386:("reformed") current of Protestantism; it was both more conservative and more popular with ordinary people than the established Protestant churches in the Netherlands. Kuyper's worldview asserted the principle of "sphere sovereignty", rejecting both ecclesiasticism (rule of the Church over all parts of the society) and statist secularism (rule of the state over all parts of the society). He argued that each had its own sphere in which the other was not to interfere. In 1879, he founded the ARP as the political wing of his religious movement and the core of the Protestant pillar.
379:
cooperative shops and collectively organised leisure activities. This "full care" of the socialist movement for its members existed similarly in other
European countries. The emancipation of the conservative and often strongly religious lower-middle class fostered the emergence of the Protestant pillar. While the Dutch bourgeoisie was rather liberal and adhered to "enlightened" Protestantism, a large part of the lower-middle class embraced a more orthodox Calvinist theology, as taught by preacher and politician Abraham Kuyper.
3574:
3588:
4913:
3602:
3616:
3560:
2741:
1343:
66:
168:
25:
1449:
political opinions to co-operate in any other matter. Thus in one town there will be a
Catholic, a Liberal and a Socialist trade union, a Catholic, a Liberal and a Socialist thrift society, each catering for similar people, but each confining its attentions to members of its own political party. The separation extends to cafes, gymnasia, choral, temperance, and literary societies; indeed it cuts through life!
4942:
1488:
in the latter half of the twentieth century, the pillars split over the language issue, which became the most significant divisive factor in the nation. As a result, Catholics, Liberals, and
Socialists were further subdivided into ethnolinguistic lines: Flemish/Dutch, Walloon/French, and German. The
389:
At the same time, new and old elites tried to maintain their control over the newly emancipated social groups. For instance, the
Catholic clergy set up confessional unions to prevent Catholic workers from joining socialist unions. One reason behind the formation of Christian parties was to counter
378:
The development of pillarisation in the
Netherlands was favoured by the emancipation of working- and lower-middle classes on the one hand, and the execution of elite control on the other hand. The emancipation of the working class led to the establishment of socialist parties, trade unions, media,
2920:
The
Proporz system arose out of the need for balanced, consensual governance in the early years of Austria's second republic. At that time, the country was consumed in an effort to rebuild the country after the devastation of World War II. Thus, the doctrine of Proporz is intimately linked to the
1448:
There is extraordinarily little social intercourse between
Catholics and Liberals, and practically none between Catholics and Socialists. Politics enter into almost every phase of social activity and philanthropic effort, and it is the exception rather than the rule for persons holding different
358:
Protestants and atheists, arguably set up their own pillar: the liberal or "general" pillar. Ties between general organisations were much weaker than within the other three pillars. Liberals rejected the voluntary segregation of the society, and denied the existence of a "liberal pillar". The
1520:
Pillarisation was visible even in everyday social organisations such as musical ensembles, sport clubs, recreational facilities, etc. Weakened in the current situation, many major social organisations (trade unions, cooperatives, etc.) still strictly follow the lines of pillars though.
1317:, a divide which is also inherited from pillarisation. Moreover, some communities continue to behave as small "pillars" as of 2014, although rather than forming the structure of society (a pillar), this currently moves them outside the mainstream of society. Members of the
1258:
Television broadcasting was also pillarised, but everyone watched the same broadcasts nonetheless, since initially only one channel was available in the
Netherlands in the 1950s. During the 1960s the pillars largely broke down, particularly under political criticism from
1480:
Denominational (many
Catholic and a few Jewish) schools receive some public money, although not parity of funding as in the Netherlands, so that tuition is almost completely free. Belgian universities charge more or less the same, relatively low, tuition fees.
1439:
Apart from having no
Protestant pillar due that group's small numbers, pillarisation in Belgium was very similar to that in Netherlands. There was also no "general" pillar, but a politically well-organised liberal pillar. In 1911, the British sociologist
329:
The Catholic pillar had the highest degree of organisation because Catholic clergy promoted the organisation of Catholics in confessional institutions. Yet the conservative Protestant pillar and the Socialist pillar, which mainly consisted of
1276:(New Left) in PvdA. Because of this and of increased mobility, many people could see that people from the other pillars were not that different from themselves. Increased wealth and education made people independent of many of the pillarised
253:) is the vertical separation of citizens into groups by religion and associated political beliefs. These societies were (and in some areas, still are) divided into two or more groups known as pillars (Dutch:
3911:
771:
1461:, societies were pillarised between Catholic and Liberal political denominations which were subsequently joined by a Socialist pillar. Even though the liberals were stronger in Belgium (particularly in
4371:
2672:
1123:
1255:, a progressive party, which was open to all people. The new party did not, however, gain enough support under Catholics or Reformed, and the PvdA became encapsulated in the socialist pillar.
1102:
2678:
2924:
Like in the Netherlands or in Belgium the main parties have partly to this day, "black" and "red" parallel organizations, e.g. B. at touring clubs (Ă–AMTC vs. ARBĂ–), factions inside the
2684:
1471:, a financial daily, is the newspaper aligned with the liberals, as its readership consists mainly of liberal supporters. However, a Flemish newspaper with historical liberal roots,
1292:
1142:
1137:
4182:
1147:
3540:
head-count," with growing Protestant anxiety over the possibility of a Catholic majority. Historically, other non-sectarian political parties also operated, most notably the
2386:
2456:
1107:
4299:
1485:
1221:
was pillarised) liberals and socialists, but also Protestants and Catholics, began to doubt the pillarised system. They founded a unity movement, the People's Movement
2645:
4218:
4386:
Wintle, M. 'Pillarisation, Consociation, and Vertical Pluralism in the Netherlands Revisited: A European View', West European Politics, XXIII, 2000, 3, pp. 139-152.
4024:
3929:
1944:
1631:
2666:
1493:
did it begin to lose importance, at least at the individual level, and to this day it continues to influence Belgian society. For example, even the 1999–2003 "
1239:, "breakthrough"). But pillarisation was ingrained in Dutch society, and could not be defeated that easily. In order to force this breakthrough, the socialist
4285:
3532:
exist, and a growing number of people who identify and vote as "other," rather than for "Catholic" or "Protestant" identities, as well as growing numbers of
2114:
5546:
4200:
4164:
1321:
have their own (primary and secondary) schools, their own national newspaper, and some other organisations, such as a labour union. Members of several
2944:
2429:
1240:
1182:
502:
4517:
579:
2358:
1465:) than in the Netherlands, they were still relatively weak, owing to their rather small, bourgeois support: liberal trade unions were very small.
4980:
2921:
idea of the grand coalition, in which the major political parties, in the case of post-war Austria the SPĂ– and the Ă–VP, share in the government.
1028:
4527:
4061:
2444:
2363:
6259:
5305:
4454:
4411:
2511:
1265:
1229:
776:
1529:
The following table is limited to the most important institutions and it shows the current division of everyone by the three ethnic groups.
4756:
4631:
2127:
4236:
3859:
280:
organisations and sports clubs. Such segregation means that many people have little or no personal contact with members of other pillars.
1489:
pillar system remained to be the primordial societal dividing force much longer than it was in the Netherlands. Only near the end of the
638:
6254:
5624:
4522:
4321:
Deschouwer, Kris (2001), "Freezing pillars and frozen cleavages: Party systems and voting alignments in consociational democracies",
1777:
1649:
1313:, for instance, is still divided among several organisations, instead of being one organisation. The Netherlands has both public and
487:
4592:
3324:
2633:
1248:
5552:
4612:
4597:
2952:
1932:
4542:
2347:
808:
3023:(1969–1998); segregation and pillarisation persist but are declining. A difference in Northern Ireland is that one group (the
2569:
2368:
1922:
6249:
5670:
4256:
3545:
2857:, but later degenerated into a neo-corporatist system of patronage and nepotism pervading many aspects of Austrian life. The
2419:
1112:
3885:
3829:
2805:
1501:
was often rendered with the terms of pillarisation. The political movements that appeared in the late 20th century (such as
1407:
130:
5189:
4449:
4389:
3187:
1938:
1889:
1881:
1552:
451:
407:
375:, and ultra-orthodox Protestant fundamentalists also set up similar organisations; however, such groups were much smaller.
314:
4333:
Verzuiling, pacificatie en kentering in de Nederlandse politiek (Pillarization, pacification and change in Dutch politics)
3802:
2777:
1379:
102:
5344:
4973:
4676:
2887:
2494:
2381:
1795:
1329:
are also using the legal possibilities created for the pillarised structure of society, by setting up their own schools.
1018:
2274:
6244:
3521:
3171:
2976:
2876:
1623:
1297:
412:
368:
6014:
5639:
4404:
4071:
3895:
3869:
3839:
3812:
2824:
2784:
1903:
1810:
1426:
1386:
1303:
998:
796:
229:
211:
149:
109:
52:
193:
5684:
5054:
5017:
3769:
3296:
3183:
765:
717:
586:
344:(CHU) (formed in 1908) did not organise a pillar of its own but linked to the Protestant pillar shaped by the ARP.
4248:
2304:
1755:
5169:
4666:
4439:
3020:
3010:
2925:
2332:
1700:
1310:
1309:
The pillarisation of society has not fully disappeared, and many remnants can still be seen in the 21st century:
757:
690:
521:
6112:
5232:
4966:
4656:
4502:
3403:
3308:
3275:
3261:
3242:
2791:
2762:
2758:
2461:
2269:
1873:
1672:
1393:
1364:
1360:
1068:
851:
178:
116:
87:
83:
38:
3541:
3125:
3015:
The term "pillarisation" has also been used to describe segregation of the two main ethnoreligious groups in
1318:
1244:
1063:
592:
422:
360:
4042:
1746:
6264:
6173:
5541:
5364:
5350:
4946:
4671:
4651:
4397:
3525:
2960:
2523:
2337:
2119:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1314:
1288:
1008:
953:
417:
4469:
3520:(1998), efforts have been made to break down segregation. "Cross-community" political parties such as the
2773:
1375:
98:
6269:
6202:
6092:
5824:
5712:
5476:
5455:
4933:
4801:
4618:
3783:
3227:
3223:
3175:
2948:
2434:
1284:
1044:
628:
564:
511:
2240:
Flemish Secretariat for Catholic Education (Catholic Schools), Flemish Association of Catholic Colleges
6274:
5868:
5608:
5565:
5156:
5049:
4512:
4459:
3713:
The Economic History of the Netherlands 1914-1995: A small open economy in the 'long' twentieth century
3237:
3162:
3158:
2898:
2872:
2865:
2299:
1865:
1860:
619:
607:
493:
459:
341:
4183:"The rise of the 'others': 20 years after devolution, a new middle ground in Northern Irish politics?"
6019:
5279:
4484:
4479:
3150:
2396:
1223:
574:
5949:
4278:
1325:
Reformed Churches have also founded their own schools, newspaper and political party. Increasingly,
6197:
6179:
6168:
5431:
5339:
5311:
4928:
4300:"Counting Catholics is not sectarian head-counting but countering the original sectarian headcount"
3738:
3206:
3198:
2972:
2894:
2854:
1692:
1597:
1326:
469:
447:
319:
5120:
2928:(FCG vs. FSG vs. Freiheitlichen Arbeitnehmer (FPĂ–)) or sports associations (Sportunion vs. ASKĂ–).
1911:
6163:
5385:
4796:
4661:
3671:
3644:
3437:
3398:
3214:
2964:
2956:
2751:
2468:
1664:
1655:
1616:
1353:
1302:(NKV) started to cooperate with the trade union of the Socialist pillar (NVV), to merge into the
531:
189:
76:
4567:
4005:
5840:
5805:
5570:
5125:
4887:
4806:
4507:
3218:
2937:
2088:
894:
2289:
6207:
5723:
5677:
5436:
5378:
5174:
5145:
4856:
4789:
4557:
4426:
3948:"CCRU: Majority Minority Review No. 1: Education and Religion in Northern Ireland, Section 8"
3692:
Going Dutch in the Modern Age: Abraham Kuyper's Struggle for a Free Church in the Netherlands
3257:
3154:
3035:
population) enjoyed clear political, economic and social dominance over the other group (the
2891:
2614:
2322:
1270:
907:
336:
4537:
4419:
2401:
1283:
In 1973, two main Protestant parties, ARP and CHU, merged with the Catholic KVP to form the
6279:
5914:
5784:
5371:
5105:
5064:
4989:
4917:
4866:
4861:
4552:
3529:
3482:
3450:
3253:
3140:
2968:
2798:
2083:
1610:
1400:
947:
737:
642:
632:
305:
123:
4366:
Christophe de Voogd: "Histoire des Pays-Bas des origines Ă nos jours", Fayard, Paris, 2004
8:
6130:
6072:
5811:
5619:
5514:
5470:
5334:
5324:
5300:
5295:
5184:
5130:
5115:
5090:
4836:
4761:
4739:
4734:
4681:
3383:
3330:
3271:
3134:
3113:
3044:
3028:
2078:
674:
537:
364:
269:
4547:
4087:
3947:
276:, trade unions, farmers' associations, banks, stores, schools, hospitals, universities,
6192:
6120:
6087:
6044:
6039:
5746:
5586:
5560:
5460:
5441:
5407:
5393:
5199:
5150:
5135:
5110:
4624:
4607:
4602:
4577:
4562:
4494:
4474:
4464:
4434:
4266:
4128:
3986:
3654:
3579:
3121:
3024:
2983:
2910:
2162:
1473:
1252:
1049:
884:
701:
331:
323:
185:
44:
5447:
5329:
6077:
6024:
5969:
5907:
5878:
5819:
5765:
5702:
5692:
5649:
5634:
5519:
5499:
5489:
5358:
5319:
5100:
5082:
5069:
4831:
4712:
4252:
4132:
4067:
3891:
3865:
3835:
3808:
3639:
3634:
3517:
3486:
3425:
3375:
3320:
3304:
3210:
3130:
3103:
3090:
3048:
3040:
2869:
2540:
2101:
473:
297:
273:
6214:
6135:
6125:
6009:
6004:
5883:
5800:
5697:
5659:
5423:
5290:
5225:
5194:
5164:
5041:
5011:
4882:
4766:
4707:
4697:
4244:
4118:
3978:
3725:
3490:
3016:
2342:
2284:
1441:
1280:, and young people did not want to be associated with these organisations anymore.
1218:
747:
5644:
5848:
5654:
5484:
5465:
5399:
5179:
4871:
4643:
4532:
3912:"Ben Lowry: Protestant numbers have fallen because they were early to secularism"
3607:
3593:
3497:: Voice of Ulster, Radio Orange, Radio Shankill, Radio Sundown, Radio Free Ulster
3409:
3379:
3359:
3117:
3094:
3036:
3032:
2850:
2449:
1820:
1498:
959:
861:
4241:
The 'sectarian headcount' | 8 | Religion, Identity and Politics in Nor
6034:
5933:
5795:
5757:
5580:
5417:
5250:
5240:
5219:
5030:
4923:
4841:
4816:
4811:
4724:
4331:
3621:
3565:
3458:
3413:
3267:
2516:
2439:
2205:
2093:
1538:
941:
921:
727:
355:
301:
246:
6187:
4123:
4106:
4025:"Change is great - as long as it means I don't have to switch my bank account"
3019:, especially between the foundation of Northern Ireland (1922) and the end of
6238:
5989:
5982:
5944:
5707:
5575:
5524:
5412:
5245:
5204:
5140:
5025:
4826:
4702:
4587:
4444:
4360:
Consociationalism, pillarization and conflict-management in the Low Countries
4147:"The BBC and national identity in Britain, 1922-53 | Reviews in History"
3887:
Consociationalism, Pillarization and Conflict-management in the Low Countries
3629:
3443:
3314:
3300:
2914:
2132:
1506:
937:
912:
309:
5954:
4201:"Rise of the 'others' and not Sinn FĂ©in the real story of Northern politics"
4146:
4043:"The Vacuum: A Life In Banking - Interview with David Keith by Richard West"
6219:
6098:
6082:
5873:
5863:
5731:
5504:
4219:"Northern Ireland's atheists: 'We're a sizeable section of the population'"
4088:"CAIN: Issues: Sectarianism: Brewer, John D. 'Northern Ireland: 1921-1998'"
3649:
3507:
3494:
3464:
3349:
3202:
2220:
2073:
1277:
1260:
1214:
1199:
1191:
965:
652:
648:
515:
348:
3167:
1494:
1227:. Progressives of all pillars (including the Catholic resistance movement
6105:
5964:
5858:
5741:
5531:
5509:
5494:
5059:
5035:
4582:
3858:
Catterall, Peter; Kaiser, Wolfram; Walton-Jordan, Ulrike (May 12, 2014).
3431:
3394:
3341:
2190:
1502:
1195:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1094:
352:
258:
4420:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
3587:
2897:(FPĂ–), whose political marginalisation and that of its predecessor, the
5996:
5897:
5853:
5214:
5209:
4958:
4892:
4749:
4744:
4729:
3990:
3734:
2861:
was created, developed and promoted by the two mainstream parties, the
2853:
for 'proportionality'). This was first only within the politics of the
2842:
2765: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2106:
1952:
1571:
1367: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
978:"School with bible" (Protestant oriented school), Protestant Education
926:
541:
289:
6029:
3966:
3831:
Conflict in Northern Ireland: The Development of a Polarised Community
5959:
5255:
4784:
4717:
4572:
3660:
3537:
3098:
2906:
2638:
2140:
1559:
1524:
1235:
1078:
568:
525:
398:
The following table shows the most important institutions by pillar:
257:). The best-known examples of this have historically occurred in the
3982:
3801:
Andeweg, Rudy B.; Irwin, Galen A.; Louwerse, Tom (August 27, 2020).
2740:
1342:
272:. These may include its own newspapers, broadcasting organisations,
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
65:
5975:
5833:
5736:
5717:
5260:
5095:
5075:
4877:
3666:
3601:
2862:
2588:
1546:
1541:
1490:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1186:
865:
372:
293:
277:
3615:
3179:
5902:
5889:
5751:
5629:
4851:
4821:
3533:
3367:
3363:
3345:
2730:
2603:
2424:
2327:
2175:
2167:
1467:
1322:
1158:
838:
830:
825:
347:
People who were not associated with one of these pillars, mainly
322:(ARP) in the late 19th century; it was part of its philosophy of
262:
3861:
Reforming the Constitution: Debates in Twentieth-Century Britain
5664:
4846:
4165:"Northern Protestants. Part two. Dunseith's Talkback listeners"
3371:
3353:
1510:
743:
POWNED (Well-Thinking Netherlands And Such Public Broadcasting)
742:
3500:
359:
political parties usually associated with this group were the
2998:
2994:
2990:
2593:
874:
706:
3857:
3470:
4249:
10.4324/9781315244709-8/sectarian-headcount-claire-mitchell
2387:
Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux
1514:
732:
722:
669:
2038:
Caritas en Belgique Francophone-Deutschsprachiges Belgien
3930:"Are Catholic Schools worth keeping in Northern Ireland?"
2986:
2545:
1019:
Theological University of the Christian Reformed Churches
790:
685:
2901:(VdU), was the main reason for the establishment of the
2837:
The Austrian version of Verzuiling is the long-standing
1945:
General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium
1233:) were united in the aim to renew the political system (
4351:
Pillarization: An Analysis of Dutch and Belgian Society
733:
TROS (Television & Radio Broadcasting Organisation)
4345:. Classical study on pillarisation in the Netherlands.
16:
Division of civil society along religiopolitical lines
3047:). This has been described as pillarisation "without
718:
AVRO (General United Radio Broadcasting Organisation)
268:
Each pillar may have its own social institutions and
3800:
3555:
5547:
Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
2261:Public schools, non-denominational private schools
2258:Public schools, non-denominational private schools
2255:Public schools, non-denominational private schools
288:The Netherlands had at least three pillars, namely
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1525:Institutions by pillar with their ethnic divisions
691:RKK Omroep (Roman Catholic Communion Broadcasting)
3967:"Northern Ireland: Bonds and Breaks in Education"
6236:
3828:Darby, John; Darby, John P. (December 9, 1976).
2035:Caritas en Belgique francophone et germanophone
334:, were nearly as tightly knit. The Protestant (
4357:
4284:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2945:Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions
686:KRO (Catholic Radio Broadcasting Organisation)
5278:
4974:
4405:
702:VARA (Association of Workers' Radio Amateurs)
4757:Residential segregation in the United States
4323:Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited
723:VPRO (Liberal Protestant Radio Broadcasting)
300:. Pillarisation was originally initiated by
3964:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
2364:Facultés Universitaires Catholiques de Mons
390:the feared rise of left-wing mass parties.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4981:
4967:
4412:
4398:
4320:
3827:
3804:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
3710:
728:VRON (Free Radio Broadcasting Netherlands)
6062:
5932:
4122:
2825:Learn how and when to remove this message
2430:Katholische Academische Verbindung Leuven
2338:Vlaams Verbond van Katholieke Hogescholen
1427:Learn how and when to remove this message
748:O-WNL (Awakened Netherlands Broadcasting)
393:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
5783:
4988:
4329:
4107:"Northern Ireland: Shoot the Journalist"
4104:
4003:
3697:
3536:; but elections are often derided as a "
1646:Political parties between 1945 and 1970
670:NCRV (Dutch Christian Radio Association)
4171:– via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
3510:: Radio Free Belfast, Radio Free Derry
3504:(Republic of Ireland state broadcaster)
3079:"British", "Northern Irish" or "Ulster"
2953:Italian General Confederation of Labour
2936:A similar phenomena existed during the
2890:, which resulted in the joining of the
2879:, both names with the acronym of SPĂ–).
1933:Confederation of Christian Trade Unions
6237:
5607:
3971:British Journal of Educational Studies
3853:
3851:
2348:Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp
1287:(CDA). They first participated in the
999:Protestantse Theologische Universiteit
738:HOS (Humanist Broadcasting Foundation)
6152:
6061:
5931:
5782:
5606:
5277:
5000:
4962:
4393:
4369:
4022:
4006:"Billy's boys still cast long shadow"
3770:"A Brief History of a Broken Country"
3767:
3733:
3730:Land and Labour, Lessons from Belgium
3325:St Mary's University College, Belfast
2721:
1615:
1609:
6260:Political history of the Netherlands
5190:Religious views on same-sex marriage
5001:
4941:
4358:van Schendelen, M. P. C. M. (1984),
4348:
4060:Benn, James R. (September 1, 2009).
4059:
2886:two-party system collapsed with the
2763:adding citations to reliable sources
2734:
1939:General Federation of Belgian Labour
1517:) did not attempt to build pillars.
1365:adding citations to reliable sources
1336:
1327:Muslim immigrants in the Netherlands
1291:. In 1976, the Catholic trade union
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
4762:Segregation academy (United States)
4677:Sex segregation in public restrooms
3848:
3004:
2989:was split between the parties too.
2369:Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis
13:
4314:
3546:Northern Ireland Women's Coalition
3172:Social Democratic and Labour Party
2977:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
2877:Social Democratic Party of Austria
1208:
14:
6291:
6255:Social history of the Netherlands
4105:Campbell, Jim (October 9, 1985).
4004:MacKenna, Ewan (March 30, 2013).
3285:Protestant schools, state schools
2943:There are multiple trade unions:
2685:FROS Amateursportconfederatie vzw
1304:Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging
34:This article has multiple issues.
5055:Constitutional references to God
5018:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry
4940:
4912:
4911:
4023:Kenny, Mary (January 23, 2017).
3768:Newey, Glen (28 February 2024).
3739:"Belgium: Strike to Revolution?"
3614:
3600:
3586:
3572:
3558:
3184:Irish Republican Socialist Party
2997:was said to be close to PSI and
2739:
2275:Université catholique de Louvain
2041:FOS-Socialistische Solidariteit
1341:
1241:Social Democratic Workers' Party
595:(from 2001; orthodox Protestant)
589:(1975–2001; orthodox Protestant)
166:
64:
23:
5170:Religious rejection of politics
4336:(in Dutch), Amsterdam: De Bussy
4292:
4229:
4211:
4193:
4187:Centre on Constitutional Change
4175:
4157:
4139:
4098:
4080:
4053:
4035:
4016:
3997:
3958:
3940:
3922:
3904:
3011:Segregation in Northern Ireland
2926:Austrian Trade Union Federation
2750:needs additional citations for
1624:Catholic Flemish People's Party
1352:needs additional citations for
1293:Nederlands Katholiek Vakverbond
1050:Katholieke Universiteit Brabant
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
6113:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5233:Separation of church and state
3878:
3821:
3794:
3776:
3761:
3719:
3684:
3309:Stranmillis University College
3276:Northern Ireland Sign Language
3262:Northern Ireland Sign Language
3243:Irish Congress of Trade Unions
2328:Industriële Hogeschool Brabant
2270:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
1673:Party for Freedom and Progress
1594:Political parties before 1945
1069:Nyenrode Business Universiteit
809:NVV (Dutch Alliance of Unions)
766:CNV (Christian National Union)
283:
1:
4325:, Routledge, pp. 205–221
3677:
3542:Northern Ireland Labour Party
3297:Queen's University of Belfast
2305:Université libre de Bruxelles
1686:Political parties after 1970
1319:Reformed Churches (liberated)
1064:Universiteit voor Humanistiek
984:Free Schools, Public Schools
675:EO (Evangelical Broadcasting)
552:Political parties after 1945
534:(1906–1921; old Freethinking)
361:Free-minded Democratic League
6250:Political history of Belgium
5365:German Christians (movement)
5351:Evangelical environmentalism
4372:"Pillarization reconsidered"
3126:Protestant Irish nationalism
3082:"Irish" or "Northern Irish"
2993:was said to be close to DC,
1983:Sozialistische Krankenkasse
1247:and the Christian-socialist
1060:State-sponsored universities
1009:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
954:Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant
441:Political party before 1945
7:
6203:Religious aspects of Nazism
5456:Christian reconstructionism
4619:Brown v. Board of Education
4237:"The 'sectarian headcount'"
3784:"A brief history of strife"
3711:Van Zanden, Jan L. (1998),
3551:
3228:Knights of Saint Columbanus
3224:Ancient Order of Hibernians
1977:Socialistische Mutualiteit
1285:Christian Democratic Appeal
707:O-LLiNK (Left Broadcasting)
613:CDA (from 1977; ecumenical)
382:In 1866 Kuyper founded the
192:the claims made and adding
10:
6296:
5869:Jewish political movements
5345:Christian environmentalism
5157:Religion and peacebuilding
4528:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
3890:. Boom. December 9, 1984.
3163:Progressive Unionist Party
3159:Traditional Unionist Voice
3138:Irish republican socialism
3008:
2899:Federation of Independents
2873:Socialist Party of Austria
2728:
2589:Volksdepositokas Spaarbank
2382:Trans-Universiteit Limburg
2300:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2044:Solidarité Socialiste-FCD
2018:Solidarity for the Family
1332:
791:NKV (Dutch Catholic Union)
781:(gereformeerd) (from 1876)
663:Broadcasting organisation
342:Christian Historical Union
6245:Social history of Belgium
6159:
6153:
6148:
6068:
6057:
5940:
5927:
5791:
5778:
5615:
5602:
5286:
5280:Christianity and politics
5273:
5007:
4996:
4901:
4775:
4690:
4642:
4573:Apartheid in South Africa
4493:
4425:
4124:10.1080/03064228508533941
4076:– via Google Books.
3900:– via Google Books.
3874:– via Google Books.
3844:– via Google Books.
3817:– via Google Books.
3807:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3151:Democratic Unionist Party
3071:
3069:
2905:policy, because of their
2646:Gym & Dans Vlaanderen
2615:Generale Bankmaatschappij
1974:Christliche Krankenkasse
1968:Christelijke Mutualiteit
1960:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1224:Nederlandse Volksbeweging
1088:
1056:
1029:Theologische Universiteit
436:
434:
432:
430:
6169:Disestablishmentarianism
5432:Christian libertarianism
5340:Christian egalitarianism
5301:Christian anti-communism
4330:Lijphart, Arend (1968),
3207:Independent Orange Order
3199:Apprentice Boys of Derry
2973:Italian Republican Party
2931:
2895:Freedom Party of Austria
2855:second Austrian republic
1484:As a consequence of the
1023:bevindelijk gereformeerd
580:gereformeerd-vrijgemaakt
475:bevindelijk gereformeerd
320:Anti-Revolutionary Party
6164:American civil religion
6073:Buddhist anti-communism
5386:Protestant Reich Church
4797:Anti-miscegenation laws
4632:Anti-miscegenation laws
4251:(inactive 2024-09-18).
3743:International Socialism
3715:, Routledge, p. 10
3672:Political particularism
3645:Millet (Ottoman Empire)
3399:Belfast Banking Company
3238:Ulster Workers' Council
3215:Royal Black Institution
3195:Fraternal organisations
2965:Italian Social Movement
2957:Italian Communist Party
2947:(CISL) which was close
2866:Austrian People's Party
2560:Les Jeunes RĂ©formateurs
2333:Hogeschool-Universiteit
1907:(since 2002 part of MR)
1656:Belgian Socialist Party
1444:noted that in Belgium:
1217:(during which even the
514:(1885–1921; mainstream
6015:Hindu environmentalism
5841:Revisionist Maximalism
5320:Christian anti-Zionism
5306:Christian anti-Masonry
5126:Religious anti-Zionism
5121:Religious anti-Masonry
4888:White Australia policy
4807:Corporative federalism
4169:Belfasttelegraph.co.uk
3834:. Gill and Macmillan.
3690:John Halsey Wood Jr.,
3219:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2938:First Italian Republic
2187:Cultural associations
2089:Het Belang van Limburg
2009:(Center for) Homecare
1650:Christian Social Party
1451:
1289:1977 general elections
1165:Recreation (examples)
981:Roman Catholic School
895:Reformatorisch Dagblad
394:Institutions by pillar
250:
6208:Creativity (religion)
6063:Buddhism and politics
5934:Hinduism and politics
5625:Human Rights in Islam
5542:Political Catholicism
5448:Christian peacemaking
5437:Christian nationalism
5379:Positive Christianity
5330:Christian corporatism
5175:Religious segregation
5146:Religious nationalism
4857:Religious intolerance
4151:reviews.history.ac.uk
3918:. September 24, 2022.
3516:Especially since the
3258:British Sign Language
3155:Ulster Unionist Party
3110:Political persuasions
2892:national-conservative
2323:University of Antwerp
1986:Liberale Mutualiteit
1980:Mutualité socialiste
1971:Mutualité chrétienne
1632:Social Catholic Party
1446:
6198:Neopaganist feminism
6093:Buddhist nationalism
5915:World Agudath Israel
5785:Judaism and politics
5645:Islamic anti-Zionism
5640:Islamic anti-Masonry
5372:National Catholicism
5180:Religious separatism
5106:Organized secularism
5065:Engaged Spirituality
4990:Religion in politics
4867:Second-class citizen
4862:Reservation in India
4588:United Arab Emirates
4518:Bulgaria and Romania
4349:Post, Harry (1989),
4304:www.newsletter.co.uk
4047:www.thevacuum.org.uk
3965:Darby, John (1978).
3916:www.newsletter.co.uk
3530:People Before Profit
3483:BBC Northern Ireland
3451:Protestant Telegraph
3329:Universities in the
3141:Dissident republican
2969:Italian Labour Union
2961:General Labour Union
2759:improve this article
2413:Youth organisations
1611:Belgian Labour Party
1361:improve this article
1045:Radboud Universiteit
948:Algemeen Handelsblad
643:Liberal-conservative
633:Liberal-conservative
306:Christian Democratic
270:social organizations
84:improve this article
6265:Christian democracy
6131:Humanistic Buddhism
5806:Jewish anti-Zionism
5620:Hui pan-nationalism
5515:Liberation theology
5471:Christian socialism
5335:Christian democracy
5325:Christian communism
5296:Christian anarchism
5185:Religious socialism
5131:Religious communism
5116:Religious anarchism
5091:Freedom of religion
4735:Exclusionary zoning
4682:Separatist feminism
4460:Partition of Bengal
4243:. Routledge. 2006.
4111:Index on Censorship
3331:Republic of Ireland
3272:Irish Sign Language
3135:Irish republicanism
2949:Christian Democracy
2619:Générale de Banque
2608:Banque de La Poste
2359:Université de Namur
2316:Other universities
2290:University of Liège
2266:Major universities
2079:Gazet van Antwerpen
2032:Caritas Vlaanderen
2000:White/Yellow Cross
1992:Freie Krankenkasse
1989:Mutualité Libérale
1251:united to form the
1243:, the left-liberal
1202:, weekend football
1185:, Sunday football,
1086:White/Yellow Cross
1083:Green/Orange Cross
365:Liberal State Party
6270:Political theories
6193:Khalistan movement
6121:Buddhist socialism
6088:Buddhist modernism
6045:Uniform civil code
5747:Political quietism
5609:Islam and politics
5587:Neo-ultramontanism
5561:Sphere sovereignty
5461:Christian republic
5442:Christian pacifism
5408:Christian humanism
5394:Christian feminism
5200:Secular liberalism
5151:Religious pacifism
5136:Religious humanism
5111:Political religion
4625:Massive resistance
4613:School segregation
4608:Separate but equal
4533:Dominican Republic
4435:Partition of India
4370:Huyse, L. (1984).
3993:– via JSTOR.
3732:(1911), quoted in
3655:Social environment
3580:Netherlands portal
3122:Ulster nationalism
2984:public broadcaster
2611:Bank von der Post
2402:Université de Mons
2397:Erasmus Hogeschool
2163:Het Laatste Nieuws
1564:Walloon Socialist
1474:Het Laatste Nieuws
885:Nederlands Dagblad
332:industrial workers
324:sphere sovereignty
177:possibly contains
6275:Identity politics
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6182:
6144:
6143:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6078:Buddhist feminism
6053:
6052:
6025:Indigenous Aryans
6020:Integral humanism
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5970:Hindu nationalism
5923:
5922:
5892:
5879:Jewish secularism
5843:
5836:
5820:Jewish Autonomism
5814:
5774:
5773:
5766:Two-nation theory
5760:
5726:
5703:Islamic socialism
5687:
5680:
5673:
5650:Islamic democracy
5635:Islamic anarchism
5598:
5597:
5589:
5555:
5520:Maronite politics
5500:Dominion Theology
5490:Christian Zionism
5479:
5450:
5426:
5402:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5359:Christian fascism
5353:
5314:
5269:
5268:
5235:
5228:
5159:
5101:Identity politics
5085:
5083:Womanist theology
5078:
5070:Feminist theology
5044:
5020:
4956:
4955:
4832:Majority minority
4713:Ethnic federalism
4495:Ethnic and racial
4455:Greece and Turkey
4306:. March 30, 2018.
4258:978-1-315-24470-9
4092:cain.ulster.ac.uk
4029:Belfast Telegraph
3952:cain.ulster.ac.uk
3640:Identity politics
3635:Consociationalism
3518:Belfast Agreement
3514:
3513:
3426:Belfast Telegraph
3321:Ulster University
3305:Ulster University
3288:Catholic schools
3211:Royal Arch Purple
3188:Nationalist Party
3147:Political parties
3131:Irish nationalism
3104:Roman Catholicism
3091:Church of Ireland
3076:National identity
3049:consociationalism
2955:(CGIL), close to
2888:elections of 1999
2870:Social-Democratic
2835:
2834:
2827:
2809:
2719:
2718:
2243:Catholic schools
2102:La Libre Belgique
2047:Solidariteit-FCD
1965:Health insurance
1916:
1908:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1825:
1815:
1803:
1790:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1743:
1732:
1724:
1714:
1705:
1697:
1678:
1669:
1636:
1628:
1607:
1602:
1567:German Socialist
1495:Rainbow Coalition
1486:language struggle
1437:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1315:religious schools
1311:public television
1206:
1205:
1169:Saturday football
298:social-democratic
274:political parties
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
179:original research
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
6287:
6215:Personality cult
6178:
6150:
6149:
6136:Secular Buddhism
6126:Engaged Buddhism
6111:
6104:
6097:
6059:
6058:
6010:Hindu revivalism
6005:Hindu revolution
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5929:
5928:
5888:
5884:Jewish socialism
5839:
5832:
5825:Jewish democracy
5810:
5801:Jewish anarchism
5780:
5779:
5756:
5722:
5698:Islamic republic
5693:Islamic pacifism
5683:
5676:
5669:
5660:Islamic feminism
5604:
5603:
5585:
5551:
5475:
5446:
5424:Evangelical left
5422:
5398:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5349:
5310:
5291:Blaine Amendment
5275:
5274:
5231:
5226:Secular religion
5224:
5195:Secular humanism
5165:Religious police
5155:
5081:
5074:
5042:Clerical fascism
5040:
5016:
5012:Anti-clericalism
5002:General concepts
4998:
4997:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4944:
4943:
4915:
4914:
4883:Social apartheid
4767:Social exclusion
4740:Forced migration
4708:Ethnic cleansing
4698:Auto-segregation
4440:Northern Ireland
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4363:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3936:. June 10, 2021.
3926:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3726:Seebohm Rowntree
3723:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3695:
3688:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3491:BBC Radio Ulster
3313:Universities in
3054:
3053:
3017:Northern Ireland
3005:Northern Ireland
2982:The state-owned
2963:, allied to the
2847:Proportionalität
2830:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2767:
2743:
2735:
2642:
2604:Bank van De Post
2524:Animo Jong Links
2520:
2465:
2453:
2343:Vesalius College
2285:Ghent University
2136:
2123:
1914:
1906:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1818:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1741:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1676:
1667:
1634:
1626:
1605:
1600:
1576:Walloon Liberal
1532:
1531:
1442:Seebohm Rowntree
1432:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1369:
1345:
1337:
1301:
1274:
1219:Dutch resistance
780:
561:CHU (until 1977)
558:ARP (until 1977)
401:
400:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
194:inline citations
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6224:
6155:
6140:
6064:
6049:
5965:Hindu modernism
5936:
5919:
5864:Jewish pacifism
5849:Jewish feminism
5829:Jewish fascism
5787:
5770:
5713:Islamic Zionism
5655:Islamic fascism
5611:
5594:
5485:Christian state
5466:Christian right
5400:Mormon feminism
5282:
5265:
5050:Confessionalism
5003:
4992:
4987:
4957:
4952:
4897:
4872:Separate school
4777:
4771:
4686:
4638:
4489:
4421:
4418:
4339:
4337:
4317:
4315:Further reading
4312:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4223:The Irish Times
4217:
4216:
4212:
4205:The Irish Times
4199:
4198:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4103:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4058:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4021:
4017:
4002:
3998:
3983:10.2307/3120731
3963:
3959:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3737:(Spring 1961).
3724:
3720:
3709:
3698:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3620:
3613:
3608:Religion portal
3606:
3599:
3594:Politics portal
3592:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3506:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3468:
3462:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3412:
3410:Bank of Ireland
3402:
3397:
3370:
3362:
3360:Gaelic football
3352:
3348:
3344:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3270:
3256:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3097:
3095:Presbyterianism
3093:
3013:
3007:
2971:which had ties
2934:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2774:"Pillarisation"
2768:
2766:
2756:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2690:
2650:
2636:
2580:
2563:
2551:
2528:
2514:
2505:
2495:Die Junge Mitte
2488:
2473:
2459:
2447:
2373:
2352:
2252:Public schools
2249:Public schools
2246:Public schools
2172:
2146:
2130:
2117:
2098:
2015:Socialist Fund
2012:Socialist Fund
2006:Christian Fund
2003:Christian Fund
1919:
1897:
1857:
1798:
1765:
1764:
1709:
1708:
1681:
1641:
1603:
1579:German Liberal
1527:
1499:Guy Verhofstadt
1477:, also exists.
1433:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1376:"Pillarisation"
1370:
1368:
1358:
1346:
1335:
1306:(FNV) in 1982.
1295:
1268:
1211:
1209:Depillarisation
1183:Dancing schools
1178:Sunday football
1155:
1131:
1117:
1073:
1054:
1038:
987:Public Schools
970:
960:NRC Handelsblad
931:
911:
904:
862:Friesch Dagblad
817:
814:FNV (from 1976)
802:
784:
774:
772:NWV Patrimonium
752:
711:
695:
679:
658:
616:
601:
547:
499:
481:
396:
286:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
183:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
99:"Pillarisation"
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Saffronisation
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Hindu feminism
5947:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5803:
5798:
5796:Halachic state
5792:
5789:
5788:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:Talibanization
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5581:Ultramontanism
5578:
5573:
5571:Temporal power
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5418:Christian left
5415:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:State religion
5248:
5243:
5241:Spiritual left
5238:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5220:Secularization
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5033:
5031:Civil religion
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Nuremberg Laws
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:Ghetto benches
4814:
4812:Discrimination
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4725:Ethnopluralism
4722:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4593:United Kingdom
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4367:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4327:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4291:
4275:|website=
4257:
4228:
4210:
4192:
4174:
4156:
4138:
4097:
4079:
4072:
4066:. Soho Press.
4052:
4034:
4015:
4010:Irish Examiner
3996:
3977:(3): 215–223.
3957:
3939:
3934:The Irish News
3921:
3903:
3896:
3877:
3870:
3847:
3840:
3820:
3813:
3793:
3775:
3760:
3718:
3696:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:Society portal
3611:
3597:
3583:
3569:
3566:Belgium portal
3553:
3550:
3522:Alliance Party
3512:
3511:
3498:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3459:The Irish News
3455:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:Hibernian Bank
3407:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:Belfast Celtic
3357:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3318:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3264:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:(before 1977)
3176:Workers' Party
3165:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3128:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3006:
3003:
2967:(MSI) and the
2933:
2930:
2868:(Ă–VP) and the
2833:
2832:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2729:Main article:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:Generale Bank
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Vermeylenfonds
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2094:Het Nieuwsblad
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1947:(ACLVB/CGSLB)
1942:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:(PVV/PLP/PFF)
1670:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1604:Catholic Bloc
1598:Catholic Party
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1435:
1434:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1263:and the group
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
995:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
957:
951:
945:
942:Public journal
934:
932:
930:
929:
924:
922:Het Vrije Volk
918:
916:
905:
903:
902:
892:
882:
872:
859:
848:
846:
842:
841:
836:
833:
828:
823:
819:
818:
816:
815:
812:
805:
803:
801:
800:
794:
787:
785:
783:
782:
769:
762:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
712:
710:
709:
704:
698:
696:
694:
693:
688:
682:
680:
678:
677:
672:
666:
664:
660:
659:
657:
656:
646:
636:
625:
623:
617:
615:
614:
611:
604:
602:
600:
599:
596:
590:
584:
572:
562:
559:
555:
553:
549:
548:
546:
545:
535:
529:
519:
508:
506:
500:
498:
497:
491:
484:
482:
480:
479:
467:
457:
444:
442:
438:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
395:
392:
356:latitudinarian
302:Abraham Kuyper
285:
282:
238:
237:
220:
219:
202:September 2016
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
140:September 2016
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6292:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6174:Imperial cult
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:Panun Kashmir
5987:
5984:
5983:Hindu Rashtra
5980:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5945:Akhand Bharat
5943:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Islamic state
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5685:In South Asia
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:Theodemocracy
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Pillarisation
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5525:Phoenicianism
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Christian law
5411:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:State atheism
5244:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Secular state
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Religious law
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Caesaropapism
5024:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4949:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4907:Pillarisation
4904:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Jim Crow laws
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Balkanization
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:United States
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4382:(1): 145–158.
4381:
4377:
4376:Acta Politica
4373:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4280:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4073:9781569477021
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:Evil for Evil
4056:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3897:9789060095607
3893:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3871:9781135305628
3867:
3864:. Routledge.
3863:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3841:9780064915809
3837:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3814:9781352010398
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3788:The Economist
3785:
3779:
3771:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Balkanization
3628:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3570:
3567:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3444:Northern Whig
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:Northern Bank
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:Great Britain
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Magee College
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:individualist
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2815:December 2013
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776: –
2775:
2771:
2770:Find sources:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2748:This section
2746:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:Aid agencies
2028:
2027:
2024:Liberal Fund
2023:
2021:Liberal Fund
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1929:Trade unions
1927:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1845:(2001 - 2021)
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1760:(since 2022)
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:Liberal Party
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:Liberal Party
1612:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Vlaams Belang
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1417:December 2013
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378: –
1377:
1373:
1372:Find sources:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1350:This section
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:Universities
991:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
938:Staatscourant
936:
935:
933:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
915:(since 1919)
914:
913:De Volkskrant
909:
906:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
850:
849:
847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
820:
813:
810:
807:
806:
804:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
786:
778:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
681:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:Freethinking)
654:
650:
647:
645:Freethinking)
644:
640:
637:
635:Freethinking)
634:
630:
627:
626:
624:
621:
618:
612:
609:
606:
605:
603:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
576:
573:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:Freethinking)
543:
539:
536:
533:
530:
528:Freethinking)
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
509:
507:
504:
501:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
483:
477:
476:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
428:
427:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
391:
387:
385:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
338:
333:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
310:neo-Calvinist
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Pillarisation
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6220:State Shinto
6180:Ancient Rome
6099:969 Movement
6083:Buddhist law
5874:Jewish right
5732:Islamization
5566:Subsidiarity
5553:In Argentina
5536:
5505:Febronianism
4945:
4916:
4906:
4667:Saudi Arabia
4617:
4583:Saudi Arabia
4470:Saudi Arabia
4379:
4375:
4359:
4350:
4338:, retrieved
4332:
4322:
4303:
4294:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4018:
4009:
3999:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3860:
3830:
3823:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3746:
3742:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3691:
3686:
3659:
3650:Sectarianism
3515:
3508:Pirate radio
3503:
3495:Pirate radio
3479:TV and radio
3474:(1984–2008)
3469:
3465:An Phoblacht
3463:
3457:
3449:
3447:(until 1963)
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3386:until 1949)
3376:Cliftonville
3356:(most clubs)
3350:Field hockey
3328:
3312:
3293:Universities
3266:English and
3254:Ulster Scots
3203:Orange Order
3021:The Troubles
3014:
2981:
2942:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2902:
2883:
2881:
2875:(since 1991
2858:
2846:
2841:doctrine (a
2838:
2836:
2821:
2812:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2769:
2757:Please help
2752:verification
2749:
2722:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:(since 2000)
2658:
2653:
2627:Sport clubs
2598:
2445:KSJ-KSA-VKSJ
2425:JONGCD&V
2406:
2391:
2376:
2309:
2294:
2279:
2230:
2225:
2221:Willemsfonds
2215:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2180:
2154:
2149:
2143:(since 1978)
2137:(until 1978)
2124:(until 1978)
2074:De Standaard
2060:
2055:
2050:
1941:(ABVV/FGTB)
1915:(since 2002)
1893:(since 2007)
1877:(until 1992)
1853:(since 2021)
1837:(until 2001)
1824:(since 2008)
1819:
1814:(until 2008)
1809:
1786:
1781:(since 1998)
1776:
1754:
1742:(until 2002)
1728:
1720:
1704:(since 2001)
1696:(until 2001)
1677:(since 1961)
1668:(until 1961)
1635:(since 1936)
1627:(since 1936)
1606:(since 1936)
1601:(until 1936)
1528:
1519:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1423:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1359:Please help
1354:verification
1351:
1308:
1282:
1278:institutions
1264:
1257:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1215:World War II
1212:
1200:field hockey
1192:Folk dancing
1089:Green Cross
1032:
1022:
1013:gereformeerd
1012:
1002:
966:De Telegraaf
956:(until 1970)
950:(until 1970)
899:gereformeerd
898:
888:
879:gereformeerd
878:
869:gereformeerd
868:
856:gereformeerd
855:
852:De Standaard
651:(from 1966;
641:(from 1948;
631:(1946–1948;
622:(from 1945)
610:(until 1977)
578:
577:(1948–2001;
567:(from 1977;
540:(from 1921;
516:Freethinking
505:(from 1894)
474:
472:(from 1918;
463:
462:(from 1908;
453:gereformeerd
452:
450:(from 1879;
397:
388:
384:gereformeerd
383:
381:
377:
346:
335:
328:
315:gereformeerd
313:
287:
267:
254:
242:
241:
226:
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6280:Segregation
6188:Gottgläubig
6106:Nichirenism
5859:Jewish left
5742:Petro-Islam
5678:In Pakistan
5532:Papal state
5510:Gallicanism
5495:Cisalpinism
5060:Divine rule
5036:Clericalism
4802:Black Codes
4750:labor camps
4657:Afghanistan
3735:Cliff, Tony
3526:Green Party
3438:Sunday Life
3432:News Letter
3395:Ulster Bank
3342:Rugby union
3060:Protestants
3045:republicans
3041:nationalist
2681:(1993–2000)
2675:(1976–2000)
2669:(1919–2000)
2637: [
2515: [
2512:Rode Valken
2460: [
2448: [
2191:Davidsfonds
2131: [
2118: [
2067:Newspapers
1885:(1992–2007)
1789:(2002–2012)
1756:Les Engagés
1750:(2002-2022)
1723:(2007–2014)
1503:Vlaams Blok
1296: [
1269: [
1266:Nieuw Links
1230:Christofoor
1196:rugby union
1173:rugby union
1095:Sport clubs
1033:vrijgemaakt
962:(from 1970)
910:(1845–1974)
889:vrijgemaakt
845:Newspapers
811:(1906–1976)
799:(from 1976)
793:(1925–1976)
775: [
768:(from 1909)
569:oecumenisch
524:(from 1901
496:(1926–1945)
490:(1904–1926)
353:upper-class
284:Netherlands
259:Netherlands
6239:Categories
6030:Rama Rajya
5997:Bangabhumi
5898:Poale Zion
5854:Jewish law
5671:by country
5665:Sharia law
5215:Secularity
5210:Secularism
4905:See also:
4893:Xenophobia
4745:Internment
4730:Ethnocracy
4117:(5): 2–3.
3678:References
3421:Newspapers
3416:(to 1958)
3380:Derry City
3063:Catholics
3025:Protestant
3009:See also:
2975:(PRI) and
2907:pro-German
2843:hypocorism
2785:newspapers
2725:in Austria
2485:Jeunes cdH
2128:Volksgazet
2107:Grenz-Echo
1997:Hospitals
1953:Boerenbond
1935:(ACV/CSC)
1658:(BSP/PSB)
1652:(CVP/PSC)
1613:(BWP/POB)
1387:newspapers
1194:, weekend
1171:, weekend
927:Het Parool
822:Employers
542:right-wing
408:Protestant
369:Communists
363:(VDB) and
290:Protestant
251:verzuiling
245:(from the
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
5960:Hindu law
5908:Religious
5724:Criticism
5312:Papal ban
5256:Theocracy
4785:Apartheid
4718:Bantustan
4603:Civil War
4427:Religious
4353:, Avebury
4277:ignored (
4267:cite book
4133:143822975
3749:(4): 10–7
3661:Sui iuris
3538:sectarian
3454:(1966–82)
3406:(to 2012)
3401:(to 1970)
3252:English,
3249:Languages
3168:Sinn FĂ©in
3099:Methodism
3087:Religions
3037:Catholics
2911:far right
2141:De Morgen
1560:Socialist
1555:Catholic
1549:Catholic
1236:doorbraak
1079:Hospitals
526:left-wing
418:Socialist
373:humanists
190:verifying
45:talk page
5976:Hindutva
5955:Gandhism
5834:Kahanism
5737:Khilafat
5718:Islamism
5261:Theonomy
5096:Humanism
5076:Thealogy
4918:Category
4878:Shunning
4874:(Canada)
4837:Nativism
4691:Dynamics
4568:Rhodesia
4563:Portugal
4558:Malaysia
4523:Bulgaria
4465:Portugal
3667:Test Act
3552:See also
3544:and the
3534:atheists
3118:Loyalism
3114:Unionism
3033:Loyalist
3029:Unionist
3001:to PCI.
2979:(PSDI).
2884:de facto
2863:Catholic
2237:Schools
2084:Het Volk
1890:Open VLD
1701:CD&V
1570:Flemish
1558:Flemish
1542:Catholic
1491:Cold War
1463:Brussels
1459:Wallonia
1455:Flanders
1453:In both
1187:korfball
1003:hervormd
975:Schools
464:hervormd
413:Catholic
337:hervormd
304:and his
294:Catholic
278:scouting
6040:Shuddhi
5903:Zionism
5890:Bundism
5812:Haredim
5752:Taliban
5630:Imamate
5477:In Utah
4947:Commons
4852:Rankism
4822:Hafrada
4776:Related
4672:Judaism
4548:Germany
4508:Bahrain
4485:Myanmar
4480:Bahrain
3991:3120731
3694:(2013).
3368:camogie
3364:Hurling
3346:Cricket
3282:Schools
2959:(PCI),
2917:views.
2903:Proporz
2859:Proporz
2839:Proporz
2799:scholar
2731:Proporz
2723:Proporz
2176:Le Soir
2168:De Tijd
2115:Vooruit
1850:Forward
1640:{{{1}}}
1572:Liberal
1547:Walloon
1539:Flemish
1535:
1468:De Tijd
1401:scholar
1333:Belgium
1323:pietist
1159:NOC*NSF
908:De Tijd
866:Fryslân
653:Liberal
423:Liberal
404:
367:(LSP).
349:middle-
263:Belgium
184:Please
124:scholar
4934:racial
4929:gender
4847:Racism
4778:topics
4644:Gender
4553:Israel
4543:France
4513:Brazil
4503:Canada
4450:Serbia
4445:Israel
4362:, Boom
4340:19 May
4255:
4131:
4070:
3989:
3894:
3868:
3838:
3811:
3753:19 May
3372:Soccer
3354:Soccer
3338:Sports
3234:Unions
3057:People
2951:(DC),
2851:German
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2634:Sporta
2585:Banks
1731:(2012)
1553:German
1513:; and
1511:Groen!
1505:, now
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1213:After
758:Unions
255:zuilen
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
6154:Other
4924:caste
4652:Islam
4578:Spain
4475:Spain
4129:S2CID
3987:JSTOR
3391:Banks
3268:Irish
3180:AontĂş
2999:Rai 3
2995:Rai 2
2991:Rai 1
2932:Italy
2882:This
2806:JSTOR
2792:books
2679:VASCO
2641:]
2594:Dexia
2519:]
2464:]
2452:]
2440:Chiro
2135:]
2122:]
1821:ProDG
1802:minor
1769:minor
1713:minor
1497:" of
1408:JSTOR
1394:books
1300:]
1273:]
875:Trouw
835:none
779:]
247:Dutch
131:JSTOR
117:books
4790:laws
4662:Iran
4538:Fiji
4342:2023
4286:link
4279:help
4253:ISBN
4068:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3836:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3755:2016
3528:and
3366:and
2913:and
2845:for
2778:news
2714:none
2709:none
2704:none
2699:none
2694:none
2673:FROS
2659:none
2654:none
2599:none
2548:JONG
2534:MJS
2531:MJS
2420:KVHV
2407:none
2392:none
2377:none
2310:none
2295:none
2280:none
2231:none
2226:none
2216:none
2211:none
2201:none
2196:none
2181:none
2155:none
2150:none
2061:none
2056:none
2051:none
1842:SP.A
1740:PSC
1515:N-VA
1457:and
1380:news
1253:PvdA
1138:NASB
1103:NCSU
629:PvdV
620:PvdA
503:SDAP
494:RKSP
351:and
308:and
296:and
261:and
103:news
4245:doi
4119:doi
3979:doi
3728:'s
3501:RTÉ
3487:UTV
3051:."
2987:RAI
2761:by
2667:AVB
2577:MJS
2574:SGP
2570:JFF
2557:SGP
2546:VLD
2541:FOS
2502:GCB
2499:FSC
2482:GCB
2479:FSC
2469:KAJ
2457:KLJ
2435:SGV
1923:PFF
1904:PRL
1882:VLD
1874:PVV
1811:PDB
1796:CSP
1787:CDF
1778:MCC
1747:CDH
1729:NCD
1721:VCP
1693:CVP
1363:by
1261:D66
1249:CDU
1245:VDB
1152:NSA
1148:NCS
1143:NRS
1128:NSA
1124:NKS
1113:TvA
1108:NSA
839:VNO
831:NKW
826:PCW
797:FNV
649:D66
639:VVD
608:KVP
598:SGP
587:RPF
575:GPV
565:CDA
538:LSP
532:BVL
522:VDB
470:SGP
460:CHU
448:ARP
188:by
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4378:.
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3382:;
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2120:nl
1912:MR
1866:SP
1861:PS
1834:SP
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1298:nl
1271:nl
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593:CU
512:LU
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