501:
604:
42:
1056:
294:
367:, agreeing an annual pension on the condition that the news was not made public. In the hope of speeding things up, Pier Luigi took direct part in the negotiations while leading troops into the lands occupied by his Farnese relatives. Novara and its surrounding territory was finally established as a marquessate in favour of Pier Luigi, but had to wait until February 1538 until formal investiture could be made.
391:
579:, and his brother Count Giovanni Anguissola, governor of Como. Anguissola was able to convince Count Agostino Landi, Marquis Giovan Luigi Confalonieri, and Girolamo Alessandro Pallavicini to join him. After Anguissola and others had stabbed him to death, the conspirators hung his body from a window of his palace in Piacenza. Charles V's vicar
567:, the Duke of Urbino. He also continued to work hard on the fortifications of his lands. Charles, concerned about the progress of work in Parma, was persuaded to give free rein to Ferrante to organize a conspiracy against the duke. Marquis Pallavicini Cortemaggiore offered support; but Ferrante preferred to rely on his distant kinsman
301:
Pier Luigi
Farnese quickly became the stereotype of a mercenary soldier: wild and amoral. He had courage and daring and while strong and audacious was also sufficiently brutal to offend many observers. Nor did he always fight on the traditional side of the papacy; reversing the pro-Guelph sentiments
335:
Pier Luigi withdrew from Rome into the Roman countryside, taxing it without mercy and permitting a climate of theft and murder. Pope
Clement, tired of this behaviour, eventually threatened him with excommunication, until Cardinal Alexander tried diplomatically to reconcile his son with the pope. In
246:
In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated Pier Luigi so that he could inherit the
Farnese family estates. On 23 June, 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi. In spite of the legitimations, his illegitimacy tormented Pier Luigi all his life, and doubtless contributed to the
590:
Following the death of his son, Pope Paul met in consistory and had
Ferrante accused of the murder - declaring that Ottavio would succeed his father as the new duke and the new Gonfalonier of the Church. Pier Luigi's body was brought back and buried in Piacenza; later the body was transported to
674:
Letters also exist from Pier Luigi's father, Paul III, reproaching him for taking male lovers when on an official mission to the court of the emperor; and another from the chancellor of the
Florentine embassy detailing a man-hunt he had mounted in Rome to search for a youth who had refused his
441:
The Duchy of Castro operated as a functioning State within the
Patrimony of Saint Peter. It possessed rich forests full of game, fertile vineyards and fields, and a great number of fortresses. In the consistory of 14 March 1537, the Pope also awarded his son the cities of
876:
563:
Ferrante began to spy on Pier Luigi and sent reports continually to the emperor in Madrid. Pier Luigi did not remain passive; on 4 June 1547 he arranged the marriage of his daughter, Vittoria, with
273:
Despite a loveless marriage, Gerolama remained a faithful devoted wife, tolerating Pier Luigi's excesses, brutality, and extravagances with dignity. Delays in the construction at the palace in
457:
During his life Pier Luigi gained a certain reputation for cruelty, ruthlessness and decadence. A particular scandal erupted in 1537, when he was accused of what became known as the "
793:
328:
to defend the Pope; Pier Luigi crossed the Tiber and quartered his men in the family palace, thus saving it from destruction. Critics accused the
Farnese of backing both sides, but
258:
His father was, however, keen to make Pier Luigi the true head of the
Farnese family and so arranged a favourable marriage alliance with Gerolama (also known by the spelling
410:. Pier Luigi was invested with the titles of "Montalto" which gave the right to export grain without paying taxes; and Paul accepted feudal rights over Canine,
1336:
500:
17:
544:
His tyrannical rule and his taxes gained him the enmities of the cities, which were used to the more sensible authority of the Popes. In addition,
785:
1155:
868:
849:
1286:
1036:
1141:
1326:
1296:
461:", where he allegedly raped the young bishop of the city, Cosimo Gheri, while marching with his troops. Gheri subsequently died.
336:
1528 Pier Luigi, still under imperial pay, fought in Apulia against the French army and distinguished himself in the defence of
255:
tutor, Baldassarre
Malosso di Casalmaggiore, nicknamed "Tranquillus," and quickly developed a love of war and fortifications.
1331:
1291:
926:
430:
for the fortress at Castro, and at bought
Bisenzio from the diocese of Montefiascone. As a final act, Paul created a formal
1281:
645:
434:
out of the lands and bestowed it upon his son and heirs. The duchy was, however, to come under the direct control of the
160:
1093:
450:. Pier Luigi was tasked with repairing all the fortresses over which he was now feudal lord. The new Duke commissioned
1081:
1063:
556:, learning of the aims of the emperor, launched a plot against the Farnese, supported by the marquis Anguissola and
1099:
1075:
306:
451:
603:
1321:
1231:
1169:
1117:
1105:
1087:
1069:
991:
660:
584:
473:
46:
583:
captured the Duchy soon after, although subsequent events led to the return of the duchy to Pier-Luigi's son,
627:
545:
469:
371:
360:
314:
282:
145:
1243:
1029:
363:, a cardinal. But Charles V only reluctantly allowed the granting of titles to Pier Luigi over the city of
1301:
639:
485:
155:
120:
1237:
1225:
1181:
1135:
576:
564:
332:
refused to condemn him. Finally when the plague hit the city, the imperial troops decided to withdraw.
472:; thus consolidating the friendship between the Farnese and the imperial family. In 1543 another son,
1306:
1175:
548:
fostered discontent with the Duke, in part to further his aim of annexing Parma and Piacenza to the
1311:
374:
had become vacant, and Paul nominated his son on 31 January 1537. Pier Luigi travelled through the
1201:
1187:
1022:
649:
223:
from 1545 to 1547. He was the illegitimate son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (who later became
1316:
1004:
489:
356:
in 1534, great festivities were celebrated at Valentano, after which Pier Luigi left for Rome.
165:
150:
406:
which had been split after the death of Ranuccio the Elder. To this he added the territory of
1213:
1129:
325:
591:
Parma by his wife Gerolama Orsini and then to the family tomb on the island of Bisentina on
528:
every year to the treasury of the Holy See, and, in exchange, they gave back the Duchies of
251:
was frequently known to insult him as "the bastard son of the Pope." He was given a famous
1276:
1271:
1219:
1207:
1111:
252:
8:
454:
to create a new capital, which saw the construction of a citadel, ducal palace and mint.
318:
228:
839:
668:
619:
and wife and first cousin Giulia Conti and paternal granddaughter of the 6th Counts of
481:
310:
465:
137:
270:. In 1513 the engagement contract was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding celebrated.
941:
684:
580:
553:
329:
180:
62:
243:
and Silvia Ruffini. His father would be elected Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534.
664:
633:
612:
572:
568:
521:
477:
130:
80:
41:
549:
200:
1265:
1123:
1055:
1045:
1000:
981:
844:
834:
616:
509:
403:
240:
224:
216:
212:
190:
58:
293:
974:
689:
592:
557:
517:
458:
423:
375:
100:
447:
407:
337:
911:
de Vitoria, Francisco (1991). Pagden, Anthony; Lawrance, Jeremy (eds.).
853:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
504:
Pier Luigi appointed to Duke of Parma and Piacenza by Paul III
620:
267:
536:. Pier Luigi took possession of his new states on 23 September 1546.
415:
278:
745:
La leggenda del papa Paolo III: arte e censura nella Roma pontificia
529:
513:
435:
427:
399:
379:
353:
248:
220:
116:
1014:
790:: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia", Vol. 2, 1867"
411:
274:
175:
653:
419:
390:
364:
317:— remaining with the emperor until 1527, he was present at the
263:
50:
838:
378:
defeating pockets of resistance before arriving in triumph at
630:, the oldest son, bishop of Parma and Roman Catholic Cardinal
525:
431:
211:(19 November 1503 – 10 September 1547) was the first Duke of
239:
Pier Luigi Alessandro Farnese, born in 1503, was the son of
533:
443:
349:
96:
359:
Paul's first action was to make Pier Luigi's eldest son,
725:
904:
Farnese: Pomp, Power, and Politics in Renaissance Italy
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
309:
were already employed as mercenaries in the pay of the
277:, meant the young couple had to lodge in the Castle at
305:
In 1520, at the age of seventeen, he and his brother
702:
516:, properties that had previously been a part of the
1263:
817:Giovanni Dall'Orto, "Un avo poco presentabile",
343:
313:. As a result, he served under the standard of
227:). He became a soldier and participated in the
1030:
495:
476:, was sent to France and eventually married
402:gradually recovered the family lands around
247:formation of his character. The nobility of
1199:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty:
1037:
1023:
910:
731:
40:
1337:People of the War of the League of Cognac
636:, Pier Luigi's successor as Duke of Parma
508:Paul III then went on to make Pier Luigi
829:
827:
779:
777:
775:
747:(Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1998): 20.
602:
499:
389:
292:
901:
833:
719:
539:
524:, declared they would pay 9,000 golden
324:While his brother Ranuccio withdrew to
14:
1264:
862:
860:
840:"Farnese s.v. Pierluigi Farnese"
813:
811:
783:
598:
468:, an illegitimate daughter of Emperor
1018:
824:
772:
321:of that year, in which he took part.
281:. The following year their first son
72:16 September 1545 – 10 September 1547
866:
348:When his father was elevated to the
879:from the original on 22 August 2024
857:
808:
607:Gerolama Orsini, Pier Luigi's wife.
24:
1054:
1044:
796:from the original on 21 March 2023
288:
25:
1348:
1287:16th-century Italian LGBTQ people
920:
659:He also had an illegitimate son,
484:. Finally in 1545 his third son,
385:
266:, daughter of Lodovico, Count of
18:Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma
464:In 1538 his son Ottavio married
215:from 1537 to 1545 and the first
611:Pier Luigi Farnese had married
452:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
1327:Captains General of the Church
1297:Illegitimate children of popes
759:
750:
737:
552:. Thus the governor of Milan,
480:- an illegitimate daughter of
370:In the meantime the office of
13:
1:
915:. Cambridge University Press.
786:"Knight, Charles. "Farnese",
695:
546:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
372:Captain General of the Church
344:Captain General of the Church
1332:Military personnel from Rome
1292:16th-century Roman Catholics
7:
1282:16th-century dukes of Parma
913:Vitoria: Political Writings
873:, G. Bell & Sons, 1877"
867:Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877).
678:
667:, illegitimate daughter of
426:. He exchanged the city of
241:Cardinal Alessandro Farnese
161:Vittoria, Duchess of Urbino
121:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
10:
1353:
906:. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.
895:
623:. They had four children:
565:Guidobaldo II della Rovere
520:. Pier Luigi and his son,
496:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
29:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
1252:
1197:
1052:
998:
988:
979:
967:
962:
935:
642:, Roman Catholic Cardinal
196:
186:
174:
136:
126:
106:
90:
86:
76:
68:
57:
39:
34:
929:from about 1390 to 1766.
784:Knight, Charles (1867).
297:Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome
234:
902:Gamrath, Helge (2007).
871:Modern Europe 1521-1598
850:Encyclopædia Britannica
1254:* denotes titular Duke
1059:
608:
505:
395:
394:View of Castro (1663).
298:
166:Orazio, Duke of Castro
151:Ottavio, Duke of Parma
1322:LGBTQ Roman Catholics
1058:
869:"Dyer, Thomas Henry.
821:, 162 (January 1998).
606:
503:
393:
296:
615:, daughter of Luigi
540:Conspiracy and death
937:Pier Luigi Farnese
927:Farnese family tree
599:Marriage and family
146:Cardinal Alessandro
1302:Nobility from Rome
1060:
669:Henry II of France
628:Alessandro Farnese
609:
506:
482:Henry II of France
396:
361:Alessandro Farnese
326:Castel Sant'Angelo
311:Republic of Venice
299:
209:Pier Luigi Farnese
35:Pier Luigi Farnese
1259:
1258:
1190: (1854–1859)
1166: (1808-1814)
1165:
1152: (1808-1814)
1151:
1138: (1765–1802)
1102: (1694–1727)
1084: (1592–1622)
1013:
1012:
989:Succeeded by
957:10 September 1547
743:Roberto Zapperi,
466:Margaret of Parma
206:
205:
156:Cardinal Ranuccio
110:10 September 1547
16:(Redirected from
1344:
1307:House of Farnese
1246:* (2010–present)
1159:
1145:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1015:
973:Carved from the
958:
951:
950:19 November 1503
942:House of Farnese
933:
932:
916:
907:
889:
888:
886:
884:
864:
855:
854:
842:
831:
822:
815:
806:
805:
803:
801:
781:
770:
763:
757:
754:
748:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
646:Vittoria Farnese
640:Ranuccio Farnese
581:Ferrante Gonzaga
554:Ferrante Gonzaga
488:, was created a
330:Pope Clement VII
302:of the Farnese.
113:
94:19 November 1503
44:
32:
31:
21:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1312:Dukes of Castro
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1193:
1184: (1849–54)
1178: (1847–49)
1172: (1814–47)
1132: (1748–65)
1126: (1740–48)
1120: (1735–40)
1114: (1731–35)
1108: (1727–31)
1096: (1646–94)
1090: (1622–46)
1078: (1586–92)
1072: (1556–86)
1066: (1545–47)
1048:
1043:
1008:
994:
985:
977:
971:
952:
946:
945:
938:
923:
898:
893:
892:
882:
880:
865:
858:
832:
825:
816:
809:
799:
797:
782:
773:
765:Giovanni Drei,
764:
760:
755:
751:
742:
738:
732:de Vitoria 1991
730:
726:
718:
703:
698:
681:
665:Diane de France
634:Ottavio Farnese
613:Girolama Orsini
601:
573:Castel Goffredo
542:
498:
478:Diane de France
388:
346:
291:
289:Military career
237:
170:
131:Gerolama Orsini
115:
111:
95:
53:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1334:
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1324:
1319:
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1139:
1133:
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1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:Dukes of Parma
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1010:
996:
995:
990:
987:
982:Duke of Castro
978:
972:
965:
964:
963:Regnal titles
960:
959:
939:
936:
931:
930:
922:
921:External links
919:
918:
917:
908:
897:
894:
891:
890:
856:
845:Chisholm, Hugh
835:Villari, Luigi
823:
807:
771:
758:
749:
736:
734:, p. 333.
724:
700:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
687:
680:
677:
663:, who married
657:
656:
648:, who married
643:
637:
631:
600:
597:
550:Duchy of Milan
541:
538:
497:
494:
387:
386:Duke of Castro
384:
345:
342:
290:
287:
236:
233:
204:
203:
201:Silvia Ruffini
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114:(aged 43)
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92:
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55:
54:
45:
37:
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28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:LGBTQ royalty
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
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1275:
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1270:
1269:
1267:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:* (1977–2010)
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:* (1859–1907)
1203:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:Charles Louis
1174:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:Maria Theresa
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
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1021:
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1017:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:Duke of Parma
997:
993:
984:
983:
976:
970:
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961:
956:
949:
944:
943:
934:
928:
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914:
909:
905:
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899:
878:
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861:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
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812:
795:
791:
789:
780:
778:
776:
768:
762:
753:
746:
740:
733:
728:
722:, p. 25.
721:
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712:
710:
708:
706:
701:
691:
688:
686:
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676:
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650:Guidubaldo II
647:
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635:
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629:
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618:
614:
605:
596:
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586:
582:
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569:Louis Gonzaga
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Duke of Parma
502:
493:
492:by Paul III.
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
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225:Pope Paul III
222:
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217:Duke of Parma
214:
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191:Pope Paul III
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71:
67:
64:
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59:Duke of Parma
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
1170:Marie Louise
1161:
1147:
999:
980:
975:Papal States
968:
954:
947:
940:
912:
903:
881:. Retrieved
870:
848:
818:
798:. Retrieved
787:
766:
761:
756:Zapperi, 21.
752:
744:
739:
727:
720:Gamrath 2007
690:Rape of Fano
673:
658:
610:
593:Lake Bolsena
589:
562:
558:Andrea Doria
543:
518:Papal States
507:
463:
459:rape of Fano
456:
440:
397:
376:Papal States
369:
358:
347:
334:
323:
319:Sack of Rome
304:
300:
272:
259:
257:
245:
238:
229:sack of Rome
208:
207:
112:(1547-09-10)
101:Papal States
26:
1277:1547 deaths
1272:1503 births
1238:Carlos Hugo
1234:* (1974–77)
1228:* (1959–74)
1222:* (1950–59)
1216:* (1939–50)
1210:* (1907–39)
1182:Charles III
1094:Ranuccio II
769:Parma, 1950
577:Castiglione
448:Ronciglione
408:Ronciglione
398:Meanwhile,
338:Manfredonia
1266:Categories
1142:Cambacérès
1118:Charles II
1082:Ranuccio I
1064:Pier Luigi
1009:1545–1547
986:1537–1545
767:I Farnese,
696:References
675:advances.
652:, Duke of
621:Pitigliano
571:, Lord of
285:was born.
283:Alessandro
268:Pitigliano
1226:Robert II
1136:Ferdinand
1112:Charles I
1100:Francesco
1076:Alexander
969:New title
819:Babilonia
788:Biography
587:in 1551.
470:Charles V
416:Valentano
315:Charles V
279:Valentano
231:in 1527.
77:Successor
1188:Robert I
1162:Piacenza
1005:Piacenza
883:17 March
877:Archived
837:(1911).
800:17 March
794:Archived
679:See also
530:Camerino
514:Piacenza
490:cardinal
486:Ranuccio
436:Holy See
428:Frascati
400:Paul III
380:Piacenza
354:Paul III
307:Ranuccio
260:Girolama
253:humanist
249:Piacenza
221:Piacenza
117:Piacenza
63:Piacenza
47:Portrait
1106:Antonio
1088:Odoardo
1070:Ottavio
992:Ottavio
896:Sources
847:(ed.).
685:Farnese
585:Ottavio
522:Ottavio
412:Gradoli
275:Gradoli
181:Farnese
81:Ottavio
1244:Carlos
1232:Xavier
1214:Joseph
1202:Robert
1158:
1156:Lebrun
1144:
1130:Philip
953:
661:Orazio
654:Urbino
617:Orsini
526:ducati
474:Orazio
420:Latera
404:Castro
365:Novara
350:papacy
264:Orsini
213:Castro
197:Mother
187:Father
127:Spouse
51:Titian
1220:Elias
1208:Henry
1148:Parma
955:Died:
948:Born:
843:. In
432:duchy
424:Marta
235:Youth
176:House
138:Issue
69:Reign
1003:and
885:2023
802:2023
575:and
534:Nepi
532:and
512:and
446:and
444:Nepi
422:and
219:and
107:Died
97:Rome
91:Born
61:and
352:as
49:by
1268::
875:.
859:^
826:^
810:^
792:.
774:^
704:^
671:.
595:.
560:.
438:.
418:,
414:,
382:.
340:.
262:)
119:,
99:,
1164:)
1160:(
1150:)
1146:(
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
887:.
804:.
20:)
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