804:
governmental and non-governmental entities. One of the latter is a non-for-profit organization called Sugar Pine
Foundation created in 2004 to plant sugar pine seeds in the Sierra Nevada along the border of California and Nevada. They plant seedlings grown from seeds collected from blister rust resistant trees. In order to identify if the trees resistant to that pathogen, Sugar Pine Foundation tested over 500 sugar pine trees and have found 66 resistant trees. The foundation is building a sugar pine population that is resistant to white pine rust because the fungus is a major threat and will continue to kill sugar pine trees at a very high rate.
752:
266:
374:
82:
57:
813:
582:
730:) rely on sugar pine seeds for their food source in the fall months within the Sierra Nevada. There is relationship between sugar pine seeds and oak acorns, as the bears will feed preferentially on those that are in a higher supply for that season. Both sugar pine and oak species are currently in decline, which can have a direct effect on black bear food sources within the Sierra Nevada.
38:
882:-woman, his grandfather insists that the new couple have a child. To this end, the grandfather breaks open a scale from a sugar pine cone, and secretly instructs Ahsoballache to immerse the scale's contents in spring water, then hide them inside a covered basket. Ahsoballache performs the tasks that night; at the next dawn, he and his wife discover the infant
721:) gather and hoard sugar pine seeds. Chipmunks gather wind-dispersed seeds from the ground and store them in large amounts. Jays collect seeds by pecking the cones with their beaks and catching the seeds as they fall out. Although wind is a main dispersion factor of sugar pine seeds, animals tend to collect and store them before the wind can blow them far.
744:) which are native to western North America. The beetles lay their eggs inside of the tree and inhibit the trees ability to defend itself against the invading species. The beetles also feed from the trees nutrients which slowly weakens the trees overall health, making the pines more susceptible to other threats like fires and fungal infections by
769:), a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. A high proportion of sugar pines have been killed by the blister rust, particularly in the northern part of the species' range that has experienced the rust for a longer period of time. The rust has also destroyed much of the Western white pine and
828:
According to David
Douglas, who was guided to the (exceptionally thick) tree specimen he was looking for by a Native American, some tribes ate the sweetish seeds. These were eaten raw and roasted, and also used to make flour or pulverized into a spread. Native Americans also ate the inner bark. The
794:
levels within the tree which will cause less protection against pathogens. At the same time the warmer winters make the survival of the pests and pathogens more likely. The weakened or dying trees then provide fuel to the forest fires, which may become more frequent and more intense, if the climate
803:
Sugar pine trees are in a slow decline because of the several threats it faces: white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetles and climate change. Efforts to restore sugar pines and other white pine trees that have been impacted by invasive species, climate change and fires have been undertaken by
352:
species, commonly growing to 40β60 meters (130β195 ft) tall, exceptionally to 82 m (269 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of 1.2β2.5 m (3 ft 11 in β 8 ft 2 in), exceptionally 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in). The tallest recorded specimen is 83.45 m
789:
because of its thick bark and because it clears away competing species. However, its mortality has been directly linked to dryer conditions and higher temperatures. Sugar pine trees grow in western North
America, a region already impacted by climate change. Higher temperatures within a sugar pine
365:
and
Yosemite National Park: one in Umpqua National Forest is 77.7 m (254 ft 11 in) tall and another in Siskiyou National Forest is 77.2 m (253 ft 3 in) tall. Yosemite National Park also has the third tallest, measured to 80.5 m (264 ft 1 in) tall as of
781:
Basin has been successful in finding resistant sugar pine seed trees and has demonstrated that it is important for the public to assist the U.S. Forest
Service in restoring this species. However, blister rust is much less common in California, and sugar, Western white and whitebark pines still
855:
material. The wood was also long used for piano keys; in 1907 or 1908 the
Connection piano-action maker Pratt, Read & Co. purchased "950,000 feet of clear sugar pine" for that use in & around Placerville, CA.
574:. The genome of the sugar pine represents one extreme in all plants, with a stable diploid genome that is expanded by the proliferation of transposable elements, in contrast to the frequent polyploidization events in
602:
to a less symmetric structure. This configuration is caused by a transverse orientation of division planes in the upper portion of the embryo axis. The root initial zone is established, and the
777:
has a program (see link below) for developing rust-resistant sugar pine and western white pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild. The Sugar Pine
Foundation in the
563:
The massive 31 gigabase mega-genome of sugar pine has been sequenced in 2016 by the large PineRefSeq consortium. This makes the genome one of the largest sequenced and assembled so far.
357:, and was discovered in 2015. The second tallest recorded was "Yosemite Giant", an 82.05 m (269 ft 2 in) tall specimen in Yosemite National Park, which died from a
1540:
2329:
389:
ranges from brown to purple in color and is 5β10 centimeters (2β4 in) thick. The upper branches can reach out over 8 m (26 ft). Like all members of the
871:, Annikadel, the creator, makes one of the 'First People' by intentionally dropping a sugar pine seed in a place where it can grow. One of the descendants in this
2314:
555:. It is generally more abundant towards the south and can be found growing in elevations between 500 and 1,500 m (1,600 and 4,900 ft) above sea level.
2294:
566:
The transposable elements that make up the megagenome are linked to the evolutionary change of the sugar pine. The sugar pine contains extended regions of
2309:
833:
was consumed, in small quantities due to its laxative properties, but could also be chewed as gum. Its flavor is thought largely to be derived from the
1514:
Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel
Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008).
1471:
Van
Mantgem, PJ; Stephenson, NL; Keifer, M; Keeley, J (2004). "Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine".
2334:
2319:
1329:
653:
The central mother cell generates the rib meristem and the inner layers of the peripheral tissue zone through cell division. It presents a typical
2116:
1603:"Contrasting impacts of climate and competition on large sugar pine growth and defense in a fire-excluded forest of the central sierra nevada"
2168:
463:
are more massive); their unripe weight of 1β2 kilograms (2.2β4.4 lb) makes them perilous projectiles when chewed off by squirrels. The
2284:
851:
The odorless wood is also preferred for packing fruit, as well as storing drugs and other goods. Its straight grain also makes it a useful
748:. Blister rust can weaken the tree and enable further infestation by mountain pine beetles due to the lack of defense from the sugar pine.
378:
2217:
1547:
2064:
664:
The peripheral tissue zone consists of two layers of cells that are characterized by dense cytoplasm and mitosis of high frequency.
1457:
606:
develops as an anlage flanked by regions of that define the cotyledonary buttresses. At this stage, the embryo is composed of the
2129:
2077:
1816:
1075:
1036:
1723:
1523:
1012:
2134:
511:-inch) long wing that aids their dispersal by wind. Sugar pine never grows in pure stands, always in a mixed forest and is
1832:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
709:
The large size and high nutritional value of the sugar pine seeds are appealing to many species. Yellow pine chipmunks (
2299:
1876:
1079:
681:
1339:
1276:
Sacher, J.A. (1954). "Structure and
Seasonal Activity of the Shoot Apices of Pinus Lambertiana and Pinus ponderosa".
667:
Lastly, the rib meristem is a regular arrangement of vertical files of cells which mature into the pith of the axis.
795:
change results in warmer temperatures in summer, particularly if coupled with drier conditions and stronger winds.
81:
2173:
2103:
2002:
2324:
1798:
646:
The apical initials produce all cells of the shoot apex through cell division. It is located at the top of the
2235:
1790:
1843:
1866:
2304:
2056:
1812:
1097:
1981:
1638:
Dougl.) with reference to historical disturbances in the Lake Tahoe Basin: Implications for restoration".
680:
considered sugar pine to be the "king of the conifers". The common name comes from the sweet resin, which
1970:
1715:
1115:
2230:
2082:
1755:
1634:
Maloney, PE; Vogler, DR; Eckert, AJ; Jensen, CE; Neale, DB (2011). "Population biology of sugar pine (
1303:
2183:
1357:"Interactions between steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter-hoarded sugar pine seeds"
1111:
844:. In modern times they are used in much lower quantities, being spared for high-end products as with
197:
2043:
1825:
689:
312:
256:
2160:
1906:
946:
1063:
745:
740:
552:
2222:
1406:"Implications of the variable availability of seasonal foods on the home ranges of black bears,
2121:
2051:
1932:
354:
213:
20:
1765:
1539:
Maloney, P; Duriscoe, D; Smith, D; Burton, D; Davis, D; Pickett, J; Cousineau, R; Dunlap, J.
821:
751:
693:
528:
316:
240:
2196:
2147:
2015:
1703:
1480:
1421:
1368:
841:
571:
548:
544:
8:
774:
765:
717:
181:
46:
2209:
1484:
1425:
1372:
2256:
1496:
1449:
1386:
1289:
1234:
1205:
1181:
1156:
1004:
845:
76:
2191:
1989:
1777:
1769:
1729:
1719:
1668:
1519:
1381:
1356:
1335:
1239:
1186:
1110:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1018:
1008:
817:
711:
406:
1883:
1708:
Annikadel: The History of the Universe as Told by the Achumawi Indians of California
1513:
1257:
Berlyn, Graeme P (1967). "The Structure of Germination in Pinus Lambertiana Dougl".
1105:
923:
2261:
2007:
1994:
1901:
1808:
1751:
1647:
1614:
1488:
1429:
1376:
1285:
1229:
1221:
1176:
1168:
1130:
941:
726:
661:
that occurs in the central region. The rate of mitosis increases on its outer edge.
1851:
1921:
1711:
1651:
532:
332:
19:"Sugar Pine" redirects here. For the community in Madera County, California, see
1172:
688:. It is also known as the great sugar pine. The scientific name was assigned by
265:
2289:
2204:
890:
770:
567:
512:
373:
106:
1022:
650:
and the cells are larger in size compared to other cells on the surface layer.
2278:
2142:
1955:
1892:
1733:
1676:
932:
868:
830:
540:
324:
320:
66:
61:
840:
In the mid-19th century, the trees were used liberally as lumber during the
2248:
1781:
1434:
1405:
1243:
1190:
998:
786:
460:
428:
300:
1689:"Buying Lumber for Keys." Music Trade Review 47:10 (5 September 1908), 35.
1225:
1000:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
763:
The sugar pine has been severely affected by the white pine blister rust (
361:
attack in 2007. The tallest known living specimens today grow in southern
2155:
2090:
1964:
685:
358:
2069:
1761:
1500:
1390:
852:
778:
654:
639:
627:
599:
575:
524:
390:
119:
2095:
2028:
1872:
1857:
1619:
1602:
1576:
1541:"White Pine Blister Rust on High Elevation White Pines in California"
677:
623:
615:
607:
410:
1926:
1492:
1259:
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Bulletin Series
622:. The upper (distal) portion of the embryo, which gives rise to the
598:
development, the sugar pine embryo changes from a smooth and narrow
2243:
1949:
883:
879:
872:
865:
647:
619:
611:
603:
367:
159:
2108:
2033:
1516:
National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
875:
is Sugarpine-Cone man, who has a handsome son named Ahsoballache.
812:
1470:
834:
738:
Sugar pine trees have been impacted by the mountain pine beetle (
658:
304:
149:
139:
129:
2020:
1773:
595:
536:
402:
362:
328:
657:
appearance and is characterized by cell expansion and unusual
319:. It is native to coastal and inland mountain areas along the
1331:
Edible and Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada
791:
427: in) long. Sugar pine is notable for having the longest
93:
37:
581:
1206:"Assessing the Gene Content of the Megagenome: Sugar Pine (
915:
756:
464:
296:
169:
1037:"3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world"
1862:
The Sugar Pine and Western White Pine Restoration Program
1633:
692:, who was the first to describe it in 1826, in honor of
315:, who named the tree in honour of the English botanist,
1104:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1600:
1538:
878:
After Ahsoballache marries the daughter of To'kis the
684:
used as a sweetener. John Muir found it preferable to
523:
The sugar pine occurs in the mountains of Oregon and
1797:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1789:
Kinloch Jr., Bohun B.; Scheuner, William H. (1990).
2330:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1788:
1852:US Forest Service β Dorena Genetic Resource Center
1403:
1601:Slack, A; Kane, J; Knapp, E; Sherriff, R (2017).
1354:
2276:
1061:
997:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
2315:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1757:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains
1203:
759:starting to succumb to white pine blister rust
1907:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42374A2976106.en
1819:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
947:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42374A2976106.en
445: in) long, exceptionally to 60 cm (
2295:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
1204:Gonzalez-Ibeas, Daniel; et al. (2016).
1107:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
996:
353:(273 ft 9 in) tall, is located in
1922:Arboretum de Villardebelle: photo of a cone
1454:Ontarios invading species awareness program
1334:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 219.
1043:. South Lake Tahoe, California. 31 Jan 2021
900:
894:
2310:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1881:
1663:
1661:
921:
899:, and also a word for "sugar pine sugar",
626:and the epicotyl, is considered to be the
459: in) long (although the cones of the
348:The sugar pine is the tallest and largest
264:
55:
36:
1905:
1697:
1695:
1618:
1507:
1433:
1404:Mazur, R; Klimley, AP; Folger, K (2013).
1380:
1233:
1180:
1150:
1148:
945:
370:affected this specimen, but it survived.
2335:Least concern flora of the United States
2320:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
1327:
1321:
811:
750:
580:
431:of any conifer, mostly 10β50 cm (4β
372:
1817:United States Department of Agriculture
1667:
1658:
1157:"Sequence of the Sugar Pine Megagenome"
1154:
487: in) long, with a 2β3-centimeter (
2277:
1830:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1823:
1701:
1692:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1275:
1256:
1145:
379:Rogue River β Siskiyou National Forest
1931:
1930:
1750:
1410:, in the Sierra Nevada of California"
1128:
1091:
1089:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
798:
2184:cc402444-3703-4b78-b90d-77de174aa268
1095:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
2285:IUCN Red List least concern species
1893:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1564:
1155:Stevens, K.A.; et al. (2016).
1129:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
933:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
589:
311:was given by the Scottish botanist
13:
1877:University of California, Berkeley
1744:
1673:A Natural History of Western Trees
1518:. New York: Sterling. p. 79.
1355:Thayer, T; Vander Wall, S (2005).
1328:Saunders, Charles Francis (1976).
1290:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1954.tb14406.x
1086:
1080:University of California, Berkeley
295:) is the tallest and most massive
14:
2346:
1844:U.C. Jepson Manual treatment for
1837:
1003:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
961:
413:sheath. They are 5β11 cm (2β
2236:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:197001-2
1460:from the original on 2020-09-27.
1382:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00932.x
782:survive in great numbers there.
570:, most of which is derived from
80:
16:Pine tree found in North America
1683:
1627:
1594:
1532:
1464:
1442:
1397:
1348:
1296:
1269:
518:
1854:β USFS rust resistance program
1250:
1197:
1122:
1055:
1029:
642:has the following four zones:
338:
1:
1640:Forest Ecology and Management
908:
773:throughout their ranges. The
633:
1813:United States Forest Service
1652:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.011
1062:Jepson Flora Project (ed.).
671:
409:("bundles") of five, with a
7:
1716:University of Arizona Press
1173:10.1534/genetics.116.193227
1116:Harvard University Herbaria
893:has a word for sugar pine,
859:
704:
10:
2351:
1764:(illustrations). Chicago:
1278:American Journal of Botany
733:
699:
299:tree, and has the longest
18:
2300:Trees of Northern America
1939:
1858:The Sugar Pine Foundation
1361:Journal of Animal Ecology
1112:Missouri Botanical Garden
785:The species is generally
558:
343:
272:
263:
246:
239:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
1805:Silvics of North America
816:Bark of a sugar pine on
585:Almost ripe female cones
1669:Peattie, Donald Culross
1581:Sugarpinefoundation.org
1577:"Sugar Pine Foundation"
1473:Ecological Applications
1139:The Gymnosperm Database
901:
895:
807:
746:white pine blister rust
741:Dendroctonus ponderosae
553:Sierra San Pedro Martir
377:Old sugar pines in the
287:(commonly known as the
1824:Habeck, R. J. (1992).
1766:A.C. McClurg & Co.
1702:Woiche, Istet (1992).
1450:"Mountain pine beetle"
1435:10.1186/2050-3385-1-16
1308:Oregonencyclopedia.org
1114:, St. Louis, MO &
1007:. pp. 26, 30β35.
825:
824:of Southern California
760:
715:) and Steller's jays (
586:
382:
355:Yosemite National Park
21:Sugar Pine, California
2325:Edible nuts and seeds
1704:Merriam, Clinton Hart
1226:10.1534/g3.116.032805
1096:Kral, Robert (1993).
822:San Gabriel Mountains
815:
754:
694:Aylmer Bourke Lambert
618:-shoot axis, and the
584:
572:transposable elements
529:Western United States
376:
317:Aylmer Bourke Lambert
1900:: e.T42374A2976106.
1076:The Jepson Herbarium
940:: e.T42374A2976106.
842:California Gold Rush
610:, root initials and
405:("needles") grow in
331:and as far south as
2305:Flora of California
1882:Farjon, A. (2013).
1826:"Pinus lambertiana"
1485:2004EcoAp..14.1590V
1426:2013AnBio...1...16M
1414:Animal Biotelemetry
1373:2005JAnEc..74..365T
922:Farjon, A. (2013).
775:U.S. Forest Service
766:Cronartium ribicola
718:Cyanocitta stelleri
539:; specifically the
307:. The species name
232:P. lambertiana
47:Conservation status
1005:Mountaineers Books
846:Western white pine
826:
799:Protective efforts
761:
587:
383:
327:, as far north as
2272:
2271:
2192:Open Tree of Life
1971:Pinus lambertiana
1941:Pinus lambertiana
1933:Taxon identifiers
1886:Pinus lambertiana
1868:Pinus lambertiana
1846:Pinus lambertiana
1793:Pinus lambertiana
1752:Chase, J. Smeaton
1725:978-0-8165-1283-6
1636:Pinus lambertiana
1525:978-1-4027-3875-3
1220:(12): 3787β3802.
1208:Pinus lambertiana
1133:Pinus lambertiana
1100:Pinus lambertiana
1066:Pinus lambertiana
1014:978-1-68051-329-5
926:Pinus lambertiana
818:Mount San Antonio
790:forest can lower
787:resistant to fire
712:Neotamias amoenus
594:In late stage of
467:are 1β2 cm (
387:Pinus lambertiana
381:, southern Oregon
284:Pinus lambertiana
280:
279:
275:Pinus lambertiana
273:Natural range of
250:Pinus lambertiana
70:
2342:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1875:photo database,
1833:
1820:
1809:Washington, D.C.
1785:
1768:pp. 12β14.
1738:
1737:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:10.3390/f8070244
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:. Archived from
1545:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1479:(5): 1590β1602.
1468:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1408:Ursus americanus
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1167:(4): 1613β1626.
1152:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:, Cambridge, MA.
1093:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1041:Associated Press
1033:
1027:
1026:
994:
959:
958:
956:
954:
949:
919:
904:
898:
886:near their bed.
727:Ursus americanus
682:Native Americans
590:Embryonal growth
535:in northwestern
510:
509:
505:
502:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
458:
457:
453:
450:
444:
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439:
436:
426:
425:
421:
418:
268:
252:
218:
202:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
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1807:. Vol. 1.
1747:
1745:Further reading
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366:June 2013; the
346:
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333:Baja California
293:sugar cone pine
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1838:External links
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1646:(5): 770β779.
1626:
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1367:(2): 365β374.
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913:
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891:Washo language
861:
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771:whitebark pine
755:Sugar pine in
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1678:
1677:Bonanza Books
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241:Binomial name
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203:Quinquefoliae
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62:Least Concern
52:
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29:
26:
22:
1940:
1911:. Retrieved
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1799:
1792:
1756:
1707:
1685:
1675:. New York:
1672:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
1555:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1534:
1515:
1509:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1444:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1330:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1304:"Sugar pine"
1298:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1258:
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1217:
1213:
1207:
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1164:
1160:
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1124:
1106:
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1071:
1065:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1040:
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951:. Retrieved
937:
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863:
850:
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737:
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723:
716:
710:
708:
675:
637:
593:
565:
562:
549:Coast Ranges
522:
519:Distribution
461:Coulter pine
398:
394:
386:
385:The bark of
384:
349:
347:
308:
292:
288:
283:
282:
281:
274:
249:
247:
231:
230:
214:
210:Subsection:
198:
186:
182:
170:
120:Gymnospermae
113:
100:
25:
2210:kew-2561667
2156:NatureServe
2091:iNaturalist
1965:Wikispecies
1913:13 November
1762:Eytel, Carl
953:13 November
686:maple sugar
676:Naturalist
576:angiosperms
359:bark beetle
339:Description
335:in Mexico.
309:lambertiana
31:Sugar pine
2279:Categories
2205:Plant List
1979:Calflora:
1613:(7): 244.
1557:2007-02-05
1420:(16): 16.
1023:1141235469
909:References
896:simt'Ñ:gɨm
853:organ pipe
779:Lake Tahoe
655:gymnosperm
640:shoot apex
634:Shoot apex
628:shoot apex
624:cotyledons
600:paraboloid
525:California
515:in youth.
391:white pine
289:sugar pine
178:Subgenus:
126:Division:
2057:233500939
1873:CalPhotos
1734:631716557
678:John Muir
672:Etymology
616:hypocotyl
608:suspensor
596:embryonal
411:deciduous
407:fascicles
397:subgenus
226:Species:
194:Section:
140:Pinopsida
130:Pinophyta
90:Kingdom:
2249:24900196
2244:Tropicos
2161:2.161150
2122:10193952
2109:197001-2
1950:Wikidata
1815:(USFS),
1800:Conifers
1774:11004975
1754:(1911).
1671:(1953).
1458:Archived
1456:. 2012.
1244:27799338
1191:27794028
1161:Genetics
884:Edechewe
880:Chipmunk
873:ancestry
866:Achomawi
860:Folklore
705:Wildlife
648:meristem
620:epicotyl
614:region,
612:root cap
604:epicotyl
368:Rim Fire
217:subsect.
160:Pinaceae
156:Family:
67:IUCN 3.1
2070:5284989
2021:1014224
1956:Q227779
1871:in the
1782:3477527
1706:(ed.).
1607:Forests
1586:18 June
1501:4493673
1481:Bibcode
1422:Bibcode
1391:3505625
1369:Bibcode
1313:18 June
1235:5144951
1182:5161289
902:nanΓ³mba
864:In the
835:pinitol
820:in the
734:Threats
700:Ecology
659:mitosis
527:in the
506:⁄
492:⁄
482:⁄
472:⁄
454:⁄
440:⁄
422:⁄
401:), the
399:Strobus
393:group (
305:conifer
303:of any
257:Douglas
219:Strobus
187:Strobus
166:Genus:
150:Pinales
146:Order:
136:Class:
94:Plantae
65: (
2218:PLANTS
2197:568626
2181:NZOR:
2135:183347
2044:pinlam
2041:FEIS:
1780:
1772:
1732:
1722:
1712:Tucson
1522:
1499:
1389:
1338:
1242:
1232:
1189:
1179:
1047:13 Feb
1021:
1011:
559:Genome
551:, and
537:Mexico
531:, and
403:leaves
363:Oregon
344:Growth
329:Oregon
185:subg.
2290:Pinus
2148:42374
2117:IRMNG
2096:64040
2083:28464
2034:PIULA
1995:4J29V
1551:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
1497:JSTOR
1387:JSTOR
831:pitch
792:resin
465:seeds
429:cones
395:Pinus
350:Pinus
301:cones
201:sect.
171:Pinus
114:Clade
101:Clade
2231:POWO
2223:PILA
2174:3343
2169:NCBI
2143:IUCN
2130:ITIS
2104:IPNI
2078:GRIN
2065:GBIF
2029:EPPO
2008:2820
2003:CNPS
1982:6516
1915:2021
1898:2013
1778:OCLC
1770:LCCN
1730:OCLC
1720:ISBN
1588:2017
1520:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1315:2017
1240:PMID
1187:PMID
1049:2023
1019:OCLC
1009:ISBN
955:2021
938:2013
889:The
808:Uses
757:Utah
638:The
297:pine
2257:WFO
2052:FNA
2016:EoL
1990:CoL
1902:doi
1648:doi
1644:262
1615:doi
1489:doi
1430:doi
1377:doi
1286:doi
1230:PMC
1222:doi
1177:PMC
1169:doi
1165:204
942:doi
323:of
291:or
215:P.
199:P.
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1896:.
1890:.
1860:β
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
