39:
369:, which sought to recover royal fees based on land tenure. On 30 September 1536, Dr. John Raynes, Chancellor of the Diocese of Lincoln, and one of Cromwell's commissioners, was addressing the assembled clergy in Bolingbroke, informing them of the new regulations and taxes affecting them. One of his clerks further inflamed matters regarding new requirements for the academic standards of the clergy saying "Look to your books, or there will be consequences", which may have worried some of the less educated attendees. Word of his discourse and rumours of confiscation spread rapidly throughout Lindsey and soon reached
472:, which likely contributed to discontent. The dissolution of the monasteries also affected the local poor, many of whom relied on them for food and shelter. Henry VIII was also in the habit of raising more funds for the crown through taxation, confiscation of lands, and depreciating the value of goods. A great deal of the taxation was levied against property and income, especially in the areas around Cumberland and Westmoreland where accounts of extortionate rents and gressums, a payment made to the crown when taking up a tenancy through inheritance, sale, or entry fines, were becoming more and more common.
310:
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456:"The Pilgrimage of Grace was a massive rebellion against the policies of the Crown and those closely identified with Thomas Cromwell." The movement broke out on 13 October 1536, immediately following the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising. Only then was the term 'Pilgrimage of Grace' used. Historians have identified several key themes of the revolt:
602:
to draft a petition to be presented to King Henry VIII with a list of their demands. The 24 Articles to the King, also called "The
Commons' Petition", was given to the Duke of Norfolk to present to the king. The Duke promised to do so, and also promised a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at
364:
The royal commissioners seized not only land, but the church plate, jewels, gold crosses, and bells. Silver chalices were replaced by ones made of tin. In some instances these items had been donated by local families in thanksgiving for a perceived blessing or in memory of a family member. There was
923:
The nobles hid behind the force of the lower classes with claims of coercion, since they were seen as blameless for their actions because they did not possess political choice. This allowed the nobles an arena to air their grievances while, at the same time, playing the victims of popular violence.
919:
James and Davies look at the
Risings of 1536 as the product of common grievances. The lower classes were aggrieved because of the closure of local monasteries by the Act of Suppression. The northern nobility felt their rights were being taken away from them in the Acts of 1535â1536, which made them
606:
Jesse Childs (a biographer of the Earl of Surrey, Norfolk's son) specifically notes that Henry VIII did not authorize Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of
Norfolk, to grant remedies for the grievances. Norfolk's enemies had whispered into the King's ear that the Howards could put down a rebellion of peasants
927:
Davies considers the leadership of the 1536 Risings as more of a cohesion. Common grievances over evil advisors and religion brought the higher and lower classes together in their fight. Once the nobles had to confront the King's forces and an all-out war, they decided to surrender, thereby ending
931:
Historian Andy Wood, representing social historians of the late 20th century who have found more agency among the lower classes, argues that the commons were the effective force behind the
Risings. He argues that this force came from a class group largely left out of history: minor gentlemen and
300:
Following the suppression of the short-lived
Lincolnshire Rising of 1536, the traditional historical view portrays the Pilgrimage as "a spontaneous mass protest of the conservative elements in the North of England angry with the religious upheavals instigated by King Henry VIII". Historians have
607:
if they wanted to, suggesting that
Norfolk sympathized with the Pilgrimage. Norfolk and the Earl of Shrewsbury were outnumbered: they had 5000 and 7000 respectively but there were 40,000 pilgrims. Upon seeing their vast numbers, Norfolk negotiated and made promises to avoid being massacred.
1487:
329:
of once common lands. With this increased competition for resources, lack of access to once common land, and a greater pool of labour available, it led to an increase in the price of goods while also leading to a lack of employment and therefore increased unrest amongst the population.
508:
The local church was, for many in the north, the centre of community life. Many ordinary peasants were worried that their church plate would be confiscated. There were also popular rumours at the time which hinted that baptisms might be taxed. The recently released
703:, William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley, John Paslew, Abbot of Whalley, Matthew Mackarel, Abbot of Barlings and Bishop of Chalcedon, William Thirsk, Abbot of Fountains and the Prior of Bridlington), 38 monks, and 16 parish priests. Sir Nicholas Tempest,
903:
Historians have noted the leaders among the nobility and gentry in the
Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace and tend to argue that the Risings gained legitimacy only through the involvement of the northern nobility and gentlemen, such as
718:
to quell the rising, and martial law was imposed upon the demonstrating regions. Norfolk executed some 216 activists (such as Lord Darcy, who tried to implicate
Norfolk as a sympathizer): churchmen, monks, commoners.
564:. He arranged for expelled monks and nuns to return to their houses; the King's newly installed tenants were driven out, and Catholic observances were resumed. When the King learnt that the monks had restored
2221:
433:, which had already been mobilised. By 14 October, few remained in Lincoln. Following the rising, the vicar of Louth and Captain Cobbler, two of the main leaders, were captured and hanged at Tyburn.
361:. Both planned to assert the nation's religious autonomy and the king's supremacy over religious matters. The dissolution of the monasteries resulted in much property being transferred to the Crown.
407:, who was ill at Bolingbroke, was dragged from his sick-bed in the chantry priests' residence and later beaten to death by the mob, and the commissioners' registers were seized and burned.
2196:
645:. Because he knew the promises he made on behalf of the King would not be met, Norfolk reacted quickly to the new uprising after the Pilgrims did not disperse as they had promised.
513:
and the new order of prayer issued by the government in 1535 had also made official doctrine more
Protestant, which went against the Catholic beliefs of most northerners.
603:
York within a year, as well as a reprieve for the abbeys until the
Parliament had met. Accepting the promises, Aske dismissed his followers and the pilgrimage disbanded.
920:
lose confidence in the royal government. James analysed how the lower classes and the nobility used each other as a legitimizing force in an extremely ordered society.
3001:
2558:
391:
Led by a monk and a shoemaker called Nicholas Melton, some 22,000 people are estimated to have joined the rising. The rising quickly gained support in Horncastle,
560:, and had long been in Yorkshire. In 1536, Aske led a band of 9,000 followers, each of whom had sworn the Oath of the Honourable Men, who entered and occupied
436:
Most of the other local ringleaders were executed during the next 12 days, including William Moreland, or Borrowby, one of the former Louth Park Abbey monks.
2228:
1950:
2048:
1598:
1879:
924:
The lower classes used the nobility to give their grievance a sense of obedience since the "leaders" of the rebellion were of a higher social class.
775:
week, Sir John Bulmer, Sir Stephen Hamerton, knights, were hanged and headed; Nicholas Tempest, esquire; Doctor Cockerell, priest; Abbot quondam of
325:
During the Tudor era there was a general rise in the population across England, concentrated in the areas around Yorkshire. This led to a series of
707:
of the Forest of Bowland, was hanged at Tyburn, Sir John Bulmer hanged, drawn, and quartered and his wife Margaret Stafford burnt at the stake.
388:. The stated aim of the uprising was to protest against the suppression of the monasteries, and not against the rule of Henry VIII himself.
414:, an end to the dissolution of religious houses, an end to taxes in peacetime, a purge of heretics in government, and the repeal of the
3265:
426:. They demanded the freedom to continue worshipping as Roman Catholics and protection for the treasures of the Lincolnshire churches.
1397:
1311:
760:, gentleman, that was captain in the insurrection of the Northern men; and one Hamerton, esquire, all which persons were indicted of
737:
653:
1944:
290:
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2150:
1955:
1463:
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according to her judgment, God pardon her soul, being the Friday in Whitsun week; she was a very fair creature, and a beautiful.
1113:
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well-off farmers. He believes these groups were the leaders of the Risings because they had more political agency and thought.
905:
649:
171:
2187:
1568:
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The protest effectively ended on 4 October 1536, when the King sent word for the occupiers to disperse or face the forces of
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against the King, and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same, whereupon they had sentence to be
677:
496:
had done much to undermine the monarchy's prestige and the King's personal reputation. Aristocrats objected to the rise of
430:
2214:
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The government postponed the collection of the October subsidy, a major grievance amongst the Lincolnshire organisations.
1558:
1533:
The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Postpardon Revolts of December 1536 to March 1537 and Their Effect
1531:
1504:
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Angered by the actions of commissioners, the protesters demanded the end of the collection of a subsidy, the end of the
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The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace have historically been seen as failures for the following reasons:
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and several of the canons were hanged, along with ten villagers who had supported them. The monks of the Augustinian
872:
569:
545:
1993:
A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors from A.D. 1485 to 1559 by Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald
801:
And the same day Margaret Cheney, 'other wife to Bulmer called', was drawn after them from the Tower of London into
3235:
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to "take the said abbot and monks forth with violence and have them hanged without delay in their monksâ apparel".
141:
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161:
85:
488:, had been unpopular as Catherine's replacement as a rumoured Protestant, her execution in 1536 on charges of
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838:
The dissolution of the monasteries continued unabated, with the largest monasteries being dissolved by 1540.
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3255:
3240:
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James, M. E. (August 1970). "Obedience and Dissent in Henrician England: The Lincolnshire Rebellion 1536".
681:
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1991:
1428:
765:
445:
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714:, Keeper of the Sewer (official overseeing service), was beheaded. The loss of the leaders enabled the
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699:, Sir Stephen Hamerton, Sir William Lumley, Sir John Constable, and Sir William Constable), 7 abbots (
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for his involvement. The Lincolnshire Rising helped inspire the more widespread Pilgrimage of Grace.
30:
844:
The steps towards official Protestantism achieved by Cromwell continued, except during the reign of
3270:
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1307:
2737:
418:. With support from local gentry, a force of demonstrators, estimated at up to 40,000, marched on
38:
2915:
2900:
2617:
2460:
2435:
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2179:
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1618:
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The rebellion failed and King Henry VIII arrested Bigod, Aske, and several other rebels, such as
841:
Great tracts of land were seized from the Church and divided among the Crown and its supporters.
3194:
3094:
3079:
3013:
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2385:
2161:
1169:, murdered in 1542 by William Leech of Fulletby, fugitive ringleader of the Lincolnshire rising
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2173:
2002:
1979:
1337:
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1006:
913:
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and executed. During 1537 Bigod was hanged at Tyburn; Lords Darcy and Hussey both beheaded;
3099:
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2612:
2445:
2415:
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876:
661:
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756:, knight; Margaret Cheney, after Lady Bulmer by untrue matrimony; George Lumley, esquire;
8:
3164:
3059:
3023:
2320:
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2237:
1488:"The Role of the commons of Cumberland and Westmoreland in the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536"
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81:
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The details of the trial and execution of major leaders were recorded by the author of
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In 1535, the year preceding the revolt, bad harvests led to a series of grain riots in
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A summary of two historians' (Guy and Elton) perspectives on the Pilgrimages of Grace
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2008:
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1537:
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2252:
1266:
1107:
973:
865:
806:
741:
685:
480:
Many people in England disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast off his wife,
385:
254:
181:
100:
69:
1970:
1650:
Henry VIII's last victim : the life and times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
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2951:
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2530:
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2478:
2450:
2286:
1622:
1166:
1130:
947:
792:
780:
776:
465:
415:
366:
358:
334:
294:
286:
108:
89:
2854:
2784:
2712:
2547:
2395:
2259:
1162:
992:
960:
788:
768:, but Ralph Bulmer, the son of John Bulmer, was reprieved and had no sentence.
521:
262:
246:
912:
and Robert Aske. However, historians such as M. E. James, C. S. L. Davies and
3219:
2976:
2946:
2941:
2647:
2513:
2355:
2131:
2042:
1850:
1430:
A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors by Charles Wriothesley
1350:
1280:
1142:
1067:
966:
880:
795:
753:
669:
634:
557:
541:
437:
266:
196:
191:
186:
176:
166:
1382:
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2834:
2687:
2682:
2523:
1271:
1258:
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761:
565:
510:
411:
392:
278:
48:
1781:
Davies, C. S. L. (December 1968). "The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered".
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at York. In total 216 were executed: several lords and knights (including
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2819:
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1720:
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638:
626:
590:
485:
469:
349:
The Lincolnshire Rising was a brief rising against the separation of the
313:
Plaque commemorating the Lincolnshire Rising, opposite south entrance to
44:
879:
of 1537, which marked the end of the drift of official doctrine towards
297:, as well as other specific political, social, and economic grievances.
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The Pilgrimage of Grace: The Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne
1466:
Insurrection: Henry VIII, Thomas Cromwell and the Pilgrimage of Grace
1365:
Society, politics, and culture : studies in early modern England
916:, among others, believe the question of leadership was more complex.
704:
692:
584:
553:
533:
525:
20th century artist interpretation of The Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536
341:
in April 1536 where grain prices were 82% higher than those in 1534.
326:
250:
1126:
William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley; hanged at Lancaster 10 March 1537
621:
In February 1537 there was a new rising (not authorised by Aske) in
3189:
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2799:
2652:
2041: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
489:
338:
3104:
2789:
2582:
1349:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
999:, who became involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace, were executed.
772:
665:
575:
However, the rising was so successful that the royalist leaders,
493:
451:
396:
1981:
The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536â1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538
583:, opened negotiations with the insurgents at Scawsby Leys, near
2722:
2518:
891:
784:
752:; Sir John Bulmer, knight, and Ralph Bulmer, his son and heir;
537:
1033:
Richard Eastgate, monk of Whalley Abbey; hanged 12 March 1537
978:
James Mallet, priest and chaplain to the late Queen Catherine
875:
that were omitted from the Ten Articles were restored in the
587:, where Aske had assembled between 30,000 and 40,000 people.
549:
2092:
Bush, M. L. "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace."
1806:
Riot, rebellion and popular politics in early modern England
1362:
1042:
William Haydock, monk of Whalley Abbey; hanged 13 March 1537
864:
The Statute of Uses was partially negated by a new law, the
598:
In early December 1536, the Pilgrimage of Grace gathered at
118:
Suppression of the risings, execution of the leading figures
561:
1945:"Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace (act. 1536â1537)"
1095:
3002:
List of excommunicable offences from the Council of Trent
1920:
1908:
1666:
357:
and the dissolution of the monasteries set in motion by
301:
observed that there were contributing economic factors.
1367:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
344:
2175:
The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s
2074:
The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s
1505:"The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon Book Chapter One"
384:, Louth, after Vespers, shortly after the closure of
1453:. London: Victoria County History. pp. 138â141.
1129:
William Thyrsk (Thirsk), Cistercian former abbot of
253:
in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of
2157:
HistoryLearningSite.co.uk â The Pilgrimage of Grace
1493:. Department of Humanities, Northumbria University.
1212:
1210:
1208:
779:; and Doctor Pickering, friar, were drawn from the
740:that day being the chief, these persons following:
1943:
1732:
1607:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1556:
1302:
1300:
1298:
664:, and Sir Robert Constable. All were convicted of
2162:TudorPlace.com â The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536/7)
1398:"Lincolnshire Uprising - A Very Religious Affair"
1312:"Lincolnshire Uprising â A Very Religious Affair"
293:, and the policies of the King's chief minister,
3217:
1733:Fletcher, Anthony; MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2015).
1233:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1039â41.
1205:
940:
732:Also the 16-day of May there were arraigned at
468:. The poor harvest of 1535 had also led to high
1935:
1830:"British History Online: The Priory of Cartmel"
1557:Fieldhouse, Raymond; Jennings, Bernard (1978).
1295:
1179:
399:, and other nearby towns. Dr. John Raynes, the
771:And on the 25-day of May, being the Friday in
464:The northern gentry had concerns over the new
452:Pilgrimage of Grace and the early Tudor crisis
51:, which was carried at the Pilgrimage of Grace
2222:
1996:. Vol. I. London: J.B. Nichols and Sons.
894:was promised in a royal proclamation in 1538.
544:, and the youngest son of Sir Robert Aske of
1450:A History of the County of Lincoln: Volume 2
1073:John Pickering, priest; executed 25 May 1537
532:was chosen to lead the insurgents; he was a
1978:Dodds, Madeleine Hope; Dodds, Ruth (1915).
1627:. Cambridge University Press. p. 329.
16:1536 uprising against Henry VIII in England
2229:
2215:
2046:
1977:
1926:
1914:
1672:
1529:
972:William Moreland (aka Borowby), priest of
107:to the line of succession, and removal of
37:
2076:(Oxford UP, 2001) 487 pp; scholarly study
2007:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1485:
1437:
1433:. London: Camden Society. pp. 56â64.
1333:
1331:
1329:
1270:
654:John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford
1989:
1984:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1874:
1872:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1185:
952:Thomas Kendal, priest and vicar of Louth
883:. The Bishop's Book was followed by the
857:Their partial successes are less known:
589:
520:
308:
3028:Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition
2997:Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith
2236:
2118:(Hodder and Stoughton, London), a novel
2000:
1990:Hamilton, William Douglas, ed. (1875).
1956:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1951:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1617:
1611:
1427:Hamilton, William Douglas, ed. (1875).
1096:Executed after Bigod's rebellion (1537)
982:
365:also resistance to the recently passed
3218:
2021:
1986:Still the major comprehensive history.
1808:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 19â54.
1780:
1647:
1596:
1577:
1340:Henry VIII and the English Monasteries
1326:
1259:"The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered"
1256:
1228:
1003:1537: George ab Alba Rose, Augustinian
380:The rising began on 1 October 1536 at
281:rebellions", it was a protest against
2210:
2171:
2153:can be found at William Howard School
1941:
1869:
1851:"Catholic Encyclopedia: George Ashby"
1757:
1415:
1363:James, Mervyn (Mervyn Evans) (1986).
1216:
935:
581:George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
291:dissolution of the lesser monasteries
2167:Luminarium.com â Pilgrimage of Grace
2057:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1822:
1803:
1443:
1306:
1252:
1250:
736:afore the Kingâs Commissioners, the
444:and one of the MPs for Lincoln, was
431:Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
304:
1560:A History of Richmond and Swaledale
1530:Bush, M. L.; Bownes, David (1999).
831:, except during the brief reign of
345:Lincolnshire Rising and early riots
320:
13:
3044:Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
2061:
2047:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1468:, Chapt 1, The History Press, 2016
1186:Crowther, David (7 January 2018).
827:England was not reconciled to the
577:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
14:
3292:
3266:History of Catholicism in England
2144:
2024:Reader's Guide to British History
1601:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1247:
1231:Reader's guide to British history
570:Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby
60:October 1536 â February 1537
3200:
3199:
3188:
2678:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
2036:
1652:. London: Vintage. p. 115.
1590:
1344:
195:
185:
175:
165:
3050:Pontifical Gregorian University
2406:Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion
1843:
1797:
1774:
1751:
1726:
1713:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1641:
1624:The Religious Orders in England
1550:
1523:
1497:
1479:
1457:
1395:
1045:Nicholas Heath, Prior of Lenton
3155:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1486:Weightman, Peter John (2015).
1389:
1356:
1222:
1192:The History of England Podcast
1080:Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx
1051:Robert Hobbes, Abbot of Woburn
701:Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx
688:hanged in chains at Hull; and
610:
86:dissolution of the monasteries
1:
2489:French school of spirituality
2293:Nova ordinantia eclessiastica
2281:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
2066:
1686:John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley
963:, titular bishop of Chalcedon
941:After the Lincolnshire Rising
898:
748:, knight, and brother to the
2201:Henry VIII: Mind of a Tyrant
2197:The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
1971:UK public library membership
1936:General and cited references
1536:. University of Hull Press.
1188:"The Pilgrimage of Grace II"
1173:
852:
798:and divers gates in London.
682:hanged, drawn, and quartered
503:
475:
7:
3008:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
2022:Loades, David, ed. (2003).
1229:Loades, David, ed. (2003).
1136:
946:Richard Harrison, Abbot of
818:
766:drawn, hanged and quartered
459:
446:hanged, drawn and quartered
277:. The "most serious of all
10:
3297:
3195:Catholic Church portal
2137:The Mirror & the Light
2103:
1697:James Cockerell, Prior of
1018:James Cockerell, Prior of
813:
614:
484:. Although her successor,
273:, under the leadership of
88:, rising food prices, and
3183:
3140:Catholic literary revival
3132:
3073:
3037:
2989:
2929:
2863:
2757:
2750:
2673:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
2600:
2566:
2556:
2473:
2377:European Wars of Religion
2374:
2344:
2337:
2300:Defensio TridentinĂŠ fidei
2244:
1880:"London Martyrs List.PDF"
1257:Davies, C. S. L. (1968).
791:and quartered, and their
643:North Riding of Yorkshire
516:
222:
217:
157:
152:
127:
122:
114:
95:
76:
64:
56:
36:
31:European wars of religion
28:
23:
3038:Philosophy and education
2267:Decet Romanum Pontificem
1338:Gasquet, Francis Aidan.
594:Pontefract Castle (1648)
353:from papal authority by
3236:16th-century rebellions
2618:Michelangelo Caravaggio
2461:Jacobite rising of 1689
2441:Strasbourg Bishops' War
2436:French Wars of Religion
2180:Oxford University Press
2115:The Blanket of the Dark
2001:Knowles, David (1959).
1648:Childs, Jessie (2008).
1597:Burton, Edwin (1911). "
1342:, G. Bell, 1906, p. 202
1114:The Lord Darcy de Darcy
1076:Thomas Redforth, priest
725:Wriothesley's Chronicle
658:Chief Butler of England
500:, who was "base born".
315:St James' Church, Louth
142:Establishment reformers
3095:Discalced Augustinians
3080:Augustinian Recollects
3014:Portuguese Inquisition
2593:Spanish Golden Century
2386:Dalecarlian Rebellions
2245:Councils and documents
1942:Cross, Claire (2009).
1927:Dodds & Dodds 1915
1915:Dodds & Dodds 1915
1673:Dodds & Dodds 1915
1123:John Pickering (friar)
1082:; executed 26 May 1537
1066:John Paslew, Abbot of
1015:Laurence Blonham, monk
811:
750:Earl of Northumberland
595:
552:. His family was from
526:
317:
2738:Francisco de ZurbarĂĄn
2643:Artemisia Gentileschi
2499:Ignatian spirituality
2431:Prayer Book Rebellion
2172:Hoyle, R. W. (2001).
2096:2007 80(207): 47â72.
2089:; popular non-fiction
2054:Catholic Encyclopedia
1604:Catholic Encyclopedia
1153:Prayer Book Rebellion
1060:Robert Leeche, layman
1057:Richard Laynton, monk
1054:Henry Jenkinson, monk
1048:John Henmarsh, priest
829:Roman Catholic Church
730:
593:
524:
312:
43:A banner bearing the
3100:Discalced Carmelites
3055:Second scholasticism
2901:Catherine de' Medici
2815:Lawrence of Brindisi
2613:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
2391:German Peasants' War
2274:Confutatio Augustana
1272:10.1093/past/41.1.54
1039:William Gylham, monk
1027:William Cowper, monk
983:After the Pilgrimage
885:Six Articles of 1539
787:, and there hanged,
742:Sir Robert Constable
686:Sir Robert Constable
540:, a resident of the
182:Sir Robert Constable
99:The reversal of the
3261:English Reformation
3256:Counter-Reformation
3241:Catholic rebellions
3165:Proto-Protestantism
3060:School of Salamanca
3024:Spanish Inquisition
2733:Juan de Valdés Leal
2411:Pilgrimage of Grace
2321:Immensa aeterni Dei
2307:Regnans in Excelsis
2238:Counter-Reformation
2126:The Man on a Donkey
2094:Historical Research
2049:Pilgrimage of Grace
2026:. pp. 1039â42.
1954:(online ed.).
1804:Wood, Andy (2002).
1599:Pilgrimage of Grace
1158:Rising of the North
1085:William Swale, monk
1070:; hanged at Whalley
1030:John Eastgate, monk
991:of the Augustinian
482:Catherine of Aragon
243:Pilgrimage of Grace
82:English Reformation
24:Pilgrimage of Grace
3145:History of Germany
2840:Cardinal Richelieu
2795:Ignatius of Loyola
2728:Georges de la Tour
2663:Giovanni Lanfranco
2541:Transubstantiation
2401:Tyrone's Rebellion
2080:Geoffrey Moorhouse
2004:Bare Ruined Choirs
1896:on 5 November 2016
1887:Academic.regis.edu
1783:Past & Present
1760:Past & Present
1719:John Pickering of
1314:. BBC Lincolnshire
1263:Past & Present
1091:Richard Wade, monk
1063:Hugh Londale, monk
1036:John Francis, monk
1012:Ralph Barnes, monk
969:(Moyne), gentleman
955:Matthew Mackerel,
936:List of executions
890:An onslaught upon
710:In late 1538, Sir
596:
527:
405:Diocese of Lincoln
318:
285:'s break with the
3251:Conflicts in 1537
3246:Conflicts in 1536
3213:
3212:
3150:Holy Roman Empire
3019:Roman Inquisition
2985:
2984:
2810:John of the Cross
2770:Robert Bellarmine
2746:
2745:
2708:Peter Paul Rubens
2628:Ludovico Carracci
2623:Annibale Carracci
2531:Spanish mysticism
2469:
2468:
2446:Thirty Years' War
2416:Bigod's rebellion
2347:Holy Roman Empire
2314:Ascendente Domino
2189:978-0-19-925906-9
2122:H. F. M. Prescott
1969:(Subscription or
1570:978-0-85033-247-6
1543:978-0-85958-679-5
1464:Loughlin, Susan.
1149:during the period
1147:Bishop of Lincoln
1088:John Tenant, monk
1024:William Coe, monk
1020:Gisborough Priory
957:Premonstratensian
754:Sir Francis Bigod
635:Sir Francis Bigod
631:Bigod's Rebellion
617:Bigod's Rebellion
600:Pontefract Castle
424:Lincoln Cathedral
351:Church of England
337:in June 1535 and
305:Prelude to revolt
239:
238:
235:
234:
192:Sir Francis Bigod
148:
147:
134:Traditionalists
103:, restoration of
3288:
3281:Tudor rebellions
3276:Northern England
3203:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3074:Religious orders
2850:Francisco SuĂĄrez
2845:Francis de Sales
2775:Charles Borromeo
2755:
2754:
2703:Jusepe de Ribera
2693:Scipione Pulzone
2668:Orlando di Lasso
2658:Jacobus de Kerle
2638:Domenico Fontana
2633:Anthony van Dyck
2608:Federico Barocci
2564:
2563:
2426:Schmalkaldic War
2379:
2366:Augsburg Interim
2349:
2342:
2341:
2253:Council of Trent
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2058:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2018:
1997:
1985:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1889:. Archived from
1884:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1735:Tudor Rebellions
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1594:
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1588:
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1574:
1554:
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1495:
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1413:
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1410:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1119:Sir Thomas Percy
1108:Robert Constable
974:Louth Park Abbey
873:seven sacraments
866:Statute of Wills
746:Sir Thomas Percy
697:Sir Thomas Percy
693:hanged in chains
662:Sir Thomas Percy
440:, a lawyer from
386:Louth Park Abbey
382:St James' Church
321:The 16th century
255:Northern England
224:
223:
199:
189:
179:
169:
129:
128:
101:Act of Supremacy
70:Northern England
41:
21:
20:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3271:History of York
3231:1537 in England
3226:1536 in England
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3187:
3179:
3160:Nation-building
3128:
3069:
3033:
2981:
2925:
2859:
2780:Joseph Calasanz
2765:Teresa of Ăvila
2742:
2596:
2588:Flemish Baroque
2552:
2536:Tridentine Mass
2494:Gregorian chant
2479:Confraternities
2465:
2451:Bohemian Revolt
2375:
2370:
2361:Catholic League
2345:
2333:
2287:Roman Catechism
2240:
2235:
2203:series Web site
2190:
2182:. p. 407.
2147:
2106:
2069:
2064:
2062:Further reading
2037:
2015:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
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1878:
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1802:
1798:
1779:
1775:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1710:William Thirsk.
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1616:
1612:
1591:
1589:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1509:English History
1503:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1425:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1308:Halpenny, Baron
1305:
1296:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:Somerset Herald
1139:
1131:Fountains Abbey
1098:
985:
948:Kirkstead Abbey
943:
938:
901:
855:
821:
816:
781:Tower of London
738:Lord Chancellor
716:Duke of Norfolk
619:
613:
519:
506:
498:Thomas Cromwell
478:
466:Statute of Uses
462:
454:
416:Statute of Uses
367:Statute of Uses
359:Thomas Cromwell
347:
323:
307:
295:Thomas Cromwell
287:Catholic Church
229:
213:
212:
207:
205:Duke of Norfolk
201:
190:
180:
170:
144:
137:
109:Thomas Cromwell
90:Statute of Uses
72:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
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3238:
3233:
3228:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3133:Related topics
3130:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:
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2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2855:Francis Xavier
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Peter Canisius
2782:
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2767:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
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2743:
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2720:
2715:
2713:Vincenzo Ruffo
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
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2645:
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2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2548:Works of mercy
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
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2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Wars of Kappel
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2335:
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2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2260:Exsurge Domine
2256:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2145:External links
2143:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2119:
2105:
2102:
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2100:
2090:
2077:
2068:
2065:
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2028:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1987:
1975:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1929:, p. 194.
1919:
1917:, p. 225.
1907:
1868:
1857:. 1 March 1907
1842:
1821:
1814:
1796:
1773:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1675:, p. 214.
1665:
1658:
1640:
1633:
1619:Knowles, David
1610:
1576:
1569:
1563:. Phillimore.
1549:
1542:
1522:
1511:. 6 March 2015
1496:
1478:
1456:
1447:, ed. (1906).
1436:
1414:
1388:
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1325:
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1177:
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1163:Thomas Trahern
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1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:(Asleby), monk
1004:
993:Cartmel Priory
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
970:
964:
961:Barlings Abbey
953:
950:
942:
939:
937:
934:
928:the cohesion.
900:
897:
896:
895:
888:
869:
862:
854:
851:
850:
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842:
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820:
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712:Edward Neville
615:Main article:
612:
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343:
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263:Northumberland
247:popular revolt
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2916:Sigismund III
2914:
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2825:PĂ©ter PĂĄzmĂĄny
2823:
2821:
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2811:
2808:
2806:
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2801:
2798:
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2651:
2649:
2648:Luca Giordano
2646:
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2896:Maximilian I
2876:Ferdinand II
2835:Matteo Ricci
2688:Andrea Pozzo
2683:Mattia Preti
2524:Sacred Heart
2474:Spirituality
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2035:
2023:
2003:
1992:
1980:
1959:. Retrieved
1949:
1922:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1886:
1859:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1824:
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1513:. Retrieved
1508:
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1429:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1364:
1358:
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1318:19 September
1316:. Retrieved
1262:
1230:
1224:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1007:George Ashby
986:
930:
926:
922:
918:
902:
871:Four of the
856:
835:(1553â1558).
822:
805:, and there
800:
793:heads set on
770:
762:high treason
731:
723:
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566:Sawley Abbey
528:
511:Ten Articles
507:
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455:
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428:
412:Ten Articles
409:
393:Market Rasen
390:
379:
363:
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332:
324:
299:
279:Tudor period
242:
240:
203:
172:Thomas Darcy
160:
153:Lead figures
133:
49:Jesus Christ
29:Part of the
18:
3175:Renaissance
3170:Reformation
2990:Inquisition
2911:Sigismund I
2830:Philip Neri
2820:Thomas More
2805:John Fisher
2110:John Buchan
2032:Attribution
1961:17 November
1721:Bridlington
1699:Guisborough
1102:Robert Aske
910:Lord Hussey
758:Robert Aske
734:Westminster
690:Robert Aske
639:Settrington
627:Westmorland
611:Suppression
530:Robert Aske
486:Anne Boleyn
470:food prices
275:Robert Aske
162:Robert Aske
115:Resulted in
45:Holy Wounds
3220:Categories
3110:Oratorians
3085:Barnabites
2952:Julius III
2718:Tintoretto
2698:Guido Reni
2456:Rohan Wars
2328:Unigenitus
2067:Nonfiction
1973:required.)
1900:5 November
1861:5 November
1684:Father of
1407:7 November
1217:Cross 2009
906:Lord Darcy
899:Leadership
803:Smithfield
744:, knight;
623:Cumberland
442:Willingham
401:chancellor
375:Horncastle
355:Henry VIII
327:enclosures
283:Henry VIII
271:Lancashire
269:and north
259:Cumberland
257:including
209:Henry VIII
105:Mary Tudor
3125:Ursulines
3120:Theatines
3090:Capuchins
2921:William V
2906:Philip II
2886:Louis XIV
2881:Leopold I
2871:Charles V
2578:Polyphony
2573:Mannerism
2509:Mariology
2421:Dacke War
2140:, a novel
2128:, a novel
2085:. (2002)
1281:0031-2746
1174:Citations
959:abbot of
914:Andy Wood
853:Successes
777:Fountains
705:Bowbearer
629:, called
585:Doncaster
554:Aske Hall
534:barrister
504:Religious
476:Political
251:Yorkshire
136:Peasantry
77:Caused by
3205:Category
3115:Piarists
3065:Molinism
2977:Sixtus V
2947:Paul III
2942:Pius III
2864:Monarchs
2800:John Eck
2653:El Greco
2338:Politics
2134:(2020).
2124:(1952).
2112:(1931).
1835:13 March
1621:(1979).
1515:22 March
1383:12557775
1197:5 August
1137:See also
1110:, layman
1104:, layman
987:The sub-
819:Failures
789:bowelled
633:, under
490:adultery
460:Economic
339:Somerset
65:Location
3105:Jesuits
2962:Pius IV
2957:Paul IV
2790:Erasmus
2583:Baroque
2567:Schools
2104:Fiction
2087:excerpt
2045::
814:Outcome
773:Whitsun
678:Lincoln
666:treason
641:in the
548:, near
546:Aughton
494:treason
420:Lincoln
403:of the
397:Caistor
228:~50,000
123:Parties
2967:Pius V
2891:Mary I
2758:Clergy
2751:People
2723:Titian
2601:People
2519:Rosary
2186:
2098:online
2011:
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892:heresy
846:Mary I
833:Mary I
807:burned
785:Tyburn
656:, the
579:, and
538:London
517:Events
335:Craven
289:, the
267:Durham
245:was a
218:Number
194:
184:
174:
164:
2937:Leo X
2930:Popes
1894:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1787:JSTOR
1764:JSTOR
1491:(PDF)
1396:BBC.
1285:JSTOR
989:prior
650:Darcy
637:, of
550:Selby
536:from
371:Louth
96:Goals
2184:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1963:2018
1902:2016
1863:2016
1837:2014
1810:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1517:2020
1471:ISBN
1409:2019
1379:OCLC
1369:ISBN
1320:2013
1277:ISSN
1235:ISBN
1199:2021
680:was
676:for
674:M.P.
625:and
562:York
492:and
373:and
241:The
80:The
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783:to
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