Pipeline - Knowledge

1974:(PHMSA) has standard baseline incident frequencies to estimate the number of spills, TransCanada altered these assumptions based on improved pipeline design, operation, and safety. Whether these adjustments are justified is debatable as these assumptions resulted in a nearly 10-fold decrease in spill estimates. Given that the pipeline crosses 247 miles of the Ogallala Aquifer, or 14.5% of the entire pipeline length, and the 50-year life of the entire pipeline is expected to have between 11 – 91 spills, approximately 1.6 – 13.2 spills can be expected to occur over the aquifer. An estimate of 13.2 spills over the aquifer, each lasting 14 days, results in 184 days of potential exposure over the 50 year lifetime of the pipeline. In the reduced-scope worst-case exposure scenario, the volume of a pinhole leak at 1.5% of max flow-rate for 14 days has been estimated at 189,000 barrels or 7.9 million gallons of oil. According to PHMSA's incident database, only 0.5% of all spills in the last 10 years were >10,000 barrels. 1684: 1027: 635: 1428: 1983: 694:, the practice of using devices known as "pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline. The devices are also known as "scrapers" or "Go-devils". "Smart pigs" (also known as "intelligent" or "intelligence" pigs) are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracking or other mechanical damage. These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, either cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line or inspecting and recording the condition of the line. 27: 571: 544: 861: 379: 1193: 540:

truck or pipeline. Propane can be used as a fuel in oil fields to heat various facilities used by the oil drillers or equipment and trucks used in the oil patch. EG: Propane will convert from a gas to a liquid under light pressure, 100 psi, give or take depending on temperature, and is pumped into cars and trucks at less than 125 psi (860 kPa) at retail stations. Pipelines and rail cars use about double that pressure to pump at 250 psi (1,700 kPa).

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government regulation, many small, medium and large oil producers in North Dakota have decided to run an oil pipeline north to Canada to meet up with a Canadian oil pipeline shipping oil from west to east. This allows the Bakken Basin and Three Forks oil producers to get higher negotiated prices for their oil because they will not be restricted to just one wholesale market in the US. The distance from the biggest oil patch in North Dakota, in

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the State of Washington it is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 8 percent of maximum flow within fifteen minutes or less. Social factors also affect the operation of pipelines. Product theft is sometimes also a problem for pipeline companies. In this case, the detection levels should be under two percent of maximum flow, with a high expectation for location accuracy.

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oil by tanker rail car as they can direct the oil to the market that gives the best price, and rail cars can be used to avoid a congested oil pipeline to get the oil to a different pipeline in order to get the oil to market faster or to a different less busy oil refinery. However, pipelines provide a cheaper means to transport by volume.

1557:. Pipelines for centralized heating systems are often laid on the ground or overhead. Pipelines for petroleum running through permafrost areas as Trans-Alaska-Pipeline are often run overhead in order to avoid melting the frozen ground by hot petroleum which would result in sinking the pipeline in the ground. 1920:

developed by TransCanada, the risk of a substantive or large release over a short period of time contaminating groundwater with benzene is unlikely. Detection, shutoff, and remediation procedures would limit the dissolution and transport of benzene. Therefore, the exposure of benzene would be limited

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Pipeline companies face government regulation, environmental constraints and social situations. Government regulations may define minimum staff to run the operation, operator training requirements, pipeline facilities, technology and applications required to ensure operational safety. For example, in

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In the US minimal amounts of ethanol are transported by pipeline. Most ethanol is shipped by rail, the main alternatives being truck and barge. Delivering ethanol by pipeline is the most desirable option, but ethanol's affinity for water and solvent properties require the use of a dedicated pipeline,

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As more North American pipelines are built, even more exports of LNG, propane, butane, and other natural gas products occur on all three US coasts. To give insight, North Dakota Bakken region's oil production has grown by 600% from 2007 to 2015. North Dakota oil companies are shipping huge amounts of

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These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is

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To optimize and secure the operation of these assets, some pipeline companies are using what is called "Advanced Pipeline Applications", which are software tools installed on top of the SCADA system, that provide extended functionality to perform leak detection, leak location, batch tracking (liquid

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Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usually known as the "Main Control Room". In this center, all the data related to field measurement is consolidated in one central database. The data is received from multiple RTUs along the pipeline. It is common to find RTUs installed at

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a particular development field. The latter, sometimes referred to as an "export pipeline", is used to bring the resource to shore. The construction and maintenance of marine pipelines imply logistical challenges that are different from those onland, mainly because of wave and current dynamics, along

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of Libya supplies 3,680,000 cubic metres (4,810,000 cu yd) of water each day to Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, and several other cities in Libya. The pipeline is over 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) long, and is connected to wells tapping an aquifer over 500 metres (1,600 ft) underground.

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systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis

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inspection, aerial surveying, or mass-balance inconsistencies. It is assumed that pinhole leaks are discovered within the 14-day inspection interval, however snow cover and location (e.g. remote, deep) could delay detection. Benzene typically makes up 0.1 – 1.0% of oil and will have varying degrees

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are sometimes used to transport coal or ore from mines. The material to be transported is closely mixed with water before being introduced to the pipeline; at the far end, the material must be dried. One example is a 525-kilometre (326 mi) slurry pipeline which is planned to transport iron ore

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of a liquid or gas, typically to a market area for consumption. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries around the world. The United States had 65%, Russia had 8%, and Canada had 3%, thus 76% of all pipeline were

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failure on March 4, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed. This accident, and others of the era, led then-President Lyndon B. Johnson to call for the formation of a national pipeline safety agency in 1967. The same pipeline had also

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The entire surface of an above-ground pipeline can be directly examined for material breach. Pooled petroleum is unambiguous, readily spotted, and indicates the location of required repairs. Because the effectiveness of remote inspection is limited by the cost of monitoring equipment, gaps between

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includes flow, pressure, and temperature gauges/transmitters, and other devices to measure the relevant data required. These instruments are installed along the pipeline on some specific locations, such as injection or delivery stations, pump stations (liquid pipelines) or compressor stations (gas

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Enbridge in Canada is applying to reverse an oil pipeline going from east-to-west (Line 9) and expanding it and using it to ship western Canadian bitumen oil eastward. From a presently rated 250,000 barrels equivalent per day pipeline, it will be expanded to between 1.0 and 1.3 million barrels per

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The most recent major pipeline to start operating in North America is a TransCanada natural gas line going north across the Niagara region bridges. This gas line carries Marcellus shale gas from Pennsylvania and other tied in methane or natural gas sources into the Canadian province of Ontario. It

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Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are lightly pressurized into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Small NGL processing facilities can be located in oil fields so the butane and propane liquid under light pressure of 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa), can be shipped by rail,

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s worldwide survey figures indicate that 118,623 miles (190,905 km) of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these, 88,976 miles (143,193 km) represent projects in the planning and design phase; 29,647 miles (47,712 km) reflect pipelines in various stages of construction.

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Various technologies and strategies have been implemented for monitoring pipelines, from physically walking the lines to satellite surveillance. The most common technology to protect pipelines from occasional leaks is Computational Pipeline Monitoring or CPM. CPM takes information from the field

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The market size for oil and gas pipeline construction experienced tremendous growth prior to the economic downturn in 2008. After faltering in 2009, demand for pipeline expansion and updating increased the following year as energy production grew. By 2012, almost 32,000 miles (51500 km) of North

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Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety concerns. While corrosion, pressure, and equipment failure are common causes, excavation damage is also a leading accident type that can be avoided by calling 811 before digging near pipelines.

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existing dams, and carried dilbit 30 miles downstream before the spill was contained. Remediation work collected over 1.1 million gallons of oil and almost 200,000 cubic yards of oil-contaminated sediment and debris from the Kalamazoo River system. However, oil was still being found in affected

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In places, a pipeline may have to cross water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. In many instances, they lie entirely on the seabed. These pipelines are referred to as "marine" pipelines (also, "submarine" or "offshore" pipelines). They are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but

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over land. For example, in 2014, pipeline transport of crude oil cost about $ 5 per barrel, while rail transport cost about $ 10 to $ 15 per barrel. Trucking has even higher costs due to the additional labor required; employment on completed pipelines represents only "1% of that of the trucking

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Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelines are usually short- a couple hundred metres- and with small diameters. Sub-sea

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This new US-supplied natural gas displaces the natural gas formerly shipped to Ontario from western Canada in Alberta and Manitoba, thus dropping the government regulated pipeline shipping charges because of the significantly shorter distance from gas source to consumer. To avoid delays and US

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related to pressures, flows, and temperatures to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is completed, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak.

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in Brazil, and there are several ethanol pipeline projects in Brazil and the United States. The main problems related to the transport of ethanol by pipeline are its corrosive nature and tendency to absorb water and impurities in pipelines, which are not problems with oil and natural gas.

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Where a pipeline containing passes under a road or railway, it is usually enclosed in a protective casing. This casing is vented to the atmosphere to prevent the build-up of flammable gases or corrosive substances, and to allow the air inside the casing to be sampled to detect leaks. The

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Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this

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pipeline was built. Credit for the development of pipeline transport belongs indisputably to the Oil Transport Association, which first constructed a 2-inch (51 mm) wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile (9.7 km) track from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station in

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day. It will bring western oil to refineries in Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Quebec and New York by early 2014. New Brunswick will also refine some of this western Canadian crude and export some crude and refined oil to Europe from its deep water oil ULCC loading port.

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park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult. Misoperation of the pipeline and a previously damaged section of the pipe that was not detected before were identified as causing the

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Pipelines are generally laid underground because temperature is less variable. Because pipelines are usually metal, this helps to reduce the expansion and shrinkage that can occur with weather changes. However, in some cases it is necessary to cross a valley or a river on a

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Since oil and gas pipelines are an important asset of the economic development of almost any country, it has been required either by government regulations or internal policies to ensure the safety of the assets, and the population and environment where these pipelines run.

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Basin oil companies in North Dakota, Montana, Manitoba and Saskatchewan gas fields separate the NGLs in the field, allowing the drillers to sell propane directly to small wholesalers, eliminating the large refinery control of product and prices for propane or butane.

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system that assesses pressure and volume flow every 5 seconds. A pinhole leak that releases small quantities that cannot be detected by the SCADA system (<1.5% flow) could accumulate into a substantive spill. Detection of pinhole leaks would come from a visual or

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exploded in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 mi (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport, killing 8, injuring 58, and destroying 38 homes. Poor quality control of the pipe used & of the construction were cited as factors in the

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Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents. These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multi-products

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to produce and transport due to greater heat losses. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. The typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%, as seen in Norway's district heating network.

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with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.

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not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.

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Pipelines can help ensure a country's economic well-being and as such present a likely target of terrorists or wartime adversaries. Fossil fuels can be transported by pipeline, rail, truck or ship, though natural gas requires compression or

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for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the

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American pipeline were being planned or under construction. When pipelines are constrained, additional pipeline product transportation options may include the use of drag reducing agents, or by transporting product via truck or rail.

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cut off natural gas supplies to Ukraine after talks between it and the Ukrainian government fell through. In addition to cutting off supplies to Ukraine, Russian gas flowing through Ukraine—which included nearly all supplies to

1837:. Although it is not well studied, single benzene exposure events have been linked to acute carcinogenesis. Additionally, the exposure of livestock, mainly cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health issues, such as 1315:

Pipeline design: The pipeline project may take a number of forms, including the construction of a new pipeline, conversion of existing pipeline from one fuel type to another, or improvements to facilities on a current pipeline

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after fuel thieves tapped into the line. At least sixty-six people were reported to have been killed. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy

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city in Denmark, the so-called Thor Beer pipeline was operated. Originally, copper pipes ran directly from the brewery, but when the brewery moved out of the city in the 1990s, Thor Beer replaced it with a giant tank.

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is the difficulty in cleaning it up. When the aforementioned Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline ruptured in Marshall, Michigan in 2010, at least 843,000 gallons of dilbit were spilled. After detection of the leak,

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In the United States, 70% of crude oil and petroleum products are shipped by pipeline. (23% are by ship, 4% by truck, and 3% by rail) In Canada for natural gas and petroleum products, 97% are shipped by pipeline.

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is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. Pipelines are one of the safest ways of transporting materials as compared to road or rail, and hence in war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks.

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levels for the proper range, surveillance for construction, erosion, or leaks by foot, land vehicle, boat, or air, and running cleaning pigs, when there is anything carried in the pipeline that is corrosive.

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Known also as "outlet" stations or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas

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to make vehicle transport economical. For transport of crude oil via these four modes, various reports rank pipelines as proportionately causing less human death and property damage than rail and truck and

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240-kilometre (150 mi) hydrogen pipeline is still in operation. As of 2004, there are 900 miles (1,400 km) of low pressure hydrogen pipelines in the US and 930 miles (1,500 km) in Europe.

2087:. Gasoline sprayed across the area, and soon ignited, killing 9, and injuring at least 14 others. Confusion over the depth of the pipeline in the construction area seemed to be a factor in the accident. 1449:

Known also as "supply" or "inlet" station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.

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to Europe, known as LPG, as wholesale prices there are much higher than in North America. Additionally, a pipeline is currently being constructed from North Dakota to Illinois, commonly known as the

4063: 1367:, other laws and, in some cases, municipal laws. The Biden administration has sought to permit the respective states and tribal groups to appraise and potentially block the proposed projects. 3276: 1319:

Obtaining approval: Once the design is finalized and the first pipeline customers have purchased their share of capacity, the project must be approved by the relevant regulatory agencies.

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with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches (100 to 1,220 mm). Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m). To protect pipes from

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work to lay the pipeline and build the pump/compressor stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the installation of the field devices that will support remote operation.

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Even with pipeline leak volumes within SCADA detection limits, sometimes pipeline leaks are misinterpreted by pipeline operators to be pump malfunctions, or other problems. The

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Previous work has shown that a 'worst-case exposure scenario' can be limited to a specific set of conditions. Based on the advanced detection methods and pipeline shut-off

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Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are:

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Testing: Once construction is completed, the new pipeline is subjected to tests to ensure its structural integrity. These may include hydrostatic testing and line packing.

794:, Australia, possibly the world's first when it was built in 1967. It includes a 366-metre (1,201 ft) bridge span at 167 metres (548 ft) above the Savage River. 1490:

This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.

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and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the

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systems which allow for the generation of suction pressure for useful work and in transporting solid objects. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for

3652: 2523: 2478:"Numerical investigation on the migration of leaked pollutants after liquid pressurized pipeline leakage regarding oil and gas parallel pipelines situation" 2290: 3076: 2446: 1809:) to the subterranean environment compounds the threat posed by a pipeline leak. Particularly if followed by rain, a pipeline breach would result in BTEX 5901: 4071: 4032:

Pipeline Accident Report: Pacific Gas and Electric Company Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Rupture and Fire, San Bruno, California, September 9, 2010

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Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by

1601:(MMS). In Canada, pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada–US border, by the 487: 5281: 4579: 4274: 2999: 2361: 4224: 3538: 3329: 3045: 3283: 1180:. Every day, 30,000 litres of milk produced on the island were transported to be processed on the mainland. In 1994, the pipeline was abandoned. 284: 3605: 2346: 2075:

1965 – A 32-inch gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from

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Pipeline Accident Report: Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline With Release and Ignition of Propane, Carmichael, Mississippi, November 1, 2007

3108: 2244:. For example, between early 2011 and July 2012, a natural gas pipeline connecting Egypt to Israel and Jordan was attacked 15 times. In 2019, 2624: 1352: 1305:

Open season to determine market interest: Potential customers are given the chance to sign up for part of the new pipeline's capacity rights.

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transportation of water is also important. In offshore projects, a distinction is made between a "flowline" and a pipeline. The former is an

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Gas Pipeline Safety: Guidance and More Information Needed before Using Risk-Based Reassessment Intervals: Report to Congressional Committees

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and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. The coating is the only external protection.

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The pipeline is routed along what is known as a "right of way". Pipelines are generally developed and built using the following stages:

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to push the water along until it reached its destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with

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Known also as "intermediate stations", these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.

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and vary in size from 2 to 60 inches (51 to 1,524 mm) in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by

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pipelines that run to Europe from Russia under the Baltic Sea. The leaks are believed to have been caused by an act of sabotage.

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system at the Main Control Room receives all the field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or

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Pipeline developers do not always prioritize effective surveillance against leaks. Buried pipes draw fewer complaints. They are

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Major Russian gas pipelines to Europe in 2009. Deliveries on some pipelines were disrupted by or became controversial after the

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Pipelines for major energy resources (petroleum and natural gas) are not merely an element of trade. They connect to issues of

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unless incomplete remediation were followed by the introduction of another carrier (e.g. a series of torrential downpours).

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June 27, 2014 – An explosion occurred after a natural gas pipe line ruptured in Nagaram village, East Godavari district,

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is produced at the place of demand with every 50 to 100 miles (160 km) an industrial production facility. The 1938

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and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using

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Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines, and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline.

5896: 5200: 4953: 4332: 3521: 2193: 1670: 1364: 3765:, July 6, 2012. Lisa Song, a reporter for Inside Climate News, interviewed by Bruce Gellerman. Retrieved 2013-01-01. 3491: 3131: 2880: 5785: 5438: 4933: 4630: 4625: 4436: 4405: 2812: 2197: 575: 3659: 2527: 2177:

November 1, 2007 – A propane pipeline exploded near Carmichael, Mississippi, about 30 miles (48 km) south of

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interests and actions. A notable example of pipeline politics occurred at the beginning of the year 2009, wherein

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has published several articles related to the performance of CPM in liquids pipelines. The API Publications are:

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Insufficient volumes and cost-effectiveness are other considerations limiting construction of ethanol pipelines.

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lines), pig tracking, composition tracking, predictive modeling, look ahead modeling, and operator training.

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using 750 mm (30 inch) pipe and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.

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in these three countries. The main attribute to pollution from pipelines is caused by corrosion and leakage.

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Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. p. 33.

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pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are also considered gathering systems.

5964: 5891: 5886: 5423: 5408: 4857: 2189:. Inability to find flaws in pre-1971 ERW seam welded pipe flaws was a contributing factor to the accident. 1917: 1889: 1703:

as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often figure prominently in

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stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are pressurized into liquids known as

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Pipeline Accident Report: Natural Gas Pipeline Rupture and Fire Near Carlsbad, New Mexico, August 19, 2000

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can be expected to follow an above-ground spill—ostensibly enabling timely intervention by leaving only a

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Lisa Friedman. (2 June 2022). "E.P.A., Reversing Trump, Will Restore States’ Power to Block Pipelines".

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District heating pipelines are normally installed underground, with some exceptions. Within the system,

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Pipeline Accident Report: Pipeline Rupture and Subsequent Fire in Bellingham, Washington, June 10, 1999

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to transport water from higher elevations by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed

634: 357: 299: 2477: 523:, in the 1860s. Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil, 6138: 5865: 5398: 5139: 4943: 3612: 2076: 1947: 1830: 1768: 1648: 1577:(CFR) sections, 49 CFR 192 for natural gas pipelines, and 49 CFR 195 for petroleum liquid pipelines. 1348:, who are trained to build and repair pipelines. Russia is the only country to have Pipeline Troops. 507: 338: 309: 269: 148: 20: 4389: 2939: 603:

are the largest investors in new oil and gas pipelines. In the fall of 2012, the US began exporting

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and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a

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began operations in the fall of 2012, supplying 16 percent of all the natural gas used in Ontario.

520: 2746:"Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines" 1982: 26: 6143: 5957: 5916: 5790: 4847: 4839: 4790: 4741: 4661: 4546: 4541: 4356: 2366: 2095: 2084: 1810: 1641: 990: 975: 900: 816: 588: 400: 367: 279: 168: 42: 3883:. Letter to Mr. C. D. Mims. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from 1849:, and data that requires interpretation, small leaks in buried pipe can sometimes go undetected 790:

in Brazil. An existing example is the 85-kilometre (53 mi) Savage River Slurry pipeline in

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vapours are well-established, and oil spilled from the pipeline would be unlikely to reach the

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Construction and delivery of compressor stations for a gas pipeline in the Soviet Union by AEG

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In the US, onshore and offshore pipelines used to transport oil and gas are regulated by the

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Field devices are instrumentation, data gathering units and communication systems. The field

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Article about first undersea gas pipeline constructed in the US and the problems encountered

3884: 2800: 2549: 5667: 5337: 5099: 4981: 4807: 4780: 4763: 4689: 4521: 4410: 2757: 2489: 2186: 2137: 1991: 1893: 1814: 1384: 865: 845: 333: 319: 314: 218: 3465: 2690: 1954:

on July 25, 2010 was thought by operators in Edmonton to be from column separation of the

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ostensibly over pricing led to a major political crisis. Russian state-owned gas company

1614: 1566: 1009: 945: 906:(d. 189 AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet 820: 543: 477: 198: 105: 4329:

Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes

2761: 2493: 570: 6036: 6021: 5662: 5084: 4694: 4594: 4452: 4377: 4038: 4006: 3948: 3916: 3774: 2778: 2745: 2275: 2091: 2025: 1951: 1853: 1610: 1229: 1061: 1057: 702: 660: 393: 178: 5109: 4328: 3947:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 2003. Archived from 3175: 6082: 5810: 4938: 4913: 4716: 4701: 3586: 3517: 3452: 3430: 3256: 2844: 2783: 2505: 2394:, a method for sending documents and other solid materials in capsules through a tube 2171: 1925:

and go unnoticed for extended periods of time. Leak detection is monitored through a

1892:

mammals, and stray buckshot. Buried pipe is less vulnerable to accident damage (e.g.

1869: 1597:(PHMSA). Certain offshore pipelines used to produce oil and gas are regulated by the 1407: 1295: 1109: 964: 524: 328: 134: 4037:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2011. Archived from 4005:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2009. Archived from 3915:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2002. Archived from 1531:

API 1149 – Pipeline variable uncertainties & their effects on leak detectability

1116:, Germany, are interconnected by a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) long beer pipeline. In 5637: 5358: 4961: 4879: 4797: 4635: 4516: 3977: 3576: 3187: 2773: 2765: 2497: 2397: 2336: 2300: 2241: 1865: 1861: 1035: 892: 559: 383: 362: 324: 233: 1263:

In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:

823:

or delivery of hydrogen with the point of demand, with transport costs similar to

6153: 5870: 5860: 5602: 5353: 5242: 5168: 4971: 4966: 4896: 4864: 4775: 4491: 4416: 4122:[Casualties climb to 28 people in Kaohsiung gas explosion, 286 injured]. 3780: 3761: 3498: 3263: 3194: 3112: 2819: 2769: 2412: 2386: 2371: 1959: 1922: 1704: 1554: 1376: 1360: 1073: 971: 922: 869: 812: 778: 163: 3235: 2083:

June 16, 1976 – A gasoline pipeline was ruptured by a road construction crew in

1822: 1540:, a pipe protruding from the ground, often doubles as a warning marker called a 5980: 5707: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5548: 5523: 5232: 5173: 5104: 4991: 4976: 4785: 4723: 4468: 4225:"CIA warned Berlin about possible attacks on gas pipelines in summer – Spiegel" 2501: 2391: 2311: 2205: 1962:

was only confirmed 17 hours after it happened by a local gas company employee.

1733: 1729: 1725: 1609:. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline 1309: 1145: 1077: 1045: 929: 880: 208: 173: 89: 85: 46: 4396: 3805:"Brigham McCown on Oil Pipeline Safety and Energy Infrastructure | C-SPAN.org" 3581: 3564: 2573: 1383:

The information measured by these field instruments is then gathered in local

860: 6127: 5775: 5732: 5697: 5326: 5207: 5180: 5114: 4506: 2509: 2295: 2262: 2258: 2080:

had an explosion on May 9, 1955, just 930 feet (280 m) from the 1965 failure.

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residue that is slow to migrate. Effective protocols to minimize exposure to

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may be installed to even out peak load demands. Heat is transferred into the

736: 623: 600: 264: 203: 4200:"Sweden and Denmark say Nord Stream pipeline blasts were deliberate attacks" 2863: 6087: 6072: 5835: 5765: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5622: 5508: 5488: 5433: 5217: 5185: 5124: 5021: 4923: 4829: 4706: 4640: 3590: 2787: 2666: 2148: 2047: 2029: 1826: 1783: 1744: 1436: 1359:

and others, reviews proposed pipeline projects in order to comply with the

1244: 876: 698: 687: 672: 482: 437: 378: 2476:

He, Guoxi; Tian, Zhiyuan; Liao, Kexi; Shi, Jun; Wang, Liang (2023-09-01).

6051: 5805: 5727: 5677: 5498: 5468: 5413: 5403: 5089: 4768: 4751: 4669: 4531: 4501: 4496: 2321: 2144: 2007: 1818: 1737: 1696: 1461: 1432: 1165: 1128:, Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on the city streets. 949: 896: 596: 554:

The distance to ship propane to markets is much shorter, as thousands of

528: 289: 213: 109: 4352:– a joint awareness initiative between 14 oil and gas pipeline operators 2801:"Oil & Gas Pipeline Construction in the U.S.: Market Research Report 1192: 895:

also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The famous

6112: 6092: 6016: 5855: 5722: 5712: 5478: 5316: 5222: 3451:

Houston Public Works. City of Houston. "Pipeline Permit(Oil and Gas)."

3416:," U.S. Energy Information Administration, Retrieved December 12, 2012. 2550:"Pipeline | Definition, History, Types, Uses, & Facts | Britannica" 2159:), killing at least 24 people and leaving 132 wounded, some critically. 2114: 1905: 1877: 1655: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1585: 1294:

When a pipeline is built, the construction project not only covers the

1177: 933: 907: 903: 888: 832: 756: 591:, is only about 85 miles or 137 kilometers to the Canada–US border and 243: 93: 4064:"Breaking News, India, World, Bollywood, Sports, Business, Technology" 5850: 5581: 5528: 5473: 5463: 5373: 5321: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5227: 4908: 4536: 4463: 4421: 4402: 3354: 2316: 2250: 2233: 2216: 2196:: A 30-inch diameter high pressure natural gas pipeline owned by the 2110: 2052: 1931: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1771: 1606: 1328:

Trenching – Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.)

1252: 1141: 1137: 953: 919: 783: 740: 680: 668: 656: 515: 425: 127: 113: 64:– such as oil, natural gas and biofuels – and other fluids including 30: 4315: 3792:"More Work Needed to Clean up Enbridge Oil Spill in Kalamazoo River" 3791: 1630: 683:, imported sand padding, sacrificial cathodes and padding machines. 428:

which are usually buried. The oil is moved through the pipelines by

6031: 6011: 6001: 5845: 5825: 5820: 5800: 5795: 5571: 5561: 5483: 5418: 5190: 4874: 4869: 4733: 4124: 2237: 2156: 2122: 1943: 1748: 1240: 828: 791: 717: 676: 592: 238: 143: 1528:

RAM 1130 – Computational pipeline monitoring for liquids pipelines

1164:

Between 1978 and 1994, a 15 km milk pipeline ran between the

502: 60:

Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum,

6102: 5949: 5513: 5503: 5383: 5378: 5293: 3257:

Andreas Oberhammer; The longest heat transfer pipeline in Austria

2381: 2215:

originating in underground gas pipelines occurred in the city of

2167: 2118: 2033: 2014: 1846: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1779: 1760: 1743:

Oil and gas pipelines also figure prominently in the politics of

1716: 1712: 1394: 1173: 1169: 1153: 1117: 1097: 1030:

District heating pipeline in Austria with a length of 31 km

911: 884: 762: 729: 722: 691: 604: 248: 153: 1092: 1005:(completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines. 6056: 6046: 5991: 5830: 5717: 5702: 5692: 5652: 5566: 4146: 3606:"Characterizing Risks to Livestock from Petroleum Hydrocarbons" 3160: 2696:(Report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. November 2017 2594:"HDPE Pipes and Poly Pipe Fittings | Polyethylene Pipe Systems" 2220: 2136:

August 19, 2000 – A natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near

2020: 1955: 1775: 1764: 1125: 915: 510:" launcher/receiver, on the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland 69: 65: 2121:, killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging 2094:: Sparks from two passing trains detonated gas leaking from a 819:. Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to connect the point of 6077: 6026: 5996: 5612: 5586: 5556: 5518: 5458: 5453: 5448: 4339:

The Dolphin Project: The Development of a Gulf Gas Initiative

3153: 3151: 3000:"The Savage River Slurry Pipeline – The Australian Pipeliner" 2163: 1926: 1403: 1149: 1053: 941: 744: 706: 652: 421: 223: 101: 81: 73: 4149:"Terrorist threats to energy infrastructure in North Africa" 2625:"Pick Your Poison For Crude – Pipeline, Rail, Truck Or Boat" 6041: 5840: 5780: 5533: 5011: 2208:, India causing 16 deaths and destroying "scores of homes". 1881: 1806: 1457: 1308:

Route (right of way) selection including land acquisition (

1056:

to the customer. While steam is hottest and may be used in

937: 429: 228: 97: 77: 61: 4175:"Mexico Explosion Kills 66 After Thieves Rupture Pipeline" 3148: 2866:

by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.

2598:

All Plastic Pipe Here | Hdpe Pipe, Corrugated Pipe Systems

1821:

of the admixture into the aquifer. Benzene can cause many

6006: 5672: 5538: 5311: 4251:"Nord Stream gas 'sabotage': who's being blamed and why?" 3429:(in German). Ria Novosti. 16 January 2012. Archived from 3427:"Russlands Militär übt für möglichen US-Angriff auf Iran" 2806: 2152: 2099: 1691:

map of pipeline infrastructure in the Soviet Union (1951)

1239:

pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect subsea

158: 3236:"GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project, Libya" 2716:"Line 9: Journey along the pipeline | Toronto Star" 1589:

An underground petroleum pipeline running through a park

5301: 3603: 2841:

Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach

2011:

because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

1972:

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

1595:

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

891:

were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The

3379: 3377: 3375: 3250: 786:

mine (producing 26.5 million tonnes per year) to the

5902:

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

4284:. Oildom Publishing Company of Texas. Archived from 4173:

Villegas, Paulina; Semple, Kirk (January 19, 2019).

2574:"» The Transportation of Natural Gas NaturalGas.org" 1176:

on the mainland, of which 8 km was beneath the

1048:

feed and return pipes which transport heated water,

982:(completed 1955) pipelines, both part of the larger 721:

The world's longest ammonia pipeline from Russia to

4094:"Taiwan explosions probe focuses on petrochem firm" 3974:"Clarke County Explosion Kills Two, Destroys Homes" 3875: 3829:"Natchitoches, LA Gas Pipeline Explosion, Mar 1965" 3539:"Basic Information about Benzene in Drinking Water" 3025:"Savage River Pipeline Bridge – Highestbridges.com" 2954:"Ethanol pipeline places the cart before the horse" 2255:

series of explosions and subsequent major gas leaks

2102:, Russia. At least 575 people were reported killed. 1805:and other volatile organic compounds (collectively 1140:in Austria, which is known for its long history of 671:, a variety of methods are used. These can include 3562: 3372: 3277:"Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate" 3178:Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version) 3125:"The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction" 2447:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 1868:. Buried pipes are isolated from airborne debris, 2881:"Ethanol makers consider coast-to-coast pipeline" 1958:in that pipeline. The leak in wetlands along the 1124:A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in 1084:, without mixing of the fluids in either system. 436:(NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed of 6125: 3046:"Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines" 2878: 2743: 2362:Natural gas pipeline system in the United States 2162:May 12, 2006 – An oil pipeline ruptured outside 1939:and dissolution based on environmental factors. 928:Pipelines are useful for transporting water for 638:Gas pipe in the dry region of Antofagasta, Chile 3611:. Blasland, Bouck, and Lee, Inc. Archived from 3414:"Natural Gas Pipeline Development and Expansion 3398: 2032:were deployed. Heavy rains caused the river to 936:over long distances when it needs to move over 761:Pipelines have been used for transportation of 558:plants are located in or near oil fields. Many 96:over long distances when it needs to move over 4172: 4147:Consultancy Africa Intelligence (2014-06-26). 3077:"DOE Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop" 2750:International Journal of Environmental Studies 2347:List of countries by total length of pipelines 2015:Previous dilbit spill remediation difficulties 770:or significant cleanup of existing pipelines. 697:For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of 5965: 4437: 4399:(company video from the 1970s with subtitles) 4316:Pipeline Knowledge & Development (2011). 2956:. The Daily Iowan. 2008-08-24. Archived from 2475: 2246:a fuel pipeline north of Mexico City exploded 2170:. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See 1977: 1573:US pipeline maintenance rules are covered in 1431:The Trans Alaska Pipeline crossing under the 1152:40 kilometres (25 mi) from Hallstatt to 646: 401: 4358:Submarine Gas Pipe Line Taps Undersea Wealth 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3391: 3389: 3327: 2813:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction Report 1986:Scenario for benzene leaching to groundwater 1620: 1344:Russia has "Pipeline Troops" as part of the 3878:"Safety Recommendations P-76-87 through 90" 3367:Amelandse melk niet meer door Waddenzeepijp 2622: 2482:Process Safety and Environmental Protection 1565:Maintenance of pipelines includes checking 1289: 970:Examples of significant water pipelines in 476:It has been suggested that this section be 5972: 5958: 4444: 4430: 3757:"Kalamazoo River Spill Yields Record Fine" 3466:Interstate Natural Gas Association website 2906: 2874: 2872: 1060:due to its higher temperature, it is less 948:are poor choices due to considerations of 914:. These chain pumps serviced the imperial 811:is a transportation of hydrogen through a 709:where required by a regulating authority. 408: 394: 108:are poor choices due to considerations of 4248: 3712:"Environmental Analysis: Water Resources" 3709: 3684: 3669: 3629: 3580: 3386: 3369:, Reformatorisch Dagblad 20 January 1994. 2838: 2777: 2744:Ulvestad, Marte; Overland, Indra (2012). 2211:July 31, 2014 – On the night of July 31, 1965: 1888:. They are protected from nesting birds, 1671:Learn how and when to remove this message 1503: 4369:The Marvels Of Underground Oil Railroads 3130:. Storhy.net. p. 24. Archived from 2902: 2900: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2327:Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging 2128:June 10, 1999 – A pipeline rupture in a 2040: 1981: 1754: 1682: 1584: 1426: 1393: 1351:The U.S. government, mainly through the 1091: 1025: 859: 716: 633: 569: 542: 501: 25: 5364:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 3876:Webster B. Todd Jr. (31 January 1977). 3407: 3308:"Bruges' Beer Pipeline Becomes Reality" 3051:. Leightyfoundation.org. Archived from 2869: 2423:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 2281:Biogas § Biogas gas-grid injection 6126: 5238:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir 4997:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 4451: 4275:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction" 1380:pipelines), and block valve stations. 1334:Installing valves, intersections, etc. 1183: 856:History of water supply and sanitation 686:Crude oil contains varying amounts of 580:2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute 448: 5953: 4425: 3650: 3511: 3266:Paper in German. Retrieved 2010-09-20 2909:"Pipeline Considerations for Ethanol" 2897: 2611: 2441: 2439: 514:It is well documented when the first 480:out into another article titled 5369:China National Petroleum Corporation 3502:, CONSOL Energy, accessed 2015-05-13 2946: 2832: 2342:Inland Petroleum Distribution System 1841:, fetal damage and fatal poisoning. 1653:adding citations to reliable sources 1624: 1187: 739:facility in Russia to the exporting 705:and is odorless unless mixed with a 462: 4343:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 4311:Pipeline news and industry magazine 3835:from the original on 6 October 2014 3604:Pattanayek, M. & DeShields, B. 3200:, ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006. 2063:For a more comprehensive list, see 2000:octanol-water partition coefficient 1223: 1021: 629: 16:Pumping fluids or gas through pipes 13: 5979: 5429:National Iranian South Oil Company 5145:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 4318:"History of Gas and Oil Pipelines" 3166:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345–46. 2436: 2113:pipeline exploded at Jesse on the 1391:every station along the pipeline. 14: 6165: 5897:Intercontinental Exchange Futures 5786:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company 5439:Oil & Gas Development Company 4333:National Bureau of Asian Research 4304: 3734: 3563:Calabrese, EJ; Blain, RB (1999). 3082:. Eere.energy.gov. Archived from 2864:go-devil – definition of go-devil 2194:2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion 1817:of benzene in water, followed by 1547: 1365:National Environmental Policy Act 827:, the technology is proven. Most 5934: 5933: 4406:Government Accountability Office 4272: 4249:Plucinska, Joanna (2022-10-06). 2667:"About | Dakota Access Pipeline" 2198:Pacific Gas and Electric Company 2155:(thirty kilometres southwest of 1629: 1191: 1044:systems consist of a network of 1016: 750: 728:A major ammonia pipeline is the 576:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 467: 377: 5444:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 4331:, by Mikkal E. Herberg et al. ( 4242: 4217: 4192: 4166: 4140: 4112: 4086: 4056: 4024: 3992: 3966: 3934: 3902: 3869: 3847: 3821: 3797: 3785: 3768: 3750: 3728: 3703: 3597: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3505: 3484: 3471: 3458: 3445: 3419: 3360: 3347: 3330:"Hallstatt's White Gold – Salt" 3321: 3300: 3269: 3228: 3203: 3181: 3169: 3117: 3100: 3069: 3038: 3017: 2992: 2971: 2879:James MacPherson (2007-11-18). 2857: 2794: 2737: 2708: 2683: 2306:Geomagnetically induced current 2232:Pipelines can be the target of 2019:One of the major concerns over 1864:, and they are less exposed to 1640:needs additional citations for 773: 84:for shorter distances and even 5912:Society of Petroleum Engineers 5683:Port Harcourt Refining Company 5349:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 3211:"Mannum Adelaide Celebrations" 3002:. January 2011. Archived from 2659: 2635: 2586: 2566: 2542: 2516: 2469: 1990:Benzene is considered a light 1560: 1398:The SCADA System for pipelines 961:Goldfields Water Supply Scheme 959:The 530 km (330 mi) 1: 4858:Production sharing agreements 4345:Jan 2008 Working Paper NG #22 2979:"Project Profiles, Minas-Rio" 2623:James Conca (26 April 2014). 2429: 2403:Reinforced thermoplastic pipe 2352:List of natural gas pipelines 2286:Black powder in gas pipelines 2227: 2107:1998 Jesse pipeline explosion 1580: 1422: 1417: 459:List of natural gas pipelines 5892:Canadian petroleum companies 5887:American Petroleum Institute 5424:National Iranian Oil Company 5409:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 4120:"高雄驚傳嚴重氣爆意外死傷人數攀升至28人、286傷" 3855:"Google News Archive Search" 2803:," November 2012, IBISWorld. 2770:10.1080/00207233.2012.677581 2722:. 2014-01-17. Archived from 2691:Drilling Productivity Report 2058: 1921:to leaks that are below the 1522:American Petroleum Institute 1370: 1337:Covering the pipe and trench 1258: 910:outside the capital city of 651:Oil pipelines are made from 420:Oil pipelines are made from 7: 5907:International Energy Agency 4892:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 3779:September 28, 2014, at the 3357:for details and references. 2408:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2332:Hydrogen pipeline transport 2268: 1911: 1782:, reasonably rapid carrier 1736:, from interfering in its " 1599:Minerals Management Service 1575:Code of Federal Regulations 1002:Second Los Angeles Aqueduct 956:, or environmental impact. 809:Hydrogen pipeline transport 804:Hydrogen pipeline transport 797: 547:An elevated section of the 442:Hydrogen pipeline transport 116:, or environmental impact. 33:on a mine site in Australia 10: 6170: 5494:PTT Public Company Limited 5095:East Midlands Oil Province 5080:List of natural gas fields 4680:Integrated asset modelling 3794:, US EPA, October 3, 2012. 3516:. Gale. pp. 636–639. 3383:Palmer & King, pp. 2–3 3213:. SA Water. Archived from 2907:John Whims (August 2002). 2502:10.1016/j.psep.2023.06.055 2357:List of pipeline accidents 2253:. On 26 September 2022, a 2065:List of pipeline accidents 2062: 1978:Benzene fate and transport 1948:crude oil pipeline failure 1227: 1033: 849: 843: 801: 754: 712: 647:Construction and operation 452: 18: 6065: 5987: 5929: 5879: 5866:Weatherford International 5745: 5595: 5547: 5399:Iraq National Oil Company 5335: 5292: 5277: 5268: 5153: 5070: 4952: 4838: 4732: 4660: 4603: 4562: 4555: 4477: 4459: 2914:. Kansas State University 2077:stress corrosion cracking 1896:) and less accessible to 1860:, they are shielded from 1831:Maximum Contaminant Level 1621:Pipelines and geopolitics 1460:for liquid pipelines and 1446:Initial injection station 1076:of the dwellings through 999:(completed 1913) and the 681:high-density polyethylene 310:Green transport hierarchy 54:Pipeline and Gas Journal' 21:Pipeline (disambiguation) 2824:Pipeline and Gas Journal 2643:"Oil Pipeline Logistics" 2143:July 30, 2004 – A major 2037:waters in October 2012. 1833:(MCL) set at 5 μg/L for 1470:Partial delivery station 1454:Compressor/pump stations 1290:Development and planning 1274:Transportation pipelines 1131: 980:Mannum-Adelaide pipeline 839: 149:Armored fighting vehicle 5917:World Petroleum Council 5791:China Oilfield Services 4848:Petroleum fiscal regime 4547:Western Canadian Select 4542:West Texas Intermediate 4325:, US historical summary 3582:10.1093/toxsci/50.2.169 3453:City of Houston website 2367:Gas networks simulation 2085:Los Angeles, California 1408:Human Machine Interface 1159: 1087: 991:Los Angeles, California 976:Morgan-Whyalla pipeline 875:Two millennia ago, the 817:hydrogen infrastructure 589:Williston, North Dakota 368:Transportation planning 280:Alternatives to car use 5394:Indian Oil Corporation 4880:Submersible pump (ESP) 4825:Underbalanced drilling 4646:of gasoline and diesel 4153:www.africandefence.net 3569:Toxicological Sciences 3512:Saxon, Carina (2016). 3481:Retrieved 2 Jane 2022. 3468:Retrieved 2 June 2022. 3455:Retrieved 2 June 2022. 3238:. water-technology.net 2934:Cite journal requires 2839:Mohitpour, Mo (2003). 2213:a series of explosions 2130:Bellingham, Washington 1987: 1966:Spill frequency-volume 1701:international security 1692: 1590: 1504:Leak detection systems 1495:Final delivery station 1439: 1435:and over ridge of the 1399: 1281:Distribution pipelines 1101: 1031: 984:Snowy Mountains scheme 872: 852:Aqueduct (watercourse) 725: 639: 609:Dakota Access Pipeline 583: 556:natural-gas processing 551: 511: 295:Cycling infrastructure 285:Bicycle transportation 189:Personal rapid transit 34: 5771:Cameron International 5213:Petrodollar recycling 5196:fossil fuel phase-out 4759:Differential sticking 4712:Reflection seismology 4685:Petroleum engineering 4527:OPEC Reference Basket 3737:"Incident Statistics" 3514:Oil and Gas Pipelines 3464:Pipeline Permitting. 3111:June 4, 2009, at the 2671:daplpipelinefacts.com 2648:. Cepac.cheme.cmu.edu 2418:Sprayed in place pipe 2179:Meridian, Mississippi 2147:pipeline exploded in 2041:Accidents and dangers 1985: 1894:automobile collisions 1755:Hazard identification 1724:and some supplies to 1686: 1603:National Energy Board 1588: 1430: 1397: 1385:remote terminal units 1095: 1050:pressurized hot water 1029: 996:Owens Valley aqueduct 978:(completed 1944) and 863: 720: 679:coating, rockshield, 637: 573: 546: 505: 455:List of oil pipelines 348:Sustainable transport 305:Free public transport 29: 5668:Occidental Petroleum 4982:1990 oil price shock 4808:Shale oil extraction 4781:Drilling engineering 4764:Directional drilling 4690:Reservoir simulation 4341:, by Justin Dargin, 3404:Bai & Bai, p. 22 3310:. September 15, 2016 2524:"Pipeline transport" 2192:September 9, 2010 – 2187:Apex, North Carolina 2138:Carlsbad, New Mexico 1992:aromatic hydrocarbon 1801:The introduction of 1767:typically comprises 1649:improve this article 1613:in conjunction with 1243:, manifolds and the 1058:industrial processes 1040:District heating or 866:Los Angeles Aqueduct 846:Water transportation 735:line connecting the 525:refined oil products 384:Transport portal 19:For other uses, see 5816:Naftiran Intertrade 5761:Amec Foster Wheeler 5688:Reliance Industries 5577:Naftiran Intertrade 5389:Hindustan Petroleum 4987:2000s energy crisis 3857:. The Press-Courier 2762:2012IJEnS..69..407U 2530:on 11 February 2015 2494:2023PSEP..177....1H 2377:Petroleum transport 2183:Mont Belvieu, Texas 2105:October 17, 1998 – 2090:June 4, 1989 – The 1858:ambient temperature 1722:Southeastern Europe 1711:between Russia and 1615:cathodic protection 1567:cathodic protection 1478:Block valve station 1331:Installing the pipe 1322:Surveying the route 1267:Gathering pipelines 1184:Pneumatic transport 1010:Great Manmade River 821:hydrogen production 703:compressor stations 449:Oil and natural gas 434:natural gas liquids 275:Accessibility level 199:Powered exoskeleton 122:Part of a series on 6149:Pipeline transport 5663:Marathon Petroleum 5085:List of oil fields 4695:Reservoir modeling 4453:Petroleum industry 4415:2021-04-30 at the 4128:(in Chinese). 2014 4012:on 28 October 2013 3954:on 1 November 2013 3922:on 31 October 2012 3890:on 31 October 2012 3497:2015-05-18 at the 3433:on 17 January 2012 3328:Billie Ann Lopez. 3262:2011-07-06 at the 3193:2016-08-17 at the 3188:The Forrest family 2829:(1). January 2012. 2818:2013-03-25 at the 2554:www.britannica.com 2457:on August 21, 2016 2291:Central gas system 2276:Lists of pipelines 2092:Ufa train disaster 1988: 1952:Marshall, Michigan 1923:limit of detection 1693: 1591: 1542:casing vent marker 1440: 1400: 1325:Clearing the route 1230:Submarine pipeline 1203:. You can help by 1102: 1032: 879:made use of large 873: 726: 640: 584: 552: 512: 194:Pipeline transport 45:for long-distance 35: 6134:Freight transport 6121: 6120: 6083:Civil engineering 5947: 5946: 5925: 5924: 5811:Nabors Industries 5741: 5740: 4939:Well intervention 4914:Petroleum product 4813:Ljungström method 4717:Seismic inversion 4702:Petroleum geology 4656: 4655: 3980:on 6 October 2014 3651:Stansbury, John. 2242:terrorist attacks 2172:Nigeria oil blast 2053:spilling less oil 1870:electrical storms 1856:from extremes in 1681: 1680: 1673: 1487:Regulator station 1296:civil engineering 1221: 1220: 1096:Thor Pipeline in 965:Western Australia 707:mercaptan odorant 500: 499: 495: 418: 417: 6161: 6139:Gas technologies 5974: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5638:Hess Corporation 5359:Bharat Petroleum 5290: 5289: 5275: 5274: 4962:1967 Oil Embargo 4798:Lost circulation 4636:Posted oil price 4560: 4559: 4517:Isthmus-34 Light 4446: 4439: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4362: 4361:. November 1951. 4324: 4322: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4291:on March 4, 2016 4290: 4279: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4074:on June 27, 2014 4070:. Archived from 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976:. Archived from 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3772: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3658:. Archived from 3657: 3648: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3541:. Archived from 3534: 3528: 3527: 3509: 3503: 3488: 3482: 3479:NY Times website 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3384: 3381: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3353:See the article 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3332:. Archived from 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3282:. Archived from 3281: 3273: 3267: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2836: 2830: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2781: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2526:. Archived from 2520: 2514: 2513: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453:. Archived from 2443: 2398:Plastic pipework 2337:Hydrostatic test 2301:District heating 2257:occurred on the 1866:photodegradation 1862:ultraviolet rays 1676: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1633: 1625: 1224:Marine pipelines 1216: 1213: 1195: 1188: 1082:heat substations 1036:District heating 1022:District heating 779:Slurry pipelines 630:Growth of market 578:, including the 491: 471: 470: 463: 410: 403: 396: 382: 381: 363:Transport divide 234:Uncrewed vehicle 119: 118: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6061: 5983: 5978: 5948: 5943: 5921: 5875: 5871:John Wood Group 5861:Valaris Limited 5754: 5751: 5748: 5737: 5603:APA Corporation 5591: 5543: 5342: 5339: 5331: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5270: 5264: 5165:Classification 5149: 5072: 5066: 5002:Nationalization 4972:1979 oil crisis 4967:1973 oil crisis 4948: 4934:Water injection 4902:Steam injection 4897:Gas reinjection 4865:Artificial lift 4834: 4776:Drill stem test 4728: 4652: 4599: 4551: 4473: 4455: 4450: 4417:Wayback Machine 4385: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4355: 4320: 4307: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4179:www.nytimes.com 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4100:. 2 August 2014 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4068:Hindustan Times 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4044:on 11 June 2014 4041: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3781:Wayback Machine 3773: 3769: 3762:Living on Earth 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3710:US State Dept. 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3685:US State Dept. 3683: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3510: 3506: 3499:Wayback Machine 3492:Pipeline Safety 3489: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3264:Wayback Machine 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195:Wayback Machine 3186: 3182: 3176:Mephan Ferguson 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3113:Wayback Machine 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2837: 2833: 2820:Wayback Machine 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2413:Slurry pipeline 2387:Pipeline bridge 2372:Operation Pluto 2271: 2230: 2151:, Belgium near 2068: 2061: 2043: 2017: 1980: 1968: 1960:Kalamazoo River 1914: 1823:health problems 1757: 1677: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1646: 1634: 1623: 1583: 1563: 1555:pipeline bridge 1550: 1506: 1425: 1420: 1377:instrumentation 1373: 1361:Clean Water Act 1292: 1261: 1232: 1226: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1201:needs expansion 1186: 1162: 1136:The village of 1134: 1090: 1078:heat exchangers 1074:central heating 1052:, or sometimes 1038: 1024: 1019: 993:aqueducts, the 972:South Australia 893:ancient Chinese 870:Antelope Valley 858: 848: 842: 815:as part of the 806: 800: 776: 759: 753: 715: 649: 632: 549:Alaska Pipeline 496: 472: 468: 461: 451: 414: 376: 80:, hot water or 41:is a system of 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Infrastructure 6141: 6136: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5981:Infrastructure 5977: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5708:Surgutneftegas 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5628:Eneos Holdings 5625: 5620: 5618:ConocoPhillips 5615: 5610: 5608:Cenovus Energy 5605: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5549:Energy trading 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5233:Swing producer 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Gulf of Mexico 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4992:2010s oil glut 4989: 4984: 4979: 4977:1980s oil glut 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4786:Drilling fluid 4783: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4724:Seismic source 4721: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4522:Japan Cocktail 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4469:Primary energy 4466: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4364: 4353: 4346: 4336: 4326: 4313: 4306: 4305:External links 4303: 4302: 4301: 4267: 4266: 4241: 4216: 4191: 4165: 4139: 4111: 4085: 4055: 4023: 3991: 3965: 3933: 3901: 3868: 3846: 3820: 3809:www.c-span.org 3796: 3784: 3767: 3749: 3727: 3702: 3668: 3665:on 2015-01-17. 3628: 3596: 3555: 3529: 3522: 3504: 3483: 3470: 3457: 3444: 3418: 3406: 3397: 3385: 3371: 3359: 3346: 3320: 3299: 3268: 3249: 3227: 3202: 3180: 3168: 3159: 3147: 3116: 3099: 3068: 3037: 3016: 2991: 2970: 2945: 2936:|journal= 2896: 2868: 2856: 2850:978-0791802021 2849: 2843:. ASME Press. 2831: 2805: 2793: 2756:(3): 407–426. 2736: 2707: 2682: 2658: 2634: 2610: 2585: 2565: 2541: 2515: 2468: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2392:Pneumatic tube 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312:HCNG dispenser 2309: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2209: 2206:Andhra Pradesh 2202: 2190: 2175: 2160: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2103: 2098:pipeline near 2088: 2081: 2060: 2057: 2042: 2039: 2016: 2013: 1979: 1976: 1967: 1964: 1913: 1910: 1756: 1753: 1734:European Union 1730:Western Europe 1687:United States 1679: 1678: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1582: 1579: 1562: 1559: 1549: 1548:Implementation 1546: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1372: 1369: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1310:eminent domain 1306: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1198: 1196: 1185: 1182: 1161: 1158: 1133: 1130: 1089: 1086: 1034:Main article: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 989:There are two 877:ancient Romans 844:Main article: 841: 838: 802:Main article: 799: 796: 775: 772: 752: 749: 714: 711: 675:(wood slats), 648: 645: 631: 628: 601:joint ventures 498: 497: 475: 473: 466: 450: 447: 416: 415: 413: 412: 405: 398: 390: 387: 386: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 344: 343: 342: 341: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 259: 258: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 184:Animal-powered 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 138: 137: 131: 130: 124: 123: 47:transportation 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6166: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5940: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5744: 5734: 5733:Valero Energy 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Suncor Energy 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5327:TotalEnergies 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5271:organisations 5269:Companies and 5267: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Petrocurrency 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181:Oil shale gas 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5161:Abbreviations 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Permian Basin 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:United States 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Seven Sisters 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Core sampling 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Indian Basket 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4372:. April 1937. 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3856: 3850: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3738: 3731: 3713: 3706: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618:on 2012-04-25 3614: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3575:(2): 169–85. 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3545:on 2013-02-20 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3523:9781410317513 3519: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3336:on 2007-02-10 3335: 3331: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3289:on 2011-09-28 3285: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3237: 3231: 3217:on 2015-05-03 3216: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3137:on 2008-10-29 3133: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3089:on 2016-03-03 3085: 3078: 3072: 3058:on 2012-02-10 3054: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3006:on 2011-05-18 3005: 3001: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2960:on 2008-10-06 2959: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2928: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2726:on 2015-02-21 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2644: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2575: 2569: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2296:Coal pipeline 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2264: 2263:Nord Stream 2 2260: 2259:Nord Stream 1 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030:vacuum trucks 2027: 2022: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1970:Although the 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1839:neurotoxicity 1836: 1835:potable water 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:equilibration 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792:petrochemical 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1675: 1672: 1664: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1638:This section 1636: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346:Rear Services 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1215: 1206: 1202: 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