1478:. Leigh criticized Pinochet for having joined the coup very late and then subsequently pretending to keep all power for himself. In December 1974, Leigh opposed the proposal to name Pinochet president of Chile. Leigh recalls from that moment that, "Pinochet was furious: he hit the board, broke the glass, injured his hand a little and bled. Then, Merino and Mendoza told me I should sign, because if not the junta would split. I signed." Leigh's primary concern was Pinochet's consolidation of the legislative and executive branches of government under the new government, in particular, Pinochet's decision to enact a plebiscite without formally alerting the other junta members. Leigh, although a fervent supporter of the regime and hater of Marxist ideology, had already taken steps to separate the executive and legislative branches. Pinochet was said to have been angered by Leigh's continued founding of a structure to divide the executive and legislative branches, eventually leading to Pinochet consolidating his power and Leigh being removed from the regime. Leigh tried to fight his dismissal from the military and government junta but on July 24, 1978, his office was blocked by paratroopers. In accordance with legal rights established by the junta government, its members could not be dismissed without evidence of impairment, hence Pinochet and his ally junta members had declared Leigh to be unfit. Airforce General
1090:(CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. As the CIA revealed in 2000, "In the 1960s and the early 1970s, as part of the US Government policy to try to influence events in Chile, the CIA undertook specific covert action projects in Chile ... to discredit Marxist-leaning political leaders, especially Dr. Salvador Allende, and to strengthen and encourage their civilian and military opponents to prevent them from assuming power". The CIA worked with right-wing Chilean politicians, military personnel, and journalists to undermine socialism in Chile. One reason for this was financial, as many US businesses had investments in Chile, and Allende's socialist policies included the nationalization of Chile's major industries. Another reason was the propagandized fear of the spread of communism, which was particularly important in the context of the Cold War. The rationale was that US feared that Allende would promote the spreading of Soviet influence in their 'backyard'. As early as 1963, the U.S. via the CIA and U.S. multinationals such as ITT intervened in Chilean politics using a variety of tactics and millions of dollars to interfere with elections, ultimately helping plan the coup against Allende.
1703:, unsuccessfully assaulted the local Carabineros station. Subsequently, MIR conducted several operations against the Pinochet government until the late 1980s. MIR assassinated the head of the Army Intelligence school, Lieutenant Roger Vergara, with machine gun fire in the late 1970s. The MIR also executed an attack on the base of the Chilean Secret Police (Central Nacional de Informaciones, CNI), as well as several attempts on the lives of carabineros officials and a judge of the Supreme Court in Chile. Throughout the beginning years of the dictatorship the MIR was low-profile, but in August 1981 the MIR successfully killed the military leader of Santiago, General Carol Urzua Ibanez. Attacks on Chilean military official increased in the early 1980s, with the MIR killing several security forces personnel on a variety of occasions through extensive use of planted bombs in police stations or machine gun use.
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good. In 2013, the newspaper El
Mercurio asked Chileans if the state had done enough to compensate victims of the dictatorship for the atrocities they suffered; 30% said yes, 36% said no, and the rest were undecided. In order to keep the memories of the victims and the disappeared alive, memorial sites have been constructed throughout Chile, as a symbol of the country's past. Some notable examples include Villa Grimaldi, Londres 38, Paine Memorial and the Museum of Memory and Human Rights. These memorials were built by family members of the victims, the government and ex-prisoners of the dictatorship. These have become popular tourist destinations and have provided a visual narrative of the atrocities of the dictatorship. These memorials have aided in Chile's reconciliation process, however, there is still debate amongst Chile as to whether these memorials do enough to bring the country together.
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Kong. Due to intense U.S. pressure at the last minute (while
Pinochet's plane was halfway en route over the Pacific), Marcos cancelled the visit and denied Pinochet landing rights in the country. Pinochet and the junta were further caught off guard and humiliated when they were forced to land in Fiji to refuel for the planned return to Santiago, only to be met with airport staff who refused to assist the plane in any way (the Fijian military was called in instead), invasive and prolonged customs searches, exorbitant fuel and aviation service charges, and hundreds of angry protesters who pelted his plane with eggs and tomatoes. The usually stoic and calm Pinochet became enraged, firing his Foreign Minister Hernán Cubillos, several diplomats, and expelling the Philippine Ambassador. Relations between the two countries were restored only in 1986 when
2371:, leaving approximately 50 dead and 150 wounded. According to Chilean Junta and former Air Force commander Fernando Matthei, Chilean support included military intelligence gathering, radar surveillance, British aircraft operating with Chilean colours and the safe return of British special forces, among other things. In April and May 1982, a squadron of mothballed RAF Hawker Hunter fighter bombers departed for Chile, arriving on 22 May and allowing the Chilean Air Force to reform the No. 9 "Las Panteras Negras" Squadron. A further consignment of three frontier surveillance and shipping reconnaissance Canberras left for Chile in October. Some authors suggest that Argentina might have won the war had she been allowed to employ the VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades, which remained guarding the Andes mountain chain. Pinochet subsequently visited
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leader. As a result, reacting to demand for intervention from opponents of the government, the military began planning for a military coup which would ultimately take place on
September 11, 1973. Contrary to popular belief, Pinochet was not the mastermind behind the coup. It was, in fact, naval officers who first decided that military intervention was necessary to remove President Allende from power. Army generals were unsure of Pinochet's allegiances, as he had given no prior indication of disloyalty to Allende, and thus was only informed of these plans on the evening of 8 September, just three days before the coup took place. On 11 September 1973, the military launched a coup, with troops surrounding La Moneda Palace. Allende died that day of
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1752:, Archbishop of Santiago, as an immediate response to the repression of the Pinochet regime. It was apolitical in a spirit of collaboration rather than conflict with the government. Pinochet developed suspicion of COPACHI, leading to its dissolution in late 1975. In response Silva founded the Vicariate in its place. Historian Hugo Fruhling's work highlights the multifaceted nature of Vicaria. Through developments and education programs in the shantytown area of Santiago, the Vicaria had mobilised around 44,000 people to join campaigns by 1979. The Church published a newsletter called
1781:) were days of civil demonstrations that periodically took place in Chile in the 1980s against the military junta. They were characterized by street demonstrations in the downtown avenues of the city in the mornings, strikes during the day, and barricades and clashes in the periphery of the city throughout the night. The protests were faced with increased government repression from 1984, with the biggest and last protest summoned in July 1986. The protests changed the mentality of many Chileans, strengthening opposition organizations and movements in the 1988 plebiscite.
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into a house, detonating the structure and killing the two men and a woman who were in the building. The agents would later state, with help from the
Chilean press, that the people in the house had fired on them previously from their cars and had escaped to the house. The official story became that the three suspects had caused the explosion themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. Such actions had the effect of justifying the existence of heavily armed forces in Chile and the dictatorship's conduct against such "violent" offenders.
2291:(CIA) documents reveal U.S. knowledge and alleged involvement in the coup. They provided material support to the military regime after the coup, although criticizing it in public. A document released by the CIA in 2000, titled "CIA Activities in Chile", revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta during and after the overthrow of Allende and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or U.S. military, even though some were known to be involved in human rights abuses. The U.S. continued to give the
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1551:, the Gremialists and the Chicago Boys shared a long-term power strategy and were linked to each other in many ways. In Chile it has been very hard for the outside world to fully understand the role that everyday civilians played in keeping Pinochet's government afloat, partly because there has been scant research into the topic and partly because those who did help the regime from 1973 to 1990 have been unwilling to explore their own part. One of the exemptions is a Univision interview with
2649:. In a massive operation spearheaded by Chilean Army Para-Commandos, security forces involving some 2,000 troops, were forced to deploy in the Neltume mountains from June to November 1981, where they destroyed two MIR bases, seizing large caches of munitions and killing a number of MIR commandos. In 1986, Chilean security forces discovered 80 tons of munitions, including more than three thousand M-16 rifles and more than two million rounds of ammunition, at the tiny fishing harbor of
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3032:. He had little political experience and was relatively young and credited with Chile's good economic performance in the second half of the 1980s. The right-wing parties faced several problems in the elections: there was considerable infighting between RN and UDI, Büchi had only very reluctantly accepted to run for president and right-wing politicians struggled to define their position towards the Pinochet regime. In addition to this
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extremely high, above 20 percent, and a large proportion of the banking sector had become bankrupt. The following period was characterized by new reforms and economic recovery. Some economists argue that the recovery was due to an about-face turnaround of
Pinochet's free market policy, since he nationalized many of the same industries that were nationalized under Allende and fired the Chicago Boys from their government posts.
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2985:, would have two free slots of equal and uninterrupted TV time, simultaneously broadcast by all TV channels, with no political advertising outside those spots. The allotment was scheduled in two off-prime time slots: one before the afternoon news and the other before the late-night news, from 22:45 to 23:15 each night (the evening news was from 20:30 to 21:30, and primetime from 21:30 to 22:30). The opposition
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1011:. The military used the breakdown of democracy and the economic crisis that took place during Allende's presidency to justify its seizure of power. The dictatorship presented its mission as a "national reconstruction". The coup was the result of multiple forces, including pressure from conservative groups, certain political parties, union strikes and other domestic unrest, as well as international factors.
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1528:, never assumed any official position in the military dictatorship but he remained one of the closest collaborators with Pinochet, playing an important ideological role. He participated in the design of important speeches of Pinochet and provided frequent political and doctrinal advice and consultancy. Guzmán declared to have a "negative opinion" of
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history of the country and announced as such through a public decree in the
Official Journal (Diario Oficial) on November 6, 1979. Cueca specialist Emilio Ignacio Santana argues that the dictatorship's appropriation and promotion of cueca harmed the genre. The dictatorship's endorsement of the genre meant according to Santana that the rich landlord
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end of the 1960s, there were 8,000 centres involving 400,000 members. Under
Allende they were reorganised under the rubric National Confederation of Mothers' Centres (Confederación Nacional de Centros de Madres, COCEMA) and leadership of his wife, Hortensia Bussi, to encourage community initiatives and implement their policies directed at women.
1536:. According to him this lead him into various "inconviniencies and difficulties". From its side DINA identified Guzmán as an intelligent and manipulative actor in a secret 1976 memorandum. The same document posits Guzmán manipulated Pinochet and sought ultimately to displace him from power, to lead himself a government in collaboration with
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1365:, has stated that the Marxist guerrillas lost 1,500–2,000 fighters that were either killed or had simply disappeared. Among the people that were killed or had disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 MIR guerrillas. The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front stated that 49 FPMR guerrillas were killed, and hundreds tortured.
2653:, smuggled ashore from Cuban fishing trawlers off the coast of Chile. The operation was overseen by Cuban naval intelligence, and also involved the Soviet Union. Cuban Special Forces had also instructed the FPMR guerrillas that ambushed Augusto Pinochet's motorcade on 8 September 1986, killing five bodyguards and wounding 10.
2069:, in which the security forces of participating states would target active left-wing militants, guerrilla fighters, and their alleged sympathizers in the allied countries. Pinochet's government received tacit approval and material support from the United States. The exact nature and extent of this support is disputed. (
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The newspaper Clarín explained some years later that such caution was based, in part, on military concerns. In order to achieve a victory, certain objectives had to be reached before the seventh day after the attack. Some military leaders considered this not enough time due to the difficulty involved
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in the election. The electoral system meant that the largely
Pinochet-sympathetic right was overrepresented in parliament in such a way that it could block any reform to the constitution. This over-representation was crucial for UDI in obtaining places in parliament and securing its political future.
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and
Mexican music coexisted with similar levels of popularity in the Chilean countryside in the 1970s. Being distinctly Chilean the cueca was selected by the military dictatorship as a music to be promoted. The cueca was named the national dance of Chile due to its substantial presence throughout the
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After the military took over the government in 1973, a period of dramatic economic changes began. The
Chilean economy was still faltering in the months following the coup. As the military junta itself was not particularly skilled in remedying the persistent economic difficulties, it appointed a group
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In 1962 under the presidency of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva, the women's section expanded pre-existing neighbourhood 'mothers' centres' (which initially helped women to purchase their own sewing machines) to help garner support for their social reforms amongst the poorer sections. By the
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was being used to hold 5,000 prisoners. Between the day of the coup and November 1973, as many as 40,000 political prisoners were held there and as late as 1975, the CIA was still reporting that up to 3,811 were imprisoned there. 1,850 of them were killed, another 1,300 are still missing to this day.
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The economic policies espoused by the Chicago Boys and implemented by the junta initially caused several economic indicators to decline for Chile's lower classes. Between 1970 and 1989, there were large cuts to incomes and social services. Wages decreased by 8%. Family allowances in 1989 were 28% of
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confirmed the figure of 3,200 deaths but reduced the estimated number of disappearances. It tells of some 28,000 arrests in which the majority of those detained were incarcerated and in a great many cases tortured. In 2011, the Chilean government officially recognized 36,948 survivors of torture and
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constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power, but the resolution still represented a challenge to Allende's legitimacy. The military viewed themselves as guarantors of the constitution and elements within the armed forces considered that Allende had lost legitimacy as Chile's
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According to Clarín, two consequences were feared. First, those who were dubious feared a possible regionalization of the conflict. Second, as a consequence, the conflict could acquire great power proportions. In the first case decisionmakers speculated that Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Brazil might
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Following the restoration of Chilean democracy and the successive administrations that followed Pinochet, the Chilean economy has increasingly prospered. Unemployment stands at 7% as of 2007, with poverty estimated at 18.2% for the same year, both relatively low for the region. However, in 2019 the
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while Los Prisioneros were ignored despite their popular status. This situation was because Los Prisioneros were censored by media under the influence of the military dictatorship. Los Prisioneros' marginalization by the media was further aggravated by their call to vote against the dictatorship on
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in the first post-coup edition while Pinochet was present in the public. From 1980 onward when the festival begun to be aired internationally the regime used it to promote a favourable image of Chile abroad. For that purpose in 1980 the festival spent a big budget on bringing popular foreign artist
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had invited the entire Junta (consisting at this point of Pinochet, Merino, Matthei, and Mendoza) to visit the country as part of a planned tour of Southeast Asia in an attempt to help improve their image and bolster military and economic relations with the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, and Hong
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and simplified and reduced the corporate tax. Chile went ahead with privatizations, including public utilities and the re-privatization of companies that had briefly returned to government control during the 1982–83 crisis. From 1984 to 1990, Chile's gross domestic product grew by an annual average
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One of the first measures of the dictatorship was to set up a Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud (SNJ, National Youth Office). This was done on October 28, 1973, even before the Declaration of Principles of the junta made in March 1974. This was a way of mobilizing sympathetic elements of the civil
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in 1974 could be an early case of a faked combat. The faked combats reinforced the dictatorship narrative on the existence of an "internal war" which it used to justify its existence. A particular fake combat event, lasting from September 8 to 9 1983, occurred when forces of the CNI lobbed grenades
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Starting in the late 1970s the regime began to use a tactic of faking combats, usually known by its Spanish name: "falsos enfrentamientos". This meant that dissidents who were murdered outright had their deaths reported in media as if they had occurred in a mutual exchange of gunfire. This was done
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A key provision of the new constitution of 1980 aimed at eliminating leftist factions, “outlawed the propagation of doctrines that attack the family or put forward a concept of society based on the class struggle”. Pinochet maintained strict command over the armed forces and could depend on them to
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quickly put down the coup attempt. In late July, 40,000 truckers, squeezed by price controls and rising costs, tied up transportation in a nationwide strike that lasted 37 days, costing the government US$ 6 million a day. Two weeks before the coup, public dissatisfaction with rising prices and food
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La fuerte posición de los militares en ellas, junto a la continuación de turbulencias emanadas de actos de rebeldía y abierto desafío a las nuevas autoridades por parte de jefes castrenses, pusieron también en el tapete los temas del control civil o poder democrático sobre dicha institución y sus
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The previous drop in foreign aid during the Allende years was immediately reversed following Pinochet's ascension; Chile received US$ 322.8 million in loans and credits in the year following the coup. There was considerable international condemnation of the military regime's human rights record, a
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opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering the
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deployed at Punta Arenas, in southern Chile, gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks, which allowed British ships and troops in the war zone to take defensive action. Margaret Thatcher said that the day the radar was taken out of service for overdue maintenance was the
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The junta relied on the middle class, the oligarchy, domestic business, foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself. Under Pinochet, funding of military and internal defence spending rose 120% from 1974 to 1979. Due to the reduction in public spending, tens of thousands of employees
1984:
Overall, the impact of neoliberal policies has reduced the total proportion of students in both public and private institutions in relation to the entire population, from 30 per cent in 1974 down to 25 per cent in 1990, and up only to 27 per cent today. If falling birth rates have made it possible
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The Catholic Church was symbolically and institutionally powerful within Chile. Domestically, it was the second most powerful institution, behind Pinochet's government. While the Church remained politically neutral, its opposition to the regime came in the form of human rights advocacy and through
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and had to seek permission before entering the country. According to a study in Latin American Perspectives, at least 200,000 Chileans (about 2% of Chile's 1973 population) were forced into exile. Additionally, hundreds of thousands left the country in the wake of the economic crises that followed
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were jailed or forced into exile. Retired military personnel were named rectors of universities and they carried out vast purges of suspected left-wing sympathisers. With such strong repression, the Catholic church became the only public voice allowed within Chile. By 1974, the Commission of Peace
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A survey published by pollster CERC on the eve of the 40th anniversary commemorations of the coup gave some idea of how Chileans perceived the dictatorship. According to the poll, 55% of Chileans regarded the 17 years of dictatorship as either bad or very bad, while 9% said they were good or very
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was also placed in private hands. One of the junta's economic moves was fixing the exchange rate in the early 1980s, leading to a boom in imports and a collapse of domestic industrial production; this together with a world recession caused a serious economic crisis in 1982, where GDP plummeted by
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and centrally planned economic programs supported by Allende. Chile was drastically transformed from an economy isolated from the rest of the world, with strong government intervention, into a liberalized, world-integrated economy, where market forces were left free to guide most of the economy's
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The indictment and arrest of Pinochet occurred on 10 October 1998 in London. He returned to Chile in March 2000 but was not charged with the crimes against him. On his 91st birthday on 25 November 2006, in a public statement to supporters, Pinochet for the first time claimed to accept "political
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After the Chilean military coup in 1973, Fidel Castro promised Chilean revolutionaries' far-reaching aid. Initially Cuban support for resistance consisted of clandestine distribution of funds to Chile, human rights campaigns at the UN to isolate the Chilean dictatorship, and efforts to undermine
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From an economic point of view, the era can be divided into two periods. The first, from 1975 to 1982, corresponds to the period when most of the reforms were implemented. The period ended with the international debt crisis and the collapse of the Chilean economy. At that point, unemployment was
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There has been a large amount of debate over the extent of US government involvement in destabilising the Allende government. Recently declassified documents show evidence of communication between the Chilean military and United States officials, suggesting covert US involvement in assisting the
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Ximena Buster, 'Watch out for the little nazi man that all of have inside: The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile', Women's Studies International Forum, 11:5, p. 490; Fabiola Bahamondes Carrasco, 'Centros de Madres en el Chile rural. Un espacio de seguridad.' Revista
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Financial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Large foreign banks reinstated the credit cycle, as the Junta saw that the basic state obligations, such as resuming payment of principal and interest installments, were honored.
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The Constitution, which took effect on 11 March 1981, established a "transition period," during which Pinochet would continue to exercise executive power and the junta's legislative power, for the next eight years. Before that period ended, a candidate for president was to be proposed by the
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held on September 11, 1980. The constitution was approved by 67% of voters under a process which has been described as "highly irregular and undemocratic", and was neither free nor fair. Critics of the 1980 Constitution argue that the constitution was created not to build a democracy, but to
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According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights, 200,000 people were affected by "extreme trauma"; this figure includes individuals executed, tortured, forcibly exiled, or having their immediate relatives put under detention. 316 women have reported to having been
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In 1996, human rights activists announced they had presented another 899 cases of people who had disappeared or been killed during the dictatorship, taking the total of known victims to 3,197, of whom 2,095 were reported killed and 1,102 missing. Following the return to democracy with the
3058:, a party that was not part of Concertación. Aylwin spoke with authority about the need to clarify human rights violations but did not confront the dictatorship for it; in contrast, Büchi, as a former regime minister, lacked any credibility when dealing with human right violations.
1132:. The newspaper was investigated for tax evasion and its director arrested and interviewed. The Allende government found it impossible to control inflation, which grew to more than 300 percent by September, further dividing Chileans over the Allende government and its policies.
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2993:, produced colorful, upbeat programs, telling the Chilean people to vote against the extension of the presidential term. Lagos, in a TV interview, pointed his index finger towards the camera and directly called on Pinochet to account for all the "disappeared" persons. The
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RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 1060), tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984, PAR M. ROLAND
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subjected to rape by soldiers and agents of the dictatorship, however the number is believed to be much larger due to the preference of many women to avoid talking about this. Twenty pregnant women have declared to have suffered abortion due to torture. In the words of
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US-Chilean bilateral relations. Eventually Cuba's policy changed to arming and training insurgents. Once their training was completed, Cuba helped the guerrillas return to Chile, providing false passports and false identification documents. Cuba's official newspaper,
3782:"<sc>Margaret Power</sc>. <italic>Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle against Allende 1964–1973</italic>. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2002. Pp. xxii, 311. Cloth $ 65.00, paper $ 25.00".
1018:. Overall, the regime left over 3,000 dead or missing, tortured tens of thousands of prisoners, and drove an estimated 200,000 Chileans into exile. The dictatorship's effects on Chilean political and economic life continue to be felt. Two years after its ascension,
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regularly condemned the junta at the United Nations for its human rights abuses, bilateral relations between the two were not affected to the same degree. Britain formally withdrew its Santiago ambassador in 1974, however reinstated the position in 1980 under the
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with support of journalists who "reported" the supposed events; in some cases, the fake combats were also staged. The faked combat tactic ameliorated criticism of the regime implicitly putting culpability on the victim. It is thought that the killing of the
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Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Carabinero Chief General for the following period of eight years. The candidate then was to be ratified by registered voters in a national plebiscite. On 30 August 1988 Pinochet was declared to be the candidate.
2446:, in charge of the commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12 pages report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the
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help him censor the media, arrest opposition leaders and repress demonstrations. This was accompanied by a complete shutting down of civil society with curfews, prohibition of public assembly, press blackouts, draconian censorship and university purges.
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In 1982-1983 Chile witnessed a severe economic crisis with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. 16 out of 50 financial institutions faced bankruptcy. In 1982 the two biggest banks were nationalized to prevent an even worse
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today to attain full coverage at primary and secondary levels, the country has fallen seriously behind at tertiary level, where coverage, although now growing, is still only 32 per cent of the age group. The figure was twice as much in neighbouring
1404:, which linked South American dictatorships together against political opponents, meant that even these exiles could be subject to violence. Some 20,000–40,000 Chilean exiles were holders of passports stamped with the letter "L" (which stood for
1655:. The policy towards the sympathetic youth contrasted with the murder, surveillance and forced disappearances the dissident youth faced from the regime. Most of the documents of the SNJ were reportedly destroyed by the dictatorship in 1988.
3054:, behaved as if he had won and refused a second television debate with Büchi. Büchi attacked Aylwin on a remark he had made concerning that inflation rate of 20% was not much and he also accused Aylwin of making secret agreements with the
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and Operation Condor for more details.) It is known, however, that the American Secretary of State at the time, Henry Kissinger, practiced a policy of supporting coups in nations which the United States viewed as leaning toward Communism.
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and Pinochet his concerns about Chilean exiles in Argentina near the frontier with Chile. Perón would have conceded on moving these exiles from the frontiers to eastern Argentina, but he warned "Perón takes his time, but accomplishes"
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were fired from other state-sector jobs. The oligarchy recovered most of its lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta sold to private buyers most of the industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government.
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on September 10, 2003, requested a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by
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The U.S. government had been interfering in Chilean politics since 1961, and it spent millions trying to prevent Allende from coming to power, and subsequently undermined his presidency through financing opposition. Declassified
2202:). Perón justified his meeting with Pinochet stating that it was important to keep good relations with Chile under all circumstances and with whoever might be in government. Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife,
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became Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989, introducing a return to a free market economic policy. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. He deleted some
2539:. According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's government perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic scholar
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The pragmatic economic policy after the crises of 1982 is appreciated for bringing constant economic growth. It is questionable whether the radical reforms of the Chicago Boys contributed to post-1983 growth. According to
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dificultades . Desde esta situación se puso también a Chile en un debate comparado sobre los problemas en la implantación de la supremacía o control civil, sus contextos institucionales y sus mecanismos más efectivos...
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which was widespread in the rural areas of south-central Chile. There are testimonies of militaries calling Mexican music "communist". Militaries dislike of Mexican music may be linked to the Allende administration's
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complained against the ease with which Argentine Soda Stereo made appearances on Chilean TV or in Chilean magazines and the ease they could obtain musical equipment for concerts in Chile. Soda Stereo was invited to
2475:. It is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to US$ 2 Billion (roughly US$ 20 Billion in 2010's valuation) on Soviet armament. According to various sources Velasco's government bought between 600 and 1200
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of 5.9%, the fastest on the continent. Chile developed a good export economy, including the export of fruits and vegetables to the northern hemisphere when they were out of season, and commanded high export prices.
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credited Pinochet with bringing about a thriving, free-enterprise economy, while at the same time downplaying the junta's human rights record, condemning an "organised international Left who are bent on revenge".
1555:, a civilian torturer in 1995 recounting his actions. Osvaldo Romo died while incarcerated for the murder of three political opponents. For the most part, civilian collaborators with Pinochet have not broken the
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PASSMORE, LEITH (August 2018). "John R. Bawden, The Pinochet Generation: The Chilean Military in the Twentieth Century (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2016), pp. x + 288, $ 49.95, $ 49.95 E-book".
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1245:, Director of DINA, threatened Cardinal Silva Henriquez that his safety could be at risk if the Church continued to interfere which in turn resulted in death threats and intimidation from agents of the regime.
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attaining a record 98 per cent coverage. Significantly, tertiary education for the upper-income fifth of the Chilean population, many of whom study in the new private universities, also reaches above 70 per
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Britain's initial reaction to the overthrowing of Allende was one of caution. The Conservative government recognised the legitimacy of the new government but didn't offer any other declarations of support.
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published in Chile and abroad and supplied the public with information through radio stations. Vicaria pursued a legal strategy of defending human rights, not a political strategy to re-democratise Chile.
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In addition to the violence experienced within Chile, many people fled from the regime, while others have been forcibly exiled, with some 30,000 Chileans being deported from the country. particularly to
2176:
condemned the 1973 coup as a "fatality for the continent" stating that Pinochet represented interests "well known" to him. He praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" and took note of the role of the
1748:
the social movements that it gave a platform to. It achieved this through the establishment of the Cooperative Committee for Peace in Chile (COPACHI) and Vicariate of Solidarity. COPACHI was founded by
1184:
soon consolidated his control over the government. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the military forces (the Army), he was made the titular head of the junta, and soon after
2810:. The folk music contest of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival had become increasingly politicized during the Allende years and was suspended by organizers from the time of coup until 1980.
1973:
and cuts in funding to public services coincided with falling wages and steady rises in unemployment, which averaged 26% during the worldwide economic slump of 1982–85 and eventually peaked at 30%.
3008:
was held in December 1989, at the same time as congressional elections that were due to take place. Pinochet left the presidency on March 11, 1990, and transferred power to his political opponent
2574:, but Franco's successors had a cold attitude towards Pinochet as they did not want to be linked to him. When Pinochet traveled to the funeral of Francisco Franco in 1975, the President of France
2311:
in Washington D.C., when it placed an embargo on arms sales to Chile that remained in effect until the restoration of democracy in 1989. This more aggressive stance coincided with the election of
2307:. During his visit he privately met with Pinochet and reassured the leader of internal support from the U.S. administration. The U.S. went beyond verbal condemnation in 1976, after the murder of
2193:
in Paraguay so the encounter at Argentina was technically a stopover. Pinochet and Perón are both reported to have felt uncomfortable during the meeting. Perón expressed his wishes to settle the
1589:
consolidate power within the central government while limiting the amount of sovereignty allowed to the people with little political presence. The constitution came into force on March 11, 1981.
3257:
The relative economic success of the Pinochet dictatorship has brought about some political support for the former dictatorship. In 1998, then-Brazilian congressman and retired military officer
2702:
to middle wavelengths. This together with the shutdown of radio stations sympathetic to the former Allende administration impacted music in Chile. The music catalog was censored with the aid of
2686:, proposing that the ruling class can maintain power by controlling cultural institutions, Pinochet clamped down on cultural dissidence. This brought Chilean cultural life into what sociologist
5445:
Ximena Buster, 'Watch out for the little nazi man that all of have inside: The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile', Women's Studies International Forum, 11:5, p. 490.
1236:
to the military rulers. During 1976–77, this repression even reached independent and Christian Democrat labour leaders who had supported the coup, several were exiled. Christian Democrats like
7115:
3250:
warned in 1991 that "dictatorial government presiding over a transition to capitalism seems one of the more plausible scenarios, even if it does so at a high cost in human rights violations".
2229:. A full-scale war was prevented only by the calling off of the operation by Argentina for military and political reasons. But the relations remained tense as Argentina invaded the Falklands (
1960:, the 1982 crises as well as the success of the pragmatic economic policy after 1982 proves that the 1975–1981 radical economic policy of the Chicago Boys actually harmed the Chilean economy.
1890:. In 1983 another five banks were nationalized and two banks had to be put under government supervision. The central bank took over foreign debts. Critics ridiculed the economic policy of the
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4841:
1957:
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shortages led to protests like the one at the Plaza de la Constitución which had been dispersed with tear gas. Allende also clashed with Chile's largest circulation newspaper, the CIA-funded
1097:
mining camp had ceased working, demanding higher wages. The strike lasted 76 days and cost the government severely in lost revenues. One of the strikers, Luis Bravo Morales, was shot dead in
128:
7052:
3274:
Today, near the end of my days, I want to say that I harbour no rancour against anybody, that I love my fatherland above all. ... I take political responsibility for everything that was done
1417:
claimed that "Of a population of barely 11 million, more than 4,000 were executed or 'disappeared', hundreds of thousands were detained and tortured, and almost a million fled the country".
6405:
1740:
The Catholic Church, which at first expressed its gratitude to the armed forces for saving the country from the horrors of a "Marxist dictatorship" became, under the leadership of Cardinal
2299:. U.S. public stance did condemn the human rights violations, however declassified documents reveal such violations were not an obstacle for members of the Nixon and Ford administrations.
2582:
by letting Spanish authorities know that Giscard would not be there if Pinochet was present. Juan Carlos I personally called Pinochet to let him know he was not welcome at his crowning.
2543:
claim more important issues were behind the "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's
8001:
2242:
2241:. Chile actually helped the United Kingdom during the war. The two countries (Chile and Argentina) finally agreed to papal mediation over the Beagle Channel that finally ended in the
7238:
2637:, boasted in February 1981 that the "Chilean Resistance" had successfully conducted more than 100 "armed actions" throughout Chile in 1980. By late 1980, at least 100 highly trained
1513:
and thus fitted Pinochet's self-image of being "above politics". Pinochet was impressed by their assertiveness as well as by their links to the financial world of the United States.
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2997:
campaign did not argue for the advantages of extension, but was instead negative, claiming that voting "no" was equivalent to voting for a return to the chaos of the UP government.
2760:
became first known in Chile this way. Cassettes aside, some music enthusiasts were able to supply themselves with rare or suppressed records with help of relatives in exile abroad.
5473:
Anderson, Sean, and Stephen Sloan. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. 3Rd ed. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, 38. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
3020:
From the 1989 elections onwards, the military had officially left the political sphere in Chile. Pinochet did not endorse any candidate publicly. Former Pinochet economic minister
6196:
intervene. Then the great powers could take sides. In this case, the resolution of the conflict would depend not on the combatants, but on the countries that supplied the weapons.
3312:, although it was widely reported that the CIA was directly involved in orchestrating and carrying out the coup, subsequently released sources suggest a much reduced role of the
1283:" (or "political genocide"). Steve J. Stern spoke of a politicide to describe "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance".
3012:, the new democratically elected president. Due to the same transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, until March 1998.
129:
142:
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14%, and unemployment reached 33%. At the same time, a series of massive protests were organized, trying to cause the fall of the regime, which were efficiently repressed.
3243:
broke out throughout Santiago, due to increasing prices of the metro ticket. For many Chileans this highlighted the disproportionate distribution of wealth amongst Chile.
1298:, a multipartisan effort by the Aylwin administration to discover the truth about the human-rights violations, listed a number of torture and detention centers (such as
7639:
6087:
1135:
Upper- and middle-class right-wing women also played a role in the opposition against the Allende government. They co-ordinated two prominent opposition groups called
5344:
5273:
7177:
5802:
vol. 30, no. 5, (Sep., 2003), p. 16–40; Eduardo Silva: "From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Business-State Nexus in Chile's Economic Transformation, 1975–1994." In:
1577:. For this purpose the junta selected notable civilians willing to join the draft commission. Dissidents to the dictatorship were not represented in the commission.
1509:
joined the government, and Pinochet was largely sympathetic to them. This sympathy, scholar Peter Winn explains, was indebted to the fact that the Chicago boys were
749:
6987:[Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes].
5385:"El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)"
4048:
Aguilar, Mario I. (2003). "Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez, the Catholic Church, and the Pinochet Regime, 1973-1980: Public Responses to a National Security State".
1384:
detained women were doubly punished, first for being "leftists" and second for not conforming to their ideal of women usually being called "perra" (lit. "bitch").
1164:
passed, by a vote of 81 to 47, a resolution calling for President Allende to respect the constitution. The measure failed to obtain the two-thirds majority in the
7688:
8970:
4905:
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Tanya Harmer, 'The View from Havana: Chilean Exiles in Cuba and Early Resistance to Chile's Dictatorship's, Hispanic American Historical Review 1 (2016), 109-13
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exhibiting "repression of public liberties, the elimination of political exchange, limiting freedom of speech, abolishing the right to strike, freezing wages".
8995:
6498:
8429:
6791:
4992:
Ensalaco, Mark. 2000. Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1232:, Allende's predecessor as president, initially supported the coup along with his Christian Democratic colleagues. However, they later assumed the role of a
4512:
Vasallo, Mark (2002). "Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: General Considerations and a Critical Comparison of the Commissions of Chile and El Salvador".
5387:[The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980)].
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both continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Chile. Pinochet nurtured the relationship with China. The government broke diplomatic relations with
8990:
8077:
7869:
2611:
1428:, Patagonian fishing communities with a reputation of lawlessness. There they were joined by delinquents who feared torture or death by the authorities.
1414:
7216:
3246:
The "Chilean Variation" has been seen as a potential model for nations that fail to achieve significant economic growth. The latest is Russia, for whom
1644:
and Jaime Guzmán. Allamand and other young right-wingers also resented the dominance of the gremialist in SNJ, considering it a closed gremialist club.
6375:
3926:
5464:
Collier, Simon, and William F Sater. 1996. A History of Chile, 1808-1994. Cambridge Latin American Studies, 82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4324:
7057:
3285:
2794:
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5681:
5671:
4833:
1014:
The regime was characterized by the systematic suppression of political parties and the persecution of dissidents to an extent unprecedented in the
7574:
7399:
2510:
and Pinochet in 1976. Velasco's military plan was to launch a massive sea, air, and land invasion against Chile. In 1999, Pinochet claimed that if
1541:
6397:
5250:
6592:
6536:
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ruled that the plebiscite should be carried out as stipulated by Article 64 in the Constitution. That included a programming slot in television (
2830:. The dictatorship, however, didn’t suppress Mexican music as a whole but distinguished different strands, some of which were actually promoted.
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4004:
8308:
6653:
4427:
3669:
1258:
711:
7661:
7261:
4361:
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1329:) reaching several thousand. In the days immediately following the coup, the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs informed
1241:
had established a large network to provide information to numerous organisations regarding human rights abuses in Chile. As a result of this,
8479:
6178:
Corbacho, Alejandro (September 2003). "Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts".
4598:
2724:
in the first week after the coup, the military organized a meeting with folk musicians where they announced that the traditional instruments
2092:, which had been established under the Allende government. Shortly after the junta came to power, several communist countries, including the
1714:
on the 7 September 1986 under 'Operation XX Century' but were unsuccessful. The group also assassinated the author of the 1980 Constitution,
1045:
In that plebiscite, 55% of voters rejected the proposal of extending Pinochet's presidency for another eight years. Consequently, democratic
7833:
7823:
7235:
5663:
808:
7681:
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1969:
what they had been in 1970 and the budgets for education, health and housing had dropped by over 20% on average. The massive increases in
8092:
7945:
5150:
1711:
1420:
There were also internal exiles who due to a lack of resources could not escape abroad. In the 1980s a few left-wing sympathisers hid in
6959:
Montoya Arias, Luis Omar; Díaz Güemez, Marco Aurelio (12 September 2017). "Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso".
6346:
5168:
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2764:
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substantial economic support between the years 1973–79, despite concerns from more liberal Congressmen, as seen from the results of the
1263:
7935:
7902:
7656:
4387:
1154:
963:
367:
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Some funeral urns of political activists executed by the Chilean military dictatorship, from 1973 to 1990, in the cemetery of Santiago
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7843:
6570:
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cassettes was enabled by tape recorders, and in some cases this activity turned commercial as evidenced by the pirate cassette brand
2627:
1686:
899:
7214:
El imaginario de rebeldía y disconformidad a través de la música rock en los años ´90. Desadaptados/as chilenos/as dejan su mensaje.
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4710:
2121:
1216:
On September 13, the junta dissolved the Congress and outlawed or suspended all political activities in addition to suspending the
562:
7331:
6846:
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Chile en el umbral de los noventa: quince años que condicionan el futuro, Jaime Gazmuri & Felipe Agüero, p. 121, Planeta, 1988
4175:
1862:
declaring them "inalienable", but new mineral deposits were open to private investment. Capitalist involvement was increased, the
7385:
3313:
2909:
2322:
standing out as the military manufacturer that developed the most following the embargo. On the contrary, the naval manufacturer
1521:
7674:
7610:
Roberts, K.M. (1995). "From the Barricades to the Ballot Box: Redemocratization and Political Realignment in the Chilean Left",
7086:
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5094:(2000). "Technocrats and politicians in an authoritarian regime. The 'ODEPLAN Boys' and the 'Gremialists' in Pinochet's Chile".
8175:
8132:
5709:
Karin Fischer: "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet." In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg.):
2058:
1585:
1568:
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The military rule was characterized by systematic suppression of all political dissidence. Scholars later described this as a "
1035:
7496:
Katrien Klep: Tracing collective memory: Chilean truth commissions and memorial sites, in: Memory Studies 3 (2012), p. 259-269
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Karin Fischer: "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet" In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg.):
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8300:
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Jack Devine & Peter Kornbluh, 'Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile?', Foreign Affairs 93 (2014), 168-174.
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2020:
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coalition and began a systemic campaign of imprisonment, torture, harassment and/or murder against the perceived opposition.
501:
7986:
5825:
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Enrique R. Carrasco: "Autocratic Transitions to Liberalism: A Comparison of Chilean and Russian Structural Adjustment." In:
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Pinochet lost the 1988 referendum, where 56% of the votes rejected the extension of the presidential term, against 44% for "
1529:
1372:
1220:. All political activity was declared "in recess". The Government Junta immediately banned the socialist, Marxist and other
8836:
8674:
6006:
5358:
5291:
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Chilean government faced public scrutiny for its economic policies. In particular, for the long-term effects of Pinochet's
831:
6984:
5944:
4736:
4133:
3739:
de los Angeles Crummett, María (October 1977). "El Poder Feminino: the Mobilization of Women Against Socialism in Chile".
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has called a "cultural blackout". The government censored non-sympathetic individuals while taking control of mass media.
1188:. Once the junta had taken over, the United States immediately recognized the new regime and helped it consolidate power.
8122:
7711:
6225:
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traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.
2401:
Although France received many Chilean political refugees, it also secretly collaborated with Pinochet. French journalist
2258:
2178:
1692:
1449:
8102:
5760:, vol. 6, no. 2 (Apr., 1984), p. 310–326; Sebastian Edwards: "Monetarism in Chile, 1973–83: Some Economic Puzzles". In:
1707:
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The worst violence occurred within the first three months of the coup, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "
8534:
8142:
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4779:
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3005:
2046:
1117:, the armoured cavalry soldiers hoped other units would be inspired to join them. Instead, armed units led by generals
1050:
683:
80:
7172:
6985:"Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino"
6885:
Taffet, Jeffrey (1997). ""My Guitar is Not for the Rich": The New Chilean Song Movement and the Politics of Culture".
6315:
Wilkinson, Michael D. (1992). "The Chile Solidarity Campaign and British Government Policy towards Chile, 1973-1990".
3332:
in the early 1970s to undermine the Socialist government of Salvador Allende, acting as a mouthpiece for anti-Allende
2237:, were the only countries in South America to criticize the use of force by Argentina in its war with the UK over the
894:
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5744:
5542:
5096:
5038:
4897:
4874:
4813:
4421:
4355:
3911:
3878:
3699:
3594:
3503:
3096:
2028:
1855:
1022:
economic reforms were implemented in sharp contrast to Allende's leftist policies. The government was advised by the
775:
7624:
Sznajder, M. (1996). "Dilemmas of economic and political modernisation in Chile: A jaguar that wants to be a puma",
6557:« Série B. Amérique 1952-1963. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ».
6520:
1180:, composed of the heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabineros (police). Once the Junta was in power, General
7930:
7803:
6495:
6317:
Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
2959:
2878:
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had enjoyed warm relations with Chile while Allende was in power. Pinochet admired and was very much influenced by
2339:
2117:
1778:
1177:
1039:
1004:
326:
277:
232:
35:
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on 1 April 1991. They continued to operate throughout the 1990s, being designated as a terrorist organisation the
1361:
Leftist guerrilla groups and their sympathizers were also hit hard during the military regime. The MIR commander,
1290:
cited early figures of up to 30,000 people killed. However, these high estimates have not held to later scrutiny.
1057:. However, the military remained out of civilian control for several years after the junta itself had lost power.
8985:
8935:
8572:
8444:
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8335:
8316:
8188:
8112:
5200:
2410:
2304:
2211:
2113:
2109:
2050:
2016:
1815:. Given financial and ideological support from Pinochet, the U.S., and international financial institutions, the
864:
826:
645:
514:
339:
17:
7808:
6232:, Chile Documentation Project, National Security Archive, September 19, 2000. Accessed online November 26, 2006.
4958:
2045:
Having risen to power on an anti-Marxist agenda, Pinochet found common cause with the military dictatorships of
1453:
8637:
7895:
7864:
7731:
7427:
7019:
Jordán González, Laura (2019). "Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.).
6922:
5798:, vol. 102, no. 414 (Sep., 1992), p. 1258–1260, p. 1259f; Jorge Nef: "The Chilean Model Fact and Fiction." In:
5517:
5492:
5318:
4450:
3240:
2732:
were banned. The curfew imposed by the dictatorship forced the remaining Nueva Canción scene, now rebranded as
2488:
2263:
2105:
1318:
political imprisonment, as well as 3,095 people killed or disappeared at the hands of the military government.
988:
956:
785:
7925:
7697:
3222:
2921:
2920:
were repressed. This last group had its members jailed and forced into exile after performing a parody on the
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2406:
1475:
1209:
1066:
996:
803:
770:
300:
31:
8606:
8419:
7213:
2970:
2771:
in 1977. In the first years of dictatorship Pinochet was a common guest at the festival. Pinochet's advisor
2518:
forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly military taking the Chilean city of
1805:
1749:
1046:
987:
for seventeen years, between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990. The dictatorship was established after the
6371:
5916:
2186:
1710:
on 14 December 1983, to engage in a violent armed struggle against the junta. Most notably the organisation
8611:
8567:
8414:
8365:
8220:
7981:
3029:
2955:
2359:
2318:
The U.S. arms embargo served to kickstart the Chilean weapons industry, with the military aviation company
1859:
1581:
1217:
1161:
1031:
1027:
889:
841:
780:
313:
7144:
5794:
J. M. Albala-Bertrand: "Monetarism and Liberalization: The Chilean Experiment: With a New Afterword." In:
4486:
4384:"New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military"
1026:, a team of free-market economists educated in the United States. Later, in 1980, the regime replaced the
8894:
8819:
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8260:
8205:
8107:
7584:
7196:
6133:
5287:
3305:
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were restricted by the military regime to performing only theatre classics. Some established groups like
2288:
2012:
1087:
1079:
668:
571:
148:
5678:
5668:
4400:
New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military
2506:
The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State
1636:
were skeptical to these attempts as they were moulded from above and gathered disparate figures such as
8715:
8524:
8514:
8474:
8355:
8168:
5610:
K. Remmer (1998). "Public Policy and Regime Consolidation: The First Five Years of the Chilean Junta".
5239:
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on one occasion on behalf of "the Chilean youth". Supporters of the dictatorship appropriated the song
2698:
The military dictatorship sought to isolate Chilean radio listeners from the outside world by changing
2480:
2249:). Chilean sovereignty over the islands and Argentinian east of the surrounding sea is now undisputed.
2077:
2040:
1490:
884:
635:
7116:"Bajo un clima de tensión: las veces que el Festival de Viña del Mar aludió e incomodó a la Dictadura"
7053:"Censura, aplausos al dictador y propaganda de derecha: Los días oscuros del Festival de Viña del Mar"
6223:
CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile
4532:"Violencia sexual contra mujeres en dictadura: un crimen invisibilizado « Diario y Radio U Chile"
721:
9000:
8772:
8360:
8345:
7888:
7859:
6456:
Nicholas van der Bijl and David Aldea, 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands , p. 28, Leo Cooper 2003
6175:"Predicting the probability of war during brinkmanship crisis: The Beagle and the Malvinas conflicts"
4928:
4294:
Gómez-Barris, Macarena (2010). "Witness Citizenship: The Place of Villa Grimaldi in Chilean Memory".
4250:"Controversial victims on Chile's official list, by Eva Vergara, Omaha World-Herald, August 18, 2011"
1793:
1741:
1334:
1170:
1072:
949:
879:
869:
744:
542:
6645:
5315:"About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
5312:
Hudson, Rex A., ed. "Chile: A Country Study." GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. March 20, 2005
3666:
3396:
Wright, T.C.; Oñate, R. (2005), "Chilean Diaspora", in Ember, M.; Ember, C.R.; Skoggard, I. (eds.),
2641:
guerrillas had reentered Chile and the MIR began building a base for future guerrilla operations in
2182:
8899:
8589:
8449:
8439:
8127:
8097:
7741:
7269:
6578:
6537:
MM. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines
4937:
3366:
3055:
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2594:
2160:
assumed the presidency of the Philippines after Marcos was ousted in a non-violent revolution, the
2062:
1994:
1719:
1272:
688:
6920:
Morris, Nancy. 1986. Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983.
4606:
1573:
Establishing a new constitution was a core issue for the dictatorship since it provided a mean of
1362:
1313:), and found that at least 3,200 people were killed or disappeared by the regime. Later, the 2004
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8464:
8404:
8137:
2785:
2384:
2161:
1735:
420:
117:
100:
5649:
1948:
With the economic crises of 1982 the "monetarist experiment" was regarded by critics a failure.
8859:
8601:
8469:
8117:
6034:
3208:
3118:
3004:", and, following the constitutional provisions, he stayed as president for one more year. The
2827:
2749:
2708:(blacklists) but little is known on how these were composed and updated. The formerly thriving
2673:
2579:
2535:
Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with a coup against democratically elected president
1986:
1834:
1205:
1114:
607:
577:
7777:
6720:
6183:
5593:
5143:
4864:
4769:
4739:[Port of Gala and Port of Gaviota (1985-1993): A look from the triangle of violence].
4411:
2218:
1310:
263:
8789:
8710:
8579:
8383:
8276:
8161:
4345:
4193:
4091:
Pratt, M. L. (1 January 1996). "Overwriting Pinochet: Undoing the Culture of Fear in Chile".
3545:
2468:
2456:
1953:
1812:
1695:, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria. Immediately after the coup MIR-aligned elements in
1229:
1225:
980:
874:
706:
597:
375:
195:
86:
8804:
8705:
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8596:
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8350:
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6290:
3269:
3227:
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2375:
for tea on more than one occasion. Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led
1990:
1322:
1049:
were held the following year. The military dictatorship ended in 1990 with the election of
678:
7966:
7479:
7460:
7362:
6566:
5966:
4628:
4383:
4223:
3461:"30 años después: La ciencia política y las relaciones Fuerzas Armadas, Estado y sociedad"
3268:
responsibility" for what happened in Chile under his regime, though he still defended the
3039:
ran independently for president and made several election promises Büchi could not match.
8:
8909:
8799:
8632:
8544:
8529:
8225:
7940:
7818:
6506:
5535:
The Legacy of Human-Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay
5001:
Barros, Robert. La Junta militar: Pinochet y la Constitución de 1980. Sudamericana, 2005.
4930:
Resistencia política y origen del movimiento social anti dictatorial en Chile (1973–1988)
4737:"Puerto Gala y Puerto Gaviota (1985-1993): Una mirada desde el triángulo de la violencia"
3523:
3033:
2768:
2744:". A scarcity of records and the censorship imposed on part of the music catalog made a "
2402:
1618:
1474:
and Augusto Pinochet clashed on several occasions, dating back from the beginning of the
1267:
Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of
185:
7413:
7173:"Situación actual de la música folklórica chilena. Según el Atlas del Folklore de Chile"
4706:
4253:
2757:
8879:
8831:
8809:
8794:
8758:
8562:
8539:
8519:
8454:
8392:
8236:
7716:
7323:
7120:
6898:
6328:
6156:
6011:
5863:
5349:
5278:
5173:
5121:
5113:
4687:
4171:
4116:
4073:
3859:
3839:
3764:
3441:
3264:
Every year on the anniversary of the coup protests can be seen throughout the country.
2823:
2712:
suffered from the exile or imprisonment of many bands and individuals. A key musician,
2634:
2472:
2217:
Chile was on the brink of being invaded by Argentina, as the Argentina junta initiated
2190:
1977:
1867:
1797:
1221:
1185:
726:
673:
354:
202:
5418:
5043:"El día en que Manuel Contreras le ofreció al Sha de Irán matar a "Carlos, El Chacal""
5012:
El general Leigh: pensamiento y sentimiento 48 horas después de ser destituido en 1978
1633:
66:
8889:
8826:
8725:
8659:
8651:
8498:
8340:
8244:
8060:
7996:
7746:
7393:
7024:
6726:
6722:
Militarism and politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso
6466:
6398:"The Falklands Conflict Part 5 – Battles of Goose Green & Stanley HMFORCES.CO.UK"
6320:
6179:
6160:
5867:
5740:
5586:
5538:
5513:
5488:
5426:
5125:
4870:
4809:
4775:
4691:
4417:
4351:
4307:
4150:
4120:
4108:
4077:
4065:
4029:
3975:
3920:
3907:
3874:
3843:
3831:
3795:
3768:
3756:
3695:
3590:
3499:
3113:
3021:
2776:
2683:
2590:
2555:
Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in Santiago.
2497:
2376:
2372:
2348:
2230:
2125:
1970:
1941:
1924:
Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of GDP (1971–2007)
1903:
1863:
1770:
1641:
1435:, Peter Winn and human rights organizations have characterized the dictatorship as a
1303:
1295:
1137:
846:
625:
177:
8054:
7666:
7001:
5403:
5384:
5240:"Complicity and Responsibility in the Aftermath of the Pinochet Regime: The Case of
4805:
Tejedores de la revolución: los trabajadores de Yarur y la vía chilena al socialismo
2935:
who was presented as a symbol of "summission to the authority" and "social order".
1980:. According to Communist Party of Chile member and economist Manuel Riesco Larraín:
8928:
8851:
8753:
8688:
8459:
8434:
8409:
8284:
8196:
8032:
7991:
7976:
7971:
7911:
7813:
7772:
7767:
7603:, & Vieux, S. (1990). "The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical Critique",
6996:
6894:
6148:
5855:
5558:
5398:
5144:"Jaime Guzmán no fue un defensor de los Derechos Humanos en el Régimen de Pinochet"
5105:
4679:
4303:
4100:
4057:
4021:
3967:
3899:
3866:
3823:
3787:
3748:
3586:
3582:
3519:
3495:
3491:
3433:
3122:
2932:
2767:
and used it promote sympathetic artists, in particular those that were part of the
2717:
2607:
2571:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2494:
2487:
warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered the purchase of the British
2433:
2420:
2396:
2296:
2267:
2238:
2152:
2141:
2066:
1937:
1789:
1537:
1533:
1505:
Over time the dictatorship incorporated civilians into the government. Many of the
1479:
1413:
the military coup during the 1970s and 1980s. In 2003, an article published by the
1401:
1351:
1299:
1268:
1242:
1233:
1181:
1122:
1015:
1008:
992:
836:
716:
551:
251:
221:
192:
170:
8048:
7787:
7545:
4771:
Principled Negotiation and Mediation in the International Arena: Talking with Evil
4579:
Augusto Pinochet's Chile, Diana Childress, p. 92, Twenty First century Books, 2009
4267:
3272:
against Salvador Allende. In a statement read by his wife Lucia Hiriart, he said,
2849:
2709:
1602:
1516:
Another group of civilians that collaborated extensively with the regime were the
8874:
8869:
8743:
8720:
7242:
7220:
6681:
6625:
6574:
6524:
6502:
6229:
6117:
5846:
K. Remmer (1998). "The Politics of Neoliberal Economic Reform in South America".
5829:
5820:
5685:
5675:
5654:
4567:
3673:
3091:
3062:
3047:
3009:
2886:
For Chile to become once again the land of poets, and not the land of murderers!
2868:
2853:
2699:
2687:
2679:
2567:
2507:
2471:'s main goals was to militarily reconquer the lands lost by Peru to Chile in the
2448:
2424:
2416:
2300:
2194:
1929:
1908:
1838:
1652:
1598:
1556:
1381:
1330:
1165:
1101:
city. On June 29, the Blindados No. 2 tank regiment under the command of Colonel
1083:
1054:
602:
7429:
Australian Slavonic and East European Studies: Journal of the Australian and ...
4197:
3043:
2772:
2737:
2203:
1715:
1625:
1525:
8944:
8904:
8884:
8841:
8784:
8252:
7726:
6039:
5893:; Steve Vieux (1990). "The Chilean "Economic Miracle": An Empirical Critique".
5139:
5091:
3752:
3258:
2845:
2803:
2527:
2343:
2226:
2157:
2133:
1880:
1765:
1606:
1574:
1548:
1540:. DINA spied on Guzmán and kept watch on his everyday activities. According to
1425:
1343:
1287:
1237:
1102:
935:
630:
444:
6222:
5940:
5109:
4653:"Chile since the coup: ten years of repression", Cynthia G. Brown, pp. 88–89,
4560:
4104:
4025:
3971:
3940:
3903:
3827:
2799:
2713:
1347:
8964:
8027:
8022:
7782:
6701:
6324:
5764:
vol. 34, no. 3 (April 1986), p. 535. Vgl. auch die Nachweise bei Jean Drèze,
5756:
Carlos Fortin: "The Failure of Repressive Monetarism: Chile, 1973–1983". In:
4683:
4189:
4112:
4069:
3835:
3799:
3791:
3760:
3641:"Foreign Policy Failures and Dilemmas" in Social History of the United States
2990:
2814:
2780:
2745:
2650:
2578:
pressured the Spanish government to refuse Pinochet to be at the crowning of
2308:
2137:
2097:
1887:
1830:
1821:
1486:
1471:
1314:
1000:
977:
467:
182:
72:
6347:"CHILE: DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION AND ARMS SALES (Hansard, 14 October 1980)"
6242:
3518:"The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability".
2721:
2173:
1038:. This established a series of provisions that would eventually lead to the
8949:
8730:
8669:
8664:
8554:
8087:
8017:
7838:
7736:
7600:
7594:
7290:
7145:"Pinochet: "Hemos demostrado al mundo que Chile es una nación democrática""
6813:"Pinochet used Franco's funerals to mastermind the murder of an opponent".
5890:
5726:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/London 2009, p. 305–346, hier S. 329.
5724:
The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective
5713:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge/London 2009, S. 305–346, hier S. 329.
5711:
The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective
2892:
2807:
2704:
2355:
2312:
2279:
2101:
2093:
2024:
1920:
1891:
1816:
1552:
1506:
1436:
1346:, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself, Chilean songwriter
1118:
1023:
921:
663:
451:
6271:
5314:
4834:"Organismos de DDHH denuncian un estado policial 'similar' al de Pinochet"
4061:
3870:
3398:
Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World
2270:, a former Chilean minister, was assassinated in Washington, D.C. in 1976.
1744:, the most outspoken critic of the regime's social and economic policies.
8229:
7617:
Schatan, J. (1990). "The Deceitful Nature of Socio-Economic Indicators".
6517:
5765:
4670:
Wright, Thomas C.; Oñate Zúñiga, Rody (2007). "Chilean political exile".
3309:
2861:
2544:
2443:
2428:
2148:
2089:
2054:
1826:
1637:
1629:
1517:
1421:
1128:
1110:
1094:
592:
6332:
6152:
3692:
The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability
3626:
The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability
1811:
of Chilean economists who had been educated in the United States at the
7751:
7091:
5859:
4741:
3715:
Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants
3445:
3333:
3236:
2925:
2790:
2380:
2008:
1672:
1510:
1432:
1280:
1019:
640:
7579:
The Pinochet Generation: The Chilean Military in the Twentieth Century
7149:
6769:
Remapping the Humanities: Identity, Community, Memory, (post)modernity
5117:
4329:
3422:
Angell, Alan; Pollack, Benny (1990). "The Chilean Elections of 1989".
3261:
praised Pinochet, saying his regime "should have killed more people".
2519:
1958:
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
1624:
society in support for the dictatorship. SNJ was created by advice of
1387:
7236:
La histórica rivalidad de Los Prisioneros y Soda Stereo, ¿quién ganó?
7195:
Ministerio Secretaría General de Gobierno (06 de noviembre de 1979),
4561:
Cultura Verdadera Programa Completo del Lunes 14 de Diciembre de 2015
4448:
2616:
International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976
2484:
2019:
lent vast sums anew. Many foreign multinational corporations such as
1397:
1106:
3437:
2748:
culture" emmerge among the affected audiences. The proliferation of
2716:, was tortured and killed by elements of the military. According to
27:
Period of Chilean history under the rule of General Augusto Pinochet
8814:
7880:
6597:
6541:
3995:
Pinochet Forms Panel to Consider Return of Chileans Sent Into Exile
2725:
2665:
2646:
2606:
matter that the United States expressed concern over as well after
2548:
2523:
2515:
2438:
2315:
who shifted the focus of U.S. foreign policy towards human rights.
2234:
1700:
1098:
1003:
on 11 September 1973. During this time, the country was ruled by a
462:
287:
188:
160:
8002:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
7507:"Jair Bolsonaro: The would-be dictator who might soon rule Brazil"
2661:
2243:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
1976:
In 1990, the LOCE act on education initiated the dismantlement of
1544:
Guzmán was identified as gay within a portfolio held by the DINA.
1201:
8153:
7511:
4959:"Los Muertos en Falsos Enfrentamientos: Janequeo y Fuenteovejuna"
4629:"Lifting of Pinochet's Immunity Renews Focus on Operation Condor"
3947:. Ley Chile – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. 13 October 1973.
3066:
The far-left and the far-right performed poorly in the election.
3024:
ran for president as the candidate of the two right-wing parties
2775:
was also spotted on occasion at the festival. Festival presenter
2642:
2442:, newspapers remained silent about this request. However, deputy
1696:
1691:
One of the first armed groups to oppose the dictatorship was the
7352:
David Altma, “Latin America”, Referendums Around the World, 2018
6767:
Corbatta, Jorgelina. "The Pinochet Affair in London and Spain".
6291:"Business As Usual: Britain's Heath Government and Chile's 9/11"
7597:(2003). "Cuba: The Morning After", p. 26. AEI Press, 2003.
6191:
in transportation through the passes over the Andean Mountains.
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5487:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 149.
5389:
4490:
2857:
2530:
to defend itself. Though, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General
1729:
1648:
1494:
1493:
in 1974 and appointed ambassador at the new Chilean embassy in
7662:
Criminals of the military dictatorship : Augusto Pinochet
5588:
Fear at the Edge, State Terror and Resistance in Latin America
3540:
Winn, Peter (2010). Joseph, Gilbert M.; Grandin, Greg (eds.).
2962:, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet.
1706:
Representing a major shift in attitudes, the CPCh founded the
8184:
7414:"Chile protests: Unrest in Santiago over metro fare increase"
5737:
Politics, policies, and economic development in Latin America
3865:. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Latin America Bureau.
2838:
2833:
2729:
2323:
2319:
2274:
2129:
1928:
Initially the economic reforms were internationally praised.
1460:
984:
6708:. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. p. 158.
6593:
Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises
5874:
3894:
O’Shaugnessy, Hugh (January 2000), "3. Treason and Terror",
3729:, Thomas C. Wright, p. 139, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
6278:(in Spanish). Comision Sudamericana de Paz. pp. 39–41.
2511:
2476:
2085:
5808:
Economic Reforms in Chile: From Dictatorship to Democracy.
4135:
The legacy of human-rights violations in the Southern Cone
2303:
visited Santiago in 1976 for the annual conference of the
2065:. The six countries eventually formulated a plan known as
7080:
7078:
7076:
6372:"Speech on Pinochet at the Conservative Party Conference"
4898:"Nuevos condenados por falso enfrentamiento en dictadura"
3329:
2938:
2841:
became the icon of the cueca and not the rural labourer.
1723:
1286:
Estimates of figures for victims of state violence vary.
1191:
7197:«Decreto 23: Declara a la cueca danza nacional de Chile»
7021:
The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture
6958:
4149:. Duke University Press. pp. 32, 90, 101, 180–181.
3581:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 258–259,
2140:
in March 1974. Pinochet attended the funeral of General
1224:
parties that had constituted former President Allende's
7293:
on a live recording of their song "Voy a hacer el amor"
6875:
Castro's Secrets, Brian Latell, p. 125, Macmillan, 2013
6114:
Soldiers in a narrow land: the Pinochet regime in Chile
5889:
4016:
Power, Jonathan (1 January 2017), "The Pinochet Case",
3738:
3717:, Paul H. Lewis, p. 204, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006
3490:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 73–106,
2931:
The dictatorship promoted the figure of Nobel laureate
7310:
Pop culture Latin America!: media, arts, and lifestyle
7073:
6961:
Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación
6712:
6675:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa"
6619:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa"
5698:
Monetarism and Liberalization: the Chilean Experiment.
5605:
5603:
5027:
25 Chilean Soldiers Arrested in Burning of US Resident
4325:"El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años"
3857:
O’Brien, Phillip; Roddick, Jacqueline (January 1983).
2363:
day Argentinian fighter-bombers bombed the troopships
2084:
The new junta quickly broke diplomatic relations with
7696:
2585:
While in Spain Pinochet is reported to have met with
2144:, dictator of Spain from 1936 to 1975, in late 1975.
7461:"Chile still split over Gen Augusto Pinochet legacy"
7087:"Viña bizarro: 20 historias del lado B del Festival"
6718:
6243:"memorandum of conversation, Kissinger and Pinochet"
5994:
Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions
5839:
5512:. New York: New York University Press. p. 121.
4582:
2740:, while alternative groove disseminated in juvenile
2225:
islands at the southern tip of South America on the
1632:
thought. Some right-wing student union leaders like
1196:
7640:
Body of Chile's Former President Frei May Be Exumed
7568:
5992:J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.),
5870:. Studies in Comparative International Development.
5600:
5425:(in Spanish). Editorial Alfaguara. pp. 29–30.
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
2124:, severed diplomatic relations with Chile however,
1415:
International Committee of the Fourth International
366:
756,096.3 km (291,930.4 sq mi) (
7633:Pinochet's economists: The Chicago School in Chile
7384:Deming, Michael Albertus, Mark (5 November 2019).
6954:
6952:
6211:. New York: The New Press. pp. 1–78, 280–281.
5806:vol. 28 (1996), p. 299–320; Ricardo French-Davis:
5585:
5169:"Jaime Guzmán y su repudio hacia Manuel Contreras"
4869:. United Nations University Press. pp. 233–.
4669:
3858:
3656:, Salvatore Bizzarro, p. 34, Scarecrow Press, 2005
3613:. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 295–299.
2526:. The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a
2413:in Argentina and with Pinochet's regime in Chile.
2031:, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile.
1784:
1628:, being an example of the dictatorship adopting a
1485:Another dictatorship member critical of Pinochet,
1078:military's rise to power. Some key figures in the
6950:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6428:"US support to UK in Falklands' war was decisive"
5983:The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile
5507:
5014:. La Segunda, 30 de septiembre de 1999, página 8.
4704:
4514:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
3683:
3611:Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression
3286:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile
2977:) during which all positions, in this case, two,
2668:, a musical instrument banned by the dictatorship
1524:. The founder of the Gremialist movement, lawyer
1109:, Chile's presidential palace. Instigated by the
8962:
7528:"40 years after coup, divisions remain in Chile"
7386:"Pinochet Still Looms Large in Chilean Politics"
7266:La enciclopedia de la música chilena en Internet
6725:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 228–229.
6646:"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum"
6614:
6612:
6610:
6266:
6264:
5848:Studies in Comparative International Development
5537:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 106.
5485:Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth
4442:
4319:
4317:
3727:Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution
3404:
3069:
2185:. On 14 May 1974 Perón received Pinochet at the
2007:International lending organizations such as the
1760:
1680:
1658:
1176:The military installed themselves in power as a
7018:
5810:University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbour, 2002.
5532:
3579:Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War
3567:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.
3558:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.
3488:Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War
3432:(1). Society for Latin American Studies: 1–23.
1726:, until supposedly ceasing to operate in 1999.
1647:From 1975 to 1980 the SNJ arranged a series of
6929:
6781:
6744:
6742:
6215:
6127:
6125:
5138:
5086:
5084:
3966:, Duke University Press, 2004, pp. 1–13,
3925:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3856:
3577:Harmer, Tanya (10 October 2011), "Rebellion",
3486:Harmer, Tanya (10 October 2011), "Rebellion",
1601:scandal ("case of the slit throats"), General
8996:States and territories disestablished in 1990
8169:
7896:
7682:
7589:Australian Slavonic and East European studies
7255:
7253:
7251:
7113:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7014:
7012:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6607:
6261:
4926:
4822:on 25 February 2015 – via Google Books.
4774:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–.
4734:
4665:
4663:
4314:
3421:
2514:had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978,
2221:on 22 December 1978 because of the strategic
1837:policies, in stark contrast to the extensive
957:
7824:Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton
7416:. 19 October 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
7398:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7050:
6762:
6760:
5378:
5376:
5342:
5271:
5132:
5031:
4856:
4293:
4172:"Table 4: Democide Rank Ordered (1970–1979)"
4018:Ending War Crimes, Chasing the War Criminals
3893:
3046:was more united and coherent. Its candidate
2960:plebiscite was scheduled for October 5, 1988
2208:overthrown in 1976 by the Argentine military
1730:Church opposition to human rights violations
1651:rallies in Cerro Chacarillas reminiscent of
1559:held by the military of the 1970s to 1990s.
1375:'s torture center at José Domingo Cañas 1367
7230:
7228:
6782:Cedéo Alvarado, Ernesto (4 February 2008).
6739:
6122:
6007:"U.S. and Others Gave Millions To Pinochet"
5703:
5700:University of Chicago Press, 1991, S. xvii.
5592:. University of California Press. pp.
5201:"La Dina de Contreras espió a Jaime Guzmán"
5195:
5193:
5191:
5081:
5070:
5068:
5022:
5020:
4449:Centro de Estuiios Miguel Enriquez (CEME).
3941:"DL-77 13-OCT-1973 Ministerio del Interior"
3395:
2779:publicly praised the dictator and his wife
1592:
1259:Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile
989:democratically elected socialist government
8991:States and territories established in 1973
8971:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)
8176:
8162:
7903:
7889:
7689:
7675:
7657:Literature and Torture in Pinochet's Chile
7581:, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
7248:
7164:
7051:Vargas Rojas, Vanessa (18 February 2015).
7037:
7009:
6971:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6749:Fermandois, Joaquín. "Chile en el mundo".
6640:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6188:about the reasons of the call off (p.45):
5918:Chile under Pinochet: recovering the truth
5696:Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards:
5624:
5559:"Chile: Extremism & Counter-Extremism"
4660:
1465:
1461:Politics and power within the dictatorship
1358:) wherein at least 70 people were killed.
1252:
964:
950:
141:
7587:(1992). "Perestroika and World History",
7548:. BBC News – Americas. 25 November 2006.
7212:Torres Quezada, Rodrigo Guillermo. 2007.
7201:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile
7170:
7114:Vega Martínez, César (21 February 2020).
7084:
7000:
6757:
6314:
6274:(1990). "Las particularidades de Chile".
5845:
5819:Helmut Wittelsbürger, Albrecht von Hoff:
5648:Riesco, Manuel (September–October 2007).
5609:
5402:
5373:
5265:
4927:Silva Hidalgo, Robinson Humberto (2014).
4761:
3898:, Latin America Bureau, pp. 49–118,
3015:
2916:were tolerated while new formations like
2899:
2409:'s government secretly collaborated with
1993:, and even higher in developed countries—
1858:, remained in government hands, with the
1500:
7635:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7525:
7480:"Chile still split over Pinochet legacy"
7307:
7225:
6206:
6177:
5926:
5924:
5822:Chiles Weg zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft.
5772:. Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 231.
5762:Economic Development and Cultural Change
5482:
5397:(512): 10.4067/S0718–04622015000200006.
5382:
5338:
5336:
5188:
5065:
5037:
5017:
4988:
4986:
4862:
4730:
4728:
3812:
3689:
3623:
3617:
3359:
3221:
2874:Viña del Mar International Song Festival
2765:Viña del Mar International Song Festival
2660:
2610:'s 1976 assassination in Washington DC.(
2273:
2262:
1919:
1806:Economic history of Chile § 1975-81
1788:
1764:
1671:
1520:, whose movement started in 1966 in the
1386:
1367:
1262:
1200:
1047:presidential and parliamentary elections
8204:
7526:Castillo, Mariano (11 September 2013).
7303:
7301:
7299:
7142:
7085:Contreras, Marcelo (26 February 2021).
7023:. SAGE Publications. pp. 509–511.
6905:
6694:
6631:
6511:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
5834:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung -Auslandsinfo.
5785:, Bd. 5, S. 99–126, hier S. 101, Fn. 5.
5583:
5533:Roniger, Luis; Sznajder, Mario (1999).
5417:
5156:from the original on 23 September 2015.
5090:
4705:Mauricio Saavedra (17 September 2003).
4511:
4047:
2910:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
2326:was the least impacted by the embargo.
1676:Peaceful protest against Pinochet, 1985
1562:
1522:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
14:
8963:
8133:University of Chile Student Federation
7870:Human rights violations under Pinochet
7383:
6982:
6884:
6784:"Rey Juan Carlos abochornó a Pinochet"
6748:
6700:
6656:from the original on 24 September 2015
6131:
6085:
5973:from the original on 12 September 2007
5647:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5306:
4947:from the original on 16 February 2016.
4635:from the original on 19 September 2014
4451:"Caidos del Mir en Diferente Periodis"
4430:from the original on 15 September 2013
4409:
3576:
3535:
3533:
3485:
3458:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
2939:Plebiscite and the return to democracy
2455:When then Minister of Foreign Affairs
2282:in Washington, D.C., September 6, 1977
2183:familiarity with coup-making processes
1963:
1569:1980 Chilean constitutional referendum
1192:Dictatorship's crimes against humanity
712:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan
8157:
7884:
7670:
7552:from the original on 25 February 2015
7334:from the original on 3 September 2017
6857:from the original on 29 February 2012
6438:from the original on 25 February 2015
6378:from the original on 25 February 2015
6088:"Filipino Rebuff Humiliates Pinochet"
5947:from the original on 27 February 2015
5921:
5666:from the original on 24 January 2016.
5333:
4983:
4844:from the original on 25 February 2015
4767:
4725:
4713:from the original on 26 February 2015
4364:from the original on 25 February 2015
4343:
4274:from the original on 17 February 2009
4204:from the original on 25 February 2015
4144:
4138:
4090:
4015:
3951:from the original on 29 October 2013.
3638:
3608:
2628:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)
2278:Pinochet meeting with U.S. President
2179:United States in instigating the coup
2021:International Telephone and Telegraph
1687:Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)
1605:resigned and was replaced by General
8430:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits
8078:Families of the Detained-Disappeared
7910:
7477:
7324:"Gabriela Mistral: poeta y lesbiana"
7296:
7143:Ceberio, Jesús (12 September 1980).
6766:
6270:
6094:from the original on 23 October 2017
5345:"Democracia y Constitucion en Chile"
5274:"Democracia y constitucion en Chile"
5253:from the original on 1 December 2017
5166:
4908:from the original on 1 December 2017
4801:
4707:"The lessons of Chile – 30 years on"
4487:"Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez"
4390:from the original on 19 October 2011
4178:from the original on 4 October 2013.
3539:
3524:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim180020010
3377:from the original on 14 January 2010
2621:
2387:as "the party of Pinochet" in 1999.
2034:
1936:column on 25 January 1982 about the
1866:and healthcare were privatized, and
7712:United States intervention in Chile
7203:, consultado el 1 de marzo de 2011.
6751:Chile. La búsqueda de la democracia
6706:The State, War and the State of War
6467:"Pinochet death 'saddens' Thatcher"
6102:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
6086:Krause, Charles A. (2 April 1980).
5634:
5049:(in Spanish). CIPER. Archived from
4542:from the original on 8 October 2017
4020:, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 81–94,
3530:
3425:Bulletin of Latin American Research
3037:Francisco Javier Errázuriz Talavera
2826:" and the over-all low prestige of
2259:United States intervention in Chile
1093:On 15 April 1973, workers from the
24:
8183:
8093:Committee of Cooperation for Peace
7268:. Musicapopular.cl. Archived from
6899:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1997.2002_91.x
6794:from the original on 19 April 2016
4467:from the original on 13 April 2016
4230:from the original on 22 March 2015
2949:
1956:, economist and consultant of the
1212:that installed the Pinochet regime
149:claimed but uncontrolled territory
25:
9012:
7844:Indictment and arrest of Pinochet
7829:Assassination of Orlando Letelier
7650:
7546:"Pinochet 'takes responsibility'"
7478:Long, Gideon (9 September 2013).
7259:
7245:, retrieved on December 12, 2012.
6477:from the original on 15 June 2007
6408:from the original on 6 March 2012
6288:
6247:Homeland Security Digital Library
5510:Pinochet, the politics of torture
5097:Journal of Latin American Studies
4863:Casanova, Pablo González (1993).
4802:Winn, Peter (10 September 2004).
4735:Marín Lleucún, Alejandro (2015).
3816:Journal of Latin American Studies
3667:The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream
2928:street theatre movement emerged.
2904:Experimental theatre groups from
2848:bands into Chile. These included
2793:, and this song was performed by
2645:, a mountainous forest region in
2329:
1712:attempted to assassinate Pinochet
1530:National Intelligence Directorate
1338:Some of the most famous cases of
1197:Suppression of political activity
502:Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
147:Chilean territory in dark green;
8382:
8103:Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front
7569:Bibliography and further reading
7538:
7519:
7499:
7490:
7471:
7453:
7444:
7420:
7406:
7377:
7355:
7346:
7316:
7284:
7206:
7189:
7136:
7107:
6878:
6869:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6806:
6775:
6668:
6586:
6560:
6551:
6530:
6489:
6459:
6450:
6420:
6390:
6364:
6339:
6308:
6282:
6235:
6200:
6167:
6106:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6027:
5999:
5986:
5959:
5933:
5910:
5901:
5813:
5788:
5775:
5321:from the original on 24 May 2012
4605:. 22 August 1983. Archived from
4599:"Chile: One Carrot, Many Sticks"
4308:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01155.x
4284:BBC: Finding Chile's disappeared
4006:Radomiro Tomic, político chileno
3226:Memorial to the people who were
2867:Contemporary Chilean rock group
2813:Elements of military distrusted
2763:The dictatorship controlled the
2656:
2589:in order to plan the killing of
2252:
1482:replaced Leigh as junta member.
1470:During the 1970s, junta members
1155:March of the Empty Pots and Pans
1060:
1040:1988 Chilean national plebiscite
929:
915:
561:
519:
494:
126:
79:
65:
36:Government Junta of Chile (1973)
8981:1990 disestablishments in Chile
8113:Popular Unitary Action Movement
7946:Attempted assassination in 1986
7002:10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006
5750:
5729:
5716:
5690:
5618:
5612:Journal of the Developing Areas
5577:
5551:
5526:
5501:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5448:
5439:
5411:
5404:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006
5232:
5227:Raro, una historia gay de Chile
5219:
5167:Miño, Claudia (8 August 2015).
5160:
5004:
4995:
4971:from the original on 7 May 2006
4951:
4920:
4890:
4826:
4795:
4698:
4647:
4621:
4591:
4573:
4554:
4524:
4505:
4479:
4403:
4376:
4337:
4287:
4260:
4242:
4216:
4182:
4163:
4127:
4084:
4041:
4009:
3998:
3987:
3955:
3933:
3887:
3850:
3806:
3775:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3659:
3647:
3632:
3602:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3319:
2824:Mexican revolutionary discourse
2593:, the Secretary General of the
2547:views on Chile's need of naval
2305:Organisation of American States
2212:a new dictatorship in Argentina
2189:. Pinochet was heading to meet
2017:Inter-American Development Bank
1894:as "Chicago way to socialism".
1785:Economy and free market reforms
1612:
1489:, was removed from his post as
1442:
1153:"). The women carried out the ‘
646:Destruction of the Seven Cities
515:Chilean transition to democracy
7865:Criticisms of Salvador Allende
7732:Presidency of Salvador Allende
6923:Latin American Research Review
6847:"The Day Pinochet Nearly Died"
5076:Victims of the Chilean miracle
4169:
4050:The Catholic Historical Review
3964:Victims of the Chilean Miracle
3784:The American Historical Review
3654:Historical Dictionary of Chile
3587:10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.8
3511:
3496:10.5149/9780807869246_harmer.8
3479:
3452:
3400:, vol. II, pp. 57–65
3389:
3350:
3298:
2954:Following the approval of the
2693:
2600:
2340:Labour government of 1974–1979
1777:The Days of National Protest (
1151:solidarity, order, and freedom
13:
1:
7819:Assassination of Carlos Prats
7440:– via Books.google.com.
6719:Masterson, Daniel M. (1991).
5783:Law and Contemporary Problems
5350:Revista de Derecho (Valdivia)
4268:"Finding Chile's disappeared"
3643:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–381.
3343:
3070:Presidential election results
2971:Constitutional Court of Chile
2844:The 1980s saw an invasion of
2551:in the Southeastern Pacific.
2360:Westinghouse long-range radar
2354:Chile was neutral during the
1915:
1779:Jornadas de Protesta Nacional
1761:Jornadas de Protesta Nacional
1750:Cardinal Raul Silve Henriquez
1681:Attacks on military personnel
1667:
1659:Women during the dictatorship
1294:Concertacion government, the
1147:Solidaridad, Orden y Libertad
8976:1973 establishments in Chile
8612:Comptroller General of Chile
6628:. caretas.com. June 3, 2004.
6276:La industria militar chilena
6173:See Alejandro Luis Corbacho
5967:"Kissinger Telcons on Chile"
5800:Latin American Perspectives.
5508:O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (2000).
5343:Cazor Aliste, Kamal (2000).
5272:Cazor Aliste, Camel (2000).
4709:. World Socialist Web Site.
4350:. American Bar Association.
4147:Remembering Pinochet's Chile
3230:during the Pinochet's regime
3061:Büchi and Errázuriz lost to
2210:who installed themselves as
2167:
123:("National Anthem of Chile")
7:
8837:Water supply and sanitation
8123:Revolutionary Left Movement
6887:Journal of American Culture
6771:. Vol. 1. p. 125.
6518:Watch here film documentary
5625:Valenzuela, Arturo (2002).
5288:Austral University of Chile
4672:Latin American Perspectives
4192:. Sun-Sentinel (Archives).
3906:(inactive 26 August 2024),
3741:Latin American Perspectives
3694:. New York: The New Press.
3465:Revista de Ciencia Política
3279:
2945:Chilean return to democracy
2289:Central Intelligence Agency
2013:International Monetary Fund
1902:After the economic crisis,
1584:was approved in a national
1431:Several scholars including
1088:Central Intelligence Agency
1042:on October 5 of that year.
10:
9017:
8083:Christian Democratic Party
7171:Dannemann, Manuel (1975).
6853:. OhmyNews International.
6527:(French, English, Spanish)
5455:Nomadias, 22, 2016, p. 89.
4344:Tigar, Michael E. (2007).
3861:Chile: The Pinochet Decade
3753:10.1177/0094582x7700400407
3628:. New York: The New Press.
3139:
3136:Francisco Javier Errázuriz
3134:
3117:
3112:
3095:
3090:
3042:The centre-left coalition
2942:
2671:
2625:
2394:
2256:
2130:People's Republic of China
2078:U.S. intervention in Chile
2041:Foreign relations of Chile
2038:
1897:
1878:
1874:
1849:
1803:
1773:, Santiago, on May 1, 1984
1733:
1684:
1616:
1566:
1256:
1070:
1064:
29:
8922:
8850:
8780:
8771:
8696:
8687:
8650:
8620:
8553:
8510:
8506:
8497:
8400:
8391:
8380:
8328:
8213:
8195:
8070:
8041:
8010:
7959:
7931:Government Junta of Chile
7918:
7860:Death of Salvador Allende
7852:
7804:Government Junta of Chile
7796:
7760:
7704:
6827:Petras & Morley, 1974
5629:. New York: W. W. Norton.
5563:Counter Extremism Project
5110:10.1017/S0022216X00005812
4105:10.1215/00267929-57-2-151
4093:Modern Language Quarterly
4026:10.1163/9789004346345_010
3972:10.1215/9780822385851-001
3904:10.3362/9781909013384.003
3828:10.1017/s0022216x18000469
3217:
3195:Registered voters/turnout
2390:
2136:in January 1974 and with
1940:. British Prime Minister
1794:Estadio Nacional de Chile
1178:Military Government Junta
473:
461:
439:
419:
415:
405:
395:
385:
381:
374:
360:
353:
349:
336:
323:
310:
297:
293:
283:
273:
269:
257:
245:
241:
231:
227:
215:
211:
201:
176:
166:
156:
140:
111:
106:("By reason or by force")
95:
61:
56:
44:
7926:1973 Chilean coup d'état
7742:Alejandrina Cox incident
7698:1973 Chilean coup d'état
7308:Richards, Keith (2005),
6995:(Julio–Diciembre): 212.
6579:French National Assembly
6207:Kornbluh, Peter (2013).
5770:Hunger and Public Action
5423:La Travesía del Desierto
5383:González, Yanko (2015).
4938:Universitat de Barcelona
4684:10.1177/0094582x07302902
4410:Wessel, Günther (2004).
4347:Thinking about Terrorism
4145:Stern, Steve J. (2004).
3690:Kornbluh, Peter (2003).
3624:Kornbluh, Peter (2013).
3367:"Country profile: Chile"
3328:received funds from the
3314:United States government
3291:
3056:Communist Party of Chile
2922:1973 Chilean coup d'état
2736:, into "semiclandestine
2595:Socialist Party of Chile
2576:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2562:
2407:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2247:Tratado de Paz y Amistad
2223:Picton, Lennox and Nueva
2200:Perón tarda, pero cumple
1720:U.S. Department of State
1593:Removal of César Mendoza
1476:1973 Chilean coup d'état
1273:Pinochet military regime
1160:On August 22, 1973, the
1067:1973 Chilean coup d'état
1036:controversial referendum
689:War of the Confederation
101:Por la razón o la fuerza
32:1973 Chilean coup d'état
8138:Vicariate of Solidarity
7628:, 17, pp. 725–736.
7614:, 23, pp. 495–519.
7591:, 6 (1), pp. 1–28.
7178:Revista Musical Chilena
6989:Revista Musical Chilena
6926:, Vol. 21, pp. 117–136.
5662:(47). New Left Review.
5483:Ensalaco, Mark (2000).
5357:: 27-34. Archived from
5290:: 25–34. Archived from
5225:Oscar Contardo (2011).
4768:Zwier, Paul J. (2013).
4190:"Gunmen Threaten Media"
3542:A Century of Revolution
3459:Agüero, Felipe (2003).
2820:close links with Mexico
2462:
2172:President of Argentina
2162:People Power Revolution
1854:Chile's main industry,
1736:Vicariate of Solidarity
1466:Pinochet–Leigh conflict
1408:), identifying them as
1350:, and the October 1973
1253:Human rights violations
827:Transition to democracy
722:Occupation of Araucanía
340:Transition to democracy
118:Himno Nacional de Chile
8986:Military dictatorships
8143:Workers' United Center
7621:, 3–4, pp. 69–75.
7612:Politics & Society
6983:Jordán, Laura (2009).
5739:. Hoover Press, 1984,
5584:Corradi, Juan (1992).
4936:(Ph.D.) (in Spanish).
3792:10.1086/ahr/108.4.1192
3304:According to lifelong
3231:
3016:1989 general elections
2900:Theater and literature
2888:
2828:Mexican music in Chile
2674:Book burnings in Chile
2669:
2580:Juan Carlos I of Spain
2559:—Juan Velasco Alvarado
2557:
2283:
2271:
2074:U.S. role in 1973 Coup
2000:
1925:
1864:Chilean pension system
1801:
1774:
1677:
1501:Civilian collaborators
1392:
1376:
1276:
1213:
1115:Fatherland and Liberty
1073:Chile truckers' strike
750:Parliamentary Republic
745:1891 Chilean Civil War
233:President of the Junta
8638:Investigations Police
8301:Presidential Republic
8277:Conservative Republic
8269:Republic Organization
7951:Indictment and arrest
7631:Valdes, J.G. (1995).
7626:Third World Quarterly
7607:, 17, pp. 57–72.
6545:, September 25, 2003
6249:. Gerald Ford Library
6132:Ortega, José (2014).
5758:Third World Quarterly
4062:10.1353/cat.2003.0183
3871:10.3362/9781909013599
3639:Walkowitz, Daniel J.
3609:Nieto, Clara (2003).
3546:Duke University Press
3225:
3006:presidential election
2884:
2664:
2553:
2469:Juan Velasco Alvarado
2457:Dominique de Villepin
2395:Further information:
2277:
2266:
2257:Further information:
2039:Further information:
1982:
1954:Ricardo Ffrench-Davis
1923:
1835:fiscally conservative
1813:University of Chicago
1792:
1768:
1734:Further information:
1685:Further information:
1675:
1547:According to scholar
1390:
1371:
1363:Andrés Pascal Allende
1356:Caravana de la Muerte
1266:
1206:Book burning in Chile
1204:
981:military dictatorship
809:Military dictatorship
776:Presidential Republic
707:Conservative Republic
684:Civil war (1829–1830)
598:Origin of the Mapuche
196:military dictatorship
167:Common languages
8607:Constitutional Court
8485:World Heritage Sites
8317:Democracy Transition
8088:Christian Left Party
7834:Chile under Pinochet
7363:"The World Factbook"
6851:english.ohmynews.com
6473:. 11 December 2006.
6141:Encucijada Americana
5832:(PDF; 118 kB);
5804:Comparative Politics
5796:The Economic Journal
4940:. pp. 341–349.
3680:. 24 September 1973.
3373:. 16 December 2009.
2989:campaign, headed by
2906:Universidad de Chile
2587:Stefano Delle Chiaie
2233:). Chile along with
1742:Raúl Silva Henríquez
1597:In 1985, due to the
1563:Constitution of 1980
1157:’ in December 1971.
1080:Nixon administration
995:was overthrown in a
895:Chilean coups d'état
739:Parliamentary period
8675:Ministry of Defence
8108:Party for Democracy
8063:(former son-in-law)
7941:Acto de Chacarillas
7778:José Toribio Merino
7467:. 9 September 2013.
6601:, February 5, 2003
6507:Marie-Monique Robin
6153:10.53689/ea.v6i2.67
5836:1/2004, p. 97, 104.
5650:"Is Pinochet dead?"
5627:A Nation of Enemies
5207:. 10 September 2018
5074:Winn, Peter (ed.).
5053:on 9 September 2015
4866:Latin America Today
4416:. Editorial Tebar.
4270:. 10 January 2001.
3548:. pp. 239–275.
3034:right-wing populist
2769:Acto de Chacarillas
2710:Nueva canción scene
2522:located halfway to
2495:light fleet carrier
2479:Main Battle Tanks,
2403:Marie-Monique Robin
2383:to mock Thatcher's
2219:Operation Soberanía
1964:Social consequences
1619:Acto de Chacarillas
1311:Víctor Jara Stadium
1162:Chamber of Deputies
865:Agriculture history
781:Radical governments
765:Presidential period
669:War of Independence
264:José Toribio Merino
8749:Telecommunications
7717:Schneider Doctrine
7644:The Santiago Times
7605:Critical Sociology
7312:, pp. 121–122
7272:on 17 October 2012
7241:2015-11-18 at the
7219:2014-01-16 at the
6680:2008-12-02 at the
6624:2008-12-02 at the
6573:2015-04-05 at the
6523:2009-05-22 at the
6501:2016-03-03 at the
6228:2006-11-28 at the
6012:The New York Times
5941:"Operation Condor"
5895:Critical Sociology
5860:10.1007/bf02687406
5828:2013-10-14 at the
5735:Robert G. Wesson:
5684:2017-03-08 at the
5674:2017-03-08 at the
5279:Revista de Derecho
5229:. Planeta, p. 133.
4566:2017-02-02 at the
4493:on 4 November 2005
4333:. 3 December 2008.
4296:Sociological Forum
4256:on 2 October 2013.
3672:2011-11-11 at the
3232:
3052:Christian Democrat
2879:plebiscite of 1988
2670:
2473:War of the Pacific
2467:Reportedly one of
2284:
2272:
2191:Alfredo Stroessner
1926:
1868:Superior Education
1802:
1798:concentration camp
1775:
1678:
1491:minister of mining
1393:
1377:
1277:
1214:
1186:President of Chile
1051:Christian Democrat
1007:headed by General
936:History portal
900:Political scandals
786:Allende and UP era
727:War of the Pacific
50:República de Chile
8958:
8957:
8918:
8917:
8767:
8766:
8683:
8682:
8646:
8645:
8535:Political parties
8525:Foreign relations
8515:National Congress
8493:
8492:
8378:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8293:Parliamentary Era
8237:Spanish Discovery
8151:
8150:
8061:Julio Ponce Lerou
7997:Operation Colombo
7982:1980 Constitution
7967:Charaña agreement
7919:Life and politics
7878:
7877:
7747:Carlos Altamirano
7515:. 8 October 2018.
7262:"Los Prisioneros"
7030:978-1-4833-1775-5
6817:. 16 August 2019.
6732:978-0-313-27213-4
6702:Holsti, Kalevi J.
6351:api.parliament.uk
6209:The Pinochet File
6064:, 20 January 1974
6043:. 19 October 1998
6015:. 7 December 2004
5766:Amartya Kumar Sen
5432:978-956-239-078-1
5149:. Archivo Chile.
5041:(6 August 2009).
5010:Carmen Gardeweg:
4840:. 6 August 2008.
4808:. Lom Ediciones.
4609:on 28 August 2013
4035:978-90-04-34634-5
3981:978-0-8223-3309-8
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:Tricel via Servel
2956:1980 Constitution
2924:. In the 1980s a
2777:Antonio Vodanovic
2700:radio frequencies
2684:cultural hegemony
2622:Cuban involvement
2612:Kennedy Amendment
2591:Carlos Altamirano
2373:Margaret Thatcher
2349:Margaret Thatcher
2231:Operation Rosario
2181:by recalling his
2035:Foreign relations
1971:military spending
1942:Margaret Thatcher
1860:1980 Constitution
1642:Antonio Vodanovic
1553:Osvaldo Romo Mena
1410:persona non grata
1296:Rettig Commission
1218:1925 constitution
1171:suspected suicide
1138:El Poder Feminino
1028:1925 Constitution
974:
973:
847:Politics of Chile
701:Republican period
636:Captaincy General
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
507:
506:
306:11 September 1973
259:• 1981–1990
247:• 1973–1981
217:• 1974–1990
134:
46:Republic of Chile
16:(Redirected from
9008:
9001:Authoritarianism
8938:
8931:
8778:
8777:
8734:
8694:
8693:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8398:
8397:
8386:
8321:
8313:
8305:
8297:
8289:
8285:Liberal Republic
8281:
8273:
8265:
8257:
8249:
8245:Spanish Conquest
8241:
8233:
8211:
8210:
8202:
8201:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8155:
8154:
8033:Caravan of Death
7992:Operation Condor
7972:Miracle of Chile
7912:Augusto Pinochet
7905:
7898:
7891:
7882:
7881:
7814:Operation Condor
7773:Augusto Pinochet
7768:Salvador Allende
7691:
7684:
7677:
7668:
7667:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7389:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7305:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7257:
7246:
7234:Fuentes, Jorge.
7232:
7223:
7210:
7204:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7082:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7048:
7035:
7034:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7004:
6980:
6969:
6968:
6956:
6927:
6918:
6903:
6902:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6843:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6642:
6629:
6616:
6605:
6604:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6534:
6528:
6515:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6239:
6233:
6221:Peter Kornbluh,
6219:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6198:
6193:and in cite 46:
6187:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6003:
5997:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5887:
5872:
5871:
5843:
5837:
5817:
5811:
5792:
5786:
5779:
5773:
5754:
5748:
5733:
5727:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5688:
5667:
5645:
5632:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5591:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5380:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5248:
5236:
5230:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5197:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5148:
5142:(3 April 2001).
5136:
5130:
5129:
5088:
5079:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5039:González, Mónica
5035:
5029:
5024:
5015:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4935:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4818:. Archived from
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4667:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4458:archivochile.com
4455:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4252:. Archived from
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4013:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3962:"Introduction",
3959:
3953:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3864:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3786:. October 2003.
3779:
3773:
3772:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3681:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3419:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3337:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3206:
3080:Party/coalition
3074:
3073:
2975:franja electoral
2933:Gabriela Mistral
2895:
2758:Silvio Rodríguez
2718:Eduardo Carrasco
2608:Orlando Letelier
2572:Francisco Franco
2541:Kalevi J. Holsti
2537:Salvador Allende
2532:Fernando Matthei
2434:Edouard Balladur
2397:Operation Condor
2309:Orlando Letelier
2297:Church Committee
2268:Orlando Letelier
2239:Falkland Islands
2153:Ferdinand Marcos
2142:Francisco Franco
2067:Operation Condor
1978:public education
1938:Miracle of Chile
1909:bank regulations
1538:Jorge Alessandri
1534:Manuel Contreras
1532:(DINA) director
1480:Fernando Matthei
1402:Operation Condor
1352:Caravan of Death
1335:National Stadium
1300:Colonia Dignidad
1269:La Moneda Palace
1243:Manuel Contreras
1234:loyal opposition
1182:Augusto Pinochet
1123:Augusto Pinochet
1032:new constitution
1016:history of Chile
1009:Augusto Pinochet
993:Salvador Allende
966:
959:
952:
934:
933:
932:
922:Chile portal
920:
919:
918:
880:Maritime history
870:Economic history
837:Mapuche conflict
832:Student protests
804:1973 coup d'état
771:1925 coup d'état
754:1924 coup d'état
717:Liberal Republic
626:Spanish conquest
565:
555:
537:
536:
523:
522:
511:
510:
498:
497:
491:
490:
475:
474:
457:
456:
449:
435:
434:
426:
278:Government Junta
252:Augusto Pinochet
222:Augusto Pinochet
145:
136:
135:
124:
107:
83:
69:
42:
41:
21:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8954:
8941:
8934:
8927:
8914:
8900:Public holidays
8865:Beauty pageants
8846:
8763:
8732:
8679:
8642:
8616:
8597:Law enforcement
8549:
8489:
8450:Natural regions
8387:
8370:
8324:
8319:
8311:
8309:Pinochet Regime
8303:
8295:
8287:
8279:
8271:
8263:
8255:
8247:
8239:
8223:
8191:
8182:
8152:
8147:
8128:Socialist Party
8098:Communist Party
8066:
8037:
8006:
7977:Economic policy
7955:
7936:Rule over Chile
7914:
7909:
7879:
7874:
7848:
7809:Miguel Enriquez
7792:
7756:
7700:
7695:
7653:
7646:, April 5, 2005
7638:Steve Anderson
7571:
7566:
7565:
7555:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7524:
7520:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7476:
7472:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7450:Christian, 1992
7449:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7412:
7411:
7407:
7391:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7330:. 7 June 2003.
7322:
7321:
7317:
7306:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7273:
7258:
7249:
7243:Wayback Machine
7233:
7226:
7221:Wayback Machine
7211:
7207:
7194:
7190:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7083:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7058:El Desconcierto
7049:
7038:
7031:
7017:
7010:
6981:
6972:
6957:
6930:
6919:
6906:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6860:
6858:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6780:
6776:
6765:
6758:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6717:
6713:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6688:, June 3, 2004
6682:Wayback Machine
6673:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6650:ford.utexas.edu
6644:
6643:
6632:
6626:Wayback Machine
6617:
6608:
6602:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6575:Wayback Machine
6565:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6535:
6531:
6525:Wayback Machine
6513:
6503:Wayback Machine
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6344:
6340:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6287:
6283:
6269:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6230:Wayback Machine
6220:
6216:
6205:
6201:
6172:
6168:
6136:
6134:"Perón y Chile"
6130:
6123:
6112:Helen Spooner,
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5991:
5987:
5976:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5888:
5875:
5844:
5840:
5830:Wayback Machine
5818:
5814:
5793:
5789:
5780:
5776:
5755:
5751:
5734:
5730:
5721:
5717:
5708:
5704:
5695:
5691:
5686:Wayback Machine
5676:Wayback Machine
5655:New Left Review
5646:
5635:
5623:
5619:
5608:
5601:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5565:. 8 August 2018
5557:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5419:Allamnd, Andrés
5416:
5412:
5381:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5341:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5189:
5179:
5177:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5133:
5092:Huneeus, Carlos
5089:
5082:
5073:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4832:
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4596:
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4578:
4574:
4568:Wayback Machine
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4536:radio.uchile.cl
4530:
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4224:"Valech Report"
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3674:Wayback Machine
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3438:10.2307/3338214
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3282:
3248:David Christian
3220:
3092:Patricio Aylwin
3072:
3063:Patricio Aylwin
3048:Patricio Aylwin
3018:
3010:Patricio Aylwin
2952:
2950:1988 plebiscite
2947:
2941:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2869:Los Prisioneros
2854:Enanitos Verdes
2795:Edmundo Arrocet
2756:. The music of
2754:Cumbre y Cuatro
2696:
2688:Soledad Bianchi
2680:Antonio Gramsci
2676:
2659:
2630:
2624:
2603:
2568:Francoist Spain
2565:
2560:
2508:Henry Kissinger
2465:
2425:Martine Billard
2399:
2393:
2379:Prime Minister
2332:
2301:Henry Kissinger
2261:
2255:
2195:Beagle conflict
2170:
2043:
2037:
1966:
1930:Milton Friedman
1918:
1900:
1883:
1877:
1852:
1839:nationalization
1808:
1787:
1763:
1738:
1732:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1661:
1653:Francoist Spain
1634:Andrés Allamand
1621:
1615:
1599:Caso Degollados
1595:
1571:
1565:
1557:code of silence
1503:
1468:
1463:
1454:Miguel Enríquez
1445:
1382:Alejandra Matus
1331:Henry Kissinger
1261:
1255:
1199:
1194:
1084:Henry Kissinger
1075:
1069:
1063:
1055:Patricio Aylwin
970:
941:
930:
928:
916:
914:
905:
904:
860:
852:
851:
842:Social Outburst
822:
814:
813:
799:
798:Pinochet regime
791:
790:
766:
758:
757:
740:
732:
731:
702:
694:
693:
659:
658:Nation-building
651:
650:
621:
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588:
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91:
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76:
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70:
52:
47:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Pinochet regime
15:
12:
11:
5:
9014:
9004:
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8739:Stock Exchange
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8467:
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8445:National parks
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8425:Extreme points
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8407:
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8389:
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8332:
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8326:
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8323:
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8320:(1990–Present)
8314:
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8055:Lucía Pinochet
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7727:Project FUBELT
7724:
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7694:
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7679:
7671:
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7651:External links
7649:
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7260:Leiva, Jorge.
7247:
7224:
7205:
7188:
7181:(in Spanish).
7163:
7135:
7106:
7072:
7036:
7029:
7008:
6991:(in Spanish).
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6963:(in Spanish).
6928:
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6889:(in Spanish).
6877:
6868:
6838:
6829:
6820:
6805:
6788:Panamá América
6774:
6756:
6753:. Vol. 5.
6738:
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6711:
6693:
6667:
6630:
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6419:
6402:hmforces.co.uk
6389:
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6338:
6307:
6281:
6260:
6234:
6214:
6199:
6166:
6121:
6105:
6078:
6076:, 6 April 1975
6066:
6054:
6040:The New Yorker
6035:"The Dictator"
6026:
5998:
5985:
5958:
5932:
5920:
5909:
5907:Sznajder, 1996
5900:
5873:
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5525:
5518:
5500:
5493:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5447:
5438:
5431:
5410:
5393:(in Spanish).
5372:
5361:on 18 May 2015
5353:(in Spanish).
5332:
5305:
5294:on 18 May 2015
5264:
5231:
5218:
5187:
5159:
5140:Carlos Huneeus
5131:
5104:(2): 461–501.
5080:
5064:
5030:
5016:
5003:
4994:
4982:
4950:
4919:
4889:
4875:
4855:
4825:
4814:
4794:
4781:978-1107026872
4780:
4760:
4745:(in Spanish).
4724:
4697:
4659:
4655:Americas Watch
4646:
4620:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4570:, minute 3:20.
4553:
4523:
4504:
4478:
4441:
4422:
4402:
4375:
4356:
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4313:
4286:
4259:
4241:
4215:
4181:
4162:
4156:978-0822333548
4155:
4137:
4126:
4099:(2): 151–163.
4083:
4056:(4): 712–731.
4040:
4034:
4008:
3997:
3986:
3980:
3954:
3932:
3912:
3886:
3879:
3849:
3822:(3): 746–747.
3805:
3774:
3747:(4): 103–113.
3731:
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3631:
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3595:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3529:
3510:
3504:
3478:
3471:(2): 251–272.
3467:(in Spanish).
3451:
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3388:
3358:
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3345:
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3338:
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3278:
3259:Jair Bolsonaro
3219:
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3094:
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3017:
3014:
2951:
2948:
2943:Main article:
2940:
2937:
2901:
2898:
2883:
2864:among others.
2846:Argentine rock
2804:Julio Iglesias
2695:
2692:
2678:Influenced by
2658:
2655:
2647:southern Chile
2623:
2620:
2602:
2599:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2528:preventive war
2464:
2461:
2411:Videla's junta
2405:has shown how
2392:
2389:
2331:
2330:United Kingdom
2328:
2254:
2251:
2227:Beagle Channel
2169:
2166:
2158:Corazon Aquino
2110:Czechoslovakia
2036:
2033:
1965:
1962:
1917:
1914:
1899:
1896:
1881:Crisis of 1982
1879:Main article:
1876:
1873:
1851:
1848:
1804:Main article:
1800:after the coup
1786:
1783:
1771:O'Higgins Park
1769:Protesters in
1762:
1759:
1731:
1728:
1701:southern Chile
1682:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1614:
1611:
1607:Rodolfo Stange
1594:
1591:
1575:legitimization
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1549:Carlos Huneeus
1542:Oscar Contardo
1502:
1499:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1444:
1441:
1426:Puerto Gaviota
1406:lista nacional
1344:Charles Horman
1288:Rudolph Rummel
1257:Main article:
1254:
1251:
1238:Radomiro Tomic
1208:following the
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1103:Roberto Souper
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1005:military junta
999:backed by the
972:
971:
969:
968:
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942:
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910:
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885:Mining history
882:
877:
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867:
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859:Related topics
858:
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631:Colonial Chile
628:
622:
620:Colonial times
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
608:Incas in Chile
605:
603:Early Mapuches
600:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:Years in Chile
567:
566:
558:
557:
548:
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517:
508:
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459:
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445:Chilean escudo
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332:5 October 1988
330:
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298:
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285:
284:Historical era
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151:in light green
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8649:
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8621:Public safety
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8608:
8605:
8603:
8602:Supreme Court
8600:
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8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8318:
8315:
8310:
8307:
8302:
8299:
8294:
8291:
8286:
8283:
8278:
8275:
8270:
8267:
8262:
8259:
8254:
8251:
8246:
8243:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8179:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8165:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:Radical Party
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8049:Lucía Hiriart
8047:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8028:Valech Report
8026:
8024:
8023:Rettig Report
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7853:Controversies
7851:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7788:César Mendoza
7786:
7784:
7783:Gustavo Leigh
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:1970 election
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7685:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7586:
7585:Christian, D.
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7447:
7432:23 April 2008
7431:
7430:
7423:
7415:
7409:
7401:
7395:
7387:
7380:
7364:
7358:
7349:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7311:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7292:
7287:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7209:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7185:(131): 38–86.
7184:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7167:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7139:
7123:
7122:
7121:Radio Bío-Bío
7117:
7110:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7013:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6872:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6833:
6824:
6816:
6809:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6763:
6761:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6671:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6554:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6319:(52): 57–74.
6318:
6311:
6296:
6292:
6289:Watts, Josh.
6285:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6126:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5989:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5784:
5778:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5746:
5745:0-8179-8062-8
5742:
5738:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5712:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5661:
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5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5544:9780198296157
5540:
5536:
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5490:
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5479:
5470:
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5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
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5386:
5379:
5377:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5268:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5206:
5205:El Periodista
5202:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5176:
5175:
5174:Radio Bío-Bío
5170:
5163:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5052:
5048:
5047:ciperchile.cl
5044:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5013:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4878:
4876:9789280808193
4872:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4843:
4839:
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4829:
4821:
4817:
4815:9789562826204
4811:
4807:
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4708:
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4423:9788473602020
4419:
4415:
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4406:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4357:9781590318423
4353:
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4340:
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4110:
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4063:
4059:
4055:
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4012:
4005:
4001:
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3990:
3983:
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3965:
3958:
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3946:
3942:
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3928:
3922:
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3913:9781899365418
3909:
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3882:
3880:9780906156186
3876:
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3735:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3701:1-56584-936-1
3697:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3678:Time Magazine
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3596:9780807834954
3592:
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3573:
3564:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3505:9780807834954
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
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3418:
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3408:
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3368:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3241:Mass protests
3238:
3229:
3224:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:Ricardo Lagos
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:Charly García
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2815:Mexican music
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:Lucia Hiriart
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2705:listas negras
2701:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2657:Cultural life
2654:
2652:
2651:Carrizal Bajo
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:. Apart from
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2385:Conservatives
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2253:United States
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Morón Airbase
2184:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:South Vietnam
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:North Vietnam
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:, and later,
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:wrote in his
1931:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:credit crunch
1882:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:copper mining
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1822:laissez-faire
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:César Mendoza
1600:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Arturo Yovane
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Gustavo Leigh
1458:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:desaparecidos
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:desaparecidos
1324:
1319:
1316:
1315:Valech Report
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Popular Unity
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:organization
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:Rise to power
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:United States
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:authoritarian
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
945:
944:
938:
937:
926:
924:
923:
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
818:
817:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
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718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
654:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:Early history
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
573:
569:
568:
564:
560:
559:
556:
550:
549:
544:
539:
538:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
466:
464:
463:ISO 3166 code
460:
453:
446:
442:
438:
428:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
400:
394:
390:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
356:
352:
348:
345:11 March 1990
344:
341:
335:
331:
328:
322:
319:11 March 1981
318:
315:
309:
305:
302:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
256:
253:
250:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
193:authoritarian
190:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
150:
144:
139:
120:
119:
114:
110:
103:
102:
98:
94:
88:
82:
74:
68:
60:
55:
51:
43:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8790:Demographics
8711:Central Bank
8580:Human rights
8568:Constitution
8351:Expansionism
8261:Independence
8018:Chicago Boys
7839:Chicago Boys
7761:Participants
7737:Carlos Prats
7643:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7588:
7578:
7554:. Retrieved
7540:
7531:
7521:
7510:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7473:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7434:. Retrieved
7428:
7422:
7408:
7379:
7367:. Retrieved
7357:
7348:
7336:. Retrieved
7327:
7318:
7309:
7291:Sol y Lluvia
7286:
7274:. Retrieved
7270:the original
7265:
7208:
7200:
7191:
7182:
7176:
7166:
7154:. Retrieved
7148:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7124:(in Spanish)
7119:
7109:
7097:. Retrieved
7095:(in Spanish)
7090:
7063:. Retrieved
7061:(in Spanish)
7056:
7020:
6992:
6988:
6964:
6960:
6921:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6871:
6859:. Retrieved
6850:
6841:
6832:
6823:
6815:The Diplomat
6814:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6787:
6777:
6768:
6750:
6721:
6714:
6705:
6696:
6690:(in Spanish)
6685:
6670:
6658:. Retrieved
6649:
6596:
6588:
6562:
6553:
6540:
6532:
6510:
6491:
6479:. Retrieved
6470:
6461:
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6431:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6401:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6350:
6341:
6316:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6294:
6284:
6275:
6251:. Retrieved
6246:
6237:
6217:
6208:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6174:
6169:
6144:
6140:
6113:
6108:
6096:. Retrieved
6081:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6038:
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6010:
6001:
5993:
5988:
5977:19 September
5975:. Retrieved
5961:
5949:. Retrieved
5935:
5930:Remmer, 1989
5912:
5903:
5894:
5891:James Petras
5851:
5847:
5841:
5833:
5821:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5679:Italian pdf.
5669:Spanish pdf.
5659:
5653:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5587:
5579:
5567:. Retrieved
5562:
5553:
5534:
5528:
5509:
5503:
5484:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5450:
5441:
5422:
5413:
5394:
5388:
5363:. Retrieved
5359:the original
5354:
5348:
5323:. Retrieved
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5292:the original
5283:
5277:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5241:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5204:
5180:29 September
5178:. Retrieved
5172:
5162:
5134:
5101:
5095:
5078:, pp. 26–27.
5075:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:the original
5046:
5033:
5011:
5006:
4997:
4973:. Retrieved
4953:
4929:
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4865:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4838:El Mostrador
4837:
4828:
4820:the original
4804:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4770:
4763:
4751:. Retrieved
4746:
4740:
4715:. Retrieved
4700:
4675:
4671:
4654:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:the original
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4535:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4457:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4412:
4405:
4392:. Retrieved
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4346:
4339:
4328:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4276:. Retrieved
4262:
4254:the original
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4184:
4170:RJ, Rummel.
4165:
4146:
4140:
4129:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4017:
4011:
4000:
3989:
3963:
3957:
3944:
3935:
3895:
3889:
3860:
3852:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3783:
3777:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3578:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3541:
3513:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3429:
3423:
3397:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3370:
3361:
3352:
3325:
3321:
3300:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3233:
3114:Hernán Büchi
3060:
3044:Concertación
3041:
3022:Hernán Büchi
3019:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2953:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2893:Sol y Lluvia
2889:
2885:
2866:
2843:
2832:
2812:
2808:Camilo Sesto
2784:
2773:Jaime Guzmán
2762:
2753:
2741:
2733:
2703:
2697:
2677:
2631:
2615:
2604:
2584:
2566:
2554:
2545:geopolitical
2505:
2499:
2489:
2466:
2454:
2449:Quai d'Orsay
2447:
2437:
2415:
2400:
2369:Sir Tristram
2368:
2364:
2356:Falkland War
2353:
2351:government.
2337:
2333:
2317:
2313:Jimmy Carter
2292:
2285:
2280:Jimmy Carter
2246:
2216:
2204:Isabel Perón
2199:
2171:
2146:
2102:East Germany
2094:Soviet Union
2083:
2070:
2044:
2025:Dow Chemical
2005:
2001:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1950:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1904:Hernán Büchi
1901:
1892:Chicago Boys
1884:
1853:
1844:
1820:
1817:Chicago Boys
1809:
1776:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1716:Jaime Guzmán
1705:
1690:
1662:
1646:
1626:Jaime Guzmán
1622:
1613:Youth policy
1596:
1582:constitution
1580:Chile's new
1579:
1572:
1546:
1526:Jaime Guzmán
1515:
1507:Chicago boys
1504:
1484:
1469:
1446:
1443:Fake combats
1437:police state
1430:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1378:
1360:
1355:
1339:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1247:
1230:Eduardo Frei
1215:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1143:female power
1142:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1119:Carlos Prats
1092:
1076:
1044:
1024:Chicago Boys
1013:
975:
927:
913:
890:Chilean wars
875:LGBT history
821:Contemporary
679:Patria Nueva
664:Patria Vieja
576:
570:
484:Succeeded by
483:
478:
452:Chilean peso
407:• 1990
397:• 1980
387:• 1973
362:• Total
314:Constitution
186:presidential
116:
112:
99:
97:Motto:
96:
87:Coat of arms
49:
39:
8805:Immigration
8706:Aquaculture
8701:Agriculture
8633:Gendarmerie
8628:Carabineros
8480:Lighthouses
8420:Environment
8415:Earthquakes
8336:Agriculture
8312:(1973–1990)
8304:(1925–1973)
8296:(1891–1925)
8288:(1861–1891)
8280:(1831–1861)
8272:(1823–1831)
8264:(1810–1826)
8256:(1600–1810)
8248:(1540–1600)
8240:(1536–1540)
8221:Prehispanic
8011:Perceptions
7619:Development
7595:Falcoff, M.
7575:Bawden, JR.
7556:25 February
7276:29 November
7156:14 February
6603:(in French)
6582:(in French)
6547:(in French)
6514:(in French)
6442:25 February
6382:25 February
6074:El Mercurio
6062:El Mercurio
5951:25 February
5854:(2): 3–29.
5257:20 November
4975:20 November
4848:25 February
4717:25 February
4613:25 February
4497:25 February
4434:25 February
4413:Los Allende
4394:19 November
4368:25 February
4208:25 February
3945:leychile.cl
3381:31 December
3336:.(p. 91-92)
3326:El Mercurio
3310:Jack Devine
3228:disappeared
3184:Total votes
3173:Blank votes
3151:Valid votes
3140:Independent
3119:Independent
2981:(yes), and
2918:Grupo Aleph
2914:Grupo Ictus
2862:Soda Stereo
2800:Miguel Bosé
2734:Canto Nuevo
2714:Víctor Jara
2694:Music scene
2682:'s work on
2601:Foreign aid
2483:, 60 to 90
2444:Roland Blum
2429:Yves Cochet
2421:Noël Mamère
2365:Sir Galahad
2090:North Korea
1995:South Korea
1842:decisions.
1827:free-market
1638:Miguel Kast
1518:Gremialists
1511:technocrats
1422:Puerto Gala
1400:, however,
1348:Víctor Jara
1323:disappeared
1271:during the
1129:El Mercurio
1111:neo-fascist
1105:, attacked
1095:El Teniente
1086:, used the
997:coup d'état
593:Monte Verde
552:History of
479:Preceded by
301:Coup d'etát
274:Legislature
8965:Categories
8910:Television
8895:Newspapers
8880:Literature
8820:Indigenous
8800:Healthcare
8733:(currency)
8563:Civil Code
8545:Ministries
8530:Government
8071:Opposition
8057:(daughter)
7752:Tanquetazo
7705:Background
7601:Petras, J.
7092:La Tercera
6496:Conclusion
6432:MercoPress
6272:Sohn, Raul
5519:0814762018
5494:0812235207
4902:resumen.cl
4753:10 January
4742:Magallania
3344:References
3334:propaganda
3308:operative
3239:policies.
3237:neoliberal
3162:Null votes
3077:Candidate
2926:grassroots
2798:including
2791:Nino Bravo
2722:Quilapayún
2672:See also:
2626:See also:
2381:Tony Blair
2358:, but its
2338:Under the
2206:, who was
2174:Juan Perón
2151:President
2149:Philippine
2122:Yugoslavia
2015:, and the
2009:World Bank
1916:Evaluation
1831:neoliberal
1819:advocated
1754:Solidarity
1668:Opposition
1649:ritualized
1630:Gremialist
1617:See also:
1586:plebiscite
1433:Paul Zwier
1281:politicide
1082:, such as
1071:See also:
1053:candidate
1020:neoliberal
674:Reconquest
641:Arauco War
411:13,187,821
401:11,178,817
391:10,095,485
376:Population
327:Plebiscite
178:Government
30:See also:
8890:Mythology
8832:Squatting
8810:Languages
8795:Education
8759:Transport
8716:Companies
8660:Air Force
8540:President
8520:Elections
8475:Volcanoes
8455:Provinces
8393:Geography
7797:Aftermath
7436:18 August
7369:18 August
7365:. Cia.gov
7328:El Tiempo
6893:(2): 92.
6325:0924-0608
6161:211276031
6147:(2): 67.
5868:153907843
5242:El Mocito
5211:5 October
5126:143983675
5057:11 August
4692:145443917
4678:(4): 31.
4639:26 August
4520:(1): 163.
4302:(1): 34.
4278:5 January
4234:26 August
4198:388555201
4121:145390588
4113:0026-7929
4078:143826273
4070:1534-0708
3844:150034889
3836:0022-216X
3800:1937-5239
3769:220912625
3761:0094-582X
3270:1973 coup
3198:7,557,537
3187:7,158,727
3154:6,979,859
3143:1,077,172
3127:2,052,116
3105:3,850,571
2498:HMS
2485:Sukhoi 22
2419:deputies
2168:Argentina
2147:In 1980,
2063:Argentina
2029:Firestone
1987:Argentina
1398:Argentina
1333:that the
1306:Esmeralda
1304:the ship
1210:1973 coup
1107:La Moneda
455:(1975–90)
448:(1973–75)
203:President
191:under an
57:1973–1990
8945:Category
8827:Religion
8726:Forestry
8652:Military
8590:Intersex
8499:Politics
8361:Maritime
8346:Economic
8341:Banditry
8329:By topic
8253:Colonial
8206:Timeline
8189:articles
8051:(spouse)
7960:Policies
7577:(2016).
7550:Archived
7484:BBC News
7465:BBC News
7394:cite web
7332:Archived
7239:Archived
7217:Archived
6855:Archived
6792:Archived
6704:(1996).
6678:Archived
6654:Archived
6622:Archived
6598:Le Monde
6571:Archived
6542:Le Monde
6521:Archived
6499:Archived
6481:28 April
6475:Archived
6471:BBC News
6436:Archived
6406:Archived
6376:Archived
6356:21 March
6333:25675537
6300:21 March
6295:Alborada
6253:11 March
6226:Archived
6092:Archived
5996:, p. 317
5971:Archived
5945:Archived
5897:: 57–72.
5826:Archived
5682:Archived
5672:Archived
5664:Archived
5631:p. 197-8
5569:11 March
5421:(1999).
5319:Archived
5298:30 April
5251:Archived
5151:Archived
4966:Archived
4942:Archived
4906:Archived
4882:22 March
4842:Archived
4787:22 March
4711:Archived
4633:Archived
4603:Time.com
4564:Archived
4540:Archived
4462:Archived
4428:Archived
4388:Archived
4362:Archived
4272:Archived
4228:Archived
4202:Archived
4194:ProQuest
4176:Archived
3949:Archived
3921:citation
3896:Pinochet
3670:Archived
3375:Archived
3371:BBC News
3280:See also
3207:Source:
2746:cassette
2726:charango
2666:Charango
2614:, later
2549:hegemony
2524:Santiago
2516:Peruvian
2439:Le Monde
2342:, while
2235:Colombia
2134:Cambodia
2128:and the
2118:Bulgaria
2055:Paraguay
1934:Newsweek
1145:"), and
1099:Rancagua
572:Timeline
543:a series
541:Part of
440:Currency
288:Cold War
189:republic
161:Santiago
8929:Outline
8875:Cuisine
8852:Culture
8773:Society
8754:Tourism
8689:Economy
8573:History
8460:Regions
8440:Islands
8435:Geology
8410:Climate
8214:Periods
8197:History
7512:Newshub
7338:23 June
7150:El País
7128:11 June
7099:10 June
7065:12 June
6967:: 1–20.
6798:4 April
6686:Caretas
6184:1016843
6047:11 July
6019:11 July
5747:, S. 8.
5614:: 5–55.
5594:121–141
4657:, 1983.
4330:El País
3446:3338214
3190:100.00
3165:103,631
3157:100.00
3123:D&P
2822:, the "
2742:fiestas
2643:Neltume
2520:Copiapó
2500:Bulwark
2490:Centaur
2344:Britain
2126:Romania
2114:Hungary
2059:Uruguay
2047:Bolivia
2023:(ITT),
1991:Uruguay
1898:1984–90
1875:1982–83
1850:1975–81
1697:Neltume
1452:leader
1222:leftist
1030:with a
338:•
325:•
312:•
299:•
183:Unitary
171:Spanish
157:Capital
113:Anthem:
8950:Portal
8905:Sports
8870:Cinema
8815:People
8744:Mining
8721:Energy
8465:Rivers
8405:Cities
8356:Mining
8228:–1536
8187:
8042:Family
7027:
6729:
6331:
6323:
6182:
6159:
5866:
5743:
5541:
5516:
5491:
5429:
5390:Atenea
5365:3 July
5325:24 May
5124:
5118:158572
5116:
4873:
4812:
4778:
4690:
4420:
4354:
4196:
4153:
4119:
4111:
4076:
4068:
4032:
3978:
3910:
3877:
3842:
3834:
3798:
3767:
3759:
3698:
3593:
3502:
3444:
3218:Legacy
3201:94.72
3176:75,237
3146:15.43
3130:29.40
3108:55.17
3083:Votes
2858:G.I.T.
2852:, the
2750:pirate
2635:Granma
2492:-class
2391:France
2377:Labour
2120:, and
2106:Poland
2051:Brazil
2027:, and
2011:, the
1833:, and
1495:Tehran
1166:Senate
983:ruled
545:on the
433:medium
425:(1980)
423:
237:
207:
115:
8936:Index
8885:Music
8842:Women
8785:Crime
8731:Peso
8470:Lakes
8185:Chile
6861:1 May
6660:1 May
6412:1 May
6329:JSTOR
6157:S2CID
6137:(PDF)
6098:1 May
5864:S2CID
5247:(PDF)
5154:(PDF)
5147:(PDF)
5122:S2CID
5114:JSTOR
4969:(PDF)
4962:(PDF)
4945:(PDF)
4934:(PDF)
4912:1 May
4688:S2CID
4546:1 May
4471:1 May
4465:(PDF)
4454:(PDF)
4117:S2CID
4074:S2CID
3840:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3469:XXIII
3442:JSTOR
3292:Notes
3179:1.05
3168:1.45
2839:huaso
2834:Cueca
2786:Libre
2738:peñas
2730:quena
2563:Spain
2417:Green
2324:ASMAR
2320:ENAER
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