
5148:
5007:
4983:
4966:
4961:
4726:
4721:
4661:
4647:
4640:
4620:
4558:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4482:
4361:
3839:
3708:
3654:
3596:
3588:
2774:
2007:
1874:) and dedicated to Colonel Van Hecke, commander of a World War I cavalry unit: the
887:
883:
879:
856:
542:, 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of Algiers. Following a three-week campaign, the
137:
133:
129:
30:
This article is about the French-Algerian group of people. For the wine grape, see
4784:) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).
4544:
3911:
1426:
neighborhoods, which had already been largely vacated, and attacked the remaining
1411:
1304:
1286:, and were only granted âcommon law civil statusâ and French citizenship in 1961.
976:) at independence. Politically, the Muslim Algerians had no representation in the
667:
launched its first operations to defend Algerians and this marks the start of the
5598:
5404:
5369:
5289:
5143:
5053:
5032:
4899:
4889:
4605:
4595:
4537:
4530:
4354:
4312:
4147:
4094:
3820:(récits personnels) (in French). Le Chesnay: compte d'auteur. pp. 177, 182.
2670:
2607:
2249:
2160:
2001:
1936:
1457:
1363:
1265:
1217:), and Icosium (current Algiers)". According to oral tradition they arrived from
1060:
284:
and of European descent, but their population included around 130,000 indigenous
239:
194:
141:
125:
59:
3239:
1995:
429:
5583:
5435:
5399:
5354:
5276:
5255:
5037:
5022:
4956:
4869:
4716:
4246:
4183:
4123:
2896:, Paris, Gallimard, collection « NRF biographies », 2007, p. 352
2433:
Colonial Memory And Postcolonial Europe: Maltese Settlers in Algeria And France
1975:
1942:
1625:
portrayed as an "embarrassment" to their country or to blame for the war. Most
928:
594:
527:
463:
436:
during his official visit to Algeria in 1865. Sketch by M. Moulin published in
364:
235:
3835:
3021:, BoD - Books on Demand France, 2009, Petit lexique : p. 188 Ă 198,
1081:
886:(influenced by Spanish workers in Algerian during the late 1800s), as well as
5643:
5506:
5477:
5472:
5462:
4256:
4202:
4178:
3935:
2385:
2175:
2117:
2103:
2076:
2046:
2034:
2025:
1963:
1630:
1583:
1562:
1371:
1226:
1012:
958:
696:
student from Algiers and a metropolitan French student was recorded during a
592:, by co-opting local tribes. In 1843 the colonists began supervising through
285:
223:
166:
3658:
2532:
The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War And the Remaking of France
1313:
in Algerian territory. This allowed exceptions to republican law, including
5568:
5482:
5359:
5339:
5269:
4823:
4278:
4219:
4159:
3592:
3314:
1969:
1928:
1694:
In recent decades, it has been harder to determine the total population of
1642:
1430:. The violence lasted several hours and was ended by the deployment of the
1339:
1300:
1257:
1206:
668:
539:
472:
270:
242:
during and after the war by which Algeria gained its independence in 1962.
154:
2814:
Affirmative exclusion: cultural pluralism and the rule of custom in France
934:
709:"Of course! All Algerians are sons of the French, the others are natives."
484:
422:
claims this usage originated from mainland French as a negative nickname.
5593:
5455:
5364:
4565:
4195:
4171:
2968:
Les trois cuisines du Maghreb: 600 recettes arabes, juives et pieds-noirs
2253:
2140:
2135:
2013:
1989:
1812:
1743:
1493:
1272:
community. Many fled the country to France in 1962, alongside most other
1268:. Thus, the Jews of Algeria eventually came to be considered part of the
1261:
1231:
543:
535:
347:
and others of European descent plummeted, as they were often targeted by
162:
4996:
3885:
2970:, Presses du Languedoc, Gastronomie, 2006, Montpellier, 4 de couverture.
2278:. Vol. XI. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. 1989. pp.
1488:
who fled Algeria totalled more than 800,000 between 1962 and 1964. Many
1349:
Algiers: Muslim quarters (green), European quarters (brown), FLN attacks
5556:
5440:
5321:
5249:
4342:
4300:
3601:
3151:
Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study
2190:
1816:
1005:
From roughly the last half of the 19th century until independence, the
840:
598:
operated by military officials with authority over particular domains.
433:
3672:
1362:
believed the French military would be able to overcome opposition. In
827:
561:
Brotherhood. In 1839 Abd al-Kader began a seven-year war by declaring
477:
5513:
5430:
5244:
4904:
4585:
4319:
1746:
in response to what they argued has been marginalization against the
1574:
1566:
1345:
918:
832:
416:
referring to "French born in Algeria" according to some sources. The
359:
355:
who have remained since independence are now overwhelmingly elderly.
588:
The French modeled their colonial system on their predecessors, the
5212:
4757:
4685:
4488:
2624:, 58#189 (2006), pp. 457â466. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2451.2007.00644.x.
2130:
1700:
1214:
852:
818:
348:
281:
4063:
2857:, Comité du Maroc, Comité de l'Afrique française, 1957, p. 10
2319:
France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation
1318:
efforts aimed at furthering equality by listing complaints in the
923:
878:
was largely derived from mainland French but contained words from
801:
was used by both French settlers from Tunisia and Morocco and the
5450:
4781:
4752:
4747:
4236:
2501:"'In my heart': the Europeans who remain in Algeria, 60 years on"
848:
492:
316:
258:
231:
175:
105:
2985:
Rechercher : PataouÚte - Dictionnaires de français Larousse
2944:, volume 13 de Serpent noir, Serpent Ă plumes, 1999, p. 131
1497:
903:
economic opportunities. European manual laborers came under the
5445:
4792:
4777:
4626:
4495:
1587:
1570:
1314:
1210:
1033:
1016:
822:
610:
496:
488:
31:
3737:
Images of the Algerian War: French Fiction and Film, 1954-1992
3296:, page 32 (source for pieds-noir population in 1836 and 1847).
3288:
By Martin Stone published by Columbia University Press, 1997.
1593:
the resentment caused by the state resettlement programme for
1190:
432:"greets the French colonists and the Arabs" from a balcony in
375:
implies that prior to Algeria they once lived in France, most
5262:
3847:
2868:
Les mots des uns, les maux des autres: la France et l'Algérie
1858:
marching song, originally titled "C'est nous les Marocains" (
1606:
1579:
1528:
788:
or those who held left-wing beliefs, including a minority of
704:"So you're Algerian⊠but the son of a Frenchman, aren't you?"
618:
614:
606:
562:
324:
254:
27:
French people born in colonial Algeria, and their descendants
4052:
Eldridge, Claire; Kalter, Christoph; Taylor, Becky (2022). "
3796:
Les Accords d'Ăvian : en conjoncture et en longue durĂ©e
3466:
The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
2671:
Country Studies Program; formerly the Army Handbook (2006).
387:
1202:
1056:
1037:
558:
550:
331:
and the exodus of European and Jewish Algerians to France.
320:
109:
3890:
BLOG OFFICIEL DU GOUVERNEMENT PROVISOIRE PIED-NOIR EN EXIL
3487:
3485:
2751:
The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria
2386:
Goodman, Martin; Cohen, Jeremy; Sorkin, David Jan (2005).
399:
There are competing theories about the origin of the term
253:(colonists). But the Muslim people of Algeria were called
1532:
by the FLN. In contrast to the treatment of the European
898:
Like other white populations in colonial-era Africa, the
3108:
A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century
1907:) at the time, Henri Duvillard, lifted the prohibition.
1653:
for whom Algeria was the only home they had ever known.
1561:
settled in continental France, while others migrated to
334:
After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000
3814:
Colon en Algérie 1983-1963: 4 vies, 3 guerres et 1 exil
3482:
1599:
triggered a cultural and political nationalist movement
601:
This system lasted until the 1880s and the rise of the
358:
Those who moved to France suffered ostracism from some
3147:
1754:
national territory in Algeria or the French mainland.
805:
themselves to distinguish themselves from each other.
391:
Generic "black feet" emblem used by post-independence
367:
while longing for Algeria. The recent history of the
3575:
Sempere Souvannavong, Juan David (11 January 2018).
3574:
3177:
2186:
White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2093:
684:
As the colony of Algeria grew with each generation,
3792:
Français d'Algérie, Français en Algérie (1962-1965)
2476:
2474:
989:
population as part of the total Algerian population
792:sympathetic to the independence movement. The term
269:came into common use shortly before the end of the
3041:"Footprints of pieds-noirs reach deep into France"
2810:
2773:
2708:
2322:. University Press of Florida. pp. 9â23, 14.
2243:Le vote pied-noir 50 ans aprĂšs les accords d'Evian
1353:From the first armed operations of November 1954,
919:Relationship to mainland France and Muslim Algeria
4024:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria
3798:, éditions René Gallissot, 1997, p. 104-105
3232:"ALGERIA: population growth of the whole country"
2955:Ouvertures : cours intermédiaire de français
1477:, and the referendum for independence caused the
1235:. Others came after Spain expelled Jews in 1492.
507:Three children in a wagon pulled by two donkeys,
457:
5641:
3463:
3415:
2957:, Harcourt College Publishers, 2001, p. 217
2645:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 585â600.
2471:
2436:. Indiana University Press. pp. 4â37, 180.
1737:Provisional Government of the Pied-Noir in exile
288:who were granted French citizenship through the
3784:
3553:. Flinders University Languages. Archived from
3184:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans. pp.
3148:Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Pawel Lutomski (2007).
1722:activists headed by Jacques Villard set up the
1225:(66â73 AD). It is known historically that many
997:Non-Muslim proportion of population in 1954 by
309:(English: National Liberation Front) (FLN) and
3581:Revue Européenne de Migrations Internationales
3208:Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "
3065:
2881:Le livre blanc de l'armée française en Algérie
2706:
2680:Library of Congress, Federal Research Division
2558:Dictionnaire Historique de la langue française
2535:. Cornell University Press. pp. 213â240.
1079:accounting for 33.6% of the population of the
87:1.4 million (13% of the population of Algeria)
4808:
4079:
3810:
3698:
3411:
3409:
1892:. The music and words were later used by the
1683:Under the Algerian Nationality Code of 1963,
1554:were alienated from both Algeria and France.
1512:" (the suitcase or the coffin). Some 200,000
862:Although French was the main language of the
808:
238:from 1830 to 1962. Many of them departed for
3740:. Oxford University Press. pp. 189â99.
3173:
3171:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2462:"Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester
1972:, Nobel Prize-winning author and philosopher
1539:
835:skewered meat were commonly consumed by the
299:During the Algerian War, a vast majority of
70:, Colonial Algeria in the early 20th century
4034:, Manchester University Press: Manchester.
3541:
3539:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2457:
2455:
2453:
1859:
1837:
1823:
1727:
1656:
765:
738:
633:Arrival of a steam ship, Algiers, Algeria,
546:capitulated on 5 July 1830 and was exiled.
222:) are an ethno-cultural group of people of
199:
4815:
4801:
4086:
4072:
3443:
3406:
3380:Genocide: Critical Issues of the Holocaust
2870:, Godefroy de Bouillon, 2008, p. 537.
2806:
2804:
2634:
2632:
2630:
1387:referendum for Algerian self-determination
1309:For more than a century France maintained
1289:
1051:An American sergeant distributing milk to
52:
4006:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962
3973:
3908:Fédération des Deux Rives, Etat Pied Noir
3768:"Camus & Algeria: The Moral Question"
3761:
3759:
3757:
3600:
3168:
3105:
3084:
3038:
2747:
2736:
2702:
2700:
2549:
2381:
2379:
2377:
1724:Gouvernement provisoire Pied-Noir en exil
1613:advancement in their careers. Also, many
1264:took control over Algeria in the wake of
343:between 1992 and 2002, the population of
3647:Matériaux Pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps
3536:
3515:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962
3452:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3124:
2973:
2711:Contemporary Politics in the Middle East
2604:"Francparler.com - Voyons en détails..."
2513:
2450:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1923:
1896:to proclaim their allegiance to France.
1663:
1441:
1344:
1189:
1089:The general Algerian Population and the
1075:density outside of the cities, with the
1046:
1036:), Algiers, and above all the area from
1011:
992:
933:
922:
628:
502:
483:
471:
424:
386:
3930:
3928:
3376:
2801:
2638:
2627:
2528:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2222:Migration and development co-operation.
2196:List of French possessions and colonies
756:Other terms used internally within the
569:In 1848 Algeria was divided into three
14:
5642:
3765:
3754:
2960:
2780:. Columbia University Press. pp.
2697:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2374:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2315:
2276:Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition
1910:
839:population and often accompanied with
518:were the children of personnel of the
4796:
4067:
3871:, 26 juin 1979, - in Pierre Laffont,
3640:
3511:
3505:
3345:
3328:
3011:
2905:No. 98, juin 2002, p. 82-92
2771:
2765:
2429:
2389:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies
2296:
2266:
2264:
2262:
866:, a distinct form of French known as
813:French writer LĂ©on Isnard noted that
215:
193:
5622:
3925:
3733:
3727:
3444:Bromberger, Merry and Serge (1959).
3214:". Harvard University Press. p.323.
2839:
2622:International Social Science Journal
2410:
2347:
2219:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994)
1395:(OAS), which had much support among
100:Regions with significant populations
5300:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
4763:Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
4093:
3383:. Behrman House, Inc. p. 132.
3349:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History
3154:. Lexington Books. pp. 30â70.
3068:"Former settlers return to Algeria"
3039:Kimmelman, Michael (5 March 2009).
2659:
2336:
2181:White Africans of European ancestry
1901:French Minister of Veterans Affairs
1173:
1032:, such as the regions of BĂŽne (now
893:
553:region, they faced resistance from
24:
4046:
3766:Messud, Claire (7 November 2013).
3713:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00122.x
3677:Institut national de l'audiovisuel
2989:Dictionnaires de français en ligne
2352:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia
2259:
1877:7e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique
1783:Tricolore flag with two black feet
1676:In the aftermath of the war, some
25:
5691:
3982:. No. 32, 4th trimester 2005
3464:Meredith, Martin (27 June 2006).
2748:Churchill, Charles Henry (1867).
2707:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2006).
2588:(in French). 2008. Archived from
2316:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000).
1884:that was drawn from units of the
1811:Ătat pied-noir flag to the claim
1771:Flag proposed by Jean-Paul Gavino
1713:
1670:Sacred Heart Cathedral of Algiers
1406:The opposition culminated in the
585:), thus becoming part of France.
379:were born and raised in Algeria.
292:and were viewed as a part of the
5621:
5574:White genocide conspiracy theory
4880:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4822:
4773:Overseas parts of France proper
3873:Histoire de la France en Algérie
2584:[Black feet (history)].
2110:
2096:
1951:, sculptor, father of the actor
1905:Ministre des Anciens Combattants
1804:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1320:Manifesto of the Algerian People
3967:
3942:
3896:
3878:
3861:
3804:
3692:
3683:
3665:
3634:
3616:
3568:
3437:
3397:
3370:
3299:
3279:
3262:"Timelines: History of Algeria"
3254:
3224:
3202:
3066:John Laurenson (29 July 2006).
3059:
3032:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2899:
2886:
2883:, Contretemps, 2001, p. 47
2873:
2860:
2848:
2731:french colonization of algeria.
2614:
2606:12 October 2005. Archived from
2596:
2574:
2493:
1294:
941:, a church built by the French
5414:Negative stereotypes of Whites
3701:International Migration Review
3626:. 27 July 2010. Archived from
3110:. Routledge. pp. 520â30.
2918:, Le Seuil, 1957, pp. 208-209.
2642:A History of Islamic Societies
2356:. New York: Garland. pp.
2236:
2213:
1698:heritage in Algeria. In 1979,
1180:History of the Jews in Algeria
656:French protectorate in Morocco
652:French protectorate of Tunisia
458:French conquest and settlement
13:
1:
5564:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
4027:. Cambridge University Press.
4018:. Cambridge University Press.
3673:"Les pieds noirs d'Argentine"
3518:. The Viking Press. pp.
3468:. PublicAffairs. p. 74.
3211:A history of the Arab peoples
3181:Coming apart, coming together
3178:Kantowicz, Edward R. (2000).
2754:. Chapman and Hall. pp.
2206:
1523:Along with the exodus of the
1336:Front de Libération nationale
1195:
634:
508:
306:Front de libération nationale
5665:European diaspora in Algeria
5350:Missing white woman syndrome
3772:The New York Review of Books
3577:"Les pieds-noirs Ă Alicante"
3551:Vol. 2, Issue 2, August 2005
3106:Grenville, J. A. S. (2005).
2760:surrender of abdel al kader.
2639:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002).
2225:. Council of Europe. p. 25.
1508:were told to choose either "
1481:exodus to begin in earnest.
1198:late 19th-early 20th century
382:
7:
5502:US definitions of whiteness
4776:Migration of minorities in
3910:(in French). Archived from
2931:, Denoël, 1974, p. 188
2811:Amselle, Jean-Loup (2003).
2796:french invasion of algeria.
2089:
1454:decrees of October 24, 1870
1366:for French Algeria, led by
1229:came following the Spanish
624:
312:Mouvement national algérien
10:
5696:
5617:European native population
4021:McDougall, James. (2006).
4012:McDougall, James. (2017).
3997:
3311:Encyclopedia of the Orient
2673:"Country Profile: Algeria"
1982:freedom fighter and doctor
1917:
1795:Flag of the USDIFRA using
1392:Organisation armée secrÚte
1378:be named president of the
1298:
1276:, after the Algerian War.
1238:In 1870, Justice Minister
1183:
1177:
890:, and local Arab dialect.
809:Culture, food and language
476:Bombardment of Algeria by
461:
448:
36:Blackfoot (disambiguation)
29:
5607:
5491:
5413:
5395:White demographic decline
5330:
5237:
5196:
5127:
4949:
4933:
4855:
4844:
4830:
4771:
4740:
4699:
4673:
4475:
4437:
4406:
4370:
4101:
4003:Horne, Alistair. (1977).
3954:nice.algerianiste.free.fr
3641:Verdo, GeneviĂšve (2002).
3491:Alistair Horne, page 533
3446:Les 13 Complots du 13 Mai
2490:, mai 2008, p. 16-17
2430:Smith, Andrea L. (2006).
2348:Cook, Bernard A. (2001).
2171:Italian settlers in Libya
1540:Flight to mainland France
1437:
1332:National Liberation Front
534:blockaded Algeria and an
419:Oxford English Dictionary
406:Oxford English Dictionary
152:
147:
124:
119:
104:
99:
80:
75:
51:
5660:Ethnic groups in Algeria
4155:Central African Republic
3512:Horne, Alistair (1977).
3354:Cornell University Press
3346:Stora, Benjamin (2005).
2819:Cornell University Press
2586:Microsoft Encarta Online
2582:"Pieds-noirs (histoire)"
1847:The Song of the Africans
1824:The Song of the Africans
1757:
1597:in rural Corsica, which
1510:la valise ou le cercueil
1364:May 1958 a demonstration
1256:was abolished under the
978:French National Assembly
786:Algerian Communist Party
5655:Ethnic groups in France
5426:Appalachian stereotypes
3659:10.3406/mat.2002.402404
3423:. Fayard. p. 208.
2927:Bernard Lecherbonnier,
2916:Les Chemins qui montent
2684:The Library of Congress
2394:Oxford University Press
1290:Algerian War and exodus
1282:were excluded from the
95:3.2 million (in France)
5333:phenomena and theories
5316:The White Man's Burden
5310:White Australia policy
5106:Southern United States
4032:The Corsican Time-Bomb
3811:Hervé Mercuri (2019).
3593:10.3406/remi.2001.1800
3377:Grobman, Alex (1983).
2772:Stone, Martin (1997).
2529:Shepard, Todd (2006).
1986:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
1932:
1834:Le Chant des Africains
1673:
1633:remembered seeing her
1620:Thus, the repatriated
1473:". These factors, the
1461:
1408:Algiers putsch of 1961
1380:French Fourth Republic
1350:
1223:First JewishâRoman War
1199:
1064:
1020:
1002:
946:
931:
711:
706:
682:
640:
523:
500:
481:
441:
438:The Illustrated World,
396:
329:French Fourth Republic
34:. For other uses, see
5534:Identitarian movement
5119:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4616:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4552:Franco-Newfoundlander
4191:Republic of the Congo
3734:Dine, Philip (1994).
3493:A Savage War Of Peace
3019:Autrefois, la MĂ©kerra
2487:Le Monde diplomatique
1927:
1667:
1520:remained in Algeria.
1445:
1372:General Jacques Massu
1348:
1328:bicameral legislature
1193:
1050:
1015:
996:
937:
926:
707:
702:
677:
632:
603:French Third Republic
520:French Army of Africa
506:
487:
475:
428:
390:
236:period of French rule
5421:In the United States
5385:Whitewashing in film
4429:United Arab Emirates
4015:A History of Algeria
3875:, 1980, p. 508.
3790:Jean-Louis Planche,
3286:The Agony of Algeria
2894:Pierre MendĂšs France
2879:Michel de Jaeghere,
2776:The Agony of Algeria
2592:on 10 February 2009.
2085:, actress and singer
2053:AndrĂš Toubiana Varel
2041:Jean-François Larios
2022:, actress and author
1869:We are the Moroccans
1855:Infanterie de Marine
1718:In 2016, a group of
1601:. In some ways, the
1213:, Caesarea (current
939:Notre-Dame d'Afrique
760:population included
700:conference in 1922:
673:Pierre MendĂšs France
5539:Non-Hispanic whites
5380:Whitewashing in art
5305:Settler colonialism
5238:Historical concepts
5048:Trinidad and Tobago
4846:European emigration
3980:Magazine du C.D.H.A
3661:– via PersĂ©e.
3421:La Guerre d'Algerie
3356:. pp. 12, 77.
2715:. Polity. pp.
2610:on 12 October 2005.
2396:. pp. 330â40.
2201:Settler colonialism
2055:, singer-songwriter
1945:, economist, writer
1920:List of pieds-noirs
1852:). This was a 1915
1447:Minister of Justice
1101:Algerian Population
1094:
403:. According to the
373:rapatriés d'Algérie
48:
5680:Refugees in Africa
5524:European New Right
5519:Christian Identity
5295:Play the white man
5008:Dominican Republic
4136:French Upper Volta
4058:Past & Present
4030:Ramsay, R. (1983)
3689:Ramsay, pp. 39-40.
3046:The New York Times
2940:François Muratet,
2866:Michel Delenclos,
2484:, « »,
2466:La DĂ©pĂȘche du Midi
2248:2015-11-20 at the
2151:European Tunisians
2146:European Moroccans
2073:, fashion designer
2071:Yves Saint Laurent
1958:Patrick Bokanowski
1953:Jean-Paul Belmondo
1933:
1888:and included many
1707:Algerian civil war
1674:
1462:
1432:French Gendarmerie
1351:
1242:wrote a proposal,
1209:(current Annaba),
1200:
1088:
1065:
1021:
1003:
947:
932:
723:French from France
641:
524:
501:
482:
468:History of Algeria
442:
397:
341:Algerian Civil War
46:
5637:
5636:
5589:White nationalism
5529:Great Replacement
5494:identity politics
5375:Whiteness studies
5285:First white child
5233:
5232:
4790:
4789:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4468:
4456:
4346:
4304:
4250:
4208:French Somaliland
3904:"Les Territoires"
3827:978-1-0996-9677-0
3747:978-0-19-815875-2
3529:978-0-670-61964-1
3475:978-1-58648-398-2
3430:978-2-213-61121-1
3390:978-0-940646-38-4
3363:978-0-8014-8916-7
3195:978-0-8028-4456-9
3161:978-0-7391-1607-4
3117:978-0-415-28955-9
2993:Ăditions Larousse
2914:Mouloud Feraoun,
2832:978-0-8014-8747-7
2791:978-0-231-10911-6
2726:978-0-7456-3593-4
2652:978-0-521-77933-3
2567:978-2-85036-532-4
2542:978-0-8014-4360-2
2443:978-0-253-21856-8
2403:978-0-19-928032-2
2367:978-0-8153-4057-7
2329:978-0-8130-3096-8
2289:978-0-19-861223-0
2166:Italian Algerians
2156:Italian Tunisians
2126:White Zimbabweans
2030:Marshal of France
1668:Catholic mass at
1376:Charles de Gaulle
1194:An Algerian Jew,
1171:
1170:
870:developed in the
555:Emir Abd al-Kader
480:'s forces in 1830
230:who were born in
195:[pjenwaÊ]
181:
180:
16:(Redirected from
5687:
5625:
5624:
5468:Angry white male
5344:Passing as white
4853:
4852:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4634:French Canadians
4632:
4625:
4571:
4564:
4559:Franco-Yukonnais
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4524:Franco-Manitoban
4522:
4517:Franco-Columbian
4515:
4510:Franco-Albertans
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4462:
4450:
4340:
4298:
4244:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4064:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:: 242021638
3819:
3808:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3707:(4): 1169â1193.
3696:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:on 27 July 2010.
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3448:. Paris: Fayard.
3441:
3435:
3434:
3417:CourriĂšres, Yves
3413:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3313:. Archived from
3303:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3238:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3145:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3036:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2817:. Ithaca, N.Y.:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2714:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2677:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2526:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2469:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2408:
2407:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2294:
2293:
2268:
2257:
2240:
2234:
2217:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2083:Joséphine Jobert
2008:Annie Fratellini
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1808:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1591:
1450:Adolphe Crémieux
1240:Adolphe Crémieux
1197:
1174:Jewish community
1095:
1087:
894:Social structure
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
639:
636:
557:, a leader of a
513:
510:
228:European descent
217:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
192:
170:
76:Total population
56:
49:
45:
21:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5603:
5599:White supremacy
5487:
5436:Mountain whites
5409:
5405:White supremacy
5370:White privilege
5332:
5326:
5290:Honorary whites
5229:
5192:
5123:
4945:
4929:
4848:
4840:
4826:
4821:
4791:
4786:
4774:
4767:
4736:
4695:
4669:
4586:French Antilles
4538:Franco-Ontarian
4531:Franco-Nunavois
4471:
4433:
4402:
4366:
4355:French Togoland
4313:Colony of Niger
4148:French Cameroon
4097:
4095:French diaspora
4092:
4049:
4047:Further reading
4009:. Viking Press.
4000:
3995:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3974:John Franklin.
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3950:"Les Africains"
3948:
3947:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3867:Daniel Junqua,
3866:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3828:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3755:
3748:
3732:
3728:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3639:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3510:
3506:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3462:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3344:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3242:on 18 July 2012
3230:
3229:
3225:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3125:
3118:
3104:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3037:
3033:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2953:H. Jay Siskin,
2952:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2770:
2766:
2746:
2737:
2727:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2527:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2472:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2428:
2411:
2404:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2297:
2290:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2250:Wayback Machine
2241:
2237:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2161:Turco-Tunisians
2116:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2065:Emmanuel RoblĂšs
2002:Jacques Derrida
1937:Louis Althusser
1922:
1916:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1716:
1662:
1578:
1542:
1458:age of majority
1440:
1307:
1299:Main articles:
1297:
1292:
1284:Crémieux Decree
1266:Operation Torch
1254:décret Crémieux
1245:décret Crémieux
1188:
1186:Crémieux Decree
1182:
1176:
1061:Operation Torch
991:
921:
896:
811:
784:members of the
777:
774:
771:
768:
750:
747:
744:
741:
650:The end of the
637:
627:
511:
478:Admiral Duperré
470:
462:Main articles:
460:
451:
385:
290:Crémieux Decree
247:French invasion
240:mainland France
211:
208:
205:
202:
190:
173:
160:
153:Predominantly:
142:Maghrebi Arabic
93:
88:
85:
71:
60:First Communion
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5675:French Algeria
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5584:White identity
5581:
5579:White Hispanic
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5498:
5496:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5400:Reverse racism
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Skin whitening
5352:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5259:
5256:Blanqueamiento
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4984:Cayman Islands
4981:
4976:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4460:United Kingdom
4457:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4247:White Ghanaian
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4184:French Comoros
4176:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:French Dahomey
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4028:
4019:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3976:"MĂ©moire Vive"
3966:
3941:
3924:
3895:
3877:
3860:
3826:
3803:
3794:, in colloque
3783:
3753:
3746:
3726:
3691:
3682:
3664:
3633:
3615:
3587:(3): 173â198.
3567:
3535:
3528:
3504:
3481:
3474:
3451:
3436:
3429:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3369:
3362:
3327:
3298:
3278:
3253:
3236:Populstat.info
3223:
3201:
3194:
3167:
3160:
3123:
3116:
3083:
3058:
3031:
3010:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2898:
2892:Ăric Roussel,
2885:
2872:
2859:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2800:
2790:
2764:
2735:
2725:
2696:
2658:
2651:
2626:
2613:
2595:
2573:
2566:
2548:
2541:
2512:
2492:
2470:
2449:
2442:
2409:
2402:
2373:
2366:
2335:
2328:
2295:
2288:
2258:
2256:, January 2012
2235:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2107:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:, jazz pianist
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2020:MarlĂšne Jobert
2017:
2011:
2010:, circus clown
2005:
1999:
1993:
1983:
1976:Pierre Chaulet
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1943:Jacques Attali
1940:
1918:Main article:
1915:
1909:
1886:Army of Africa
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1715:
1714:Ătat pied-noir
1712:
1661:
1655:
1541:
1538:
1502:Sidi Bel AbbĂšs
1484:The number of
1460:(21) to apply.
1439:
1436:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:1,111,000 (in
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1042:Sidi-Bel-AbbĂšs
990:
983:
929:French Algeria
920:
917:
895:
892:
810:
807:
780:) to refer to
733:and sometimes
713:However, many
626:
623:
595:bureaux arabes
532:King Charles X
528:Dey of Algiers
499:, January 1885
464:French Algeria
459:
456:
450:
447:
384:
381:
365:French culture
179:
178:
172:
171:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
122:
121:
117:
116:
102:
101:
97:
96:
78:
77:
73:
72:
68:Sidi-Bel-AbbĂšs
57:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5692:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5507:One-drop rule
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
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5406:
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5213:New Caledonia
5211:
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5129:South America
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5072:San Francisco
5070:
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5054:United States
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4950:North America
4948:
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4708:
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4700:South America
4698:
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4689:
4687:
4686:New Caledonia
4684:
4682:
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4621:United States
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4545:Franco-TĂ©nois
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4507:
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4264:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
4262:
4258:
4257:French Guinea
4255:
4254:
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4040:0-7190-0893-X
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4017:
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3981:
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3929:
3914:on 2021-07-11
3913:
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3845:
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3800:lire en ligne
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3571:
3557:on 2008-02-28
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3317:on 2021-01-15
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3020:
3014:
2999:on 2011-05-19
2998:
2994:
2991:(in French).
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2966:LĂ©on Isnard,
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2942:Le Pied-Rouge
2937:
2930:
2929:Le pied-rouge
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2176:French people
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2119:
2118:Africa portal
2108:
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2104:France portal
2094:
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2077:Martial Solal
2075:
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2054:
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2048:
2047:Enrico Macias
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:Marcel Cerdan
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:Alphonse Juin
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:, philosopher
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:Patrick Bruel
1962:
1959:
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1949:Paul Belmondo
1947:
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1941:
1939:, philosopher
1938:
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1475:Oran Massacre
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1412:Ăvian Accords
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1311:colonial rule
1306:
1305:Ăvian Accords
1302:
1287:
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1280:Mozabite Jews
1277:
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1227:Sephardi Jews
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1023:In 1959, the
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1017:Philippeville
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55:
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37:
33:
19:
5670:Algerian War
5626:
5569:White ethnic
5483:White monkey
5390:White savior
5360:White flight
5340:Acting white
5331:Sociological
5314:
5275:
5270:Peninsulares
5268:
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4995:
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4910:South Africa
4864:
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4824:White people
4775:
4449:Netherlands
4338:South Africa
4279:French Sudan
4232:James Island
4220:French Gabon
4160:Ubangi-Shari
4131:Burkina Faso
4108:
4057:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3984:. Retrieved
3979:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3953:
3944:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:the original
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3852:. Retrieved
3818:(22 cm)
3813:
3806:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:
3736:
3729:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3628:the original
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3584:
3580:
3570:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3550:
3514:
3507:
3492:
3465:
3445:
3439:
3420:
3399:
3379:
3372:
3348:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:the original
3310:
3301:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3240:the original
3235:
3226:
3209:
3204:
3180:
3150:
3107:
3075:. Retrieved
3071:
3061:
3050:. Retrieved
3044:
3034:
3018:
3017:Raph Soria,
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2988:
2984:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2813:
2795:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2730:
2710:
2688:. Retrieved
2679:
2641:
2621:
2616:
2608:the original
2598:
2590:the original
2585:
2576:
2557:
2551:
2531:
2504:. Retrieved
2495:
2485:
2468:, March 2012
2432:
2388:
2351:
2318:
2275:
2238:
2220:
2215:
2059:Jean Pélégri
2043:, footballer
1996:Ătienne Daho
1970:Albert Camus
1929:Albert Camus
1912:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1853:
1829:
1827:
1796:
1751:
1747:
1723:
1719:
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1695:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1660:who remained
1657:
1650:
1646:
1645:, himself a
1643:Albert Camus
1638:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1340:Algerian War
1335:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1301:Algerian War
1295:Algerian War
1278:
1273:
1269:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1207:Hippo Regius
1201:
1164:
1163:100,000 (in
1149:
1134:
1133:100,000 (in
1119:
1104:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1055:children in
1052:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1006:
1004:
998:
986:
981:two groups.
973:
970:
965:
961:
954:
950:
948:
942:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
844:
843:produced by
836:
826:
814:
812:
802:
798:
793:
789:
781:
761:
757:
755:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
703:
693:
689:
685:
683:
678:
669:Algerian war
661:
649:
644:
642:
600:
593:
587:
568:
548:
540:Sidi Ferruch
525:
515:
514:. The first
452:
443:
437:
430:Napoléon III
417:
410:
404:
400:
398:
395:associations
392:
376:
372:
368:
357:
352:
344:
335:
333:
310:
304:
300:
298:
293:
277:
275:
271:Algerian War
266:
250:
244:
219:
185:
184:
182:
155:Christianity
89:
86:
81:
63:
43:Ethnic group
40:
5650:Pieds-noirs
5594:White pride
5456:White trash
5441:Poor Whites
5365:White guilt
5224:New Zealand
5112:Puerto Rico
5067:Los Angeles
5013:El Salvador
4849:by location
4691:New Zealand
4611:Puerto Rico
4566:Fransaskois
4407:Middle East
4196:Brazzaville
4172:French Chad
3653:: 113â118.
3602:10045/57388
3520:533 and 537
3307:"Pied-Noir"
2981:"pataouĂšte"
2821:. pp.
2686:. p. 3
2482:Pierre Daum
2272:"pied-noir"
2254:Sciences Po
2141:Kouloughlis
2136:Arab-Berber
2016:, filmmaker
2014:Tony Gatlif
1960:, filmmaker
1913:pieds-noirs
1894:pieds-noirs
1890:pieds-noirs
1813:sovereignty
1744:Montpellier
1689:pieds-noirs
1685:pieds-noirs
1678:pieds-noirs
1658:Pieds-noirs
1651:pieds-noirs
1627:pieds-noirs
1622:pieds-noirs
1615:pieds-noirs
1603:pieds-noirs
1595:pieds-noirs
1559:pieds-noirs
1552:pieds-noirs
1547:repatriates
1534:pieds-noirs
1525:pieds-noirs
1518:pieds-noirs
1514:pieds-noirs
1506:pieds-noirs
1494:French Navy
1490:pieds-noirs
1486:pieds-noirs
1471:pieds-noirs
1466:pieds-noirs
1428:pieds-noirs
1401:pieds-noirs
1397:pieds-noirs
1368:pieds-noirs
1360:pieds-noirs
1342:, in 1954.
1274:pieds-noirs
1262:Free French
1232:Reconquista
1118:14,000 (in
1107:population
1093:population
1082:département
1077:pieds-noirs
1069:département
1030:pieds-noirs
1025:pieds-noirs
1007:pieds-noirs
999:département
974:pieds-noirs
955:pieds-noirs
943:pieds-noirs
913:pieds-noirs
900:pieds-noirs
864:pieds-noirs
847:farmers in
815:pieds-noirs
803:pieds-noirs
790:pieds-noirs
719:pieds-noirs
715:pieds-noirs
690:pieds-noirs
686:pieds-noirs
654:and of the
647:community.
638: 1899
583:Constantine
571:departments
544:Hussein Dey
516:pieds-noirs
512: 1905
377:pieds-noirs
369:pieds-noirs
353:pieds-noirs
345:pieds-noirs
336:pieds-noirs
301:pieds-noirs
296:community.
294:pieds-noirs
278:pieds-noirs
265:. The term
234:during the
186:pieds-noirs
163:Catholicism
114:Constantine
47:Pieds-noirs
5644:Categories
5557:Quebeckers
5543:Old Stock
5322:White gods
5061:California
4990:Costa Rica
4343:Afrikaners
4330:Seychelles
4301:Afrikaners
4269:Madagascar
4227:The Gambia
3986:2010-01-03
3959:11 January
3918:2022-07-20
3854:2022-07-17
3836:1135262408
3777:2018-05-26
3608:11 January
3561:2007-12-25
3321:2015-07-18
3294:0231109113
3271:11 January
3246:11 January
3077:2023-02-19
3052:2023-02-19
3027:2810602549
3003:18 October
2690:2007-12-24
2506:2023-02-19
2392:. Oxford:
2207:References
2191:Retornados
1882:First Army
1817:nationhood
1416:referendum
1221:after the
1184:See also:
1160:11,923,000
1145:10,853,000
945:in Algeria
841:white wine
762:pied-rouge
748:white feet
735:pied-blanc
434:Mostaganem
226:and other
209:black feet
174:Minority:
66:family in
5552:Canadians
5547:Americans
5514:Alt-right
5431:Hillbilly
5245:Apartheid
5207:Australia
5188:Venezuela
5138:Argentina
5098:Baltimore
5085:Louisiana
5018:Guatemala
4979:Caribbean
4707:Argentina
4681:Australia
4641:Huguenots
4591:Guatemala
4573:Québécois
4465:Huguenots
4453:Huguenots
4378:Hong Kong
4286:Mauritius
3886:"Accueil"
3844:457445178
3721:145811837
2480:Aurel et
1830:pied-noir
1799:symbolism
1797:pied-noir
1752:pied-noir
1748:pied-noir
1720:pied-noir
1696:pied-noir
1647:pied-noir
1635:pied-noir
1575:Argentina
1569:, Spain,
1567:Australia
1479:pied-noir
1424:pied-noir
1355:pied-noir
1270:pied-noir
1250:pied-noir
1130:2,554,100
1115:1,500,000
1105:Pied-noir
1091:pied-noir
1085:in 1959.
1073:pied-noir
1053:pied-noir
987:pied-noir
951:pied-noir
909:pied-noir
905:pied-noir
876:pataouĂšte
872:pied-noir
868:pataouĂšte
845:pied-noir
837:pied-noir
833:brochette
799:Pied-Gris
794:Pied-Gris
782:pied-noir
758:pied-noir
727:Frangaoui
694:pied-noir
671:in 1954,
645:pied-noir
412:Le Robert
401:pied-noir
393:pied-noir
383:Etymology
360:left-wing
273:in 1962.
267:pied-noir
263:indigĂšnes
245:From the
220:pied-noir
120:Languages
64:pied-noir
18:Pied-noir
5451:Rednecks
5277:Criollos
5176:Suriname
5166:Paraguay
5161:Colombia
5092:Maryland
5028:Honduras
5003:Dominica
4962:Barbados
4941:Pakistan
4925:Zimbabwe
4875:Botswana
4758:Walloons
4741:See also
4722:Colombia
4655:Corsican
4489:Acadians
4398:Pakistan
4203:Djibouti
4143:Cameroon
3869:Le Monde
3419:(1968).
3072:BBC News
2246:Archived
2131:Caldoche
2090:See also
2067:, author
2061:, author
2049:, singer
1998:, singer
1992:laureate
1966:, singer
1911:Notable
1701:Le Monde
1215:Cherchel
853:red wine
819:gazpacho
775:red feet
625:Identity
590:Ottomans
349:Islamist
282:Catholic
148:Religion
5628:Commons
5446:Redlegs
5198:Oceania
5182:Uruguay
5144:Bolivia
5033:Jamaica
4967:Bermuda
4957:Bahamas
4915:Tunisia
4905:Reunion
4900:Namibia
4895:Morocco
4865:Algeria
4782:Basques
4753:Bretons
4748:Basques
4732:Uruguay
4674:Oceania
4601:Jamaica
4445:Hungary
4419:Lebanon
4362:Tunisia
4334:Somalia
4325:Senegal
4320:RĂ©union
4296:Namibia
4291:Morocco
4253:Guinea
4237:Albreda
4179:Comoros
4109:Algeria
3998:Sources
3842::
3679:. 1964.
2037:, boxer
1931:in 1957
1863:
1841:
1731:
1420:katibas
1063:in 1942
927:Map of
888:Italian
884:Catalan
880:Spanish
857:Mascara
849:Tlemcen
828:méchoui
769:
742:
493:Algiers
489:Zouaves
449:History
325:Islamic
259:Muslims
232:Algeria
203:
191:French:
176:Judaism
138:Occitan
134:Catalan
130:Spanish
106:Algiers
5492:White
5263:Castas
5218:Hawaii
5149:Brazil
5079:Hawaii
5043:Panama
5038:Mexico
4973:Canada
4920:Zambia
4890:Malawi
4870:Angola
4857:Africa
4780:(i.e.
4778:France
4712:Brazil
4662:Basque
4648:Breton
4627:Cajuns
4606:Mexico
4503:Basque
4496:Brayon
4483:Canada
4438:Europe
4424:Turkey
4414:Israel
4243:Ghana
4114:Angola
4102:Africa
4038:
3936:"fotw"
3834:
3824:
3744:
3719:
3526:
3499:
3472:
3427:
3387:
3360:
3292:
3266:Zum.de
3218:
3192:
3158:
3114:
3025:
2829:
2823:65â100
2788:
2723:
2649:
2564:
2539:
2440:
2400:
2364:
2326:
2286:
2229:
1672:, 2009
1588:Canada
1582:, the
1571:Israel
1500:, and
1438:Exodus
1315:Sharia
1211:Tipasa
1059:after
1034:Annaba
962:strata
823:paella
611:France
536:armada
497:Tonkin
317:Berber
251:colons
224:French
126:French
32:Malbec
5478:Basic
5473:Becky
5463:Karen
5250:Aryan
5155:Chile
5023:Haiti
4885:Kenya
4717:Chile
4596:Haiti
4393:Korea
4388:Japan
4383:India
4308:Niger
4215:Gabon
4119:Benin
3848:SUDOC
3717:S2CID
2784:â37.
2676:(PDF)
1990:Nobel
1758:Flags
1742:) in
1607:harki
1580:Italy
1557:Many
1529:harki
1258:Vichy
1219:Judea
1157:1965
1142:1960
1127:1851
1112:1830
855:from
731:Patos
619:Malta
615:Spain
607:Italy
575:Alger
563:jihad
440:1865.
280:were
255:Arabs
62:in a
5612:Race
5171:Peru
4997:Cuba
4934:Asia
4835:Bold
4727:Peru
4581:Cuba
4371:Asia
4350:Togo
4274:Mali
4167:Chad
4036:ISBN
3961:2018
3832:OCLC
3822:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3610:2018
3524:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3273:2018
3248:2018
3216:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3005:2016
2827:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2227:ISBN
1860:lit.
1838:lit.
1828:The
1815:and
1728:lit.
1639:pĂšre
1586:and
1498:BĂŽne
1303:and
1203:Jews
1165:1965
1150:1959
1135:1847
1120:1836
1098:Year
1057:Oran
1038:Oran
985:The
949:The
882:and
851:and
831:and
766:lit.
739:lit.
698:UNEF
617:and
581:and
579:Oran
559:Sufi
551:Oran
495:for
466:and
323:and
321:Arab
200:lit.
183:The
110:Oran
90:2012
82:1959
4056:".
3840:BNF
3709:doi
3655:doi
3597:hdl
3589:doi
3186:207
2756:270
2358:398
2280:799
1980:FLN
1836:" (
1452:'s
1040:to
753:).
665:FLN
261:or
216:sg.
5646::
3978:.
3952:.
3927:^
3906:.
3888:.
3846:,
3838:.
3830:.
3770:.
3756:^
3715:.
3705:36
3703:.
3675:.
3651:67
3649:.
3645:.
3595:.
3585:17
3583:.
3579:.
3549:.
3538:^
3522:.
3495:,
3484:^
3454:^
3408:^
3352:.
3330:^
3309:.
3264:.
3234:.
3188:.
3170:^
3126:^
3086:^
3070:.
3043:.
2987:.
2983:.
2825:.
2803:^
2794:.
2782:31
2758:.
2738:^
2729:.
2719:.
2717:28
2699:^
2682:.
2678:.
2661:^
2629:^
2515:^
2473:^
2464:,
2452:^
2412:^
2376:^
2360:.
2338:^
2298:^
2282:.
2274:.
2261:^
2252:,
2028:,
1988:,
1978:,
1577:,
1573:,
1565:,
1434:.
1196:c.
1167:)
1152:)
1137:)
1122:)
968:.
859:.
825:,
821:,
729:,
725:,
635:c.
621:.
613:,
609:,
577:,
509:c.
319:,
257:,
218::
214:;
198:;
165:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
112:,
108:,
58:A
5346:)
5342:(
4816:e
4809:t
4802:v
4467:)
4463:(
4455:)
4451:(
4345:)
4341:(
4303:)
4299:(
4249:)
4245:(
4087:e
4080:t
4073:v
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4042:.
3989:.
3963:.
3938:.
3921:.
3892:.
3857:.
3780:.
3750:.
3723:.
3711::
3657::
3612:.
3599::
3591::
3564:.
3532:.
3478:.
3433:.
3393:.
3366:.
3324:.
3275:.
3250:.
3198:.
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3055:.
3029:.
3007:.
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2655:.
2570:.
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2406:.
2370:.
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1903:(
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1726:(
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1334:(
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764:(
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161:(
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20:)
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