250:
29:
119:
3947:
2738:
98:
298:
2883:
281:). The shoes were sometimes stuffed to make the extension firmer and more erect. The end of the toe was sometimes adorned with a small bell. The points of pigaches were, however, more moderate in length than the later
313:
The pigache was worn in the late 11th and early 12th century and excited the ridicule of poets and historians and the censure of clergy to the point it is sometimes described as "notorious".
511:
After its initial excesses reaching about 2 inches (5 cm) beyond the foot, the style settled into a more conservative and compact form for a century until the
1131:
941:
909:
647:
2987:
1146:
Dittmar, Jenna M.; et al. (December 2021), "Fancy Shoes and
Painful Feet: Hallux Valgus and Fracture Risk in Medieval Cambridge, England",
2817:
2772:
1283:
A History of the
English Church: First Period: From the Planting of the Church in Britain to the Accession of Henry VIII. (596–1509)
1062:
1518:
1482:
1441:
1408:
1375:
1239:
1206:
1092:
1028:
983:
1524:
1488:
1447:
1414:
1381:
1313:
1287:
1245:
1212:
1098:
1034:
989:
951:
919:
657:
614:
1345:
3980:
1579:
2765:
547:
542:
369:
2781:
1269:
318:
748:
494:, while no less dismissive, associated the style more with women and blamed its origin on footwear exported from
874:
858:
537:
72:
785:
720:
3970:
2758:
925:
249:
3975:
2152:
3692:
2977:
1973:
1136:
322:
404:, which they had extended to a point and turned down in the late 11th century to better hold their
254:
155:
3702:
1572:
1303:
362:
1006:
884:
795:
779:
758:
730:
699:
680:
641:
3810:
3507:
3250:
935:
903:
868:
852:
581:
487:
366:
37:
1463:
Yarrow, Simon (2011), "Men and
Masculinities at the Courts of the Anglo-Norman Kings in the
498:
3722:
3085:
2812:
1989:
1702:
1114:
389:
314:
306:
134:
8:
3022:
2741:
2202:
1861:
1707:
1474:
1020:
975:
358:
1119:
Clothing the Past: Surviving
Garments from Early Medieval to Early Modern Western Europe
3732:
3657:
3627:
3402:
3292:
3175:
3148:
2914:
2593:
2071:
1600:
1548:
1174:
1051:
412:
330:
126:
104:
21:
This article is about the 12th-century
Western European shoe. Not to be confused with
3903:
3855:
3795:
3612:
3552:
3512:
3335:
3180:
3120:
3080:
3060:
2962:
2899:
2807:
2437:
2398:
2028:
1778:
1565:
1514:
1478:
1437:
1404:
1371:
1329:
1265:
1235:
1202:
1179:
1088:
1024:
979:
491:
393:
354:
338:
230:
130:
84:
80:
28:
3893:
3840:
3727:
3712:
3687:
3477:
3472:
3377:
3128:
3110:
3037:
2822:
2651:
2623:
2167:
2081:
1823:
1808:
1803:
1733:
1728:
1198:
1169:
1159:
1151:
326:
147:
52:
extended into absurdly long horns, a style later actually worn as the 14th-century
2992:
1367:
Nebuchadnezzar's Dream: The
Crusades, Apocalyptic Prophecy, and the End of History
3951:
3923:
3918:
3409:
3245:
3235:
3220:
3065:
3032:
2365:
2345:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2107:
1933:
1871:
1644:
1508:
1468:
1431:
1398:
1365:
1307:
1281:
1261:
1229:
1192:
1082:
1014:
969:
520:
505:
483:
479:
373:
286:
268:
214:
159:
107:
3878:
3800:
3780:
3617:
3414:
3230:
3205:
3143:
3095:
2891:
2542:
2537:
2522:
2335:
2290:
2272:
2066:
2023:
1856:
1664:
1540:
1504:
1361:
1337:
1155:
445:
381:
377:
178:
122:
76:
43:
3502:
1333:
1007:"Orderic's Secular Rulers and Representations of Personality and Power in the
3964:
3820:
3790:
3647:
3642:
3370:
3163:
2982:
2919:
2671:
2646:
2598:
2588:
2532:
2517:
2452:
2418:
2232:
2182:
2162:
2147:
2076:
1999:
1900:
1793:
1748:
532:
502:
490:
similarly condemned the shoes in terms questioning the wearers' masculinity.
482:, while simultaneously describing how most courtiers adopted the fashion to "
416:
301:
49:
1286:, The Student's English Church History (5th ed.), London: John Murray,
3682:
3677:
3632:
3537:
3527:
3424:
3327:
3275:
3100:
3090:
3017:
3012:
2492:
2360:
2282:
2217:
2187:
2157:
2102:
2046:
2038:
1905:
1684:
1669:
1634:
1183:
495:
475:
350:
1150:, vol. 35, Los Angeles: Paleopathology Association, pp. 90–100,
233:
footwear from as early as the 5th century. It is also simply glossed as a
192:
184:
3928:
3805:
3717:
3667:
3582:
3557:
3492:
3429:
3397:
3307:
3287:
3280:
3200:
2972:
2636:
2631:
2603:
2355:
2242:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2172:
2137:
2112:
2056:
2050:
2018:
1994:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1943:
1938:
1753:
1743:
1723:
1659:
1639:
512:
437:
3602:
3587:
3572:
3497:
3449:
3444:
3387:
3317:
2924:
2842:
2832:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2641:
2547:
2330:
2300:
2267:
2247:
2061:
1783:
1697:
1692:
1649:
1626:
1610:
455:
163:
118:
33:
3240:
2750:
1910:
1164:
3898:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3815:
3775:
3737:
3637:
3597:
3547:
3482:
3434:
3419:
3392:
3265:
3190:
2696:
2608:
2552:
2512:
2447:
2315:
2177:
2142:
2086:
2011:
1953:
1828:
1758:
1654:
1615:
710:
708:
282:
258:
174:
171:
396:
Ruth Wilcox offers that it may have been a simple adaptation of the
3845:
3830:
3752:
3562:
3542:
3517:
3464:
3439:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3195:
3133:
3105:
2967:
2957:
2944:
2934:
2872:
2716:
2706:
2686:
2572:
2562:
2442:
2403:
2252:
2004:
1948:
1881:
1788:
1674:
1588:
516:
465:
427:
342:
272:
238:
101:
53:
22:
705:
454:). Orderic blamed the spread as caused by and contributing to the
384:(1043–1109), claiming he used it to disguise the deformity of his
97:
3946:
3913:
3883:
3785:
3770:
3707:
3697:
3672:
3662:
3607:
3522:
3487:
3454:
3350:
3302:
3297:
3255:
3153:
2952:
2904:
2847:
2613:
2527:
2507:
2462:
2262:
2257:
2237:
2132:
1817:
1813:
1127:
405:
401:
397:
167:
2790:
Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings
2476:
1833:
3933:
3888:
3765:
3760:
3742:
3622:
3592:
3577:
3382:
3365:
3340:
3312:
3260:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3185:
3170:
3138:
3075:
3055:
3027:
2909:
2852:
2802:
2711:
2502:
2497:
2469:
2457:
2432:
2413:
2408:
2388:
2381:
2340:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2295:
1895:
1798:
1738:
501:, whose residents he separately associated with effeminacy and
385:
346:
334:
261:
813:
3835:
3652:
3567:
3270:
3158:
3047:
3004:
2867:
2857:
2837:
2827:
2567:
2425:
2393:
2350:
1888:
1876:
1851:
825:
801:
441:
297:
83:. The same name is also sometimes applied to earlier similar
3532:
3070:
2929:
2862:
2723:
2701:
2325:
1866:
1843:
1605:
1557:
68:
2882:
18:
11th and 12th century
European shoe with long upturned toe
3908:
2372:
1344:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 103–105,
587:
1470:
The
Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History
2721:
2467:
2423:
2009:
1886:
736:
361:
from wearing them in August 1215. The same year, the
2379:
2370:
1113:
714:
162:, where the name was originally used for a kind of
1049:
819:
304:in pigaches in a 1915 illustration of the life of
229:is also sometimes also applied to earlier pointed
177:longer on one side than the other. It appeared in
1400:Chaucer's Queer Poetics: Rereading the Dream Trio
1328:
1145:
1016:Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works, and Interpretations
831:
807:
440:to curl the ends of his shoes into the form of a
3962:
267:The pigache had a pointed and curved toe, which
217:'s terms of opprobrium are reworked into names:
971:Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy (c. 1050–1134)
1342:University Records and Life in the Middle Ages
1140:(in French), vol. XII, Paris, p. 610
1126:
593:
2766:
1573:
114:, sometimes conflated with the later pigaches
71:with a sharp upturned point at the toes that
1190:
754:
515:and the spread of the still more excessive
469:
459:
449:
431:
276:
190:
182:
41:
2773:
2759:
2737:
1580:
1566:
1396:
1360:
864:
771:
769:
767:
577:
1510:Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Costume
1173:
1163:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
1403:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1260:
1234:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1050:Alberigo, J.; et al., eds. (1973),
947:
915:
844:
842:
840:
672:
670:
668:
666:
653:
610:
296:
248:
117:
96:
27:
2780:
1539:
1503:
1302:
1274:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1148:International Journal of Paleopathology
775:
764:
742:
637:
606:
604:
602:
237:and sometimes conflated with the later
3963:
1462:
1429:
1080:
899:
895:
893:
726:
691:
689:
676:
620:
573:
571:
569:
567:
376:blamed the creation of the pigache on
2754:
1665:Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes)
1561:
1436:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1279:
1227:
1087:, New York: Parkstone International,
931:
848:
837:
791:
663:
1004:
967:
880:
695:
599:
1527:from the original on 14 August 2023
1491:from the original on 14 August 2023
1477:: Boydell Press, pp. 115–124,
1450:from the original on 14 August 2023
1417:from the original on 14 August 2023
1384:from the original on 14 August 2023
1370:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1290:from the original on 14 August 2023
1248:from the original on 14 August 2023
1215:from the original on 14 August 2023
1101:from the original on 14 August 2023
1037:from the original on 14 August 2023
1023:: Boydell Press, pp. 189–216,
992:from the original on 14 August 2023
890:
686:
564:
197:. The pigache is also known as the
13:
1334:"Rules of the University of Paris"
1191:Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011),
1052:"Concilium Lateranense IV a. 1215"
14:
3992:
1316:from the original on 12 July 2023
1068:from the original on 12 July 2023
1059:Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta
137:, from the Chronicle of St Denis
3945:
2881:
2736:
1348:from the original on 5 July 2022
1231:Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages
1545:Costume of the Western World...
1312:, London: Chatto & Windus,
1194:The Complete Costume Dictionary
960:
1280:Perry, George Gresley (1890),
1081:Bossan, Marie-Josèphe (2012),
1061:(in Latin), pp. 230–271,
486:with every kind of lewdness".
1:
2818:Court dress (Empire of Japan)
1271:The Ecclesiastical History...
553:
548:1200–1300 in European fashion
543:1100–1200 in European fashion
421:
411:The pigache became common in
36:, depicted in a 1120 copy of
1587:
1430:Wilcox, Ruth Turner (1948),
558:
357:banned other faculty of the
271:compared with the tail of a
7:
2722:
2468:
2424:
2380:
2371:
2153:Cross country running shoes
2010:
1887:
1309:A Cyclopaedia of Costume...
715:Coatsworth & al. (2018)
526:
10:
3997:
2879:
1397:Schibanoff, Susan (2006),
1156:10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.012
292:
253:Pigaches in an 11th cent.
64:
20:
3981:Medieval European costume
3942:
3854:
3751:
3463:
3326:
3119:
3046:
3003:
2943:
2890:
2795:
2788:
2734:
2664:
2622:
2581:
2485:
2281:
2125:
2095:
2037:
1982:
1926:
1919:
1842:
1771:
1716:
1683:
1625:
1595:
1513:, London: B.T. Batsford,
1005:Aird, William M. (2016),
968:Aird, William M. (2008),
820:Alberigo & al. (1973)
523:in the mid-14th century.
341:, and the inheritance of
325:, alongside enacting the
323:1102 Synod of Westminster
244:
832:Dittmar & al. (2021)
808:Robert de Courson (1215)
484:seek the favors of women
92:
1304:Planché, James Robinson
353:, the former professor
278:quasi caudas scorpionum
48:with pigaches or their
2126:Sport-related footwear
1698:Prince Albert slippers
1465:Ecclesiastical History
1228:Mills, Robert (2015),
1117:; et al. (2018),
1009:Historia Ecclesiastica
470:
460:
450:
432:
363:Fourth Lateran Council
310:
277:
264:
191:
183:
143:
115:
56:
42:
3811:Manchu platform shoes
1990:Australian work boots
1467:of Orderic Vitalis",
1115:Coatsworth, Elizabeth
488:William of Malmesbury
388:from his young bride
365:also banned them for
300:
289:in the 14th century.
252:
121:
100:
31:
3723:Stephane (headdress)
2203:Mountaineering boots
1729:High-heeled footwear
1708:Venetian-style shoes
1433:The Mode in Footwear
451:instar cornu arietis
3971:Historical footwear
3952:Clothing portal
2782:Historical clothing
2742:List of shoe styles
2486:Historical footwear
2072:Over-the-knee boots
1862:Cantabrian albarcas
1551:: Lutterworth Press
1201:: Scarecrow Press,
1128:D'Alembert, Diderot
1084:The Art of the Shoe
359:University of Paris
345:and other forms of
3976:Byzantine clothing
2594:Blake construction
2438:Peshawari chappals
2399:Kolhapuri chappals
1601:Abandoned footwear
1266:Chibnall, Marjorie
755:Lewandowski (2011)
474:) involved in the
433:Robertus Cornardus
430:Robert the Horny (
317:banned its use by
311:
285:which spread from
265:
144:
116:
57:
3958:
3957:
3796:Episcopal sandals
3061:Close-bodied gown
2963:Sompot Chong Kben
2748:
2747:
2660:
2659:
2582:Shoe construction
2121:
2120:
1779:Driving moccasins
1767:
1766:
1520:978-0-486-43380-6
1484:978-1-84383-889-0
1443:978-0-486-46761-0
1410:978-0-8020-9035-5
1377:978-0-19-027420-7
1330:Robert de Courson
1241:978-0-226-16926-2
1208:978-0-8108-4004-1
1094:978-1-78042-958-8
1030:978-1-78327-125-2
985:978-1-84383-660-5
978:: Boydell Press,
865:Schibanoff (2006)
594:D'Alembert (1751)
578:Rubenstein (2019)
492:Guibert of Nogent
394:fashion historian
355:Robert de Courson
349:. As a returning
339:clerical marriage
141:
113:
81:Romanesque Period
3988:
3950:
3949:
3841:Tiger-head shoes
3111:Zaju chuishao fu
2996:
2885:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2620:
2619:
2473:
2429:
2385:
2376:
2198:Motorcycle boots
2193:Minimalist shoes
2108:Wellington boots
2082:Thigh-high boots
2015:
1934:Ammunition boots
1924:
1923:
1892:
1824:Tiger-head shoes
1804:Self-tying shoes
1681:
1680:
1645:Brothel creepers
1582:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1473:, vol. 23,
1458:
1457:
1455:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1275:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1141:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1000:
999:
997:
955:
945:
939:
929:
923:
913:
907:
897:
888:
878:
872:
862:
856:
846:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
789:
783:
773:
762:
752:
746:
740:
734:
724:
718:
712:
703:
693:
684:
674:
661:
651:
645:
635:
618:
608:
597:
591:
585:
575:
473:
463:
453:
435:
425:
423:
329:and prohibiting
327:Gregorian Reform
309:
280:
235:pointed-toe shoe
196:
188:
142:
139:
111:
67:, was a kind of
47:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3938:
3919:Perfumed gloves
3850:
3747:
3459:
3322:
3221:Mackinaw jacket
3115:
3042:
2999:
2990:
2939:
2886:
2877:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2749:
2744:
2730:
2656:
2618:
2577:
2538:Flowerpot shoes
2481:
2277:
2273:Wrestling shoes
2117:
2091:
2067:Knee-high boots
2033:
2024:Steel-toe boots
1978:
1915:
1844:Wooden footwear
1838:
1763:
1712:
1679:
1621:
1620:
1591:
1586:
1556:
1541:Yarwood, Doreen
1530:
1528:
1521:
1505:Yarwood, Doreen
1494:
1492:
1485:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1362:Rubenstein, Jay
1351:
1349:
1338:Thorndyke, Lynn
1319:
1317:
1293:
1291:
1262:Orderic Vitalis
1251:
1249:
1242:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1130:, ed. (1751), "
1121:, Leiden: Brill
1104:
1102:
1095:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1040:
1038:
1031:
995:
993:
986:
963:
958:
948:Chibnall (1973)
946:
942:
930:
926:
916:Chibnall (1973)
914:
910:
898:
891:
879:
875:
863:
859:
847:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
790:
786:
774:
765:
753:
749:
741:
737:
725:
721:
713:
706:
694:
687:
675:
664:
654:Chibnall (1973)
652:
648:
636:
621:
611:Chibnall (1973)
609:
600:
592:
588:
576:
565:
561:
556:
529:
471:foedi catamitae
419:
408:during battle.
374:Orderic Vitalis
319:English clerics
305:
295:
269:Orderic Vitalis
247:
223:ram's horn shoe
219:scorpion's tail
215:Orderic Vitalis
211:pulley-toe shoe
138:
112:(5th–8th cent.)
95:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Cravat (early)
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3781:Chinese styles
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Matron's badge
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Liberty bodice
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Norfolk jacket
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Inverness cape
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Cardinal cloak
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Sack-back gown
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2980:
2978:Knickerbockers
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:Stiletto heels
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Duckbill shoes
2530:
2525:
2523:Chinese styles
2520:
2518:Cavalier boots
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Football boots
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Climbing shoes
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Athletic shoes
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Platform boots
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2007:
2002:
2000:Engineer boots
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:Platform shoes
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:Peep-toe shoes
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1537:
1519:
1501:
1483:
1460:
1442:
1427:
1409:
1394:
1376:
1358:
1326:
1300:
1277:
1258:
1240:
1225:
1207:
1188:
1143:
1137:L'Encyclopédie
1124:
1111:
1093:
1078:
1047:
1029:
1002:
984:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
940:
924:
908:
889:
873:
857:
836:
824:
812:
800:
784:
776:Yarwood (1978)
763:
747:
745:, p. 163.
743:Yarwood (1980)
735:
719:
717:, p. 349.
704:
685:
662:
646:
638:Planché (1876)
619:
598:
586:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
528:
525:
294:
291:
246:
243:
213:. Less often,
179:Medieval Latin
94:
91:
77:Western Europe
73:became popular
65:by other names
44:Liber Floridus
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3993:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Motoring hood
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3371:Waist cincher
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:Kinsale cloak
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Pedal pushers
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Peascod belly
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Goodyear welt
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Bespoke shoes
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Areni-1 shoes
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Hnyat-phanats
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2283:Folk footwear
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Roller skates
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Kung fu shoes
2186:
2184:
2183:Inline skates
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Cycling shoes
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Jodhpur boots
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:Chelsea boots
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:Fashion boots
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:British clogs
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:Slip-on shoes
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Winklepickers
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1003:
991:
987:
981:
977:
973:
972:
966:
965:
953:
949:
944:
937:
933:
928:
921:
917:
912:
905:
901:
900:Wilcox (1948)
896:
894:
886:
882:
877:
870:
866:
861:
854:
850:
845:
843:
841:
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
797:
793:
788:
781:
777:
772:
770:
768:
760:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
728:
727:Yarrow (2011)
723:
716:
711:
709:
701:
697:
692:
690:
682:
678:
677:Bossan (2012)
673:
671:
669:
667:
659:
655:
650:
643:
639:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
616:
612:
607:
605:
603:
595:
590:
583:
579:
574:
572:
570:
568:
563:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
538:Pointed shoes
536:
534:
533:Duckbill shoe
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
443:
439:
434:
429:
424:. 1087–1100),
418:
417:William Rufus
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:in 1089. The
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
303:
302:William Rufus
299:
290:
288:
284:
279:
274:
270:
263:
260:
256:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
194:
187:
186:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
109:
106:
103:
99:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:, also known
62:
55:
51:
46:
45:
39:
35:
30:
24:
16:
3825:
3473:Anthony Eden
3425:Open drawers
3276:Galway shawl
3091:Robe de cour
2637:Kitten heels
2557:
2243:Safari boots
2228:Roller shoes
2223:Riding boots
2218:Racing shoes
2213:Racing flats
2173:Hiking boots
2138:Ballet shoes
2113:Ballet boots
2057:Chukka boots
2051:Beatle boots
2019:Rigger boots
1995:Cowboy boots
1969:Trench boots
1964:Tanker boots
1959:Jungle boots
1944:Combat boots
1754:Saddle shoes
1724:Ballet flats
1544:
1529:, retrieved
1509:
1493:, retrieved
1469:
1464:
1452:, retrieved
1432:
1419:, retrieved
1399:
1386:, retrieved
1366:
1350:, retrieved
1341:
1318:, retrieved
1308:
1292:, retrieved
1282:
1270:
1250:, retrieved
1230:
1217:, retrieved
1193:
1147:
1135:
1118:
1103:, retrieved
1083:
1070:, retrieved
1058:
1039:, retrieved
1015:
1008:
994:, retrieved
970:
961:Bibliography
943:
932:Mills (2015)
927:
911:
876:
860:
849:Mills (2015)
827:
815:
803:
792:Perry (1890)
787:
750:
738:
722:
649:
589:
510:
476:royal courts
464:) and "foul
410:
351:papal legate
312:
266:
255:illumination
234:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
151:
145:
140:(14th cent.)
89:
60:
58:
15:
3929:Shoe buckle
3856:Accessories
3806:Lotus shoes
3583:Jeongjagwan
3558:French hood
3508:Blessed hat
3430:Pantalettes
3398:Farthingale
3308:Ulster coat
3288:Smock-frock
3201:Houppelande
2991: [
2796:Body-length
2682:Dress socks
2677:Bobby socks
2642:Spool heels
2632:Clear heels
2604:Shoe buckle
2548:Lotus shoes
2356:Haferlschuh
2331:Espadrilles
2268:Water shoes
2248:Skate shoes
2062:Go-go boots
1974:Munson Last
1939:Bunny boots
1772:Other shoes
1693:Court shoes
1627:Dress shoes
1105:21 December
950:, pp.
918:, pp.
883:, pp.
881:Aird (2008)
696:Aird (2016)
656:, pp.
613:, pp.
519:style from
513:Black Death
225:. The name
203:pulley shoe
170:term for a
127:King Philip
79:during the
3965:Categories
3899:Lavallière
3816:Pampooties
3573:Gable hood
3450:Union suit
3445:Pettipants
3388:Hoop skirt
3318:Witzchoura
2988:SaragĂĽells
2925:Poet shirt
2843:Justacorps
2833:Frock coat
2692:Knee highs
2624:High heels
2553:Pampooties
2316:Bast shoes
2301:Alpargatas
2178:Ice skates
2143:Boat shoes
1954:Jump boots
1829:Veldskoens
1784:Flip-flops
1759:Slingbacks
1734:Mary Janes
1611:Shoemaking
1475:Woodbridge
1165:2164/17718
1021:Woodbridge
976:Woodbridge
934:, p.
902:, p.
867:, p.
851:, p.
794:, p.
778:, p.
757:, p.
729:, p.
698:, p.
679:, p.
640:, p.
580:, p.
554:References
503:homosexual
461:effeminati
456:effeminate
207:pulley toe
87:footwear.
34:Antichrist
3874:Cointoise
3869:Belt hook
3864:Ascot tie
3846:Turnshoes
3831:Poulaines
3791:Duckbills
3776:Carbatina
3738:Welsh Wig
3688:Printer's
3648:Mounteere
3638:Mooskappe
3598:Kokoshnik
3483:Arakhchin
3435:Petticoat
3420:Loincloth
3393:Crinoline
3328:Underwear
3266:Shadbelly
3236:Overfrock
3191:Greatcoat
3121:Outerwear
3086:Polonaise
3066:Debutante
3023:Safeguard
2813:Brunswick
2717:Toe socks
2697:Pantyhose
2687:Footwraps
2609:Shoelaces
2573:Turnshoes
2563:Poulaines
2513:Carbatina
2448:Tsarouchi
2443:Snowshoes
2404:Moccasins
2253:Ski boots
2208:Plimsolls
2087:Ugg boots
2012:Jika-tabi
2005:Hip boots
1949:Jackboots
1675:Wholecuts
1616:Shoe size
1549:Cambridge
559:Citations
466:catamites
343:benefices
315:St Anselm
307:St Anselm
283:poulaines
259:Aquitaine
231:Byzantine
175:hoofprint
172:wild boar
166:and as a
110:footwear
105:Byzantine
85:Byzantine
54:poulaines
3826:Pigaches
3786:Chopines
3753:Footwear
3678:Phrygian
3658:Nightcap
3633:Monmouth
3563:Fontange
3543:Cornette
3538:Coonskin
3528:Cavalier
3518:Capotain
3465:Headwear
3440:Peignoir
3361:Corselet
3356:Codpiece
3346:Chausses
3196:Himation
3134:Car coat
3106:Tea gown
2968:Culottes
2958:Breeches
2945:Trousers
2935:Suea pat
2873:Xout lao
2707:Stocking
2558:Pigaches
2543:Hessians
2528:Chopines
2463:Valenkis
2366:Huarache
2263:Swimfins
2258:Sneakers
2238:Sabatons
2168:Ghillies
1927:Military
1882:Namaksin
1814:Slippers
1789:Galoshes
1589:Footwear
1543:(1980),
1531:4 August
1525:archived
1507:(1978),
1495:4 August
1489:archived
1454:4 August
1448:archived
1421:4 August
1415:archived
1388:4 August
1382:archived
1364:(2019),
1346:archived
1332:(1944),
1314:archived
1306:(1876),
1294:4 August
1288:archived
1264:(1973),
1252:4 August
1246:archived
1219:4 August
1213:archived
1184:34120868
1099:archived
1063:archived
1041:4 August
1035:archived
996:4 August
990:archived
527:See also
517:poulaine
428:courtier
406:stirrups
402:sabatons
390:Bertrade
367:Catholic
273:scorpion
257:from an
239:poulaine
156:borrowed
135:Bertrade
108:Egyptian
102:Priestly
23:poulaine
3914:Partlet
3884:Hairpin
3821:Pattens
3801:Hessian
3771:Caligae
3761:Buskins
3733:Taranga
3718:Smoking
3708:Salakot
3698:Qeleshe
3693:Pudding
3673:Petasos
3668:Pahlavi
3663:Ochipok
3618:Miner's
3608:Malahai
3603:Llawt'u
3523:Caubeen
3503:Bergère
3493:Aviator
3488:Attifet
3403:Pannier
3351:Chemise
3303:Surtout
3298:Surcoat
3293:Spencer
3256:Pelisse
3251:Pallium
3241:Pañuelo
3176:Doublet
3154:Chlamys
3149:Chamail
3048:Dresses
2953:Braccae
2915:Doublet
2905:Bedgown
2848:Paenula
2672:Anklets
2665:Hosiery
2614:Toe box
2508:Caligae
2498:Buskins
2453:Takunya
2414:Mukluks
2409:Mojaris
2336:Furlane
2311:Balghas
2306:Avarcas
2296:Abarkas
1911:Träskor
1901:Pattens
1896:Padukas
1877:Klompen
1818:Uwabaki
1799:Sandals
1717:Women's
1703:Loafers
1660:Oxfords
1640:Brogues
1635:Blucher
1352:12 July
1340:(ed.),
1268:(ed.),
1175:8631459
1132:Pigache
1072:12 July
952:188–189
920:186–189
885:127–128
658:190–193
615:186–187
499:Cordoba
496:Islamic
436:) used
413:England
398:Normans
386:bunions
331:slavery
321:at the
293:History
227:pigache
193:pigatia
185:pigacia
168:hunting
152:pigache
148:English
61:pigache
50:pattens
38:Lambert
3934:Visard
3889:Hatpin
3766:Calcei
3743:Wimple
3728:Tainia
3683:Pileus
3628:Modius
3593:Kausia
3588:Jewish
3578:Hennin
3553:Fillet
3513:Bonnet
3498:Ba tầm
3383:Garter
3378:Dickey
3366:Corset
3341:Bustle
3336:Basque
3313:Visite
3261:Poncho
3226:Nadiri
3216:Kandys
3211:Jerkin
3186:Exomis
3181:Duster
3171:Dolman
3139:Caraco
3129:Capote
3101:Sailor
3081:Mantua
3076:Kirtle
3056:Bliaut
3028:Sompot
3018:Poodle
3013:Hobble
3005:Skirts
2910:Bodice
2900:Basque
2853:Peplos
2823:Chiton
2808:Banyan
2803:Abolla
2712:Tights
2652:Wedges
2503:Calcei
2470:Waraji
2458:Upanah
2433:Opanci
2419:Nalins
2394:Kamiks
2389:Jorabs
2382:Jipsin
2341:Galesh
2321:Ciocie
2291:Abacas
2029:Waders
1809:Slides
1739:Mojari
1517:
1481:
1440:
1407:
1374:
1320:3 July
1238:
1205:
1199:Lanham
1182:
1172:
1091:
1027:
982:
521:Poland
480:Europe
426:whose
415:under
370:clergy
347:simony
335:sodomy
287:Poland
262:tonary
245:Design
199:pigage
160:French
133:, and
131:Bertha
3894:Jabot
3836:Socci
3713:Snood
3653:Nemes
3568:Futou
3548:Dunce
3281:Kullu
3271:Shawl
3246:Palla
3159:Cloak
3038:Train
2995:]
2973:Harem
2868:Tunic
2858:Stola
2838:Hanfu
2828:Frock
2568:Socci
2426:Okobo
2351:Giveh
2326:Clogs
2096:Other
1920:Boots
1906:Sabot
1889:Okobo
1867:Clogs
1852:Bakya
1744:Mules
1655:Monks
1650:Derby
1336:, in
1066:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
458:men (
382:Anjou
209:, or
158:from
150:name
93:Names
3924:Ruff
3904:Muff
3703:Qing
3533:Coif
3478:Apex
3410:Hose
3071:Gown
3033:Sinh
2930:Sbai
2892:Tops
2863:Toga
2724:Tabi
2702:Sock
2477:ZĹŤri
2346:Geta
1983:Work
1872:Geta
1834:ZĹŤri
1606:Shoe
1533:2023
1515:ISBN
1497:2023
1479:ISBN
1456:2023
1438:ISBN
1423:2023
1405:ISBN
1390:2023
1372:ISBN
1354:2023
1322:2015
1296:2023
1254:2023
1236:ISBN
1221:2023
1203:ISBN
1180:PMID
1107:2021
1089:ISBN
1074:2023
1043:2023
1025:ISBN
998:2023
980:ISBN
506:rape
446:horn
378:Fulk
189:and
154:was
146:The
123:Fulk
69:shoe
59:The
32:The
3909:Oes
3623:Mob
3455:Yáşżm
2373:Hwa
1170:PMC
1160:hdl
1152:doi
1134:",
796:190
780:366
759:229
731:112
700:196
681:266
642:459
478:of
468:" (
444:'s
442:ram
438:tow
380:of
221:or
181:as
164:hoe
75:in
40:'s
3967::
2993:ca
1547:,
1523:,
1487:,
1446:,
1413:,
1380:,
1244:,
1211:,
1197:,
1178:,
1168:,
1158:,
1097:,
1057:,
1033:,
1019:,
1013:,
988:,
974:,
936:83
904:65
892:^
869:36
853:82
839:^
766:^
707:^
688:^
665:^
622:^
601:^
582:38
566:^
508:.
400:'
372:.
337:,
333:,
241:.
205:,
201:,
129:,
125:,
2774:e
2767:t
2760:v
2053:)
2049:(
1820:)
1816:(
1581:e
1574:t
1567:v
1553:.
1536:.
1500:.
1459:.
1426:.
1393:.
1357:.
1325:.
1299:.
1276:.
1257:.
1224:.
1187:.
1162::
1154::
1142:.
1123:.
1110:.
1077:.
1046:.
1011:"
1001:.
954:.
938:.
922:.
906:.
887:.
871:.
855:.
834:.
822:.
810:.
798:.
782:.
761:.
733:.
702:.
683:.
660:.
644:.
617:.
596:.
584:.
448:(
422:r
420:(
275:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
