Pioneer Valley - Knowledge

1140:, the first spot on the Connecticut River where all travelers must stop to negotiate a waterfall, 32 feet (9.8 m) in height, and then transship their cargoes from ocean-going vessels to smaller shallops. Pynchon's party purchased land on both sides of Connecticut River from 18 tribesman who lived at a palisade fort at the current site of Springfield's Longhill Street. The price paid was 18 hoes, 18 fathoms of wampum, 18 coats, 18 hatchets and 18 knives. Originally, in 1636, the English settlement was named Agawam Plantation. By founding "Agawam" in its particular location, Pynchon essentially forced all northerly river trade to move through his town. 1178:

avowed "man of peace," believed in negotiation with the Natives (and thus, quickly made a fortune), whereas Mason—a hero of the Pequot Wars and conqueror of Connecticut—believed in subduing Natives by force if necessary. This philosophical difference led to Mason using "hard words" against Pynchon. Pynchon's settlement, however, agreed with him, and his philosophy, and that same year, voted to separate from the Connecticut Colony and be annexed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. When the dust finally settled, William Pynchon was named magistrate of Agawam by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and, in honor of him, the settlement was renamed Springfield after

1169:. In the spring of 1640, grain was very scarce; cattle were dying of starvation. The nearby Connecticut Colony settlements gave power to William Pynchon to buy corn for all four English settlements, (Springfield's natives were, by far, the most congenial to the English.) If the Natives would not sell their corn at market prices, then Pynchon was authorized to offer more money. The Natives refused to sell their corn at market prices, and then later refused to sell it at "reasonable" prices. Pynchon refused to buy it, believing it best not to broadcast the English colonists' weaknesses, and also wanting to keep market values steady. 776: 2146:, potatoes, and shade-grown tobacco are also major crops. Fields of all sort, particularly corn and tobacco fields, as well as numerous farmhouses and tobacco barns, dot the landscape. Light industry is concentrated in the town of South Deerfield and the city of Greenfield, while service industries exist throughout the county. Increasingly Franklin County is becoming a place of bedroom communities, with the major transportation routes of Interstate 91, Route 2, and U.S. Route 5 facilitating a boom in residential building that has not kept pace with commercial development in many of the county's towns. 1101: 494:. Much of Hampshire County's cultural activity, vibrant nightlife, and musical venues are concentrated in these two small but lively municipalities that are separated by a mere seven miles. While the college towns in Hampshire County are known for their liberal political values and their embrace of alternative cultures and lifestyles, many of the county's outlying towns preserve their traditional, bucolic characters. In terms of political demographics, Hampshire County is one of the most liberal areas in the United States in both voter registration and election returns. 63: 721:. Among the European-American community, the Pioneer Valley's population reflects the British Isles background of its original settlers and the immigrant populations that settled it during the late-nineteenth century, including large numbers of residents with Irish, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, French Canadian, and Greek backgrounds. As of 2011, Springfield is home to a particularly large number of Vietnamese immigrants. Also, as of 2011, Russian and Ukrainian immigrants are increasing in Springfield, West Springfield, Westfield, and other communities. 784: 289: 4315: 1900: 1944:, and the World Eye Bookshop is in its 40th year in Greenfield. John Doe, Jr. used books and records opened in Greenfield the summer of 2009. Federal Street Books is another used bookstore in Greenfield. Northampton has least four independent bookstores (including Broadside Bookshop). One of the more popular, Raven Used Books, features a wide variety of titles and subjects. South Deerfield has New England Auctions, specializing in rare and antiquarian books. 349:, the Pioneer Valley "is not an ordinary river channel; it is, in fact, a trough between two systems of mountains. To the west lie the worn-down remnants of the once lofty Berkshire Mountains; on the east, the yet more degraded ridges which constitute what we may call the Eastern Massachusetts set of mountain ridges. These rocks now form many sharp hills and mountains in the Valley. During the 83: 2277:, the nearby Falls, and a proposed wind farm. All three formerly industrialized cities—Springfield, Chicopee, and Holyoke—continue to face typical urban problems, such as gang activity and the drug trade in increasingly isolated parts of each city; however, these activities have lessened significantly during the past 20 years and a spirit of revitalization now pervades each city. 2207:, Hampshire County has a significant part of its economy devoted to serving university and liberal arts college students, including numerous independent bookstores and stationery shops. Hampshire County is also one of the most politically liberal counties in the United States, due in large part to Northampton, Amherst, and a large LGBT community centered on the Five College area. 1136:

settlers were very religious, as indicated by their first article of incorporation, "Wee intend by God's grace, as soon as we can, with all convenient speede to procure some Godly and faithfull minister we purpose to joyne in church covenant, to walk in all the ways of Christ" In scouting Springfield, Cable, Woodcock, and Pynchon selected a spot just north of

1148:, along what is today Main Street.<name="King 1885"/> Long, narrow plots of farmland were created, extending outward from the river. In addition, more distant forested "wood lots" were offered. The original, main profit-generating industry for Springfield was trade with the Indians for beaver skins, which were then exported around the colonial world. 767:. Generally, in the Pioneer Valley, LGBT people and straight people co-mingle in various bars, nightclubs, and cultural institutions. Still, both cities feature a robust and active LGBT nightlife – especially Northampton for lesbians, and Springfield for gay men. The college towns of Amherst and South Hadley also feature significant LGBT populations. 1520:, who built their own churches and first worked as laborers, forming a community later known as Old Polonia. Later twentieth-century immigrants from Poland tended to be more educated, but settled in the larger cities. Immigrants in smaller communities followed different paths, and their descendants often moved to cities for more opportunities. 1311:, in 1653, and settled the following year. The situation in the region further deteriorated when the Mohawk escalated hostilities against the Pocumtuc confederacy and other Algonquian tribes after 1655, forcing many of the plague-devastated Algonquian groups into defensive mergers. This coincided with a souring of relations between the 2238:. Springfield is a major transportation hub, lying equidistant to the Ports of Boston and Albany, New York, and also near to New York City and Montreal. Many of the projects that have catalyzed Springfield's recent economic resurgence have been related to transportation, e.g. the $ 1 billion-plus 2370:

Politically, Hampden County leans liberal; however, it features several notably conservative cities and towns, such as Holyoke, Westfield, Agawam, Monson, and Palmer. Hampden County's largest city, Springfield, while historically moderate, politically, has become nearly as liberal as Hampshire County

1916:

While this charming pocket of the state, known as the Pioneer Valley, may be wild turkey country, as well as the approach to Vermont ski country, it's also used-book country. Our three-day visit was dedicated to browsing and buying amid the valley's rich and collegial network of bookshops and private

1488:

of the late nineteenth century, Deerfield citizens rediscovered the town's past. Residents founded the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in 1870, and erected monuments to commemorate various events, including the Bloody Brook and 1704 attacks. In 1890, Charlotte Alice Baker returned to Deerfield

1389:

to Native American control, and allowed some of Dedham's residents to acquire land in the new township of Pocumtuck. To obtain this land, their agent John Plympton signed a treaty with some Pocumtuck men, including one named Chaulk. He had no authority to deed the land to the colonists, and appeared

1841:

serves as the major focal point for classical music, Broadway tours, concerts and stand-up comedy shows in the Valley. Symphony Hall was built in 1911–13, and its ornamentation is a spectacle in itself. The major playhouse in Springfield is CityStage, which features an eclectic mix of entertainment.

1617:

As of 2011, Springfield's most famous cultural contribution worldwide is basketball, currently the world's 2nd most popular sport. That said, the "City of Progress" produced three other innovations, not nearly as well publicized, but which have proven to have proven to be just as significant, if not

1143:

After warnings from the Natives about the Connecticut River's west side being prone to flooding, most Springfield settlers moved to the east side of the river, which was slightly less advantageous for farming because of its prominent bluffs and hills. The initial land grants to English families were

545:

personally selected that site for the United States' Federal Arsenal.) After nearly 30 years of decline, Springfield has since about 2006 experienced a cultural and economic resurgence, catalyzed by billions of dollars in private and public investment, including the funded construction of the United

2379:

Appreciation of the natural environs has, historically, been a large part of the Pioneer Valley life. It features numerous non-profit nature sanctuaries, such as Friends of Wissatinnewag, Inc. 43 acres (17 ha) a sacred Native American burial grounds where the Turners Falls massacre occurred in

1177:

to travel to Springfield with "money in one hand and a sword in the other." On reaching (what would become) Springfield, Mason intimidated the local Natives with war if they did not sell their corn at a "reasonable price." The Natives capitulated and ultimately sold the colonists corn. Pynchon, an

1933:

With an independent bookstore in almost every town, several small publishers, and countless local authors, the Valley could well be counted as a reader's paradise. Amherst has at least four bookstores (including Amherst Books and Food for Thought Bookstore), South Hadley has at least one notable

2407:

is located in Turners Falls. In addition to these, there are hundreds of state and municipal parks and forests. Due to the considerable natural and cultural resources in the Pioneer Valley, environmental agencies have made a substantial investments in protecting unspoiled nature in the region,

1401:

destroyed a small force under the command of Captain Thomas Lathrop before being driven off by reinforcements. Colonial casualties numbered about sixty. In retaliation, at dawn on May 19, 1676, Captain William Turner led an army of settlers in a surprise attack on Peskeompskut, in present-day

1135:

In 1636, Pynchon led a settlement expedition with a larger group, including Henry Smith (Pynchon's son-in-law), Jehu Burr, William Blake, Matthew Mitchell, Edmund Wood, Thomas Ufford, and John Cable. Springfield was Massachusetts' first settlement for non-religious reasons, although many of its

191:

Many of the cities and towns include areas of forests, and Springfield itself, which in the early twentieth century was nicknamed "The City in a Forest," features nature within its city limits and over 12% parkland. The Pioneer Valley is known for its scenery and as a vacation destination. The

1202:

when Mary Parsons accused a widow named Marshfield, who had moved from Windsor to Springfield, with witchcraft—an offense then punishable by death. For this, Mary Parsons was found guilty of slander. In 1651, Mary Parsons was accused of witchcraft—specifically "divers devilish practices by

2110:

was controversially shut-down. The Pioneer Valley is considered to have a "mature economy", which means that its economic base is sufficiently varied so as not to be completely dependent on market fluctuations, like many places in the United States. This was illustrated during the

533:). Springfield's history is long, illustrious, and well-chronicled. It was one of the United States' most important precision manufacturing and defense centers until its relatively recent deindustrialization, which was catalyzed by the government's controversial closure of the 2059:

The region features a lot of independent professional wrestling shows, most notably Pioneer Valley Pro Wrestling, the former New Age Old Tyme Wrestling and The Way Wrestling Was Promotions. Aside from monthly shows, PVP Wrestling also runs charity shows for different benefits.

1508:

An account of the town's early history was written by local historian George Sheldon and published in the late nineteenth century. By this time, South Deerfield and other New England villages were already absorbing a new wave of Eastern European immigration, particularly from

1214:, a theological study that was published in London in 1650. Several copies made it back to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and its capital, Boston, which, this time reacted with rage to Pynchon rather than with support. For his critical attitude toward Massachusetts' Calvinist 2246:'s $ 300 million "Hospital of the Future" is scheduled for completion in 2012. Massachusetts $ 110 million high-tech data center—an adaptive re-use of the city's original Technical High School—will also be completed in 2012. Regarding higher education: in 2011, 2343:, is held each September–October and generally draws millions of visitors. Springfield's "Parade of Big Balloons" takes place on November 1 each year, borrowing many of the balloons from Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and attracting 100,000 spectators. Each July, the 734:

statistics, Springfield was ranked one of the Top 10 gay cities in the United States. The 2010 census figures indicate the number of same-sex households per thousand. Springfield ranked No. 10, with 5.69 same-sex couples per thousand. In January 2010, the national

1534:

first settled and originally inhabited the Greenfield area. Native American artifacts found in the area have been dated as originating between 7,000 and 9,000 years BC. The Pocumtucks planted field crops and fished the rivers, but were wiped out as a tribe by the

1207:, both Mary and Hugh Parsons were found not guilty of witchcraft for want of satisfactory evidence; however, Mary was found guilty of murdering her own child. For this, she was sentenced to death, but died in prison in 1651, before receiving her death sentence. 1440:

Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives, and negotiations were conducted between colonial governments. When New England released the French pirate, Canada arranged redemption of numerous Deerfield people, among them the minister

2339:(of NYC's Central Park fame) is one of the largest urban parks in the United States at 735 acres (297 ha). During the holiday season it features a nationally renowned light display called "Bright Nights". The New England States' collective state fair, 1433:, as well as a few Pocumtuck. They struck at dawn, razing Deerfield and killing 56 colonists, including 22 men, 9 women, and 25 children. They took as captives 109 survivors, including women and children, and "carried" them away on a months-long trek to 1156:

In 1640 and 1641, two events took place that forever changed the political boundaries of the Connecticut River Valley. From its founding until that time, Springfield had been administered by Connecticut, along with Connecticut's three other settlements—at

1829:

features an extraordinary grouping of five museums, including two art museums, two history museums, and one science museum. Springfield's Science Museum features the United States' first planetarium. Interspersed among the five museums is the sculptural

2254:

each added $ 45 million-plus additions to their respective campuses in Springfield. Remnants of a manufacturing economy remain in Springfield despite a dramatic de-industrialization in last quarter of the twentieth century; for example, in 2011,

1203:

witchcraft, to the hurt of Martha and Rebeckah Moxon," two daughters of Springfield's first minister—and also of murdering her own child. In turn, Mary Parsons then accused her own husband, Hugh Parsons, of witchcraft. At America's first

1172:

Leading citizens of (what would become) Hartford were furious with Pynchon for not purchasing any grain. With Windsor's and Wethersfield's consent, the three southerly settlements commissioned the famed Native American-conqueror Captain

2222:(also known to some as "Hamp" and others as "Noho") is—along with Springfield—the culinary capital of Western Massachusetts as well as a lesbian mecca, featuring the highest number of lesbians per capita according to the United States' 1449:

about his experience, which was published in 1707 and became well known. Because of losses to war and disease, the Mohawk and other tribes often adopted younger captives into their tribes. Such was the case with Williams' daughter

439:, white-water rafting, zip-lining, hiking, kayaking, and other outdoor pursuits. In addition, Franklin County contains many rustic, former mill towns. Many of these have become quaint and scenic since the decline of the mills (e.g., 1570:

and Green rivers, and not far from where they merge into the Connecticut River, Greenfield developed into a trade center. It was designated county seat when Franklin County was created from Hampshire County in 1811. Falls provided

708:

Currently, the Pioneer Valley's ethnic and racial diversity varies greatly from city to town. Predominantly British until the nineteenth century, and then European-American in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as of the

1597:, per capita, Northampton has the highest concentration of lesbians in the United States, and perhaps the world. Hampshire County is certainly the "Valley full o' Pioneer ... in the sleepy west of the woody east", of which the 1275:

inhabitants. According to various accounts, Northampton was named by John King (1629–1703), one of its original settlers, or possibly in his honor, since it is supposed that he came to Massachusetts from Northampton, England.

2408:

particularly along the Connecticut River, and in many of the Pioneer Valley's rural "hilltowns." Government conservation efforts have targeted wildlife and rare plant habitats, recreational sites and corridors including the

227:

The Pioneer Valley is a popular, year-round tourist destination—a role that it has played historically, prior to its deindustrialization (from approximately 1970–2000). Travelers are drawn to the Pioneer Valley by its lively

1247:". Standing to lose all of his land-holdings—the largest in the Connecticut River Valley—William Pynchon transferred ownership to his son, John, and then, in 1652, moved back to England with his friend, the Reverend Moxon. 957:, was established, are coterminous with the history of Springfield, Massachusetts, as it was Pioneer Valley's only settlement. From 1633 to 1635, there had been three English settlements in the Connecticut River Valley: 645:. The Chicopee River, although only 18.0 miles long, has the largest water basin in Massachusetts—and along the Connecticut River—at 741 square miles. Across from Chicopee, on the west side of the Connecticut River, the 2424:. Many municipalities in the area also have conservation holdings, usually under the aegis of the community's 'conservation commission', the appointed body which also applies local and state environmental regulations. 1613:

Springfield's cultural contributions to the United States and world at large have been so numerous that here, only brief descriptions of very important national and international cultural milestones will be mentioned.

1592:

Residents benefit from a rich cultural array of fine arts, performances, notable architecture and sidewalks of strolling scientists and literary VIPs – mostly in the college towns and in Springfield. According to the

729:

According to the 2010 census, the Pioneer Valley features one of the highest per capita lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations in the United States. Indeed, according to the U.S. Census Bureau's

2319:, a shrine to the world's 2nd most popular sport, invented in Springfield, draws hundreds of thousands of visitors per year. Other major tourist attractions include Western Massachusetts' only national park, the 1299:. The Mahican confederacy had been defeated by 1628, limiting Pocumtuc access to trade routes to the west. The area suffered a major smallpox epidemic in the 1630s, following the arrival of Dutch traders in the 2446:

Recently, there has been a notable grassroots effort to reclaim Springfield's once easily accessible and pedestrian-friendly waterfront, which is now separated from the city by the eight-lane, elevated highway

1390:

to have only a rough idea of what he was signing. Native Americans and English had quite differing ideas about property and land use, which contributed to their conflicts, along with competition for resources.

1242:

by the Massachusetts General Court (at the same meeting of the Court where Springfielder Mary Parsons was sentenced to death in America's first witch trial). Thus he is the first author to have his work

517:—the "shire town" for which Hampden County was initially carved out of Hampshire County in 1814—is located in southern Hampden County, at a natural crossroads where three significant rivers flow into 1406:, then a traditional native gathering place. They killed 200 natives, mostly women and children. When the men of the tribe returned, they routed Turner, who died of a mortal wound at Green River. 1381:

nation, with a major village by the same name. First settled by English colonists in 1673, Deerfield was incorporated in 1677. Settlement was the result of a court case in which the government in

1661:. Pynchon was the founder of the city of Springfield. His book, expressing views contrary to Puritan Calvinist doctrine, caused him to be brought before the high court in Boston and accused of 1254:, quickly took on the settlement's leadership roles. They began moving Springfield away from the diminishing fur trade into agricultural pursuits, and also founded several new towns, including 1343:

in 1809. Formerly, a section of Northampton called Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the boundaries of Easthampton. The shortest path to downtown was on a road near the

2620:"Picturesque Springfield and West Springfield, Massachusetts; : Hotel Worthy, Springfield, Mass. [from old catalog] : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive" 550:

as well as a sharp decreases in crime and new festivals that have renewed the city's traditionally robust civic pride. Springfield itself features international tourist attractions like the

1810:

Valley residents also have a love of arts, both visual and performing, as demonstrated by numerous art galleries, countless theaters and performances, the residencies of children's authors

1469:

was set off and incorporated. During the early nineteenth century, Deerfield's role in agricultural production of the Northeast declined. It was overtaken by the rapid development of the

1362:

Deerfield was the northwesternmost outpost of New England settlement for several decades during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It occupies a fertile portion of the

1755:

To the extent that cultural contributions comprise invention, innovation, and progress, Springfield has been, historically, one of the nation's most innovative cities. In 1819, inventor

2741:"Nonprofit corporation advancing redevelopment projects to stimulate and support economic growth, public and private investment and economic revitalization in the City of Springfield" 2195:

Garden located in South Deerfield. The annual arrival of thousands of American and foreign tourists to observe the area's spectacular autumn foliage is a welcome boost to revenue.

1186:, Essex in England, where Pynchon was born and raised. For decades, Springfield—which, at the time, included modern-day Westfield—was the westernmost settlement in Massachusetts. 583:, who is most famous for designing New York City's Central Park, is comparably diverse and ornate. The city's economic base is also diverse, featuring Massachusetts's wealthiest 2784: 353:

time, Massachusetts's portion of the Connecticut River Valley formed a shallow arm of the sea," leaving deposits that enriched the Pioneer Valley's inordinately fertile soil.

2420:

and statewide and national conservation organizations. Many of these organizations protect additional land through direct ownership of conservation areas and land held under

2063:

The region is also credited as being the home of both basketball (invented at Springfield College) and volleyball (invented in Holyoke), as created in the late 1890s; the

90:

micropolitan districts of Amherst (in pink) and Greenfield (in orange), and the Springfield metropolitan NECTA (in yellow). The city of Springfield is highlighted in red.

763:

communities. Unlike in other communities across the United States, LGBT residents have largely integrated into Northampton and Springfield, i.e. neither city features a

2866: 2273:

continues to see rapid growth in its high-tech sector, featuring new enterprises that capitalize on Holyoke's abundance of green energy, e.g. water power from the

435:

is its largest municipality, a small city frequently used as a gateway to the region's many outdoor pursuits. The county offers downhill skiing at resorts such as

2973: 1327:

Northampton's territory would be enlarged beyond the original settlement, but later portions would be carved up into separate cities, towns, and municipalities.

3321:"Top 101 cities with the largest percentage of likely lesbian couples (counted as self-reported female-female unmarried-partner households) (population 5,000+)" 4354: 1454:, eight years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated, at age 16 marrying a Mohawk man. Most of the Deerfield captives eventually returned to 4344: 1917:

dealers. More members of the Massachusetts and Rhode Island Antiquarian Booksellers (36) are to be found in this area than in bookish Greater Boston (25).

953:'s best site for both conducting trade and farming. The first 16 years of the history of the European settlement of the Pioneer Valley, before 1652, when 4349: 3456: 3386: 2281:'s formerly moribund town center is in the midst of receiving a dramatic makeover, replete with 60-foot clock tower—scheduled to be completed in 2012. 2351:

to hear famous jazz musicians. In 2011, the Vintage Sports Car Club of America moved its famous, annual Grand Prix from Pittsburgh to Springfield—the

2404: 1744:

As regards literary works, the world's first American-English dictionary was published in Springfield in 1806, and is still published in the city by

1779:

in Springfield—as of 2011, as it has been for many years previous, Goodyear's name is known the world over for rubber production. In 1868, inventor

4339: 2927: 2547:"Full text of "The picturesque city, Springfield, Massachusetts; a series of forty views showing the picturesque side of this "city of homes" .."" 2978:

The history of Springfield in Massachusetts for the young: being also in some part the history of other towns and cities in the county of Hampden

2161: 1370:. For these reasons it became the site of several Anglo-French and Indian skirmishes during its early history, as well as intertribal warfare. 1682:

grew up, and wrote several of the works for which he is now best known, (e.g. And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.) Psychiatrist and

1634:(which made Springfield's fire department the first modern fire department in the world;), and the first commercial radio station in the U.S., 2028:

played for and later became the owner of the very successful Springfield Indians franchise; his number 2 remains retired by the Thunderbirds.

3719: 2242:

and the Springfield-Northampton-Brattleboro intercity commuter line. Springfield is also a medical, government, and higher education center.

1871: 3538: 917: 119: 416:

to its east and west. The following three counties—from north to south, and each with a different character—encompass the Pioneer Valley:

3810: 3480: 1857: 1626:. The Duryea's car also won the world's first automobile race in 1895 in Chicago. In 1901, the first motorcycle company in the world was 1307:

during the previous two decades. It was in this context that the land making up the bulk of modern Northampton was sold to settlers from

840: 1690:—the man who influenced a generations to "turn on, tune in, drop out"—was born and educated in Springfield. Earlier, from 1846 to 1850, 3649: 2854: 676:. Near to Westfield—approximately 15 miles west of Springfield—numerous outdoor opportunities are available, such as alpine skiing at 244:; its unspoiled nature, numerous parks, and recreational facilities, including New England's largest and most popular amusement park, 3644: 2788: 2064: 1952:

The Pioneer Valley is home to a multitude of professional, amateur, and collegiate sports teams, as well as a rich athletic history.

1694:, the famed abolitionist, lived in Springfield, where he met, for the first time the national leaders of the abolition movement like 1210:

In 1650, William Pynchon became infamous for writing the New World's first banned book. In 1649, Pynchon found time to write a book,

3013: 969:. Cable and Woodcock continued northward until they came upon a spot that they agreed was the best situated of them all: modern-day 2348: 1145: 567: 4299: 4000: 3639: 3598: 2400: 2324: 1826: 989: 929: 607: 572: 558: 530: 177: 2259:

relocated 225 new jobs to its Springfield headquarters, bringing its total manufacturing workforce in Springfield to over 1150.

2682: 2239: 2018: 547: 1771:. In 1825, Blanchard also built the first American car, a "horseless carriage," which was powered by steam. In 1844, inventor 1713:

To the extent that military history adds to a place's culture, Springfield's history is notably rich, beginning with the 1675

215:

originates in the twentieth century with travel writers using it in the 1920s and 1930s to designate the region. In 1939 the

3775: 3430: 2666: 1819: 1543:, a principal route for Native American trade traveling west into New York - was colonized by the English in 1686 as part of 1271:

The area now called Northampton was once known as Norwottuck, or Nonotuck, meaning "the midst of the river" by its original

3689: 1442: 1393:

The settlers expelled the Pocumtuck tribe by force, who in turn sought French protection from colonists in Canada. At the

941:

Native American history in the Pioneer Valley stretches back thousands of years; its recorded history begins in 1635, when

904: 3704: 827: 459: 454:

is the home to five prominent colleges and universities that cooperate with each other and are known collectively as the

3045: 3724: 1531: 1398: 361: 2594: 292:

The Pioneer Valley from space, with Springfield toward the bottom of the photo and Northampton-Amherst toward the top.

4364: 4359: 3911: 3714: 3699: 3476: 3304: 2150: 1618:

more so, to the world at large. In 1892–93, the first, functional, American gasoline-powered car was produced at the

895: 3516: 2546: 1741:, occurred at the Armory ten years after Washington's founding of it—and also forced him to come out of retirement. 3919: 3679: 2483: 745:

rated Springfield No. 13 among its new "15 Gayest Secondary Cities in America," ahead of San Diego, California and

32: 4273: 3984: 3959: 3954: 3924: 3750: 3709: 1059: 626: 451: 273: 135: 111: 2568: 1283:

Valley, from what is now southern Vermont and New Hampshire into northern Connecticut. The Pocumtuc tribes were

4073: 3974: 3944: 3745: 2435:, and Skinner State Park, which, joined with the 600-acre (2.4 km) Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary held by the 2247: 2169: 2127: 2024:

The region has had many notable professional athletes see significant portions of their careers in the region.

1995: 1315:

and the Massachusetts Bay colonists, eventually leading to the expanded Algonquian alliance which took part in

876: 846: 424: 139: 115: 87: 3359: 2355:

took place in 2012, on a 1.6-mile track through the center of the city. Outlying Hampden County towns such as

2184:. Greenfield received national attention when its decision prevented Wal-Mart from building a store in town. 3979: 3969: 3949: 3929: 3785: 3760: 2436: 2204: 2041: 1548: 1347: 1174: 688: 502: 455: 123: 107: 2315:

features the No. 1 roller-coaster in the world ("Bizarro") and draws tourists from all over. Similarly, the

413: 3835: 3790: 2514: 2154: 1465:

As the frontier moved north, Deerfield became another colonial town with an unquiet early history. In 1753

741: 440: 3939: 3934: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3669: 3591: 2083:, today the Pioneer Valley has a broad and varied economic base, featuring more than 16 universities and 1999: 1756: 1733:

atop a bluff in the town made Springfield one of the U.S. military's most important sites for centuries.

1490: 1227: 365: 3276:. Lincoln, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Archaeological Society special publication;, No. 4. p. 142. 2532: 4248: 4243: 4198: 4193: 4183: 4178: 4158: 4078: 4048: 3900: 3866: 3770: 3659: 3654: 3501: 2811: 2235: 2219: 2176:. Both communities have been had controversial zoning issues surrounding permitting variances to build 2116: 1498: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1308: 1255: 976:

Springfield sits at a natural crossroads, at the confluence of four rivers: to the west, the 78.1 mile

970: 954: 882: 692: 669: 514: 487: 241: 233: 165: 127: 2718: 2455:

presented a plan that suggested how Springfield could reunite with its greatest natural resource, the

4238: 4213: 4138: 4118: 4113: 4098: 4088: 4028: 3831: 3795: 3780: 3740: 3607: 2428: 2409: 2385: 2332: 2285: 2223: 2173: 2080: 1838: 1691: 1594: 1547:. In 1753, Greenfield was set off from Deerfield and incorporated as a separate town, named for the 1485: 1466: 1332: 1158: 1079: 958: 923: 731: 710: 646: 576: 432: 381: 277: 146: 131: 71: 3387:"Abolitionist John Brown's years in Springfield Ma. transform his anti-slavery thoughts and actions" 2855:

http://www.nohoprideandjoy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=72

2763:"Westfield River Whitewater Races – The oldest continuously run canoe race in the US [Home]" 2191:(which hosts a craft fair in the summer and an even larger and more popular fall craft fair), and a 980:, (the Connecticut River's longest tributary river in Massachusetts); in the middle, the 418.0 mile 443:). Massachusetts's Routes 2 and 2A, which run through Franklin County, feature many antique stores. 4293: 4268: 4263: 4123: 4093: 4058: 4043: 4023: 3765: 3674: 3664: 3631: 2297: 2289: 2278: 2053: 1956: 1544: 1497:

in western Massachusetts. Today, tourism is the town's principal industry. Historic Deerfield, a

1470: 1363: 1304: 1109: 1049: 1019: 950: 665: 409: 297: 99: 75: 1963:. Historically, the city has had professional hockey dating back to the 1930s with the seven-time 1458:. During this period, other captives remained by choice in French and Native communities such as 775: 4283: 4278: 4223: 4133: 4103: 4068: 4053: 4018: 3800: 2473: 2316: 2266: 2262: 2095:, Massachusetts' third largest employer), and numerous financial service organizations (e.g. the 2068: 1908: 1403: 1089: 797: 746: 658: 634: 630: 551: 436: 265: 261: 169: 161: 3542: 3408: 1630:, produced in Springfield; in 1905, the first modern fire engines in the world were produced by 988:, which featured the fast moving and the Connecticut River's largest water basin; and also, the 4258: 4253: 4208: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4128: 4108: 4083: 4063: 4033: 4013: 3755: 3694: 3584: 3031: 2867:"Professional Education and Graduate Programs at Mount Holyoke College | Mount Holyoke College" 2356: 2270: 1976: 1960: 1748:. Also, the first comprehensive, major United States history book was written by Springfielder 1563: 1414: 1394: 1351: 942: 491: 369: 237: 173: 4288: 4228: 4218: 4203: 4188: 4153: 4143: 4008: 3884: 3823: 3296: 2488: 2421: 2413: 2389: 2336: 2312: 2293: 2084: 1764: 1714: 1502: 1494: 1386: 1162: 1129: 1069: 1029: 997: 966: 815: 618: 614: 591:

Insurance, as well as numerous universities and hospitals. Springfield features thousands of

580: 506: 479: 467: 253: 249: 245: 150: 1763:

in Springfield, which would catalyze manufacturing developments now known the world over as

687:

The international airport that serves Hampden County, and the Pioneer Valley in general, is

649:

is one of the largest malls in New England. In addition to the mall, Holyoke is home to the

4319: 4233: 3684: 3171: 3150: 3116: 2940: 2452: 2327:

in Springfield features five museums of varying themes, including the United States' first

2274: 2130:

in the north serves as a significant agricultural region despite its size, due to the rich

1936: 1734: 1718: 1489:

to restore her family home, the Frary House. Assisted by the Boston architectural firm of

1477:, with transportation to eastern markets and New York City enhanced by construction of the 1374: 1316: 1166: 1039: 962: 654: 331:

has been flowing through the valley for millions of years and was naturally dammed to form

145:

Historically the northern part of the Valley was an agricultural region, known for growing

408:

The region known as the Pioneer Valley constitutes Massachusetts's portion of the fertile

62: 8: 4148: 3017: 2478: 2305: 2251: 2037: 2003: 1968: 1627: 1446: 1410: 1367: 1331:, for example, was incorporated in 1775, and included parts of the territories of modern 1100: 870: 852: 2834:"Great houses at great prices in a GLBT-friendly city | Springfield, Massachusetts" 3461: 2468: 2397: 2320: 2284:

Nearly all other towns and villages in Hampden County are either wealthy suburbs (e.g.

2188: 2107: 1924: 1831: 1780: 1730: 1703: 1695: 1646: 1555: 1501:

district with eleven house museums and a regional museum and visitors' center, and the

1373:

At the time of the English colonists' arrival, the Deerfield area was inhabited by the

1284: 1195: 1179: 677: 562: 555: 534: 312: 257: 181: 2892: 2569:"Massachusetts (MA) Scenic, Foliage Drives Berkshires / Pioneer Valley / Mohawk Trail" 3990: 3892: 3827: 3426: 3300: 3289: 2981: 2662: 2619: 2456: 2440: 2256: 2119:, and the Pioneer Valley performed within the Top 10 of all U.S. regional economies. 2103: 1987: 1972: 1795: 1776: 1738: 1722: 1559: 1558:

opened, allowing boats to bypass the South Hadley falls and reach Greenfield via the

1513:. The new people influenced Deerfield's demographics and culture. They were mostly 1344: 1280: 993: 984:, then known as "The Great River"; and to the east two smaller rivers: the 18.0 mile 981: 858: 809: 642: 599: 538: 518: 475: 328: 205: 200:, and numerous rolling hills, bluffs, and meadows feature extravagant homes from the 157: 67: 3192: 2403:. The Great Falls Discovery Center, the flagship visitor center of the multi-state, 1116:

At that time, on the western bank of the Connecticut River, the explorers found the

3851: 2032:, one of the top basketball players of all time, played at UMass Amherst. Wrestler 2014: 1772: 1674: 1539:

in 1664. Thereafter, the newly unoccupied area - being the eastern terminus of the

1413:, joint French and Indian forces attacked the town in what has become known as the 1312: 1244: 156:; however, since the late nineteenth century its economy has become increasingly a 24: 1982:

On the collegiate level, the only school in the region to be a full member of the

1875:, the Russian language newspaper of Pioneer Valley (ceased publication April 2008) 1710:. Brown's years in Springfield have often been called his "transformative years." 264:

on Springfield's riverfront. The region features alpine skiing at resorts such as

3502:"Great Falls Discovery Center – Silvio O. Conte – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" 3254: 3060: 2301: 2243: 2112: 2092: 2088: 2007: 1991: 1834:

garden, which recreates the Springfield author's whimsical characters in bronze.

1749: 1745: 1699: 1658: 1631: 1623: 1567: 1451: 1125: 977: 946: 803: 681: 650: 603: 522: 463: 373: 197: 3576: 1842:

Both venues are managed by Springfield Performing Arts Development Corporation.

184:, into a combination of specialized manufacturing and distribution services for 3888: 3846: 3841: 2595:"American roads less traveled: 25 underrated destinations in the United States" 2331:, gathered around the whimsical Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden. 2234:

Hampden County is centered on the region's major economic and cultural center,

1799: 1669: 1619: 1430: 1422: 1251: 985: 638: 595: 526: 393: 335: 305: 2416:. Efforts have been augmented and assisted by local and regional conservation 1291:

confederacy to the west. By 1606, an ongoing struggle between the Mahican and

625:—the collective state fairgrounds of all six New England States—is located in 579:, a city park of 745 acres (301 ha) designed following the principles of 106:

in the United States. It is generally taken to comprise the three counties of

4333: 3611: 2448: 2432: 2393: 2177: 2165: 2029: 1768: 1687: 1649:; and a few years later in 1650, a Springfielder wrote the New World's first 1598: 1426: 1300: 1296: 1223: 1137: 821: 592: 471: 377: 193: 103: 47: 34: 20: 4298:

Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see

3517:"Study by Urban Land Institute envisions revitalized Springfield waterfront" 1672:

invented and produced his popular parlor games, including the still popular

783: 717:

population in nearly all urban areas. This influx includes large numbers of

288: 2985: 1941: 1904: 1786:

Other major cultural contributions from Springfield include the first U.S.

1540: 1105: 864: 483: 427:

is the most rural county in Massachusetts and thus reminiscent of southern

332: 229: 1899: 1128:, the colonists constructed a pre-fabricated house in what is present-day 759:

The cities of Northampton and Springfield, in particular, feature vibrant

680:

and the United States's oldest white-water rafting races on the 78.1 mile

3320: 2328: 2096: 2049: 2045: 2025: 1650: 1642: 1572: 1474: 1455: 1235: 1204: 718: 673: 584: 397: 389: 301: 992:, which would become very important approximately 150 years later after 901:

Mount Holyoke College, Professional and Graduate Education: South Hadley

2654: 2417: 2371:

in recent years, according to voter registration and election results.

2360: 2215: 2211: 2135: 2099: 1964: 1815: 1791: 1726: 1478: 1437:. Many died along the way or were killed when they could not keep up. 1215: 1199: 1183: 764: 588: 542: 346: 201: 3094: 2762: 2102:). Manufacturing remains a part of the Pioneer Valley's economy (e.g. 1885:

magazine. (Springfield and Northampton have sizable LGBT communities.)

1641:

Of national importance, Springfield featured the United States' first

949:

commissioned land scouts John Cable and John Woodcock to look for the

204:, many of which surround New England's longest and largest river, the 3964: 3856: 3477:"Massachusetts job market weathers recession better than most states" 3272:

Hoffman, Curtiss; Fowler; William S.; Chamberlain; Elaine S. (1991).

2740: 2340: 2210:

The area is also home to many restaurants, ranging in character from

2192: 2139: 2106:), although its manufacturing base has dwindled since 1968, when the 2044:. The most notable athlete to be born in the region is hockey player 2033: 1922:

Peter Hellman, "Weekend Excursion; Every Town Is One for the Books",

1811: 1679: 1576: 1528: 1459: 1418: 1350:, which was subject to frequent flooding. Smith's Ferry was ceded to 1295:

confederacies led to direct attacks on the Pocumtuc by the Iroquoian

622: 280:—an elaborate, high-tech lighting display during the holiday season. 269: 153: 1971:. The area has also had several minor-league baseball teams and the 1783:

invented a machine for folding and gluing flat-bottomed paper bags.

3870: 3818: 3363: 2300:). Hampden County also features numerous natural retreats like the 2181: 2002:, a hockey-only DI conference. There are a multitude of well-known 1787: 1706:, John Brown founded his first militant anti-slavery organization, 1635: 1517: 1514: 1378: 1292: 1272: 1189: 1117: 714: 350: 324: 320: 316: 3566: 3271: 3138:

History of Northampton, Massachusetts, From Its Settlement in 1654

3032:"Banned Books | Online Sociology Degree News and Information" 2696: 2518: 2087:(many of which are considered among the United States' best, e.g. 965:; and the best situated of the three (because of its two rivers), 637:. The City of Chicopee features the confluence of the fast-moving 126:. The upper Pioneer Valley region includes the smaller cities of 3514: 2364: 2131: 1959:

are the region's only professional sports team, competing in the

1536: 1417:. Under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville were 47 1288: 1121: 428: 82: 2787:. Luxmillionaire.wordpress.com. December 6, 2010. Archived from 691:, which is located 12 miles south of Springfield in the town of 571:, and five world-class art, science, and history museums at the 4038: 3621: 1662: 1602: 1510: 1434: 1382: 1239: 1219: 357: 308: 296:

The Pioneer Valley includes approximately half of the southern

268:

and seasonal festivals that draw millions of visitors, such as

185: 2833: 1366:

and was vulnerable to attack because of its position near the

272:—all six New England states' collective, annual state fair in 98:

is the colloquial and promotional name for the portion of the

3384: 2980:. The Connecticut Valley Historical Society. pp. 46–48. 2143: 1760: 661:. (The sport of volleyball was invented in Holyoke in 1895.) 602:. In addition to the Connecticut River, Springfield features 486:

atmosphere, particularly in the significant college towns of

385: 176:

economies transformed from volume producers of goods such as

3261:, pp. 124–130. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group 779:

UMass Amherst campus at night, 18 miles north of Springfield

684:, the longest Connecticut River tributary in Massachusetts. 3213: 3117:"Map of history of political boundaries, plantation period" 2412:, and the rich agricultural soils in farming towns such as 2187:

The county also garners tourism due to such attractions as

1983: 1882: 760: 736: 384:

ranges, layers of rock deposit laid down by the river, and

3443: 787:

Amherst College's Main Quad, 17 miles north of Springfield

749:. Springfield was the only Massachusetts city included on 3008: 3006: 3004: 2091:); numerous hospitals and healthcare organizations (e.g. 1683: 1335:(which was itself incorporated in 1780) and Easthampton. 1198:, Springfield experienced America's first accusations of 16:

Massachusetts portion of the Connecticut River Valley, US

3571: 3274:

A handbook of Indian artifacts from Southern New England

3172:"Map of history of political boundaries, Federal period" 2941:

http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/maps/map07.jpg

2683:"'Pioneer Valley' name was once center of tourism brand" 2515:"The Greater Springfield Convention and Visitors Bureau" 3425:, Volume 4. New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 975–980. 633:

is located in the resurgent, former industrial city of

3259:

Refugees in America in the 1990s: A Reference Handbook

3001: 2785:"America's Gay Friendly Cities « Lux Millionaire" 3457:"WEEKEND EXCURSION; Every Town Is One for the Books." 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 2265:'s growth continues to be catalyzed by the growth of 1250:

William's son, John Pynchon, and his brother-in-law,

356:

Geologically interesting parts of the Valley are the

3567:

Greater Springfield Convention & Visitors Bureau

1575:

for industry, and Greenfield grew into a prosperous

546:

States' first high-speed bullet-train, known as the

509:; however, its environs have long been described as 86:

Map of the towns of the valley, showing U.S. census

2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2013:The most notable amateur team in the region is the 1226:. Only four copies survived. By declaration of the 3335: 3288: 2928:"Springfield's 375th: From Puritans to presidents" 2052:champion and Olympic Silver Medalist, who is from 1238:in the New World. In 1651, Pynchon was accused of 482:and universities contribute to Hampshire County's 219:was formed to promote the region using that name. 3606: 3515:Michael McAuliffe, The Republican (May 5, 2010). 3230:A Historic and Present Day Guide to Old Deerfield 3089: 3087: 2922: 2920: 2405:Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge 2311:In this Hampden County, tourism is very popular. 2269:, especially around Memorial Avenue. As of 2011, 1385:agreed to return some of the land of the town of 834: 252:; its cultural and historical sites, such as the 19:For Pioneer Valley in Queensland, Australia, see 4331: 2500: 1190:Witchcraft and the New World's first banned book 770: 565:, Augustus Saint Gaudens's outdoor masterpiece, 3385:Wayne Phaneuf, The Republican (April 7, 2010). 3245:Greenfield, Massachusetts: E. A. Hall & Co. 2968: 2966: 2719:"King's handbook of Springfield, Massachusetts" 1322: 372:, a chain of basaltic traprock ridges known as 3151:"Map of history of political boundaries c1775" 3084: 2934: 2917: 1775:perfected and patented his process for making 1124:) Indian village of Agawam. Just south of the 695:, land that formerly belonged to Springfield. 598:mansions (like San Francisco's), e.g., in the 376:along the ancient tectonic rift including the 118:. The lower Pioneer Valley corresponds to the 3592: 2659:King's Handbook of Springfield, Massachusetts 122:, the region's urban center, and the seat of 4355:Landforms of Hampshire County, Massachusetts 2963: 2954: 2384:in Springfield, the 735 acres (297 ha) 1104:The First Church of Christ in Springfield's 120:Springfield, Massachusetts metropolitan area 4345:Landforms of Franklin County, Massachusetts 3058: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 1940:). Since the late 1980s, Montague has had 841:Cooperating Colleges of Greater Springfield 4350:Landforms of Hampden County, Massachusetts 3599: 3585: 3474: 1867:, local arts & entertainment newspaper 1638:, was broadcast from Springfield in 1921. 1144:made there in what is today Springfield's 791: 613:Less than two miles south of Springfield, 537:during the Vietnam War. (In 1777, General 23:. For Zoo in Sarajevo with same name, see 3541:. Springfieldcityhall.com. Archived from 3421:Sisson, Mary (2008). "Knight, Margaret". 3255:Elzbieta M. Gozdziak, "Eastern Europeans" 2697:"ANTIQUES and Antiquing in MASSACHUSETTS" 2443:stretching across the Connecticut River. 2065:Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 1894: 1151: 672:, founded by renowned education reformer 3539:"City of Springfield, Mass.: Riverfront" 3130: 2634: 2359:are sparsely populated and close to the 2079:Historically a region known for growing 1898: 1397:on September 18, 1675, the dispossessed 1099: 782: 774: 713:, the region features a rapidly growing 287: 81: 61: 4340:Geography of Springfield, Massachusetts 3989:Note: Nine former counties were in the 3286: 2972: 2592: 2367:make up a large part of their economy. 1655:The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption 930:Springfield Technical Community College 505:is the most highly urbanized county in 4332: 3243:A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts. 2240:Knowledge Corridor intercity rail line 2019:New England Collegiate Baseball League 1790:in 1873; the first American, national 1493:, her project was one of the first in 1279:The Pocumtuc confederacy occupied the 617:amusement park is located in suburban 548:Knowledge Corridor intercity rail line 403: 222: 3580: 3257:, in David W. Haines, (ed.), (1996). 3207: 2890: 2721:. Springfield, Mass., J.D. Gill. 1884 2380:1676, as well as historic parks like 2198: 1820:Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art 1702:. In Springfield, in response to the 1587: 911: 3362:. Springfield375.org. Archived from 3214:National Geographic Society (1997). 2809: 2653: 2122: 1287:, and traditionally allied with the 1232:The Meritous Price of Our Redemption 1212:The Meritous Price of Our Redemption 1108:was the 20th parish gathered in the 1014:Date of separation from Springfield 905:Smith College School for Social Work 621:; and one mile west of Springfield, 3232:, p. 54. Boston: Emma Lewis Coleman 3216:Exploring America's Historic Places 2836:. Glbtspringfield.com. May 17, 2004 2229: 1266: 1003: 889: 828:University of Massachusetts Amherst 446: 164:in Hampshire County. Similarly the 13: 3572:Pioneer Valley Planning Commission 2593:Yogerst, Joe (September 4, 2022). 2392:, and Western Massachusetts' only 1994:, although the ice hockey team at 1805: 724: 419: 260:National Historical Site, and the 208:, which flows through the region. 14: 4376: 3560: 3475:Jim Kinney (September 6, 2010) . 2151:Hallmark Institute of Photography 1665:. He later to return to England. 1222:, and his book was burned on the 896:Conway School of Landscape Design 629:. North of Springfield, the U.S. 497: 4313: 2484:Pioneer Valley Transit Authority 2134:found in the area. The valley's 478:. Each of these highly regarded 3531: 3508: 3494: 3468: 3450: 3436: 3415: 3401: 3378: 3360:"Firsts | Springfield 375" 3313: 3280: 3264: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3185: 3164: 3143: 3140:. Northampton (1898), pp. 5–12. 3109: 3075: 3059:languagehat (August 19, 2007). 3052: 3038: 3024: 2992: 2945: 2908: 2899: 2884: 2859: 2848: 2826: 2810:Albo, Mike (January 13, 2010). 2803: 2777: 2755: 2733: 2711: 2374: 698: 160:, due to the prominence of the 149:and other specialty crops like 3218:. National Geographic Society. 2689: 2675: 2612: 2586: 2561: 2539: 2525: 2433:Mount Holyoke Range State Park 2248:Western New England University 1996:American International College 1845: 1608: 1339:was incorporated in 1778, and 1261: 877:Western New England University 847:American International College 835:Metro Springfield Universities 343:King's Handbook of Springfield 304:created by the breakup of the 88:New England City and Town Area 1: 3081:Allen 9, Dwight 10, Leach 124 2661:. Franklin Press. p. 9. 2494: 2437:Massachusetts Audubon Society 2427:One notable area consists of 2071:are located in those cities. 1861:(major Springfield newspaper) 1798:—and even the first American 1523: 1491:Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge 1462:for the rest of their lives. 1409:On February 29, 1704, during 1194:In 1645, 46 years before the 771:Higher education institutions 689:Bradley International Airport 3228:Coleman, Emma Lewis (1912). 3193:"US-5: A Highway To History" 2893:"US-5: A Highway To History" 2363:—outdoor activities such as 2323:National Historic Site. The 1794:in 1853; the first American 1737:, which led directly to the 1357: 1323:The partition of Northampton 1303:and English settlers in the 918:Greenfield Community College 703: 7: 2573:www.visit-massachusetts.com 2462: 2429:Mount Tom State Reservation 2347:draws tens of thousands to 2006:schools as well, including 2000:Atlantic Hockey Association 1992:University of Massachusetts 1645:in 1646—decades before the 1228:Massachusetts General Court 10: 4381: 3901:Quabbin-Swift River Valley 3867:Southeastern Massachusetts 3014:"Springfield City Library" 2812:"Gayest Cities in America" 2292:), or rural exurbs, (e.g. 2236:Springfield, Massachusetts 2117:Springfield, Massachusetts 2074: 1582: 1499:National Historic Landmark 1309:Springfield, Massachusetts 1256:Northampton, Massachusetts 1180:the village of Springfield 996:'s foundation of the U.S. 971:Springfield, Massachusetts 955:Northampton, Massachusetts 936: 883:Westfield State University 838: 795: 693:Windsor Locks, Connecticut 670:Westfield State University 600:McKnight Historic District 515:Springfield, Massachusetts 283: 217:Pioneer Valley Association 18: 4309: 3999: 3910: 3832:Montachusett-North County 3809: 3733: 3630: 3618: 3287:Melvoin, Richard (1989). 3136:Trumbull, James Russell. 2765:. Westfieldriverraces.com 2410:Metacomet-Monadnock Trail 2333:Forest Park (Springfield) 2286:Longmeadow, Massachusetts 2081:Connecticut shade tobacco 1947: 1889:The Valley Art Newsletter 1839:Springfield Symphony Hall 1668:In Springfield, in 1860, 1486:Colonial Revival Movement 1218:, Pynchon was accused of 959:Wethersfield, Connecticut 924:Holyoke Community College 647:Holyoke Mall at Ingleside 338:during the last ice age. 278:Springfield's Forest Park 147:Connecticut shade tobacco 70:, looking southward over 4365:Valleys of Massachusetts 4360:Regions of Massachusetts 4320:Massachusetts portal 3645:Administrative divisions 3423:Inventors and Inventions 3241:Sheldon, George (1896). 3195:. Chronos-historical.org 2479:Metropolitan Springfield 2345:Hoops City Jazz Festival 2298:Brimfield, Massachusetts 2290:Wilbraham, Massachusetts 2160:Two major corporations, 1957:Springfield Thunderbirds 1721:. Later, events such as 1708:The League of Gileadites 1471:Midwestern United States 1364:Connecticut River Valley 1305:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1110:Massachusetts Bay Colony 951:Connecticut River Valley 898:: Conway and Easthampton 513:—cities amidst forests. 410:Connecticut River Valley 298:Connecticut River Valley 240:; the resurgent city of 142:counties, respectively. 100:Connecticut River Valley 3650:Congressional districts 2474:Massachusetts geography 2382:King Phillip's Stockade 2317:Basketball Hall of Fame 2267:Westover Air Force Base 2168:, are headquartered in 2069:Volleyball Hall of Fame 1909:Montague, Massachusetts 1881:, the Pioneer Valley's 1818:in the valley, and the 1678:. Also in Springfield, 1505:are major attractions. 798:Five College Consortium 792:Five College Consortium 747:Albuquerque, New Mexico 659:Volleyball Hall of Fame 631:Westover Air Force Base 606:, Porter Lake, and the 561:; it also features the 552:Basketball Hall of Fame 414:hill and mountain towns 262:Basketball Hall of Fame 3479:. Springfield, Mass.: 2974:Barrows, Charles Henry 2521:on September 28, 2005. 2401:National Historic Site 2353:Springfield Grand Prix 1977:NBA Development League 1961:American Hockey League 1931: 1912: 1903:The front entrance to 1895:Independent bookstores 1622:in Springfield by the 1415:1704 Raid on Deerfield 1395:Battle of Bloody Brook 1352:Holyoke, Massachusetts 1234:became the first-ever 1152:Choosing Massachusetts 1113: 788: 780: 559:National Historic Site 370:Holyoke, Massachusetts 293: 276:—and Bright Nights at 134:, the county seats of 91: 79: 3885:Western Massachusetts 3824:Central Massachusetts 3545:on September 22, 2011 2489:Western Massachusetts 2422:conservation easement 2414:Hadley, Massachusetts 2390:Frederick Law Olmsted 2337:Frederick Law Olmsted 2313:Six Flags New England 2294:Palmer, Massachusetts 2085:liberal arts colleges 2040:prior to joining the 1914: 1902: 1765:interchangeable parts 1715:Attack on Springfield 1503:Yankee Candle Company 1495:historic preservation 1130:Agawam, Massachusetts 1103: 998:Armory at Springfield 967:Hartford, Connecticut 816:Mount Holyoke College 786: 778: 615:Six Flags New England 581:Frederick Law Olmsted 507:Western Massachusetts 480:liberal arts colleges 291: 254:Emily Dickinson House 246:Six Flags New England 85: 65: 3776:History of education 2743:. DevelopSpringfield 2533:"Pioneer Valley Map" 2453:Urban Land Institute 2306:Mount Holyoke Ranges 2275:Holyoke Canal System 1937:The Odyssey Bookshop 963:Windsor, Connecticut 655:Holyoke Canal System 431:, which it borders. 3720:Tourist attractions 3295:. Norton. pp. 3291:New England Outpost 2998:name="Barrows 1911" 2685:. February 9, 2017. 2252:Springfield College 2038:Springfield College 1969:Springfield Indians 1865:The Valley Advocate 1729:'s founding of the 1447:captivity narrative 1368:Berkshire Mountains 871:Springfield College 853:Bay Path University 641:and the meandering 404:Political geography 223:Tourist destination 188:and New York City. 44: / 4300:all municipalities 3462:The New York Times 3020:on March 28, 2012. 2469:Knowledge Corridor 2398:Springfield Armory 2321:Springfield Armory 2257:Smith & Wesson 2189:Historic Deerfield 2108:Springfield Armory 2104:Smith & Wesson 1925:The New York Times 1913: 1832:Dr. Seuss Memorial 1781:Margaret E. Knight 1731:Springfield Armory 1704:Fugitive Slave Act 1696:Frederick Douglass 1647:Salem Witch Trials 1601:sang in the song " 1562:. Located at the 1556:South Hadley Canal 1473:into the nation's 1196:Salem witch trials 1114: 912:Community colleges 789: 781: 678:Blandford Ski Area 653:of mountains, the 563:Dr. Seuss Memorial 556:Springfield Armory 535:Springfield Armory 313:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 294: 258:Springfield Armory 92: 80: 4327: 4326: 3991:District of Maine 3893:Housatonic Valley 3828:Blackstone Valley 3444:"The Valley Post" 3431:978-0-7614-7767-9 3409:"Margaret Knight" 3063:. Languagehat.com 2891:Strycharz, Robb. 2871:www.mtholyoke.edu 2791:on March 27, 2012 2668:978-1-152-36282-6 2457:Connecticut River 2441:wildlife corridor 2017:, members of the 1973:Springfield Armor 1879:The Rainbow Times 1777:vulcanized rubber 1739:U.S. Constitution 1735:Shays's Rebellion 1723:George Washington 1719:King Philip's War 1560:Connecticut River 1345:Connecticut River 1317:King Philip's War 1281:Connecticut River 1098: 1097: 994:George Washington 982:Connecticut River 859:Cambridge College 810:Hampshire College 643:Connecticut River 539:George Washington 519:Connecticut River 329:Connecticut River 206:Connecticut River 158:knowledge economy 68:Connecticut River 48:42.300°N 72.600°W 4372: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4274:West Springfield 3852:Merrimack Valley 3601: 3594: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3466: 3465:(March 13, 1998) 3454: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3294: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3097:. Dickshovel.com 3091: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3046:"Pynchon Family" 3042: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3016:. Archived from 3010: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2970: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2863: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2651: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2622:. March 10, 2001 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2517:. Archived from 2511: 2199:Hampshire County 2142:are cash crops. 2015:Holyoke Blue Sox 1998:competes in the 1929: 1928:(March 13, 1998) 1837:In Springfield, 1773:Charles Goodyear 1757:Thomas Blanchard 1675:The Game of Life 1588:Hampshire County 1411:Queen Anne's War 1267:Early settlement 1245:banned in Boston 1060:West Springfield 1008: 1007: 1004:First settlement 890:Graduate schools 755: 627:West Springfield 452:Hampshire County 447:Hampshire County 274:West Springfield 256:in Amherst, the 59: 58: 56: 55: 54: 49: 45: 42: 41: 40: 37: 25:Pionirska dolina 4380: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4305: 4074:East Longmeadow 3995: 3906: 3805: 3729: 3626: 3614: 3605: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3469: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3420: 3416: 3411:. www.asme.org. 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on May 21, 2013 3358: 3357: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3323:. City-data.com 3319: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3012: 3011: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988:. US 13459.5.7. 2971: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2930:. May 10, 2011. 2926: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2699:. Antiquing.com 2695: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2652: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2465: 2451:. In 2010, the 2377: 2244:Baystate Health 2232: 2201: 2170:South Deerfield 2128:Franklin County 2125: 2123:Franklin County 2113:Great Recession 2093:Baystate Health 2089:Amherst College 2077: 2036:graduated from 2008:Amherst College 1950: 1930: 1921: 1897: 1852:The Valley Post 1848: 1808: 1806:Art and museums 1750:George Bancroft 1746:Merriam Webster 1700:Sojourner Truth 1659:William Pynchon 1632:Knox Automobile 1624:Duryea Brothers 1611: 1590: 1585: 1526: 1360: 1325: 1269: 1264: 1192: 1154: 1126:Westfield River 1006: 978:Westfield River 947:William Pynchon 939: 914: 892: 843: 837: 804:Amherst College 800: 794: 773: 753: 727: 725:LGBT population 706: 701: 682:Westfield River 651:Mount Tom Range 604:Watershops Pond 500: 449: 425:Franklin County 422: 420:Franklin County 406: 374:Metacomet Ridge 362:dinosaur tracks 323:periods of the 286: 225: 198:Mount Tom Range 53:42.300; -72.600 52: 50: 46: 43: 38: 35: 33: 31: 30: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4378: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4325: 4324: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3897:Pioneer Valley 3889:The Berkshires 3882: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3847:Greater Lowell 3844: 3842:Greater Boston 3839: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3751:Climate change 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3710:Transportation 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3561:External links 3559: 3557: 3556: 3530: 3519:. masslive.com 3507: 3493: 3467: 3449: 3435: 3414: 3400: 3389:. masslive.com 3377: 3334: 3312: 3305: 3279: 3263: 3247: 3234: 3221: 3206: 3184: 3163: 3142: 3129: 3108: 3083: 3074: 3051: 3037: 3023: 3000: 2991: 2962: 2953: 2951:Swift, p. 105. 2944: 2933: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2883: 2858: 2847: 2825: 2814:. Advocate.com 2802: 2776: 2754: 2732: 2710: 2688: 2674: 2667: 2633: 2611: 2585: 2560: 2549:. July 5, 1913 2538: 2524: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2439:, form a long 2388:, designed by 2376: 2373: 2231: 2230:Hampden County 2228: 2200: 2197: 2178:big box stores 2153:is located in 2124: 2121: 2076: 2073: 1949: 1946: 1919: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1876: 1868: 1862: 1858:The Republican 1854: 1847: 1844: 1825:Springfield's 1807: 1804: 1800:friction match 1670:Milton Bradley 1620:Stacy Building 1610: 1607: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1525: 1522: 1445:. He wrote a 1359: 1356: 1324: 1321: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1252:Elizur Holyoke 1191: 1188: 1153: 1150: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1002: 986:Chicopee River 938: 935: 934: 933: 927: 921: 913: 910: 909: 908: 902: 899: 891: 888: 887: 886: 880: 874: 868: 862: 856: 850: 839:Main article: 836: 833: 832: 831: 825: 819: 818:: South Hadley 813: 807: 796:Main article: 793: 790: 772: 769: 726: 723: 705: 702: 700: 697: 639:Chicopee River 503:Hampden County 499: 498:Hampden County 496: 448: 445: 437:Berkshire East 421: 418: 405: 402: 394:Lake Hitchcock 306:supercontinent 285: 282: 266:Berkshire East 224: 221: 213:Pioneer Valley 124:Hampden County 96:Pioneer Valley 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4377: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705:State symbols 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3612:Massachusetts 3609: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3306:9780393026009 3302: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3194: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2960:Swift, p. 16. 2957: 2948: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2911: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2835: 2829: 2813: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2764: 2758: 2742: 2736: 2720: 2714: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2621: 2615: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:Interstate 91 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394:national park 2391: 2387: 2383: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2205:Five Colleges 2196: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Yankee Candle 2163: 2162:Channing Bete 2158: 2156: 2155:Turners Falls 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Julius Erving 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:assembly line 1766: 1762: 1759:invented the 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Timothy Leary 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554:In 1795, the 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1443:John Williams 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Hudson Valley 1298: 1297:Mohawk nation 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Boston Common 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1138:Enfield Falls 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1030:Suffield (CT) 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 932:: Springfield 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 907:: Northampton 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 884: 881: 879:: Springfield 878: 875: 873:: Springfield 872: 869: 866: 863: 861:: Springfield 860: 857: 854: 851: 849:: Springfield 848: 845: 844: 842: 829: 826: 824:: Northampton 823: 822:Smith College 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 799: 785: 777: 768: 766: 762: 757: 752: 748: 744: 743: 738: 733: 722: 720: 719:Puerto Ricans 716: 712: 696: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 593:Victorian era 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569: 564: 560: 557: 553: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:Mount Holyoke 465: 461: 460:UMass Amherst 457: 456:Five Colleges 453: 444: 442: 441:Turners Falls 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 392:deposited by 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Mount Holyoke 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 341:According to 339: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 290: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230:college towns 220: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194:Holyoke Range 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:Five Colleges 159: 155: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104:Massachusetts 101: 97: 89: 84: 77: 73: 69: 64: 60: 57: 26: 22: 21:Pioneer River 4311: 3896: 3836:South County 3786:Homelessness 3761:Demographics 3620: 3608:Commonwealth 3547:. Retrieved 3543:the original 3533: 3521:. Retrieved 3510: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3481:MassLive.com 3470: 3460: 3452: 3438: 3422: 3417: 3403: 3391:. Retrieved 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3364:the original 3325:. Retrieved 3315: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3199:November 20, 3197:. Retrieved 3187: 3177:November 20, 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3156:November 20, 3154:. Retrieved 3145: 3137: 3132: 3122:November 20, 3120:. Retrieved 3111: 3101:November 20, 3099:. Retrieved 3077: 3067:November 20, 3065:. Retrieved 3061:"Norwottuck" 3054: 3040: 3026: 3018:the original 2994: 2977: 2956: 2947: 2936: 2914:Swift, p. 5. 2910: 2905:Swift, p. 9. 2901: 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2870: 2861: 2850: 2838:. Retrieved 2828: 2816:. Retrieved 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2789:the original 2779: 2767:. Retrieved 2757: 2745:. Retrieved 2735: 2723:. Retrieved 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2691: 2677: 2658: 2624:. Retrieved 2614: 2602:. Retrieved 2598: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2572: 2563: 2551:. Retrieved 2541: 2527: 2519:the original 2445: 2426: 2381: 2378: 2375:Conservation 2369: 2352: 2349:Metro Center 2344: 2335:designed by 2310: 2283: 2261: 2233: 2209: 2202: 2186: 2159: 2148: 2126: 2078: 2062: 2058: 2023: 2012: 2004:Division III 1981: 1954: 1951: 1942:The Bookmill 1935: 1932: 1923: 1915: 1905:The Bookmill 1888: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1851: 1836: 1824: 1822:in Amherst. 1809: 1785: 1754: 1743: 1712: 1707: 1673: 1667: 1654: 1640: 1616: 1612: 1591: 1553: 1541:Mohawk Trail 1527: 1507: 1483: 1464: 1439: 1427:Kanienkehaka 1408: 1392: 1372: 1361: 1326: 1278: 1270: 1249: 1231: 1211: 1209: 1193: 1171: 1159:Wethersfield 1155: 1146:Metro Center 1142: 1134: 1120:(or perhaps 1115: 1106:Court Square 1040:Enfield (CT) 975: 940: 920:: Greenfield 865:Elms College 855:: Longmeadow 758: 751:The Advocate 750: 742:The Advocate 740: 728: 707: 699:Demographics 686: 664:The city of 663: 612: 596:Painted Lady 566: 510: 501: 484:college town 450: 423: 407: 366:South Hadley 355: 342: 340: 333:glacial lake 300:—an ancient 295: 226: 216: 212: 210: 190: 144: 95: 93: 29: 4249:Springfield 4244:Southbridge 4199:Northampton 4194:North Adams 4184:Newburyport 4179:New Bedford 4159:Marlborough 4079:Easthampton 4049:Bridgewater 3879:South Shore 3875:South Coast 3862:North Shore 3791:LGBT rights 3690:Lighthouses 2655:King, Moses 2418:land trusts 2386:Forest Park 2329:planetarium 2224:2000 census 2220:Northampton 2216:steakhouses 2212:sports bars 2097:Fortune 100 2050:Stanley Cup 2046:Bill Guerin 2026:Eddie Shore 1934:bookstore ( 1872:Predvestnik 1846:Local media 1651:banned book 1643:witch trial 1609:Springfield 1595:2010 census 1573:water power 1549:Green River 1484:During the 1475:breadbasket 1456:New England 1354:, in 1909. 1341:Easthampton 1337:Westhampton 1329:Southampton 1262:Northampton 1236:banned book 1230:, in 1650, 1205:witch trial 945:magistrate 885:: Westfield 732:2010 census 711:2010 census 674:Horace Mann 585:Fortune 100 577:Forest Park 568:The Puritan 511:rus in urbe 488:Northampton 458:. They are 398:Pleistocene 396:during the 315:during the 302:rift valley 242:Springfield 234:Northampton 166:Springfield 128:Northampton 102:that is in 51: / 4334:Categories 4239:Somerville 4214:Pittsfield 4139:Leominster 4119:Greenfield 4114:Gloucester 4099:Framingham 4089:Fall River 4029:Barnstable 3920:Barnstable 3670:Government 3095:"Pocumtuc" 2876:August 31, 2604:August 31, 2495:References 2361:Berkshires 2325:Quadrangle 2174:Greenfield 2136:sweet corn 2100:MassMutual 1988:Division I 1965:Calder Cup 1827:Quadrangle 1816:Eric Carle 1792:horse show 1727:Henry Knox 1692:John Brown 1564:confluence 1524:Greenfield 1479:Erie Canal 1467:Greenfield 1377:-speaking 1375:Algonquian 1333:Montgomery 1285:Algonquian 1216:Puritanism 1200:witchcraft 1184:Chelmsford 1175:John Mason 1112:, in 1637. 1080:Longmeadow 990:Mill River 867:: Chicopee 765:gay ghetto 657:, and the 608:Mill River 589:MassMutual 573:Quadrangle 543:Henry Knox 529:, and the 433:Greenfield 360:flows and 347:Moses King 311:along the 232:, such as 202:Gilded Age 132:Greenfield 72:Sunderland 39:72°36′00″W 36:42°18′00″N 4294:Worcester 4269:Westfield 4264:Watertown 4124:Haverhill 4094:Fitchburg 4059:Cambridge 4044:Braintree 4024:Attleboro 3985:Worcester 3965:Nantucket 3960:Middlesex 3955:Hampshire 3925:Berkshire 3857:MetroWest 3771:Education 3725:Windmills 3660:Geography 3655:Elections 3625:(capital) 3549:August 4, 3523:August 4, 3486:August 4, 3393:August 4, 3370:August 4, 3327:August 4, 2840:August 4, 2818:August 4, 2795:August 4, 2769:August 4, 2747:August 4, 2725:August 4, 2703:August 4, 2626:August 4, 2553:August 4, 2341:The Big E 2302:Mount Tom 2279:Westfield 2203:With the 2193:Butterfly 2140:asparagus 2054:Wilbraham 2034:John Cena 1967:champion 1812:Dr. Seuss 1802:in 1834. 1752:in 1830. 1686:activist 1680:Dr. Seuss 1577:mill town 1568:Deerfield 1545:Deerfield 1529:Pocumtuck 1460:Kahnawake 1419:Canadiens 1379:Pocumtuck 1358:Deerfield 1313:Wampanoag 1050:Wilbraham 1020:Westfield 926:: Holyoke 830:: Amherst 812:: Amherst 806:: Amherst 739:magazine 704:Ethnicity 668:features 666:Westfield 623:The Big E 587:company, 523:Westfield 476:Hampshire 382:Mount Tom 336:Hitchcock 327:Era. The 270:The Big E 211:The name 182:armaments 154:asparagus 136:Hampshire 112:Hampshire 76:Deerfield 4284:Winthrop 4279:Weymouth 4224:Randolph 4134:Lawrence 4104:Franklin 4069:Chicopee 4054:Brockton 4019:Amesbury 3975:Plymouth 3945:Franklin 3912:Counties 3871:Cape Cod 3819:Cape Ann 3796:Politics 3781:Gun laws 3741:Abortion 3715:Villages 2976:(1911). 2657:(1885). 2463:See also 2263:Chicopee 2182:Wal-Mart 2180:such as 2144:Cow corn 2067:and the 1920:— 1796:dog show 1788:postcard 1767:and the 1628:"Indian" 1518:peasants 1515:Catholic 1421:and 200 1404:Montague 1293:Iroquois 1273:Pocumtuc 1163:Hartford 1118:Pocomtuc 1090:Chicopee 756:s list. 715:Hispanic 635:Chicopee 554:and the 527:Chicopee 412:and the 351:Triassic 325:Mesozoic 321:Jurassic 317:Triassic 170:Chicopee 140:Franklin 116:Franklin 4259:Waltham 4254:Taunton 4209:Peabody 4174:Methuen 4169:Melrose 4164:Medford 4129:Holyoke 4109:Gardner 4084:Everett 4064:Chelsea 4034:Beverly 4014:Amherst 3980:Suffolk 3970:Norfolk 3950:Hampden 3930:Bristol 3811:Regions 3766:Economy 3746:Culture 3734:Society 3675:History 3665:Geology 2986:8606696 2578:June 8, 2365:camping 2357:Tolland 2271:Holyoke 2132:topsoil 2115:, when 2075:Economy 1990:is the 1975:of the 1725:'s and 1717:during 1583:Culture 1566:of the 1537:Mohawks 1532:Indians 1431:Wyandot 1423:Abenaki 1399:Indians 1289:Mahican 1167:Windsor 1122:Nipmuck 943:Roxbury 937:History 492:Amherst 464:Amherst 429:Vermont 284:Geology 238:Amherst 174:Holyoke 108:Hampden 4289:Woburn 4229:Revere 4219:Quincy 4204:Palmer 4189:Newton 4154:Malden 4144:Lowell 4039:Boston 4009:Agawam 4001:Cities 3801:Sports 3700:People 3680:Images 3632:Topics 3622:Boston 3429: 3303: 2984: 2665: 2396:, the 2296:, and 1948:Sports 1663:heresy 1603:U-Mass 1599:Pixies 1511:Poland 1452:Eunice 1435:Quebec 1387:Dedham 1383:Boston 1240:heresy 1220:heresy 1165:, and 1070:Ludlow 619:Agawam 525:, the 474:, and 390:deltas 386:varves 358:basalt 309:Pangea 250:Agawam 186:Boston 151:Hadley 114:, and 4234:Salem 3940:Essex 3935:Dukes 3756:Crime 3695:Music 3640:Index 3297:44–45 1761:lathe 1348:oxbow 1182:near 1094:1848 1084:1783 1074:1774 1064:1774 1054:1763 1044:1683 1034:1682 1024:1669 1011:Town 754:' 521:(the 472:Smith 345:, by 178:paper 74:from 4149:Lynn 3551:2012 3525:2012 3488:2012 3427:ISBN 3395:2012 3372:2012 3329:2012 3301:ISBN 3201:2011 3179:2011 3158:2011 3124:2011 3103:2011 3069:2011 2982:OCLC 2878:2024 2842:2012 2820:2012 2797:2012 2771:2012 2749:2012 2727:2012 2705:2012 2663:ISBN 2628:2012 2606:2024 2580:2022 2555:2012 2304:and 2250:and 2172:and 2164:and 2149:The 2138:and 2048:, a 1984:NCAA 1955:The 1883:LGBT 1698:and 1429:and 761:LGBT 737:LGBT 541:and 531:Mill 490:and 388:and 380:and 368:and 319:and 236:and 180:and 138:and 130:and 94:The 66:The 3685:Law 3610:of 2599:CNN 2214:to 2042:WWE 1986:'s 1907:in 1684:LSD 1657:by 1636:WBZ 1605:". 364:in 248:in 4336:: 3899:, 3895:, 3891:, 3877:, 3873:, 3834:, 3830:, 3459:, 3337:^ 3299:. 3270:* 3086:^ 3003:^ 2965:^ 2919:^ 2869:. 2636:^ 2597:. 2571:. 2502:^ 2459:. 2431:, 2308:. 2288:, 2226:. 2218:. 2157:. 2056:. 2021:. 2010:. 1979:. 1814:, 1653:, 1579:. 1551:. 1481:. 1425:, 1319:. 1258:. 1161:, 1132:. 1000:. 973:. 961:; 610:. 575:. 470:, 466:, 462:, 400:. 196:, 110:, 4302:) 3903:) 3887:( 3881:) 3869:( 3838:) 3826:( 3600:e 3593:t 3586:v 3553:. 3527:. 3504:. 3490:. 3446:. 3433:. 3397:. 3374:. 3331:. 3309:. 3203:. 3181:. 3160:. 3126:. 3105:. 3071:. 3048:. 3034:. 2895:. 2880:. 2844:. 2822:. 2799:. 2773:. 2751:. 2729:. 2707:. 2671:. 2630:. 2608:. 2582:. 2557:. 2535:. 1911:. 1243:" 172:- 168:- 78:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.