176:
Indigenous peoples. In
Huacsho in around the years 1983, the pishtaco imagery was predominantly associated with the Villasol building company, and there were rumous that circulated about murdered Indigenous people's bodies being used to uphold the bridges and maintain the landscape around it; these rumors were most likely allegorical for the overworking and unworkable conditions of the company. There have been other sorts of reports that supported the idea of the dangerous and powerful white man (organization), such as reports in Honduras of children being kidnapped by the
347:, the third book in her Custard Protocol series. The crew of the Spotted Custard travel to the Peruvian Andes in search of a supposed newly discovered breed of vampire that is on the verge of extinction. The pishtacos in this story are described as being very tall, incredibly thin, shock-white haired, and red eyed with a single columnar tooth for fat-sucking instead of the traditional elongated canine teeth of vampires for blood-sucking. This appearance is a result of the transformation from human to pishtaco. The pishtacos in this story also feed on fat.
498:
1062:
1074:
446:
328:. This version of the Pishtaco have a lamprey-like appendage emitted from their mouth which feeds off fat. A human male marries a pishtaco female and the two start a weight-loss retreat so the female could sustain herself while helping those who wished to lose weight only for her brother to decide that he preferred killing those he fed from. A minor
1455:. Wañuchisqanmanta wirata tukuchinkus rimidyuman. Recorded by Alejandro Ortiz Rescaniere in 1971, told by Aurelia Lizame (25 years old), comunidad de Wankarama / Huancarama, provincia de Andahuaylas, departamento del ApurĂmac. Alejandro Ortiz Rescaniere, De Adaneva a Inkarri: una visiĂłn indĂgena del PerĂș. Lima, 1973. pp. 164â165 (in
103:âwho seeks out unsuspecting natives to kill them and abuse them in many ways. This character is also often shown as extremely pale, hyper-masculine, and sometimes brandishing extremely flashy cars or modern technology of the time. Primarily, his method of killing is stealing his victims' body fat for various
195:
The pishtaco, both historically and in modern times, has stood as a symbol for the fear of commodification of
Indigenous bodies by white and foreign powers, and for the exploitative implementation of capitalism across Latin America and specifically in Peru that puts predominantly Indigenous, Black,
122:
to make them especially sonorous. In modern times, similar beliefs held that sugar mill machinery needed human fat as grease, or that jet aircraft engines could not start without a bit of human fat. In the most recent manifestation of this fear, people suspect pishtacos of selling fat to fund the
293:
shows the evolution of the pishtaco legend over time: the topmost layer represents the greasing of bells, the middle represents the greasing of modern technology (including airplanes, computers, and factory machinery), and the bottom shows fat being sold off to fund the international purchase of
247:
According to the police, the first suspected gang members, Serapio Marcos and
Enedina Estela, were arrested on November 3, 2009. Elmer Segundo Castillejos was arrested on November 6. Police at one point claimed that they were searching for six additional members of the gang, including an alleged
158:
record that
Spaniards would use the body fats of the Indigenous Andeans as treatment for illnesses, horrifying the Andeans. Spaniards were also said to have killed natives and boiled their corpses to produce fat to grease their metal muskets and cannons, which rusted quickly in the humid Amazon.
175:
Though the specifics of the legend are non-factual, the legend has roots in many real and reported events throughout
Peruvian history. It has also manifested through the fear of powerful, especially foreign corporations or organizations when they start to influence areas populated mainly by
191:
working on the
Peruvian and Bolivian altiplano, because they believed that the geologists were pishtacos. The work of anthropologists has been stymied because measurements of fat folds were rumoured to be part of a plot to select the fattest individuals later to be targeted by pishtacos.
162:
Anthropological researcher Andrew
Canessa notes that fear of pishtacos "appeared to have been focused on the Bethlehemite friars," who cared for the sick and buried the dead, and took up alms collections on remote roads, possibly because the order's founder,
143:), exists for it. The peasant rural poor viewed fleshiness and excess body fat as the very sign of life, good health, strength and beauty. Many illnesses are thought to have their roots in the loss of body fats, and skeletal thinness is abhorred.
262:
The lurid story was "quickly questioned," and by
December had been revealed as a hoax. General Felix Murga, the "head of the national police's criminal-investigation division," was placed on leave on December 1, 2009. Former government official
255:, which caused the fat to drip into tubs below. The gang then allegedly sold the fat at a price of $ 15,000 per liter â but medical experts cast doubt on that, saying that so much body fat is extracted in routine medical procedures such as
378:, pishtaco appear as mythical creatures who hunt the organization of Trinity, the gameâs main antagonist. This is in accordance with the myth, as Trinity seek to acquire relics from the local natives and do so through destructive means.
1079:
1077:
180:
for testing and experimentation purposes, or lost bodies of soldiers reportedly being "compensated" to the families with as few as three thousand euros as a form of reparation in post-war Peru.
20:
979:"A Peruvian Black Market in Human Fat? Medical Experts Dispute Lima Police Claims That Gang Murdered Victims, Drained Fat From Bodies to Sell to Cosmetic Makers"
187:
program by several communities, out of fears that the real purpose was to fatten children and later exploit them for their fat. Natives have attacked survey
903:
362:
146:
The legend of the pishtaco dates back at least to the 16th century. Andean beliefs about the value of fat intensified the peoples' horror at the
978:
251:
The story was that the gang members severed victims' heads, arms and legs, removed their organs, and suspended the carcasses from hooks above
1477:
366:
285:
1388:
248:
ringleader, Hilario Cudena, who "has been killing to extract fat from victims for more than three decades," and two
Italian nationals.
183:
In the context of this history, pishtaco beliefs have affected international assistance programs, e.g. leading to rejection of the US
1323:
1304:
1239:
1190:
267:
accused Murga (and others) of devising the hoax specifically to distract the media from a recent press release accusing police in
1351:
701:
1472:
1312:
1482:
60:, which consumes the fat of its victims. In some parts of the Andes, the pishtaco is referred to as ñakaq, or kharisiri or
336:". The male pishtaco is killed by Sam and Dean Winchester and the female pishtaco is given a one-way ticket back to Peru.
1487:
1442:
351:
236:. The name for the gang, "pishtacos," as well as the details of the alleged criminal plot, played on the Latin American
1512:
1421:
1361:
1333:
1277:
1249:
1228:
1200:
1179:
1139:
1129:
164:
911:
658:
155:
1497:
929:
1218:
324:
1048:
955:
1411:
115:
264:
177:
1149:
Canessa, Andrew (2000). "Fear and loathing on the kharisiri trail: Alterity and identity in the Andes".
1502:
132:
374:
1006:
986:
290:
1492:
850:"The Devil Wears Dockers: Devil Pacts, Trade Zones, and Rural-Urban Ties in the Dominican Republic"
592:
415:
319:
209:
151:
355:
272:
99:
According to folklore, a pishtaco is an evil humanoid creatureâoften a foreigner and often a
1394:
311:
investigate the disappearance of three men, trying to determine if they were killed by the
308:
72:
361:
Pishtacos also appear as minor supporting characters in the first novel of Josh
Erikson's
8:
1027:
821:
778:
573:
304:
299:
1291:
Melted fat taken from the body of a dead Indian was then used to soothe the raw wound.
728:"Writing History into the Landscape: Space, Myth, and Ritual in Contemporary Amazonia"
1507:
1417:
1357:
1329:
1308:
1273:
1245:
1224:
1196:
1175:
1135:
871:
825:
813:
747:
675:
565:
435:
104:
84:
28:
1158:
982:
899:
861:
805:
739:
667:
557:
473:
427:
1267:
907:
797:
114:
Andean Indigenous people feared Spanish missionaries as pishtacos, believing the
65:
1390:
Pishtacos: Human Fat Murderers, Structural Inequalities, and Resistances in Peru
1456:
1446:
1298:
268:
225:
184:
147:
866:
849:
727:
416:"Fear and loathing on the kharisiri trail: Alterity and identity in the Andes"
71:
It is believed to have originated in Spanish conquistadors' practice of using
1466:
875:
817:
751:
743:
679:
569:
439:
387:
340:
61:
49:
1162:
465:
431:
358:, where their mythology is linked to the Lovecraftian entity, Nyarlathotep.
108:
960:
809:
477:
392:
312:
237:
131:
The preoccupation with body fat has a long tradition in the Andes region.
593:"In the Andes, the Fear of Oppressors Manifests as the Gruesome Pishtaco"
329:
256:
167:, was known to clean wounds with his mouth in an expression of humility.
119:
782:
766:
577:
653:
1189:
Franco, Jean; Pratt, Mary Louise; Newman, Kathleen Elizabeth (1999).
545:
333:
233:
217:
213:
188:
150:' practice of treating their wounds with their enemies' corpse fats.
136:
100:
41:
19:
561:
1452:
1325:
Fieldwork under fire: contemporary studies of violence and survival
1192:
Critical passions: selected essays. Post-contemporary interventions
671:
123:
international purchase of weapons and repayment of overseas debts.
318:
Pishtacos were primary plot source drivers and antagonists in the
252:
57:
1300:
Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient, with Recipes
546:"Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of Pre-Inca and Inca Society"
472:, University of California Press, pp. 95â125, 2022-09-13,
332:
was the near homophony of the word "pishtaco" with the phrase "
229:
91:" which means to "behead, cut the throat, or cut into slices".
1353:
Death without weeping: the violence of everyday life in Brazil
107:
purposes, or cutting them up and selling their flesh as fried
609:
45:
621:
798:"L'Ătat cannibale. Rumeurs de trafic d'os exhumĂ©s au PĂ©rou"
767:"Cannibalizing Kids: Rumor and Resistance in Latin America"
221:
53:
1413:
Cholas and pishtacos: stories of race and sex in the Andes
350:
Pishtaco play a prominent role in the 2018 edition of the
1241:
Temptation of the Word: The Novels of Mario Vargas Llosa
1269:
Aztecs and Spaniards: Cortés and the conquest of Mexico
654:"The Pishtaco: Institutionalized Fear in Highland Peru"
1322:
Nordstrom, Carolyn; Robben, Antonius C. G. M. (1995).
930:"Arrests made in ring that sold human fat, Peru says"
75:' corpse fat as treatment for wounds and illnesses.
633:
297:
The pishtaco is prominently referenced in the novel
259:
that there should not be such a high demand for it.
1445:. AMERINDIA n°25, 2000. Pishtaku 1, Pishtaku 2 (in
904:"Gang Killed People For Their Fat: Peruvian Police"
1386:
897:
1443:S. HernĂĄn AGUILAR: Kichwa kwintukuna patsaatsinan
1188:
504:
1464:
1128:Benson, Elizabeth P.; Cook, Anita Gwynn (2001).
527:
525:
1321:
118:were killing people for fat, thereafter oiling
1349:
1151:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1007:"Peru's Fat-Stealing Gang: Crime or Cover-Up?"
1004:
1000:
998:
996:
949:
947:
725:
543:
420:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
208:was an incident in November 2009 in which the
1296:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
627:
522:
1436:
1377:
1068:
956:"Gang 'killed victims to extract their fat'"
953:
927:
923:
921:
651:
993:
944:
847:
515:
513:
1409:
1127:
1020:
882:
615:
452:
278:
1297:McLagan, Jennifer; Beisch, Leigh (2008).
1169:
1083:
973:
971:
918:
865:
795:
294:weapons and repayment of overseas debts.
1028:""Körperfett-Morde" stĂŒrzen Polizeichef"
699:
544:Bankes, George; Keatinge, R. W. (1989).
510:
315:guerilla group or by mythical monsters.
18:
1237:
1148:
1109:
1041:
413:
1465:
1265:
968:
848:Derby, Lauren; Werner, Marion (2013).
764:
639:
216:had murdered as many as 60 people for
196:and Mestizo people at a disadvantage.
726:SantosâGranero, Fernando (May 1998).
590:
322:episode "The Purge" of the TV series
1478:Multiracial affairs in South America
1387:Vasquez del Aguila, Ernesto (2018).
1049:"Fat-stealing gang story questioned"
539:
537:
409:
407:
170:
1216:
700:Anderson, Jon Lee (8 August 2016).
550:Bulletin of Latin American Research
339:Pishtacos are also featured in the
220:, and sold it to intermediaries in
199:
13:
1356:. University of California Press.
1328:. University of California Press.
796:Delacroix, Dorothée (2021-07-25).
307:. In the book, two members of the
14:
1524:
1431:
1393:. America Critica. Archived from
1220:An Amazonian myth and its history
534:
505:Franco, Pratt & Newman (1999)
414:Canessa, Andrew (December 2000).
404:
165:Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur
135:prized fat so much that a deity,
1131:Ritual sacrifice in ancient Peru
659:The Journal of American Folklore
286:Retablo Ayucuchano of El Pistaku
156:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas
1416:. University of Chicago Press.
1244:. Vanderbilt University Press.
1103:
1089:
841:
832:
789:
758:
719:
693:
645:
1350:Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1993).
765:Samper, David (January 2002).
652:Oliver-Smith, Anthony (1969).
584:
489:
458:
1:
1134:. University of Texas Press.
1005:Lucien Chauvin (2009-12-01).
126:
1473:Cannibalism in South America
1410:Weismantel, Mary J. (2001).
1378:Vargas Llosa, Mario (1997).
1303:. Ten Speed Press. pp.
985:. 2009-11-21. Archived from
771:Journal of Folklore Research
591:Frost, Athena (2020-10-30).
83:"Pishtaco" derives from the
78:
7:
1483:Quechua legendary creatures
1453:RUNASIMI.de: Nakaq (Nak'aq)
1449:, with Spanish translation)
1223:. Oxford University Press.
954:Rory Carroll (2009-11-20).
928:Arthur Brice (2009-11-21).
628:McLagan & Beisch (2008)
381:
10:
1529:
1488:Aymara legendary creatures
1121:
16:Andean mythological figure
1437:Pishtaco texts in Quechua
1195:. Duke University Press.
867:10.1163/22134360-12340109
375:Shadow of the Tomb Raider
265:Carlos BasombrĂo Iglesias
94:
1513:Stereotypes of white men
1272:. Atheneum. p. 76.
1238:Kristal, EfraĂn (1999).
1170:Carrigerr, Gail (2019).
744:10.1525/ae.1998.25.2.128
453:Benson & Cook (2001)
398:
1266:Marrin, Albert (1986).
1163:10.1111/1467-9655.00041
1030:(in German). 2009-12-02
802:Cultures & Conflits
432:10.1111/1467-9655.00041
372:In the 2018 video game
279:In literature and media
210:National Police of Peru
1110:Erikson, Josh (2018).
1051:. CBC News. 2009-12-02
810:10.4000/conflits.22659
478:10.2307/j.ctv2vr8txn.9
470:Panics without Borders
273:extrajudicial killings
212:alleged that Peruvian
33:
1498:Race in Latin America
1397:on September 22, 2008
1099:. Chaosium Inc. 2018.
1097:Masks of Nyarlathotep
989:on November 24, 2009.
854:New West Indian Guide
466:"Panic at the Gringo"
356:Masks of Nyarlathotep
22:
732:American Ethnologist
309:Peruvian Civil Guard
224:, who then sold the
133:Pre-Hispanic natives
73:Indigenous Peruvians
1217:Gow, Peter (2001).
1069:Vargas Llosa (1997)
702:"The Distant Shore"
618:, pp. 199â200.
228:to laboratories in
152:CristĂłbal de Molina
1380:Death in the Andes
785:– via JSTOR.
531:Scheper-Hughes:236
354:adventure module,
305:Mario Vargas Llosa
300:Death in the Andes
52:, particularly in
34:
1503:Peruvian folklore
1314:978-1-58008-935-7
616:Weismantel (2001)
275:circa 2007â2008.
171:In modern culture
1520:
1427:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1383:
1382:. Penguin Books.
1374:
1372:
1370:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1318:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1234:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1185:
1166:
1145:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1084:Carrigerr (2019)
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1002:
991:
990:
983:Associated Press
975:
966:
965:
951:
942:
941:
939:
937:
925:
916:
915:
910:. Archived from
902:) (2009-11-19).
895:
880:
879:
869:
860:(3â4): 294â321.
845:
839:
836:
830:
829:
793:
787:
786:
762:
756:
755:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
666:(326): 363â368.
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
606:
604:
603:
588:
582:
581:
541:
532:
529:
520:
517:
508:
502:
496:
493:
487:
486:
485:
484:
462:
456:
450:
444:
443:
411:
206:pishtacos affair
200:Pishtacos affair
87:-language word "
29:Peruvian Retablo
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1493:Culture of Peru
1463:
1462:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1400:
1398:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1315:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1231:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1182:
1142:
1124:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1009:. Time Magazine
1003:
994:
977:
976:
969:
952:
945:
935:
933:
926:
919:
908:Huffington Post
898:Andrew Whalen (
896:
883:
846:
842:
837:
833:
794:
790:
763:
759:
724:
720:
710:
708:
698:
694:
684:
682:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
601:
599:
589:
585:
562:10.2307/3338897
542:
535:
530:
523:
518:
511:
503:
499:
494:
490:
482:
480:
464:
463:
459:
451:
447:
412:
405:
401:
384:
352:Call of Cthulhu
291:Nicario Jiménez
281:
202:
173:
129:
97:
81:
66:Aymara language
40:is a folkloric
17:
12:
11:
5:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1457:Chanka Quechua
1450:
1447:Ancash Quechua
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:External links
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1407:
1384:
1375:
1362:
1347:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1278:
1263:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1214:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1167:
1157:(4): 705â720.
1146:
1140:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1088:
1073:
1061:
1040:
1019:
992:
967:
943:
917:
914:on 2013-01-25.
881:
840:
831:
804:(121): 73â97.
788:
757:
738:(2): 128â148.
718:
706:The New Yorker
692:
672:10.2307/539781
644:
632:
630:, p. 216.
620:
608:
583:
533:
521:
509:
497:
488:
457:
445:
426:(4): 705â720.
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
390:
383:
380:
363:Ethereal Earth
280:
277:
269:Trujillo, Peru
201:
198:
185:Food for Peace
172:
169:
148:conquistadores
128:
125:
96:
93:
80:
77:
44:figure in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1525:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1423:0-226-89154-2
1419:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1365:
1363:0-520-07537-4
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1337:
1335:0-520-08994-4
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1279:0-689-31176-1
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1253:
1251:9780826513441
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1230:0-19-924196-1
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1204:
1202:0-8223-2248-X
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:9780316433853
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1141:9780292708945
1137:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
988:
984:
980:
974:
972:
963:
962:
957:
950:
948:
931:
924:
922:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
707:
703:
696:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
648:
642:, p. 76.
641:
640:Marrin (1986)
636:
629:
624:
617:
612:
598:
597:Atlas Obscura
594:
587:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
538:
528:
526:
519:Nordstrom:122
516:
514:
506:
501:
492:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
454:
449:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
410:
408:
403:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
341:Gail Carriger
337:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
295:
292:
288:
287:
276:
274:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
193:
190:
186:
181:
179:
168:
166:
160:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
105:cannibalistic
102:
92:
90:
86:
76:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:South America
47:
43:
39:
31:
30:
25:
21:
1412:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1389:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1352:
1339:. Retrieved
1324:
1299:
1290:
1283:. Retrieved
1268:
1255:. Retrieved
1240:
1219:
1206:. Retrieved
1191:
1174:. ORBIT US.
1171:
1154:
1150:
1130:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
987:the original
961:The Guardian
959:
936:November 21,
934:. Retrieved
912:the original
857:
853:
843:
834:
801:
791:
774:
770:
760:
735:
731:
721:
711:12 September
709:. Retrieved
705:
695:
683:. Retrieved
663:
657:
647:
635:
623:
611:
600:. Retrieved
596:
586:
553:
549:
500:
491:
481:, retrieved
469:
460:
448:
423:
419:
393:Sacamantecas
373:
371:
360:
349:
344:
338:
325:Supernatural
323:
320:ninth season
317:
313:Shining Path
298:
296:
284:
282:
261:
250:
246:
241:
238:urban legend
205:
203:
194:
182:
174:
161:
145:
140:
130:
120:church bells
116:missionaries
113:
109:chicharrones
98:
88:
82:
70:
37:
35:
27:
23:
1401:February 5,
1369:23 November
1341:23 November
1285:22 November
1257:23 November
1208:22 November
1112:Hero Forged
1086:, p. .
1071:, p. .
777:(1): 1â32.
507:, p. .
455:, p. .
367:Hero Forged
330:running gag
257:liposuction
232:for use in
1467:Categories
1172:Competence
1055:2022-10-23
1034:2009-12-03
1013:2022-10-23
602:2024-09-09
556:(1): 123.
483:2023-11-28
388:Lik'ichiri
345:Competence
189:geologists
141:sea of fat
127:Background
62:lik'ichiri
48:region of
32:, Ayacucho
876:1382-2373
826:238764612
818:1157-996X
752:0094-0496
680:0021-8715
570:0261-3050
440:1359-0987
334:fish taco
234:cosmetics
218:their fat
214:gangsters
139:(meaning
137:Viracocha
101:white man
79:Etymology
42:boogeyman
1508:Bogeymen
382:See also
365:series,
242:pishtaco
38:pishtaco
1305:216â217
1122:Sources
783:3814829
685:13 July
578:3338897
495:Kristal
253:candles
240:of the
89:pishtay
85:Quechua
64:in the
58:Bolivia
24:Pistaku
1420:
1360:
1332:
1311:
1276:
1248:
1227:
1199:
1178:
1138:
874:
824:
816:
781:
750:
678:
576:
568:
438:
343:novel
230:Europe
95:Legend
932:. CNN
822:S2CID
779:JSTOR
574:JSTOR
399:Notes
271:, of
46:Andes
1418:ISBN
1403:2019
1371:2009
1358:ISBN
1343:2009
1330:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1287:2009
1274:ISBN
1259:2009
1246:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1210:2009
1197:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1136:ISBN
938:2009
872:ISSN
814:ISSN
748:ISSN
713:2016
687:2024
676:ISSN
566:ISSN
436:ISSN
283:The
222:Lima
204:The
154:and
56:and
54:Peru
1159:doi
862:doi
838:Gow
806:doi
740:doi
668:doi
558:doi
474:doi
428:doi
303:by
289:by
226:fat
178:CIA
111:.
68:.
1469::
1459:).
1307:.
1289:.
1153:.
1076:^
995:^
981:.
970:^
958:.
946:^
920:^
906:.
900:AP
884:^
870:.
858:87
856:.
852:.
820:.
812:.
800:.
775:39
773:.
769:.
746:.
736:25
734:.
730:.
704:.
674:.
664:82
662:.
656:.
595:.
572:.
564:.
552:.
548:.
536:^
524:^
512:^
468:,
434:.
422:.
418:.
406:^
369:.
244:.
36:A
26:,
1426:.
1405:.
1373:.
1345:.
1317:.
1261:.
1233:.
1212:.
1184:.
1165:.
1161::
1155:6
1144:.
1114:.
1058:.
1037:.
1016:.
964:.
940:.
878:.
864::
828:.
808::
754:.
742::
715:.
689:.
670::
605:.
580:.
560::
554:8
476::
442:.
430::
424:6
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
