69:
the cell; this results in a hole in the middle of the tube where the walls don't quite merge. Thus pit connections are visible in the youngest of septa, widening as the septum thickens, until in some cases they may ultimately occupy the entire septum. Secondary connections, by contrast, occur between unrelated cells, and serve a role in transferring cell contents and nutrients. They may even form between cells of different species, as in the parasite
68:
Primary pit connections are formed between cells in the same filament, derived from the same parent cell by its division. Such connections are always single, and usually circular; this is a result of their method of formation. The septum is formed as the walls of a filament grow inwards, dividing
327:
Keats, D. W; Chamberlain, Y. M (1997), "The non-geniculate coralline algae
Synarthrophyton eckloniae (Foslie) comb. nov. and S. magellanicum (Foslie) comb. nov. (Rhodophyta) in South Africa including comparison with relevant types",
60:
A sieve-like membrane may cover the pit in living algae, but in the majority of algae a plug forms, they likely limit the transfer of metabolites between neighbouring cells.
92:
Clinton J. Dawes; Scott, Flora M.; Bowler, E. (1961), "A Light- and
Electron-Microscopic Survey of Algal Cell Walls. I. Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta",
404:
71:
273:
Wetherbee, R.; Quirk, H. M. (1982). "The fine structure of secondary pit connection formation between the red algal alloparasite
147:
1480:
397:
217:
505:
390:
1501:
1375:
1099:
1339:
1536:
1475:
1414:
1128:
1496:
1487:
1073:
25:
1199:
8:
1424:
1586:
673:
382:
298:
183:
109:
1470:
1429:
782:
495:
374:
223:
213:
143:
302:
1444:
1288:
1235:
1187:
1146:
1111:
1104:
1041:
918:
844:
370:
337:
290:
256:
175:
101:
473:
241:
1220:
452:
342:
321:
162:
Ellis, T.T.; Reynolds, D.R.; Alexopoulos, C.J. (1973), "Hulle Cell
Development in
1404:
1245:
1155:
1141:
942:
798:
746:
522:
260:
136:
1580:
1334:
1306:
1210:
1183:
1180:
1114:
608:
582:
532:
351:
227:
45:
36:. They are often stoppered with proteinaceous "pit plugs". By contrast, many
361:
Foslie, inhibits the overgrowth of seaweeds without relying on herbivores".
1521:
1491:
1351:
1002:
854:
849:
751:
687:
556:
551:
417:
413:
349:(Lower quality) transverse SEM images of pit connections in the coralline
161:
1551:
1526:
1514:
1329:
1283:
1084:
1051:
1031:
952:
865:
736:
704:
642:
632:
567:
542:
490:
242:"Translocation of photoassimilated C in the red alga Polysiphonia lanosa"
91:
1565:
1560:
1541:
1531:
1509:
1165:
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909:
880:
808:
787:
658:
546:
500:
442:
294:
187:
113:
41:
1546:
1419:
1409:
1273:
1255:
1230:
1160:
1012:
992:
978:
957:
885:
765:
668:
647:
593:
485:
464:
33:
29:
179:
105:
1439:
1434:
1346:
1311:
1240:
1225:
1215:
1094:
1017:
968:
932:
899:
813:
725:
622:
577:
457:
437:
1356:
875:
829:
468:
421:
1278:
1136:
839:
715:
447:
32:− specifically in the subphylum Eurhodophytina, except haploid
1250:
818:
480:
37:
17:
357:
Johnson, C.; Mann, K. (1986). "The crustose coralline alga,
326:
239:
28:
between two algal cells, and is found only in multicellular
319:
Transverse SEM images of pit connections in the coralline
412:
363:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
135:
1039:
1578:
272:
207:
1000:
398:
203:
201:
199:
197:
266:
155:
356:
210:The structure and reproduction of the algae
48:, as most other groups lack septa) contain
405:
391:
194:
85:
907:
341:
233:
133:
129:
127:
125:
123:
240:Turner, C. H. C.; Evans, L. V. (1978),
1579:
120:
386:
325:can be seen in Figs. 54 & 60 in
212:, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press,
13:
55:
14:
1598:
313:
1152:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
142:, Cambridge University Press,
1:
1122:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
355:are available on page 138 at
330:European Journal of Phycology
249:European Journal of Phycology
78:
375:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90238-8
343:10.1080/09541449710001719375
63:
7:
52:− an unrelated phenomenon.
10:
1603:
94:American Journal of Botany
1461:
1395:
1320:
1297:
1264:
1197:
1071:
1064:
1030:
991:
966:
940:
931:
898:
863:
827:
796:
773:
764:
734:
713:
695:
686:
656:
630:
621:
591:
565:
530:
521:
514:
428:
261:10.1080/00071617800650061
443:Mastigophora/Flagellates
1481:Baas-Becking hypothesis
277:and its red algal host
208:Fritsch, F. E. (1945),
1476:Microbial biogeography
138:Phycology, 4th edition
496:Fungus-like organisms
279:Gracilaria furcellata
1211:Simple cell membrane
1147:Pseudoparenchymatous
1135:Filamentous/trichal/
1119:Colonial flagellated
1052:Collar of microvilli
1425:Contractile vacuole
1376:Meiosis in protists
1357:Mitosis in protists
1335:Multinucleate cells
557:Flagellar apparatus
506:Ambiregnal protists
448:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
275:Holmsella australis
164:Emericella nidulans
1256:Periplast/pellicle
979:Periplast/pellicle
919:Cruciform division
295:10.1007/BF01283319
134:lee, R.E. (2008),
1574:
1573:
1471:Microbial ecology
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1430:Eyespot apparatus
1060:
1059:
1042:Choanoflagellates
1026:
1025:
987:
986:
927:
926:
894:
893:
760:
759:
682:
681:
617:
616:
149:978-0-521-63883-8
24:is a hole in the
1594:
1445:Mastigont system
1398:
1323:
1300:
1289:Gliding motility
1267:
1204:
1149:/plektenchymatic
1105:Amoeboflagellate
1078:
1069:
1068:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1006:
998:
997:
972:
946:
938:
937:
912:
905:
904:
869:
833:
802:
776:
771:
770:
740:
719:
698:
693:
692:
662:
636:
628:
627:
597:
571:
535:
528:
527:
519:
518:
407:
400:
393:
384:
383:
378:
346:
345:
307:
306:
270:
264:
263:
246:
237:
231:
230:
205:
192:
191:
174:(5): 1028–1035,
159:
153:
152:
141:
131:
118:
117:
89:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1463:
1449:
1396:
1391:
1321:
1316:
1298:
1293:
1265:
1260:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1075:
1072:
1056:
1040:
1022:
1001:
983:
967:
962:
941:
923:
908:
890:
864:
859:
828:
823:
799:Dinoflagellates
797:
792:
774:
756:
735:
730:
714:
709:
696:
678:
657:
652:
631:
613:
592:
587:
566:
561:
531:
510:
431:classifications
430:
424:
411:
322:Synarthrophyton
316:
311:
310:
271:
267:
244:
238:
234:
220:
206:
195:
180:10.2307/3758285
160:
156:
150:
132:
121:
106:10.2307/2439535
100:(10): 925–934,
90:
86:
81:
66:
58:
56:Characteristics
12:
11:
5:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1572:
1571:
1569:
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1563:
1558:
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1504:
1499:
1485:
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1478:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
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1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1344:
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1332:
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1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
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1291:
1286:
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1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:Siphonocladous
1171:
1163:
1156:Multinucleated
1153:
1150:
1144:
1142:Parenchymatous
1139:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1062:
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1058:
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1054:
1048:
1046:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
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1009:
1007:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
982:
981:
975:
973:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
949:
947:
943:Kinetoplastids
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
915:
913:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
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653:
651:
650:
645:
639:
637:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
612:
611:
609:Phycobilisomes
606:
604:Pit connection
600:
598:
589:
588:
586:
585:
583:Phycobilisomes
580:
574:
572:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
549:
538:
536:
533:Chloroplastida
525:
523:Archaeplastida
516:
512:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
477:
476:
471:
462:
461:
460:
455:
445:
434:
432:
426:
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410:
409:
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395:
387:
381:
380:
369:(2): 127–146.
347:
315:
314:External links
312:
309:
308:
289:(3): 166–176.
265:
232:
218:
193:
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119:
83:
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54:
46:basidiomycetes
22:pit connection
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1502:Fertilization
1500:
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1379:
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1370:Pleuromitosis
1369:
1366:
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1359:
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1319:
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1308:
1307:Hydrogenosome
1305:
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1296:
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1287:
1285:
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1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
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1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
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1206:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:Multicellular
1179:
1172:
1169:
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1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
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1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:Dictyostelids
999:
996:
994:
990:
980:
977:
976:
974:
970:
965:
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956:
954:
951:
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948:
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906:
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882:
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867:
866:Apicomplexans
862:
856:
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848:
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838:
837:
835:
831:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
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806:
804:
800:
795:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
772:
769:
767:
763:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
738:
733:
727:
724:
723:
721:
717:
712:
706:
703:
702:
700:
694:
691:
689:
688:Stramenopiles
685:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
655:
649:
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641:
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629:
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436:
435:
433:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
388:
385:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Phymatolithon
354:
353:
352:Phymatolithon
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
324:
323:
318:
317:
304:
300:
296:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
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177:
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128:
126:
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115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
84:
76:
74:
73:
61:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1522:Heterotrophy
1492:Reproduction
1367:Orthomitosis
1352:Heterokaryon
1299:Mitochondria
1200:Cell surface
1076:organization
1032:Opisthokonta
855:Micronucleus
850:Macronucleus
752:Pneumatocyst
603:
568:Glaucophytes
552:Phragmoplast
491:Thallophytes
418:Protistology
414:Microbiology
366:
362:
358:
350:
336:(1): 55–79,
333:
329:
320:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
255:(1): 51–55,
252:
248:
235:
209:
171:
167:
163:
157:
137:
97:
93:
87:
70:
67:
59:
50:septal pores
49:
21:
15:
1552:Necrotrophy
1537:Saprotrophy
1527:Phagotrophy
1515:Phototrophy
1508:Nutrition:
1497:Life cycles
1488:Development
1462:Ecology and
1330:Nucleomorph
1284:Pseudopodia
1085:Unicellular
969:Euglenoidea
953:Kinetoplast
737:Brown algae
705:Mastigoneme
643:Mastigoneme
633:Cryptophyta
543:green algae
501:Slime molds
283:Protoplasma
42:ascomycetes
20:anatomy, a
1566:Auxotrophy
1561:Mixotrophy
1542:Parasitism
1532:Osmotrophy
1510:Autotrophy
1464:physiology
1340:Plasmodium
1266:Locomotion
1202:structures
1166:Coenocytic
910:Phytomyxea
881:Apicoplast
809:Dinokaryon
788:Trichocyst
659:Haptophyte
547:Phycoplast
515:Morphology
486:Cryptogams
219:0521050421
79:References
1587:Red algae
1547:Biotrophy
1420:Extrusome
1410:Cytostome
1274:Flagellum
1231:Cell wall
1190:/histonal
1170:Siphonous
1161:Syncytial
1129:Coenobial
1125:Sarcinoid
1074:Levels of
1013:Macrocyst
993:Amoebozoa
958:Glycosome
886:Microneme
766:Alveolata
674:Haptonema
669:Coccolith
648:Periplast
594:Red algae
578:Cyanelles
465:Infusoria
228:223742770
168:Mycologia
72:Holmsella
64:Formation
34:Bangiales
30:red algae
1581:Category
1440:Axostyle
1435:Pyrenoid
1415:Fimbriae
1347:Dikaryon
1312:Mitosome
1241:Skeleton
1226:Frustule
1216:Mucilage
1188:tissular
1112:Colonial
1095:Amoeboid
1090:Monadoid
1018:Sorocarp
933:Excavate
900:Rhizaria
830:Ciliates
814:Dinocyst
775:General:
726:Frustule
697:General:
623:Hacrobia
474:Sporozoa
469:Ciliates
458:Heliozoa
438:Protozoa
422:Protists
303:21177509
1383:Zygotic
1380:Gametic
1322:Nucleus
1100:Coccoid
1065:General
876:Rhoptry
783:Alveoli
716:Diatoms
453:Testate
188:3758285
114:2439535
1386:Sporic
1364:Closed
1279:Cilium
1236:Lorica
1137:hyphal
845:Cirrus
840:Cilium
747:Lamina
429:Former
301:
226:
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186:
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40:(only
26:septum
1397:Other
1251:Theca
1221:Scale
819:Theca
481:Algae
299:S2CID
245:(PDF)
184:JSTOR
110:JSTOR
38:fungi
18:algal
1405:Cyst
1361:Open
1246:Test
1184:s.s.
1115:s.s.
224:OCLC
214:ISBN
144:ISBN
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371:doi
338:doi
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