20:
296:
194:
201:
284:
3078:
154:
3087:
502:
3375:
3387:
355:
267:
912:
900:
405:, 50 societies had population estimates. Of these, 64% had fewer than 100 people per settlement. In only 6% of cases were there more than 400 persons per settlement. The cases with the highest population densities were the Arikara and Hidatsa of the North American Great Plains and the Konso of Ethiopia. Gilman attributes high population densities among the Arikara to the availability of buffalo.
398:. Dug into the ground, pit structures take advantage to the insulating properties of soil, as well as having a low profile, protecting them from exposure to wind-induced heat loss. Since less heat is lost by transmission than is in above ground structures, less energy is required to maintain stable temperatures inside the structure.
409:
complexity. In terms of economic organization, 77% of the societies who occupy pit structures had a hunting and gathering economy. This is a large fraction of the sample, but is not considered a universally consistent feature like biseasonal settlement and a reliance on stored foods during pit structure occupation.
338:. The houses could vary in shape but were typically round, with wooden frames roofed over with thatch and earth, and ranged in size from a few to greater than twenty meters. A common design featured a central hole in the roof that provided ladder access and ventilation, including for the smoke of an interior fire.
345:
and the
Plateau region located nearby, climate changes and extreme temperature and weather conditions made it difficult to live year-round. Hot summers led to the building of simple tent-like structures that were portable and could be packed up to move. For cold winter months, pit-houses provided the
325:
were nomadic during the summer and gathered resources at different spots according to the season and tradition, but overwintered in permanent semi-subterranean pit houses at lower elevations. The winter was often the only time families saw others—even if they were from the same village and tribe—and
419:
Many different prehistoric groups used pit houses. Although generally associated with the
American southwest cultures, such as Fremont, Pueblo, Hohokam, and Mogollon, pit houses were used by a wide variety of people in a wide variety of places over the past 12,000 years. Large pit house formations
232:
roof supported by the timber posts covered the hut, which likely had no windows and had a single entrance at one end. Excavations at West Stow in the 1970s found preserved evidence of charred planks, suggestive of suspended floors. Hearths were also found, which sat partially over the edge of the
385:
Three conditions were always present among groups in the sample: 1) non-tropical climate during the season of pit structure habitation; 2) minimally a biseasonal settlement pattern; 3) reliance on stored food during the period of pit structure occupation. These conditions may be related to other
381:
All but six of the 82 societies live above 32° north latitude, and four of the six cases in this sample that are below 32° north latitude are from "high mountain" regions in east Africa, Paraguay, and eastern Brazil. The last example is from the Yami who occupied a small island south of Taiwan.
227:
at either end of the long axis. Some archaeologists have suggested that a suspended wooden floor lay over the pit and that the cavity beneath was used for storage or to control dampness, although others have disputed this, suggesting that grubenhäuser did not have suspended floors at all. A
408:
Pit structure occupations are generally associated with simple political and economic systems. For 86% of the sample, class stratification or social distinctions based on non-hereditary wealth were reported as absent. However, some pit-dwelling societies are characterized by chiefdom level
236:
Grubenhäuser are often understood to have been domestic dwellings. However, their use may have varied, especially on a regional basis. In
Western Europe their small size and the fact that they can be found near other buildings and associated finds of
386:
factors of society and the presence of any or all of these three elements in society does not pre-condition occupation of pit structures. Nonetheless, these three conditions were present in all cases of pit structure occupation present in the
218:
evidence indicates they were built in a shallow sub-rectangular pit and vary in depth (often relating to the preservation of the site). Some may measure 0.25m by around 2m by 1.5m, whilst examples from excavations from the 1950s onwards at
140:
used to support the roof. In the nineteenth century, it was believed that most prehistoric peoples lived in pit-houses, although it has since been proved that many of the features thought of as houses were in fact food
393:
The ethnographic sample is based almost entirely on case studies from societies located in northern latitudes. The period of pit structure occupation is generally during the cold season, probably due to their
390:. Other cultural patterns were common, but not universal across the sample. These commonalities include: cold season of occupation, low population estimates, and simple political and economic systems.
245:
sheds. In the
Slavonic regions of Eastern Europe, Grubenhäuser are larger and often have a fireplace. In most settlements there have been no features of buildings at ground level.
177:
bones. The base is circular or oval in shape, 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 metres) in diameter, with limb bones used for walls and lighter, flat bones used for the roof. Presumably,
19:
223:
in the United
Kingdom are 3.7m-4.44m long x 2.72m-3.5m wide x 0.58m-0.97m deep. Within this pit were placed two (but sometimes 0, 4, or 6) substantial wooden posts in
412:
During the part of the year when people are not living in pit structures, activities should be focused on acquiring foods to store. Based on the sample from the
2305:
233:
sunken pits and appeared to have collapsed downwards when the structure supporting their overhanging sections (possibly a suspended floor) was removed.
322:
3433:
944:
66:) and for cultural activities like the telling of stories, dancing, singing and celebrations. General dictionaries also describe a pit-house as a
2702:
2443:
2039:
291:, United States, shows the pit dug below grade, four supporting posts, roof structure as layers of wood and mud, and the entry through the roof.
876:
Smith, C. S. (2003), "Hunter-gatherer
Mobility, Storage, and Houses in a Marginal Environment: an Example from the mid-Holocene of Wyoming",
2658:
2167:
916:
2490:
1941:
3423:
300:
3428:
937:
208:
Pit-houses were built in many parts of northern Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries AD. In
Germany they are known as
637:
683:
660:
Lithic Design and
Technological Organization in Housepit 1 of the S7istken Site, Middle Fraser Canyon, British Columbia
378:
found that 82 of the 862 societies in the sample occupy pit structures as either their primary or secondary dwellings.
593:
Lexicology, semantics, and lexicography: Selected papers from the fourth G.L. Brook
Symposium, Manchester, August 1998
2068:
974:
633:
613:
421:
367:
3413:
2275:
2162:
185:. Groups of houses were arranged around a base camp layout, occupied by families or relatives for weeks or months.
2687:
2078:
1116:
930:
249:
2811:
580:
2300:
1830:
1090:
253:
220:
1158:
2295:
1835:
1308:
984:
46:) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter. Besides providing shelter from the most extreme of
2789:
1261:
904:
563:
295:
2563:
2364:
212:, and in the United Kingdom, they are also known as grubhuts, grubhouses or sunken featured buildings.
162:
98:
2369:
2184:
803:
Gilman, P. (1987), "Architecture as
Artifact: Pit Structures and Pueblos in the American Southwest",
2558:
1650:
1195:
288:
142:
1722:
1717:
3355:
2675:
2585:
1757:
1524:
1343:
1276:
1008:
2763:
2637:
2243:
2134:
2122:
1818:
1559:
1398:
1035:
969:
953:
133:
in Japan. Some Anglo-Saxon pit-houses may have not been dwellings, but served other purposes.
3017:
2887:
2502:
2438:
2312:
2005:
1931:
1705:
1700:
1638:
1577:
1514:
1462:
1455:
1001:
136:
Usually, all that remains of the ancient pit-house is a dug-out hollow in the ground and any
121:, the people of the Plateau, and archaic residents of Wyoming (Smith 2003) in North America;
1887:
575:
Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001. 533.
3418:
2927:
2902:
2768:
2719:
2714:
2697:
2692:
2670:
2460:
2174:
2027:
1919:
1823:
1616:
1301:
1100:
1043:
604:
Hourihane, C., Strickland, D. H., & Simonetta, M. (n.d.). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. In
252:, the Kalkriese Museum and Park, the Oerlinghausen Archaeological Open Air Museum, and the
1271:
8:
2758:
2423:
2228:
2061:
1594:
1467:
1348:
1323:
359:
525:
3360:
3164:
2827:
2804:
2709:
2612:
2514:
2327:
1509:
1239:
1205:
856:
848:
824:
816:
395:
193:
47:
885:
835:
Gonzalez, A. R. (1953), "Concerning the Existence of the Pit House in South America",
283:
200:
3386:
3300:
3119:
2751:
2741:
2731:
2680:
2337:
2255:
1549:
1534:
1519:
1499:
1390:
1369:
1180:
1023:
860:
828:
679:
629:
609:
576:
318:
170:
3077:
97:. They are found in numerous cultures around the world, including the people of the
3310:
3189:
2957:
2942:
2892:
2746:
2653:
2396:
2179:
1979:
1899:
1855:
1655:
1477:
1328:
1288:
881:
840:
808:
439:
153:
110:
67:
2238:
2194:
3325:
3305:
3272:
3179:
3027:
2972:
2967:
2627:
2597:
2359:
2287:
2265:
2223:
2118:
2088:
1953:
1948:
1599:
1482:
1053:
700:
248:
There are reconstructions of pit-houses in several open-air museums, e.g. in the
166:
106:
130:
3390:
3267:
3092:
3022:
2736:
2663:
2485:
2450:
2381:
2270:
2142:
1850:
1435:
1425:
1246:
1227:
506:
494:
371:
331:
215:
28:
330:. Often these houses were located along major rivers and tributaries like the
238:
3407:
3378:
2852:
2797:
2622:
2607:
2553:
2531:
2428:
2416:
2332:
2201:
2083:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1732:
1643:
1572:
1313:
1256:
1234:
1143:
1075:
1070:
1048:
444:
416:, this may be through either hunting and gathering or agricultural activity.
51:
3151:
1163:
3345:
3277:
3240:
3139:
3002:
2862:
2541:
2497:
2478:
2433:
2233:
2157:
1914:
1909:
1865:
1492:
1374:
1338:
1318:
1170:
1148:
1060:
474:
342:
335:
327:
312:
126:
122:
2819:
2590:
362:, Valais, Switzerland. Traces in the ground would appear as a "pit-house".
3330:
3282:
3262:
3235:
3109:
2897:
2872:
2580:
2570:
2526:
2521:
2473:
2411:
2374:
2347:
2248:
2218:
2093:
2015:
1936:
1924:
1685:
1670:
1660:
1631:
1589:
1504:
1472:
1420:
1353:
1190:
1065:
922:
658:
479:
449:
263:
that were very poor peoples homes until the middle of the 20th century.
178:
74:
63:
24:
3350:
3247:
3230:
3220:
3159:
2841:
2724:
2617:
2575:
2391:
2354:
2317:
2213:
1800:
1712:
1539:
1440:
1413:
1333:
1131:
1085:
996:
964:
794:
Farwell, R. Y. (1981), "Pit Houses: Prehistoric Energy Conservation?",
551:
The Century dictionary: An encyclopedic lexicon of the English language
2882:
852:
820:
271:
181:
was stretched around the exterior for insulation. Each dwelling had a
3340:
3210:
3067:
3047:
3037:
2947:
2632:
2401:
2386:
1984:
1969:
1877:
1795:
1680:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1529:
1408:
1296:
1222:
989:
979:
489:
354:
260:
564:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/fact_files_08.shtml
562:
Hidden Treasure Fact Files By Neil Faulkner Last updated 2011-02-17
266:
241:
has led to theories that they had a specialised purpose such as for
3257:
3252:
3225:
3215:
3032:
3012:
3007:
2847:
2823:
2406:
2342:
2189:
2147:
1882:
1790:
1665:
1487:
1450:
1430:
844:
812:
626:
A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlement of the Higher Latitudes
224:
137:
114:
3184:
3169:
3129:
2982:
2468:
2260:
2206:
2152:
1974:
1780:
1690:
1544:
1445:
1403:
1266:
1185:
1138:
1126:
484:
304:
242:
174:
102:
3194:
3174:
3062:
3052:
3042:
2997:
2962:
2952:
2912:
2867:
2536:
2073:
2051:
1904:
1840:
1785:
1175:
1153:
1121:
1095:
911:
899:
469:
464:
454:
434:
182:
59:
55:
647:
West 2001, West Stow Revisited, St Edmundsbury Borough Council
3315:
3114:
3057:
2992:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2877:
2857:
2602:
2322:
2056:
2010:
1872:
1727:
1675:
1251:
1217:
229:
118:
420:
have been excavated in British Columbia, Canada, such as at
3335:
3320:
3134:
3124:
2977:
2548:
2509:
1989:
1845:
1775:
1695:
1567:
1080:
459:
287:
A reconstruction of a pit-house at the Step House ruins in
2820:
1860:
1626:
1584:
606:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
678:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 261.
526:"Pit house" in the online Merriam Webster's Dictionary
3082:
698:
869:An Illustrative Ethnography of Formosan Aborigines
866:
538:American architecture: An illustrated encyclopedia
759:
757:
326:congregated in any numbers before the arrival of
3405:
591:G.L. Brook Symposium, C., & Kay, C. (2000).
346:warm, protected shelter necessary for survival.
834:
727:
709:
880:, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 162–189,
839:, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 271–272,
807:, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 538–564,
793:
775:
766:
754:
736:
2805:
938:
875:
718:
553:(Vol. 3, p. 1793). New York: The Century Co.
349:
161:The oldest pit dwellings were discovered in
123:Archaic residents of the Lake Titicaca Basin
70:, and it has similarities to a half-dugout.
54:may also be used to store food (just like a
745:
692:
2812:
2798:
952:
945:
931:
802:
16:Type of earth shelter with ancient origins
148:
618:
549:Whitney, W. D. (1889). "Dugout" def. 2.
401:Out of the 82 ethnographic cases in the
353:
307:pit-houses looked like 1000 years prior.
303:in Phoenix, Arizona, represent what the
294:
282:
265:
199:
192:
188:
152:
18:
3434:Western (genre) staples and terminology
3406:
878:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
656:
608:(Vol. 2, p. 80). (2012) New York, NY.
2793:
2116:
1755:
1021:
926:
77:, a pit-house is frequently called a
2117:
917:Category:Post in ground construction
673:
676:Archaeology of Native North America
663:(MA thesis). University of Montana.
278:
13:
867:Kano, T. & Segawa, K. (1956),
169:. Dating back 15,000 years to the
14:
3445:
2826:designs and semi-permanent human
2069:Megalithic architectural elements
892:
705:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
422:Keatley Creek Archaeological Site
23:Reconstruction of a pit-house in
3385:
3374:
3373:
3085:
3076:
1756:
910:
898:
540:(p. 104). New York: W.W. Norton.
536:Harris, C. M. (1998). "Dugout".
500:
370:of pit-house architecture using
3424:Puebloan architectural elements
2688:Evolutionary origin of religion
667:
650:
250:Hitzacker Archaeological Centre
125:(Craig 2005) in South America;
798:, vol. 87, pp. 43–47
641:
598:
585:
569:
556:
543:
530:
519:
1:
2301:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1831:British megalith architecture
886:10.1016/s0278-4165(03)00017-5
787:
699:George Peter Murdock (1967).
173:age, the houses were made of
3429:Semi-subterranean structures
2296:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1836:Nordic megalith architecture
259:To compare with the Swedish
7:
427:
358:Barn on a wooden cellar in
145:or served another purpose.
10:
3450:
2444:British Isles and Brittany
2365:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
595:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
310:
299:Pit-house replicas at the
254:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
99:Southwestern United States
3369:
3293:
3203:
3150:
3102:
3074:
2834:
2646:
2459:
2286:
2133:
2129:
2112:
1998:
1962:
1811:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1558:
1389:
1362:
1287:
1213:
1204:
1109:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1017:
960:
350:Cross-cultural patterning
3063:Wigwam, wickiup and wetu
657:Mattes, Matthew (2014).
513:
289:Mesa Verde National Park
143:prehistoric storage pits
93:, after the German name
79:sunken-featured building
3414:Archaeological features
3356:Vernacular architecture
2676:Evolutionary musicology
2079:Oldest extant buildings
2006:Archaeological features
1525:Prepared-core technique
2638:Unchambered long cairn
2486:Mound Builders culture
1819:Neolithic architecture
954:Prehistoric technology
733:Kano and Segawa (1956)
363:
317:Throughout the inland
308:
292:
275:
205:
197:
158:
149:Mammoth bone dwellings
31:
2883:Clochán (beehive hut)
2313:List of Stone Age art
1515:Microblade technology
1463:Langdale axe industry
1061:Ard / plough
357:
311:Further information:
298:
286:
269:
203:
196:
189:Early medieval Europe
157:Mammoth bone dwelling
156:
22:
2928:Icelandic turf house
2835:Traditional immobile
2720:Prehistoric medicine
2715:Prehistoric counting
2698:Prehistoric religion
2693:Paleolithic religion
2671:Behavioral modernity
2028:Causewayed enclosure
1920:Abri de la Madeleine
1044:Neolithic Revolution
919:at Wikimedia Commons
907:at Wikimedia Commons
341:In the northwestern
2759:Prehistoric warfare
1505:Magdalenian culture
1468:Levallois technique
1399:Earliest toolmaking
905:Category:Pit houses
674:Snow, Dean (2010).
301:Pueblo Grande Ruins
129:in Europe; and the
3361:Village des Bories
3103:Traditional mobile
2710:Origin of language
2703:Spiritual drug use
2613:Rectangular dolmen
2515:Dartmoor kistvaens
2328:Carved stone balls
2040:Circular enclosure
1999:Other architecture
1942:Alp pile dwellings
1530:Solutrean industry
1441:Gravettian culture
1091:Secondary products
837:American Antiquity
805:American Antiquity
702:Ethnographic Atlas
566:accessed 2/14/2013
507:Housing portal
414:Ethnographic Atlas
403:Ethnographic Atlas
396:thermal efficiency
388:Ethnographic Atlas
376:Ethnographic Atlas
368:middle range model
364:
309:
293:
276:
206:
198:
159:
81:and occasionally (
48:weather conditions
32:
3401:
3400:
3301:Cabanes du Breuil
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2732:Prehistoric music
2681:music archaeology
2338:Cup and ring mark
2163:Clothing/textiles
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1550:Yubetsu technique
1535:Striking platform
1500:Lithic technology
1385:
1384:
1370:Game drive system
1289:Projectile points
1181:Mortar and pestle
915:Media related to
903:Media related to
781:Gilman (1987:545)
772:Gilman (1987:547)
763:Gilman (1987:544)
742:Gilman (1987:542)
715:(Gilman 1987:540)
366:A cross-cultural
323:indigenous people
319:Pacific Northwest
171:Upper Paleolithic
3441:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3311:Earth sheltering
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3080:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2747:Divje Babe flute
2654:Archaeoastronomy
2397:Petrosomatoglyph
2131:
2130:
2114:
2113:
1963:Water management
1766:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1656:Denticulate tool
1478:Lithic reduction
1211:
1210:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
947:
940:
933:
924:
923:
914:
902:
888:
872:
871:, Tokyo: Maruzen
863:
831:
799:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
706:
696:
690:
689:
671:
665:
664:
654:
648:
645:
639:
624:Hoffecker, John
622:
616:
602:
596:
589:
583:
573:
567:
560:
554:
547:
541:
534:
528:
523:
505:
504:
503:
440:Dugout (shelter)
279:In North America
204:A reconstruction
103:ancestral Pueblo
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3365:
3326:Skellig Michael
3306:Circular linhay
3289:
3273:Alpine club hut
3199:
3146:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3072:
3028:Sassi di Matera
2968:Musgum mud huts
2830:
2818:
2788:
2775:
2642:
2628:Stone box grave
2598:Megalithic tomb
2503:Cotswold-Severn
2455:
2360:Guardian stones
2288:Prehistoric art
2282:
2125:
2100:
2089:Timber trackway
1994:
1958:
1954:Wattle and daub
1807:
1786:Standing stones
1760:
1739:
1554:
1381:
1358:
1283:
1200:
1110:Food processing
1105:
1054:New World crops
1026:
1013:
956:
951:
895:
790:
785:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
755:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:(Gonzalez 1953)
723:
719:
714:
710:
697:
693:
686:
672:
668:
655:
651:
646:
642:
628:Rutgers, 2005,
623:
619:
603:
599:
590:
586:
574:
570:
561:
557:
548:
544:
535:
531:
524:
520:
516:
511:
501:
499:
430:
352:
315:
281:
191:
167:Central Ukraine
151:
50:, this type of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3294:Related topics
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3268:Wilderness hut
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Shepherd's hut
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3093:Housing portal
3075:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
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3015:
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3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
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2925:
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2915:
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2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
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2850:
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2838:
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2794:
2785:
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2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Alligator drum
2729:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2664:lunar calendar
2661:
2650:
2648:
2647:Other cultural
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
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2600:
2595:
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2524:
2519:
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2507:
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2495:
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2493:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2451:Venus figurine
2448:
2447:
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2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
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2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Megalithic art
2379:
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2372:
2362:
2357:
2352:
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2209:
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2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2135:Material goods
2127:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
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2071:
2066:
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2064:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
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1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1851:Cliff dwelling
1848:
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1828:
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1826:
1815:
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1809:
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1806:
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1465:
1460:
1459:
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1448:
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1438:
1436:Fire hardening
1433:
1428:
1426:Clovis culture
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1395:
1393:
1387:
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1383:
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1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1366:
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1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1349:Manis Mastodon
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
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1304:
1293:
1291:
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1284:
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1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:throwing stick
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
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1173:
1168:
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1103:
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1028:
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994:
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987:
982:
977:
972:
961:
958:
957:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
921:
920:
908:
894:
893:External links
891:
890:
889:
873:
864:
845:10.2307/277052
832:
813:10.2307/281598
800:
789:
786:
784:
783:
774:
765:
753:
751:Farwell (1981)
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
691:
685:978-0136156864
684:
666:
649:
640:
617:
597:
584:
568:
555:
542:
529:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:
497:
495:Timber framing
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
429:
426:
372:George Murdock
351:
348:
280:
277:
216:Archaeological
190:
187:
150:
147:
113:cultures, the
105:, the ancient
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3446:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
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3409:
3394:
3393:
3388:
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3381:
3372:
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3359:
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3329:
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3319:
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3309:
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3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Beehive house
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Simple dolmen
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Passage grave
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:Gallery grave
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:Burial mounds
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Statue menhir
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:Stone carving
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
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2383:
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2376:
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2368:
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2311:
2307:
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2299:
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2289:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Sewing needle
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
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2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Timber circle
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:Tor enclosure
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:fulacht fiadh
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
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1986:
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1981:
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1290:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:spear-thrower
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:Bow and arrow
1233:
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1221:
1219:
1216:
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1212:
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1207:
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1189:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Grinding slab
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
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1108:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:Domestication
1074:
1072:
1071:Digging stick
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Founder crops
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
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990:New Stone Age
988:
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634:0-8135-3468-2
631:
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614:9780195395365
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445:Earth shelter
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329:
328:trading posts
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53:
52:earth shelter
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
3391:
3379:
3346:Transhumance
3278:Mountain hut
3241:Jamesway hut
3140:Ger district
3135:Yurt and ger
3003:Quiggly hole
2987:
2958:Menstruation
2564:wedge-shaped
2549:Funeral pyre
2542:Great dolmen
2498:Chamber tomb
2479:Round barrow
2434:Stone circle
2306:Blombos Cave
2234:Grooved ware
2158:Chalcolithic
2062:Thornborough
1980:Flush toilet
1915:Blombos Cave
1910:Rock shelter
1894:
1866:Quiggly hole
1758:Architecture
1733:illustration
1375:Buffalo jump
1196:Storage pits
1159:Aşıklı Höyük
1149:Ground stone
985:Subdivisions
877:
868:
836:
804:
795:
777:
768:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
701:
694:
675:
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643:
625:
620:
605:
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592:
587:
571:
558:
550:
545:
537:
532:
521:
475:Quiggly hole
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
392:
387:
384:
380:
375:
365:
343:Great Plains
340:
316:
313:Quiggly hole
270:Backstuga i
258:
247:
239:loom weights
235:
214:
210:Grubenhäuser
209:
207:
160:
135:
131:JĹŤmon people
127:Anglo-Saxons
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
43:
39:
35:
33:
3419:House types
3331:Stilt house
3283:Winter room
3263:Twynham hut
3236:Quonset hut
2898:Earth lodge
2586:unchambered
2581:Long barrow
2571:Grave goods
2527:Court cairn
2522:Clava cairn
2474:Bowl barrow
2412:Rock cupule
2355:Golden hats
2348:Hill figure
2249:Unstan ware
2229:Cord-marked
2094:Sweet Track
2016:Burnt mound
1937:Stilt house
1925:Sibudu Cave
1718:Tally stick
1686:Quern-stone
1671:Hammerstone
1661:Fire plough
1632:Pesse canoe
1590:Bannerstone
1560:Other tools
1473:Lithic core
1421:Aurignacian
1309:Bare Island
1191:Quern-stone
480:Root cellar
450:Earth lodge
179:animal hide
75:archaeology
64:root cellar
3408:Categories
3351:Tree house
3248:Romney hut
3231:Nissen hut
3221:Hopper hut
3160:Beach fale
3018:Roundhouse
2844:(Nipa hut)
2842:Bahay kubo
2725:trepanning
2618:Ring cairn
2576:Jar burial
2559:transepted
2491:U.S. sites
2392:Petroglyph
2318:Bird stone
2276:wine press
1949:Stone roof
1932:Roundhouse
1824:long house
1801:Stonehenge
1769:Ceremonial
1713:Stone tool
1540:Tool stone
1510:Metallurgy
1414:Mousterian
1391:Toolmaking
1329:Cumberland
1302:Transverse
1272:Schöningen
1164:Qesem cave
1132:Earth oven
1086:Irrigation
997:Technology
965:Prehistory
796:El Palacio
788:References
581:0815312865
95:Grubenhaus
3341:Thatching
3211:Beach hut
3068:Zemlyanka
3048:Tongkonan
3038:Sod house
2988:Pit-house
2948:Log cabin
2769:symbolism
2633:Tor cairn
2591:Grønsalen
2532:Cremation
2424:Sculpture
2402:Pictogram
2387:Petroform
2207:amber use
2175:Cosmetics
1985:Reservoir
1970:Check dam
1900:Pueblitos
1895:Pit-house
1878:Longhouse
1812:Dwellings
1681:Microlith
1612:Bow drill
1607:Bone tool
1600:prismatic
1409:Acheulean
1324:Cresswell
1297:Arrowhead
1223:Boomerang
1139:Granaries
1101:Terracing
980:Stone Age
861:163581274
829:161823882
490:Zemlyanka
360:Gluringen
274:, ca 1925
261:Backstuga
225:postholes
221:West Stow
163:Mezhyrich
138:postholes
91:grubhouse
40:pit house
36:pit-house
3380:Category
3258:Slab hut
3253:Rondavel
3226:Iris hut
3216:Hexayurt
3152:Open-air
3033:Shieling
3013:Rondavel
3008:Quinzhee
2848:Barabara
2828:shelters
2824:dwelling
2407:Rock art
2370:painting
2343:Geoglyph
2168:timeline
2148:Beadwork
1888:Mehrgarh
1883:Mudbrick
1791:megalith
1666:Fire-saw
1488:debitage
1483:analysis
1451:Hand axe
1431:Cupstone
1009:Glossary
970:Timeline
428:See also
374:'s 1967
332:Columbia
115:Cherokee
111:Mogollon
44:pithouse
25:Chotěbuz
3185:Pergola
3170:Chickee
3130:Yaranga
2983:Palloza
2764:Symbols
2375:pigment
2261:Weaving
2224:Cardium
2219:Pottery
2214:Mirrors
2202:Jewelry
2143:Baskets
2123:culture
1975:Cistern
1781:Pyramid
1723:Weapons
1701:Scraper
1691:Racloir
1651:Cleaver
1639:Chopper
1545:Uniface
1456:Grooves
1446:Hafting
1404:Oldowan
1363:Systems
1314:Cascade
1277:woomera
1267:harpoon
1240:history
1206:Hunting
1186:Pottery
1127:Cooking
1036:Farming
1002:history
975:Outline
485:Sinagua
305:Hohokam
272:SmĂĄland
243:weaving
175:mammoth
107:Fremont
62:, or a
29:Czechia
3392:Portal
3204:Modern
3195:Toguna
3190:Ramada
3180:Palapa
3175:Gazebo
3165:Cabana
3053:Trullo
3043:Sukkah
2998:Qarmaq
2963:Mitato
2953:Maloca
2913:Goahti
2893:Dugout
2888:Crotto
2868:Burdei
2863:Bunong
2742:flutes
2537:Dolmen
2461:Burial
2271:winery
2244:Linear
2074:Midden
2052:Cursus
2045:Goseck
1905:Pueblo
1856:Dugout
1841:Burdei
1520:Mining
1344:Lamoka
1339:Folsom
1319:Clovis
1176:Metate
1154:Hearth
1122:Basket
1096:Sickle
859:
853:277052
851:
827:
821:281598
819:
682:
632:
612:
579:
470:Pantry
465:Larder
455:Kekuli
435:Burdei
336:Fraser
230:gabled
183:hearth
117:, the
101:, the
68:dugout
60:larder
56:pantry
3316:Shack
3115:Lavvu
3058:Tukul
2993:Qargi
2943:Kapar
2938:Jacal
2933:Igloo
2923:Humpy
2918:Hogan
2908:Girna
2903:Funco
2878:Cleit
2858:Bothy
2659:sites
2603:Mummy
2323:Cairn
2239:JĹŤmon
2190:shoes
2185:Hides
2057:Henge
2011:Broch
1873:Jacal
1728:Wheel
1676:Knife
1622:Canoe
1617:Burin
1595:Blade
1493:flake
1354:Plano
1262:baton
1252:Spear
1218:Arrow
1171:Manos
1024:Tools
857:S2CID
849:JSTOR
825:S2CID
817:JSTOR
636:|url=
514:Notes
119:Inuit
83:grub-
3336:Tent
3321:Shed
3125:Tipi
3110:Chum
3023:Ruka
2978:Orri
2873:Bure
2752:gudi
2510:Cist
2439:list
2266:Wine
2195:Ă–tzi
2180:Glue
2153:Beds
2121:and
2119:Arts
1990:Well
1846:Cave
1776:Kiva
1706:side
1696:Rope
1644:tool
1578:bone
1568:Adze
1334:Eden
1247:Nets
1117:Fire
1081:Goad
1066:Celt
680:ISBN
630:ISBN
610:ISBN
577:ISBN
460:Kiva
334:and
109:and
58:, a
38:(or
2973:Oca
2821:Hut
1861:Hut
1796:row
1627:Oar
1585:Axe
1573:Awl
882:doi
841:doi
809:doi
89:or
87:hut
73:In
3410::
855:,
847:,
823:,
815:,
756:^
424:.
321:,
256:.
165:,
85:)
42:,
34:A
27:,
2813:e
2806:t
2799:v
946:e
939:t
932:v
884::
843::
811::
688:.
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