33:
319:
910:
2191:
827:
929:
474:. Bayle rejected the use of scripture to justify coercion and violence: "One must transcribe almost the whole New Testament to collect all the Proofs it affords us of that Gentleness and Long-suffering, which constitute the distinguishing and essential Character of the Gospel." He did not regard toleration as a danger to the state; on the contrary:
533:
It is a guide that leads one astray; and philosophy can be compared to some powders that are so corrosive that, after they have eaten away the infected flesh of a wound, they then devour the living flesh, rot the bones, and penetrate to the very marrow. Philosophy at first refutes errors. But if it
500:
to criticise all prior known theories and philosophies. In Bayle's view, humans were inherently incapable of achieving true knowledge. Because of the limitations of human reason, men should adhere instead to their conscience alone. Bayle was critical of many influential rationalists, such as
478:"If the Multiplicity of Religions prejudices the State, it proceeds from their not bearing with one another but on the contrary endeavouring each to crush and destroy the other by methods of Persecution. In a word, all the Mischief arises not from Toleration, but from the want of it."
562:
In 2012 a bench (By Paul Cox) in tribute to Bayle, to reflect on the (hypothetical) philosophical exchange of thought between Bayle and
Erasmus. (concept of thought: JW van den Blink)
374:
534:
is not stopped at this point, it goes on to attack truths. And when it is left on its own, it goes so far that it no longer knows where it is and can find no stopping place.
1875:
365:
333:
2261:
2226:
281:, where for some years he worked under the name of Bèle as a tutor for various families. In 1675, he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the Protestant
2311:
396:, Bayle expressed his view that much that was considered to be "truth" was actually just opinion, and that gullibility and stubbornness were prevalent. The
869:
Sally
Jenkinson, Reflections on Pierre Bayle and Elizabeth Labrousse, and their Huguenot critique of intolerance, Proc. Huguenot Soc., 27: 325–334, 2000.
300:. He taught for many years but became embroiled in a long, internal quarrel in the college that resulted in Bayle being deprived of his chair in 1693.
2431:
378:, which Jurieu attributed to Bayle, whom he attacked with great animosity. After losing his chair, Bayle engaged in the preparation of his massive
842:
2441:
2331:
1255:
993:
1366:
2296:
2391:
847:
705:
403:
The remaining years of Bayle's life were devoted to miscellaneous writings; in many cases, he was responding to criticisms made of his
2451:
2401:
2366:
2246:
2241:
2376:
2266:
2231:
2008:
2411:
2396:
2386:
2251:
1028:
2446:
2426:
2321:
2276:
2236:
1446:
1118:
803:
415:
786:
732:
605:
188:, or they were slipped into articles on seemingly uncontroversial topics. Bayle is commonly regarded as a forerunner of the
2416:
2281:
2256:
2346:
2271:
1191:
936:
749:
583:
496:
380:
180:
1486:
986:
184:, whose publication began in 1697. Many of the more controversial ideas in the book were hidden away in the voluminous
311:
would also be buried seven years later. After the demolition of this church in 1922, the graves were relocated to the
2406:
2291:
2013:
2371:
1542:
369:, an early plea for toleration in religious matters. This was followed by volumes three and four in 1687 and 1688.
2436:
2351:
2326:
2306:
2086:
1411:
434:
was the first thorough-going attempt to popularise literature, and it was eminently successful. His multi-volume
1844:
2301:
1959:
1201:
1391:
2341:
2286:
2194:
1623:
1270:
979:
943:
338:
120:
1532:
2061:
2018:
953:
962:
2421:
2356:
1588:
1436:
296:, where he almost immediately was appointed professor of philosophy and history at the École Illustre in
2336:
2023:
1633:
1558:
1496:
1361:
352:, Bayle's Calvinist colleague of both Sedan and Rotterdam, who had written a book on the same subject.
312:
1471:
1421:
2361:
1578:
1285:
1206:
514:
322:
Memorial stone for the
Walloon graves on the General Cemetery in Crooswijk. Among them, Pierre Bayle.
2456:
2316:
1618:
1583:
1152:
491:
303:
Bayle remained in
Rotterdam until his death on 28 December 1706. He was buried in Rotterdam in the
214:
125:
348:'s work on the history of Calvinism. The reputation achieved by this critique stirred the envy of
1839:
1816:
1781:
1563:
1527:
1451:
1386:
103:
217:
philosophy had a significant influence on the subsequent growth and development of the
European
2131:
2033:
1990:
1849:
1730:
1137:
1082:
246:
1916:
1702:
1641:
1537:
1048:
720:
699:
206:
1829:
1824:
2221:
2216:
2181:
2041:
2003:
1954:
1598:
1568:
1396:
1111:
1002:
658:
463:
218:
1975:
1854:
8:
1924:
1608:
1376:
1345:
643:
618:
510:
451:
443:
1481:
1456:
400:
would remain an important scholarly work for several generations after its publication.
392:(before the term had come into wide circulation) of ideas and their originators. In the
2381:
1934:
1796:
1786:
1771:
1761:
1715:
1603:
1426:
1147:
948:
360:
113:
32:
1906:
1075:
949:
Contains the exchanges between Bayle and
Leibniz, slightly modified for easier reading
318:
190:
2139:
1944:
1939:
1901:
1891:
1740:
1656:
1651:
1593:
1441:
1431:
1196:
1053:
782:
728:
601:
66:
1980:
1401:
529:. Popkin quotes the following passage as an example of Bayle's skeptical viewpoint:
502:
274:
2144:
1776:
1756:
1725:
1416:
1381:
1325:
914:
450:
to be among the one hundred foundational texts to form the first collection of the
447:
282:
1859:
593:, 5 vols., The Hague, 1727–31; anastatic reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964–68.
1949:
1834:
1710:
1672:
1491:
1335:
1330:
1132:
1038:
345:
170:
1998:
2121:
2071:
1929:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1687:
1613:
1522:
1517:
1340:
1315:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1250:
774:
506:
487:
304:
293:
266:
234:
202:
88:
62:
2210:
2149:
2106:
2076:
2056:
1720:
1646:
1573:
1476:
1406:
1320:
1275:
1260:
1157:
1106:
838:
833:
694:
518:
389:
349:
308:
286:
174:; 18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher, author, and
269:
a month later. After seventeen months, he returned to
Calvinism and fled to
2159:
2154:
2101:
2091:
2066:
2046:
1766:
1735:
1682:
1677:
1461:
1310:
1290:
1177:
1101:
898:
Pierre Bayle's
Cartesian Metaphysics: Rediscovering Early Modern Philosophy
526:
424:
315:
in
Rotterdam. A memorial stone shows that Pierre Bayle is in these graves.
175:
137:
2111:
1896:
1692:
1466:
1305:
1184:
1167:
1162:
963:
The
Influence of Foreign Knowledge on 18th Century European Secularism -
238:
1126:
587:(1695–1697; 1702, enlarged; best that of P. des Maizeaux, 4 vols., 1740)
2116:
2096:
2081:
2051:
1300:
1211:
1068:
1043:
1033:
971:
851:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 557.
709:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 557.
522:
254:
210:
1142:
1063:
957:
556:
297:
250:
185:
84:
919:
698:
1501:
1096:
1089:
923:
886:, translated by Denys Potts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
410:
262:
222:
198:
150:
832:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
596:
Selections in English: Pierre Bayle (Richard H. Popkin transl.),
545:
242:
289:
was suppressed by the government in action against Protestants.
1172:
270:
258:
1058:
278:
438:
constitutes Bayle's masterpiece. The English translation of
944:
The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
209:
in France. Bayle was a notable advocate of religious
363:. In 1686, Bayle published the first two volumes of
781:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 288.
388:), which effectively constituted one of the first
876:, La Haye: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963–4 (2 volumes).
866:, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
719:
2208:
598:Historical and Critical Dictionary – Selections
421:le plus grand dialecticien qui ait jamais écrit
2262:18th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
2227:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
490:has advanced the view that Pierre Bayle was a
292:Just before that event, Bayle had fled to the
987:
893:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
544:In 1906 a statue in his honor was erected at
2312:Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
1116:
1087:
1073:
940:for links to digital facsimiles of that work
573:Pensées Diverses sur l'Occasion de la Comète
1182:
769:
767:
727:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 301–302.
577:Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet
355:Between 1684 and 1687, Bayle published his
249:, France. He was educated by his father, a
994:
980:
273:, where he learned about the teachings of
31:
579:(2000) by Robert C. Bartlett, SUNY Press.
331:At Rotterdam, Bayle published his famous
16:French philosopher and writer (1647–1706)
2432:Writers about activism and social change
1001:
837:
810:(in French). Paris: Desoer. p. 191.
764:
693:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
555:In 1959 a street was named after him in
317:
747:
663:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
446:, was identified by American President
372:In 1690 there appeared a work entitled
2442:17th-century Dutch non-fiction writers
2332:18th-century Dutch non-fiction writers
2209:
773:
457:
432:Nouvelles de la république des lettres
357:Nouvelles de la république des lettres
1232:
1013:
975:
801:
676:
552:("the reparation of a long neglect").
169:
538:
344:in 1682, as well as his critique of
277:. He returned to France and went to
2297:Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
954:The Correspondence of Pierre Bayle
937:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
808:Dictionnaire historique et critique
584:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
468:Dictionnaire historique et critique
442:, by Bayle's fellow Huguenot exile
381:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
13:
856:
497:Historical and Critical Dictionary
436:Historical and Critical Dictionary
386:Historical and Critical Dictionary
181:Historical and Critical Dictionary
14:
2468:
904:
645:David Hume's Critique of Infinity
566:
517:, as well as empiricists such as
416:Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne
225:was formed in response to Bayle.
2452:18th-century French philosophers
2402:French philosophers of education
2367:Immigrants to the Dutch Republic
2247:17th-century French philosophers
2242:17th-century French male writers
2190:
2189:
927:
825:
2392:People from Ariège (department)
2377:French male non-fiction writers
2267:18th-century Dutch philosophers
2232:17th-century Dutch philosophers
750:"The Golden Rule of Toleration"
648:, Brill, 2001, pp. 22–23, 25–28
600:, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991.
253:minister, and at an academy at
2412:Philosophers of social science
2397:French philosophers of culture
2387:Literacy and society theorists
2252:17th-century French historians
911:Works by or about Pierre Bayle
795:
741:
713:
651:
636:
1:
2447:17th-century French essayists
2427:French political philosophers
2322:18th-century Dutch historians
2277:18th-century French essayists
2237:17th-century Dutch historians
725:A History of the Modern World
624:
550:la reparation d'un long oubli
482:
462:Bayle advanced arguments for
285:. In 1681, the university at
38:
1233:
1119:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
900:, New York: Routledge, 2009.
748:LoConte, Joseph (May 2009).
629:
228:
7:
2417:French philosophy academics
2282:18th-century lexicographers
2257:17th-century lexicographers
1088:
926:(public domain audiobooks)
612:
375:Avis important aux refugiés
326:
178:. He is best known for his
10:
2473:
2347:Enlightenment philosophers
2272:18th-century Dutch writers
1014:
818:
313:Crooswijk General Cemetery
2176:
2130:
2032:
1989:
1968:
1915:
1884:
1868:
1815:
1749:
1701:
1665:
1632:
1551:
1510:
1354:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1133:Methodological skepticism
1024:
1020:
1009:
864:Bayle: Political Writings
862:Sally Jenkinson, (dir.),
779:The History of Skepticism
515:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
472:Commentaire Philosophique
194:of the mid-18th century.
156:
143:
131:
119:
109:
99:
95:
73:
48:
30:
23:
2407:Philosophers of religion
2292:Alumni of Jesuit schools
413:, in the prelude to his
366:Philosophical Commentary
334:Reflections on the Comet
257:. In 1669, he entered a
126:Philosophical skepticism
2372:French literary critics
848:Encyclopædia Britannica
802:Bayle, Pierre (1820) .
706:Encyclopædia Britannica
575:, (1682) translated as
104:17th-century philosophy
2437:Writers from Rotterdam
2352:French epistemologists
2327:Dutch literary critics
2307:Christian philosophers
1183:
1117:
1083:Enlightened absolutism
1074:
723:; Joel Colton (1995).
536:
480:
427:to have ever written.
323:
2302:Catholic philosophers
1049:Counter-Enlightenment
920:Works by Pierre Bayle
882:Elisabeth Labrousse,
872:Elisabeth Labrousse,
700:"Bayle, Pierre"
531:
476:
321:
241:in his honour), near
207:religious persecution
2342:Dutch encyclopedists
2287:Age of Enlightenment
1003:Age of Enlightenment
752:. Christianity Today
464:religious toleration
219:Age of Enlightenment
201:, Bayle fled to the
2009:Feijóo y Montenegro
1960:Vorontsova-Dashkova
619:Elisabeth Labrousse
511:Nicolas Malebranche
458:Views on toleration
452:Library of Congress
444:Pierre des Maizeaux
205:in 1681 because of
2422:Philosophy writers
2357:Former Protestants
1148:Natural philosophy
889:Thomas M. Lennon,
659:"Bayle's trilemma"
361:literary criticism
324:
233:Bayle was born at
149:Bayle's skeptical
114:Western philosophy
2337:Dutch Protestants
2204:
2203:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1197:Scientific method
1054:Critical thinking
788:978-0-19-510767-8
734:978-0-07-040826-5
606:978-0-87220-103-3
539:Legacy and honors
160:
159:
67:Kingdom of France
2464:
2362:French emigrants
2193:
2192:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1188:
1122:
1093:
1079:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1010:
996:
989:
982:
973:
972:
931:
930:
915:Internet Archive
879:
852:
831:
829:
828:
812:
811:
799:
793:
792:
771:
762:
761:
759:
757:
745:
739:
738:
717:
711:
710:
702:
691:
674:
673:
671:
669:
655:
649:
642:Dale Jacquette,
640:
448:Thomas Jefferson
423:": the greatest
342:
283:Academy of Sedan
173:
168:
80:
77:28 December 1706
59:18 November 1647
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
21:
20:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2457:French sceptics
2317:Dutch essayists
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2186:
2164:
2126:
2028:
1985:
1964:
1911:
1880:
1876:Carvalho e Melo
1864:
1811:
1745:
1697:
1661:
1628:
1547:
1506:
1350:
1235:
1216:
1202:Spanish America
1076:Encyclopédistes
1039:Civil liberties
1016:
1005:
1000:
928:
907:
877:
859:
857:Further reading
841:, ed. (1911). "
826:
824:
821:
816:
815:
800:
796:
789:
775:Popkin, Richard
772:
765:
755:
753:
746:
742:
735:
718:
714:
692:
677:
667:
665:
657:
656:
652:
641:
637:
632:
627:
615:
591:Œuvres diverses
569:
541:
485:
460:
419:, calls Bayle "
359:, a journal of
346:Louis Maimbourg
336:
329:
237:(later renamed
231:
191:Encyclopédistes
166:
146:
134:
91:
82:
78:
69:
60:
54:
52:
44:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1346:Wollstonecraft
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
969:
967:, Heiner Roetz
960:
951:
946:
941:
932:
917:
906:
905:External links
903:
902:
901:
894:
887:
880:
870:
867:
858:
855:
854:
853:
839:Chisholm, Hugh
820:
817:
814:
813:
794:
787:
763:
740:
733:
712:
697:, ed. (1911).
695:Chisholm, Hugh
675:
650:
634:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:
611:
610:
609:
594:
588:
580:
568:
567:Selected works
565:
564:
563:
560:
553:
540:
537:
507:Baruch Spinoza
503:René Descartes
488:Richard Popkin
484:
481:
459:
456:
440:The Dictionary
390:encyclopaedias
328:
325:
305:Walloon church
294:Dutch Republic
275:René Descartes
267:Roman Catholic
235:Carla-le-Comte
230:
227:
203:Dutch Republic
158:
157:
154:
153:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
133:Main interests
132:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:Dutch Republic
83:
81:(aged 59)
75:
71:
70:
63:Carla-le-Comte
61:
50:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2469:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2132:United States
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Budai-Deleanu
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Ashley-Cooper
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Progressivism
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Individualism
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
933:
925:
921:
918:
916:
912:
909:
908:
899:
895:
892:
891:Reading Bayle
888:
885:
881:
875:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
850:
849:
844:
843:Bayle, Pierre
840:
835:
834:public domain
823:
822:
809:
805:
798:
790:
784:
780:
776:
770:
768:
751:
744:
736:
730:
726:
722:
716:
708:
707:
701:
696:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
664:
660:
654:
647:
646:
639:
635:
620:
617:
616:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
542:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:Thomas Hobbes
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
498:
494:who used the
493:
489:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
376:
370:
368:
367:
362:
358:
353:
351:
350:Pierre Jurieu
347:
343:
340:
335:
320:
316:
314:
310:
309:Pierre Jurieu
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:and became a
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
176:lexicographer
172:
171:[bɛl]
164:
155:
152:
148:
145:Notable ideas
142:
139:
136:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
51:
47:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2180:
1925:Catherine II
1377:Beaumarchais
1371:
1207:Universality
1178:Reductionism
1125:
1102:Human rights
964:
935:
897:
890:
883:
874:Pierre Bayle
873:
863:
846:
807:
797:
778:
754:. Retrieved
743:
724:
721:Palmer, R.R.
715:
704:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
644:
638:
597:
590:
582:
576:
572:
549:
532:
527:Isaac Newton
495:
486:
477:
471:
467:
461:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:dialectician
420:
414:
409:
404:
402:
397:
393:
385:
379:
373:
371:
364:
356:
354:
332:
330:
302:
291:
232:
221:. Leibniz's
196:
189:
179:
163:Pierre Bayle
162:
161:
138:Epistemology
79:(1706-12-28)
25:Pierre Bayle
18:
2222:1706 deaths
2217:1647 births
2182:Romanticism
2004:Charles III
1845:Poniatowski
1782:Leeuwenhoek
1762:de la Court
1750:Netherlands
1594:Mendelssohn
1589:Lichtenberg
1467:Montesquieu
1185:Sapere aude
1168:Rationalism
1163:Rationality
1153:Objectivity
896:Todd Ryan,
878:(in French)
337: [
261:college at
239:Carla-Bayle
42: 1675
2211:Categories
2024:Villarroel
2019:Jovellanos
1955:Radishchev
1902:Micu-Klein
1840:Niemcewicz
1807:Swammerdam
1797:Nieuwentyt
1787:Mandeville
1642:Farmakidis
1528:Burlamaqui
1437:La Mettrie
1412:Fontenelle
1367:d'Argenson
1362:d'Alembert
1286:Harrington
1212:Utopianism
1112:Liberalism
1069:Empiricism
1044:Classicism
1034:Capitalism
756:21 January
625:References
523:John Locke
483:Skepticism
405:Dictionary
398:Dictionary
394:Dictionary
255:Puylaurens
213:, and his
211:toleration
55:1647-11-18
2382:Huguenots
2145:Jefferson
2087:Hutcheson
1976:Obradović
1945:Lomonosov
1940:Kheraskov
1850:Śniadecki
1614:Weishaupt
1609:Thomasius
1599:Pufendorf
1442:Lavoisier
1427:d'Holbach
1422:Helvétius
1402:Descartes
1397:Condorcet
1392:Condillac
1326:Priestley
1143:Modernity
1064:Democracy
630:Citations
557:Rotterdam
298:Rotterdam
251:Calvinist
229:Biography
215:skeptical
186:footnotes
85:Rotterdam
2195:Category
2140:Franklin
2107:Playfair
2077:Ferguson
2034:Scotland
1981:Mrazović
1935:Kantemir
1930:Fonvizin
1869:Portugal
1835:Krasicki
1830:Konarski
1825:Kołłątaj
1777:Koerbagh
1726:Genovesi
1711:Beccaria
1673:Berkeley
1604:Schiller
1569:Humboldt
1543:Saussure
1538:Rousseau
1502:Voltaire
1457:Maréchal
1432:Jaucourt
1387:Châtelet
1382:Chamfort
1331:Reynolds
1234:Thinkers
1138:Midlands
1127:Lumières
1097:Humanism
1090:Haskalah
924:LibriVox
804:"Acosta"
777:(2003).
613:See also
411:Voltaire
327:Writings
307:, where
263:Toulouse
223:theodicy
199:Huguenot
151:trilemma
2150:Madison
2122:Stewart
2062:Burnett
2057:Boswell
2042:Beattie
2014:Moratín
1999:Cadalso
1950:Novikov
1885:Romania
1860:Wybicki
1855:Staszic
1802:Spinoza
1772:Huygens
1767:Grotius
1721:Galvani
1716:Galiani
1666:Ireland
1647:Feraios
1619:Wieland
1584:Lessing
1579:Leibniz
1552:Germany
1533:Prévost
1518:Abauzit
1482:Quesnay
1472:Morelly
1462:Meslier
1447:Leclerc
1407:Diderot
1296:Johnson
1271:Collins
1266:Bentham
1251:Addison
1244:England
1192:Science
1029:Atheism
913:at the
836::
819:Sources
668:14 July
546:Pamiers
492:skeptic
466:in his
243:Pamiers
167:French:
2102:Newton
2092:Hutton
2072:Cullen
1969:Serbia
1917:Russia
1907:Șincai
1817:Poland
1757:Bekker
1731:Pagano
1693:Toland
1657:Korais
1652:Kairis
1634:Greece
1564:Herder
1559:Goethe
1523:Bonnet
1511:Geneva
1497:Turgot
1487:Raynal
1477:Pascal
1417:Gouges
1355:France
1341:Tindal
1336:Sidney
1311:Newton
1306:Milton
1281:Godwin
1276:Gibbon
1173:Reason
1015:Topics
830:
785:
731:
604:
525:, and
271:Geneva
259:Jesuit
247:Ariège
121:School
110:Region
37:Bayle
2160:Paine
2155:Mason
2117:Smith
2067:Burns
2052:Blair
2047:Black
1991:Spain
1897:Maior
1792:Meyer
1736:Verri
1703:Italy
1688:Swift
1683:Burke
1678:Boyle
1624:Wolff
1452:Mably
1372:Bayle
1321:Price
1301:Locke
1291:Hooke
1261:Bacon
1059:Deism
965:Brill
884:Bayle
341:]
287:Sedan
279:Paris
2112:Reid
2097:Mill
2082:Hume
1741:Vico
1574:Kant
1492:Sade
1316:Pope
958:EMLO
934:See
783:ISBN
758:2017
729:ISBN
670:2020
602:ISBN
513:and
470:and
430:The
74:Died
49:Born
956:in
922:at
845:".
100:Era
2213::
806:.
766:^
703:.
678:^
661:.
548:,
521:,
509:,
505:,
454:.
407:.
339:fr
245:,
197:A
87:,
65:,
39:c.
2184:→
995:e
988:t
981:v
791:.
760:.
737:.
672:.
608:.
559:.
384:(
165:(
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
