Placebo - Knowledge

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changes thought to be produced by the real treatment. Similarly, the appearance of effect can result from classical conditioning, wherein a placebo and an actual stimulus are used simultaneously until the placebo is associated with the effect from the actual stimulus. Both conditioning and expectations play a role in placebo effect, and make different kinds of contributions. Conditioning has a longer-lasting effect, and can affect earlier stages of information processing. Those who think a treatment will work display a stronger placebo effect than those who do not, as evidenced by a study of acupuncture.

399:. Clinical trials found that open-label placebos may have positive effects in comparison to no treatment, which may open new avenues for treatments, but a review of such trials noted that they were done with a small number of participants and hence should be interpreted with "caution" until further, better-controlled trials are conducted. An updated 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis based on 11 studies also found a significant, albeit slightly smaller overall effect of open-label placebos, while noting that "research on OLPs is still in its infancy". 300:. A 2001 meta-analysis of the placebo effect looked at trials in 40 different medical conditions, and concluded the only one where it had been shown to have a significant effect was for pain. Another Cochrane review in 2010 suggested that placebo effects are apparent only in subjective, continuous measures, and in the treatment of pain and related conditions. The review found that placebos do not appear to affect the actual diseases, or outcomes that are not dependent on a patient's perception. The authors, 433:. A complete reanalysis and recalculation based on the same FDA data found that the Kirsch study had "important flaws in the calculations". The authors concluded that although a large percentage of the placebo response was due to expectancy, this was not true for the active drug. Besides confirming drug effectiveness, they found that the drug effect was not related to depression severity. 29: 562:...the use of the placebo for 'diagnosis' of whether or not pain is real is misguided." A survey in the United States of more than 10,000 physicians came to the result that while 24% of physicians would prescribe a treatment that is a placebo simply because the patient wanted treatment, 58% would not, and for the remaining 18%, it would depend on the circumstances. 308:, concluded that their study "did not find that placebo interventions have important clinical effects in general". This interpretation has been subject to criticism, as the existence of placebo effects seems undeniable. For example, recent research has linked placebo interventions to improved motor functions in patients with 153:(a statistical effect where an unusually high or low measurement is likely to be followed by a less extreme one). The use of placebos in clinical medicine raises ethical concerns, especially if they are disguised as an active treatment, as this introduces dishonesty into the doctor–patient relationship and bypasses 534:. Of particular concern has been the difference between trials comparing inert placebos with experimental treatments, versus comparing the best available treatment with an experimental treatment; and differences between trials in the sponsor's developed countries versus the trial's targeted developing countries. 918:

The placebo effect makes it more difficult to evaluate new treatments. Clinical trials control for this effect by including a group of subjects that receives a sham treatment. The subjects in such trials are blinded as to whether they receive the treatment or a placebo. If a person is given a placebo

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hypothesized that placebo effects are produced by the self-fulfilling effects of response expectancies, in which the belief that one will feel different leads a person to actually feel different. According to this theory, the belief that one has received an active treatment can produce the subjective

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Measuring the extent of the placebo effect is difficult due to confounding factors. For example, a patient may feel better after taking a placebo due to regression to the mean (i.e. a natural recovery or change in symptoms), but this can be ruled out by comparing the placebo group with a no treatment

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Placebos are also popular because they can sometimes produce relief through psychological mechanisms (a phenomenon known as the "placebo effect"). They can affect how patients perceive their condition and encourage the body's chemical processes for relieving pain and a few other symptoms, but have no

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Clinical trials are often double-blinded so that the researchers also do not know which test subjects are receiving the active or placebo treatment. The placebo effect in such clinical trials is weaker than in normal therapy since the subjects are not sure whether the treatment they are receiving is

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The word placebo was used in a medicinal context in the late 18th century to describe a "commonplace method or medicine" and in 1811 it was defined as "any medicine adapted more to please than to benefit the patient". Although this definition contained a derogatory implication it did not necessarily

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may contribute to the placebo effect. The active goals of an individual changes their somatic experience by altering the detection and interpretation of expectation-congruent symptoms, and by changing the behavioral strategies a person pursues. Motivation may link to the meaning through which people

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In the Committee's view, homeopathy is a placebo treatment and the Government should have a policy on prescribing placebos. The Government is reluctant to address the appropriateness and ethics of prescribing placebos to patients, which usually relies on some degree of patient deception. Prescribing

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Another meta-analysis found that 79% of depressed patients receiving placebo remained well (for 12 weeks after an initial 6–8 weeks of successful therapy) compared to 93% of those receiving antidepressants. In the continuation phase however, patients on placebo relapsed significantly more often than

764:. After learning this pairing, the taste of saccharin by itself is able to cause immunosuppression, as a new conditioned response via neural top-down control. Such conditioning has been found to affect a diverse variety of not just basic physiological processes in the immune system but ones such as 545:

The practice of doctors prescribing placebos that are disguised as real medication is controversial. A chief concern is that it is deceptive and could harm the doctor–patient relationship in the long run. While some say that blanket consent, or the general consent to unspecified treatment given by

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is the difference between that response and no treatment. The placebo response may include improvements due to natural healing, declines due to natural disease progression, the tendency for people who were temporarily feeling either better or worse than usual to return to their average situations

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We know that, in Paris, fashion imposes its dictates on medicine just as it does with everything else. Well, at one time, pyramidal elm bark had a great reputation; it was taken as a powder, as an extract, as an elixir, even in baths. It was good for the nerves, the chest, the stomach—what can I

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found that, in trials of antipsychotic medications, the change in response to receiving a placebo had increased significantly between 1960 and 2013. The review's authors identified several factors that could be responsible for this change, including inflation of baseline scores and enrollment of

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on the basis that it can make patients feel better through the placebo effect. His concerns are that it is deceitful and that the placebo effect is unreliable. Goldacre also concludes that the placebo effect does not justify alternative medicine, arguing that unscientific medicine could lead to

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Knowingly giving a person a placebo when there is an effective treatment available is a bioethically complex issue. While placebo-controlled trials might provide information about the effectiveness of a treatment, it denies some patients what could be the best available (if unproven) treatment.

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can be measured is by conducting "open/hidden" studies, in which some patients receive an analgesic and are informed that they will be receiving it (open), while others are administered the same drug without their knowledge (hidden). Such studies have found that analgesics are considerably more

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secretion. Recent reviews have argued that the placebo effect is due to top-down control by the brain for immunity and pain. Pacheco-López and colleagues have raised the possibility of "neocortical-sympathetic-immune axis providing neuroanatomical substrates that might explain the link between

347:. In their 2010 meta-analysis of the placebo effect, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson and Peter C. Gøtzsche argue that "even if there were no true effect of placebo, one would expect to record differences between placebo and no-treatment groups due to bias associated with lack of blinding". 578:

of placebos is not consistent with informed patient choice—which the Government claims is very important—as it means patients do not have all the information needed to make choice meaningful. A further issue is that the placebo effect is unreliable and unpredictable.

550:. There are also concerns that legitimate doctors and pharmacists could open themselves up to charges of fraud or malpractice by using a placebo. Critics also argued that using placebos can delay the proper diagnosis and treatment of serious medical conditions. 1263: 429:(FDA), concluded that 82% of the response to antidepressants was accounted for by placebos. However, other authors expressed serious doubts about the used methods and the interpretation of the results, especially the use of 0.5 as the cut-off point for the 615:

The mechanism for how placebos could have effects is uncertain. From a sociocognitive perspective, intentional placebo response is attributed to the “ritual effect” that induces anticipation for transition to a better state. A placebo presented as a

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The administration of the placebos can determine the placebo effect strength. Studies have found that taking more pills would strengthen the effect. Capsules appear to be more influential than pills, and injections are even stronger than capsules.

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patients beforehand, is ethical, others argue that patients should always obtain specific information about the name of the drug they are receiving, its side effects, and other treatment options. This view is shared by some on the grounds of

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Linde K, Witt CM, Streng A, Weidenhammer W, Wagenpfeil S, Brinkhaus B, Willich SN, Melchart D (April 2007). "The impact of patient expectations on outcomes in four randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in patients with chronic pain".

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Functional imaging upon placebo analgesia has been summarized as showing that the placebo response is "mediated by 'top-down' processes dependent on frontal cortical areas that generate and maintain cognitive expectancies.

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has argued similarly that "As a good doctor you should be able to transmit a placebo effect through the compassion you show your patients." In an opinion piece about homeopathy, Ernst argues that it is wrong to support

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occurs when the recipient of an inert substance reports a negative effect or a worsening of symptoms, with the outcome resulting not from the substance itself, but from negative expectations about the treatment.

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Klinger R, Soost S, Flor H, Worm M (March 2007). "Classical conditioning and expectancy in placebo hypoalgesia: a randomized controlled study in patients with atopic dermatitis and persons with healthy skin".

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Despite the abovementioned issues, 60% of surveyed physicians and head nurses reported using placebos in an Israeli study, with only 5% of respondents stating that placebo use should be strictly prohibited. A

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Placebo-controlled studies, as well as studies of the placebo effect itself, often fail to adequately identify confounding factors. False impressions of placebo effects are caused by many factors including:

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also expresses concern over the potential for placebos to be used unethically, warning that there is an increase in "quackery" and that an "alternative industry that preys on the vulnerable" is developing.

256:), and errors in the clinical trial records, which can make it appear that a change has happened when nothing has changed. It is also part of the recorded response to any active medical intervention. 376:

clinical trials conducted in the United States from 1990 to 2013. The researchers suggested that this may be because such trials have "increased in study size and length" during this time period.

126:. Placebos in clinical trials should ideally be indistinguishable from so-called verum treatments under investigation, except for the latter's particular hypothesized medicinal effect. This is to 402:

If the person dispensing the placebo shows their care towards the patient, is friendly and sympathetic, or has a high expectation of a treatment's success, then the placebo is more effectual.

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Placebos are believed to be capable of altering a person's perception of pain. According to the American Cancer Society, "A person might reinterpret a sharp pain as uncomfortable tingling."

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Tuttle AH, Tohyama S, Ramsay T, Kimmelman J, Schweinhardt P, Bennett GJ, Mogil JS (December 2015). "Increasing placebo responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic pain".

149:, but otherwise do not generally have important clinical effects. Improvements that patients experience after being treated with a placebo can also be due to unrelated factors, such as 141:

The idea of a placebo effect was discussed in 18th century psychology, but became more prominent in the 20th century. Modern studies find that placebos can affect some outcomes such as

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Lanotte M, Lopiano L, Torre E, Bergamasco B, Colloca L, Benedetti F (November 2005). "Expectation enhances autonomic responses to stimulation of the human subthalamic limbic region".

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Colloca L, Tinazzi M, Recchia S, Le Pera D, Fiaschi A, Benedetti F, Valeriani M (October 2008). "Learning potentiates neurophysiological and behavioral placebo analgesic responses".

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experience illness and treatment. Such meaning is derived from the culture in which they live and which informs them about the nature of illness and how it responds to treatment.

413:, Goli integrates many of the specific and non-specific factors influencing the placebo effect in the perceived healing response formula, developed based on main placebo studies. 451:

A phenomenon opposite to the placebo effect has also been observed. When an inactive substance or treatment is administered to a recipient who has an expectation of it having a

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in the brain. Such analgesic placebos activation changes processing lower down in the brain by enhancing the descending inhibition through the periaqueductal gray on spinal

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became associated with someone who falsely claimed a connection to the deceased to get a share of the funeral meal, and hence a flatterer, and so a deceptive act to please.

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placebo/conditioned and placebo/expectation responses". There has also been research aiming to understand underlying neurobiological mechanisms of action in pain relief,

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Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB, Larson JC, Gass M, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Manson JE, Barnabei VM, Lane DS, Brzyski RG, Rosal MC, Wylie-Rosett J, Hays J (July 2005).

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Pacheco-López G, Engler H, Niemi MB, Schedlowski M (September 2006). "Expectations and associations that heal: Immunomodulatory placebo effects and its neurobiology".

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Quattrone A, Barbagallo G, Cerasa A, Stoessl AJ (August 2018). "Neurobiology of placebo effect in Parkinson's disease: What we have learned and where we are going".

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Golomb BA, Erickson LC, Koperski S, Sack D, Enkin M, Howick J (October 2010). "What's in placebos: who knows? Analysis of randomized, controlled trials".

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may underlie these expectancies". "Diseases lacking major 'top-down' or cortically based regulation may be less prone to placebo-related improvement".

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Some suggest that existing medical treatments should be used instead of placebos, to avoid having some patients not receive medicine during the trial.

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Altunç U, Pittler MH, Ernst E (January 2007). "Homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments: systematic review of randomized clinical trials".

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Murray D, Stoessl AJ (December 2013). "Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the placebo effect in neurological and psychiatric conditions".

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under one name, and they respond, they will respond in the same way on a later occasion to that placebo under that name but not if under another.

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Vase L, Riley JL, Price DD (October 2002). "A comparison of placebo effects in clinical analgesic trials versus studies of placebo analgesia".

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is usually required for a study to be considered ethical, including the disclosure that some test subjects will receive placebo treatments.

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It was recognized in the 18th and 19th centuries that drugs or remedies often were perceived to work best while they were still novel:

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Diederich NJ, Goetz CG (August 2008). "The placebo treatments in neurosciences: New insights from clinical and neuroimaging studies".

875:] patients asked him if it might not be a good idea to take some: "Take it, Madame", he replied, "and hurry up while it cures." 897: 747: 3498: 134:) from knowing who is getting the placebo and who is getting the treatment under test, as patients' and clinicians' expectations of 3861:, Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–132, 1339: 838: 4293:

Goffaux P, Redmond WJ, Rainville P, Marchand S (July 2007). "Descending analgesia--when the spine echoes what the brain expects".

2724:"Greater response to placebo in children than in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis in drug-resistant partial epilepsy" 335:

group (as all the placebo research does). It is harder still to tell the difference between the placebo effect and the effects of

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Price DD, Finniss DG, Benedetti F (2008). "A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought".

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argues that instead of deceiving patients with placebos, doctors should use the placebo effect to enhance effective medicines.

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Geers AL, Weiland PE, Kosbab K, Landry SJ, Helfer SG (August 2005). "Goal activation, expectations, and the placebo effect".

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The subjective effects of placebos may be related to expectations, yet similar effects have been noted in open-label studies.

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editorial said, "that a patient gets pain relief from a placebo does not imply that the pain is not real or organic in origin

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Some studies have investigated the use of placebos where the patient is fully aware that the treatment is inert, known as an

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Response bias from subjects, including scaling bias, answers of politeness, experimental subordination, conditioned answers;

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Withdrawal symptoms can also occur after placebo treatment. This was found, for example, after the discontinuation of the

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Khan A, Redding N, Brown WA (August 2008). "The persistence of the placebo response in antidepressant clinical trials".

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Hurst P, Schipof-Godart L, Szabo A, Raglin J, Hettinga F, Roelands B, Lane A, Foad A, Coleman D, Beedie C (2020-03-15).

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Stewart-Williams S, Podd J (March 2004). "The placebo effect: dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate".

3003:"Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration" 932: 900:. A 1997 reassessment found no evidence of any placebo effect in the source data, as the study had not accounted for 75: 5004: 3989:

Voudouris NJ, Peck CL, Coleman G (July 1989). "Conditioned response models of placebo phenomena: further support".

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Kirsch I (1997). "Specifying non-specifics: Psychological mechanism of the placebo effect". In Harrington A (ed.).

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process is a placebo when none of the characteristic treatment factors are effective (remedial or harmful) in the

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McDonald CJ, Mazzuca SA, McCabe GP (1983). "How much of the placebo 'effect' is really statistical regression?".

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Placebos have featured in medical use until well into the twentieth century. An influential 1955 study entitled

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is paired in a drink with an agent that produces an unconditioned response. For example, that agent might be

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Tekampe J, van Middendorp H, Meeuwis SH, van Leusden JW, Pacheco-López G, Hermus AR, Evers AW (2017-02-10).

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and other flaws in trial methodology, as a trial comparing placebo treatment and no treatment will not be a

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Faria V, Fredrikson M, Furmark T (July 2008). "Imaging the placebo response: a neurofunctional review".

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suggests links to the activation, and increased functional correlation between this activation, in the

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symptoms were reported by 4.8% of those on placebo compared to 21.3% of those on hormone replacement.

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Lidstone SC, Stoessl AJ (2007). "Understanding the placebo effect: contributions from neuroimaging".

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Charlesworth JE, Petkovic G, Kelley JM, Hunter M, Onakpoya I, Roberts N, Miller FG, Howick J (2017).

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medical treatment. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like

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Asai A, Kadooka Y (May 2013). "Reexamination of the ethics of placebo use in clinical practice".

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firmly established the idea that placebo effects were clinically important, and were a result of

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Kaptchuk TJ (June 1998). "Powerful placebo: the dark side of the randomised controlled trial".

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Suggestible You: The Curious Science of Your Brain's Ability to Deceive, Transform, and Heal

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Colloca L, Benedetti F (July 2005). "Placebos and painkillers: is mind as real as matter?".

2278:"The placebo effect and the autonomic nervous system: evidence for an intimate relationship" 1738: 4398: 2921: 2589: 792:

Dopaminergic pathways have been implicated in the placebo response in pain and depression.

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The ethics of placebo-controlled studies have been debated in the revision process of the

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Levine JD, Gordon NC, Fields HL (September 1978). "The mechanism of placebo analgesia".

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Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (February 2008).

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In psychology, the two main hypotheses of the placebo effect are expectancy theory and

603: 344: 191: 127: 115: 5070: 4849: 4746:"Placebo effect studies are susceptible to response bias and to other types of biases" 4455: 3655: 3630: 3606: 3571: 2478: 5243: 5212: 5202: 5171: 5161: 5142: 5113: 5074: 5039: 5035: 5009: 4985: 4883: 4853: 4810: 4775: 4723: 4719: 4688: 4631: 4588: 4584: 4545: 4502: 4459: 4424: 4410: 4367: 4310: 4264: 4229: 4180: 4137: 4093: 4050: 4006: 4002: 3936: 3894: 3870: 3832: 3754: 3717: 3660: 3611: 3593: 3552: 3510: 3479: 3420: 3416: 3385: 3350: 3346: 3315: 3230: 3159: 3155: 3124: 3103:"Efficacy of antidepressants: a re-analysis and re-interpretation of the Kirsch data" 3083: 3034: 2982: 2947: 2882: 2841: 2783: 2755: 2681: 2646: 2632: 2593: 2558: 2517: 2482: 2465:

Kienle GS, Kiene H (December 1997). "The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction?".

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Kirsch I (1985). "Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior".

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Non-inert ingredients of the placebo medication having an unintended physical effect

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Since 1978, it has been known that placebo analgesia depends upon the release of

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Whalley B, Hyland ME, Kirsch I (May 2008). "Consistency of the placebo effect".

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say?— it was a true panacea. At the peak of the fad, one of Bouvard's [

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Gøtzsche's biographical article has further references related to this work.

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from experimenters, including misjudgment and irrelevant response variables.

547: 495:. Women had been on placebo for an average of 5.7 years. Moderate or severe 5078: 5043: 4989: 4814: 4779: 4727: 4692: 4657:

Benedetti F, Mayberg HS, Wager TD, Stohler CS, Zubieta JK (November 2005).

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Doctors Struggle With Tougher-Than-Ever Dilemmas: Other Ethical Issues

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in 2015 found that placebo responses had increased considerably in

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de Craen AJ, Kaptchuk TJ, Tijssen JG, Kleijnen J (October 1999).

773: 237: 233: 199: 195: 187: 162: 131: 3000: 2858: 2721: 1391: 4956:"Placebos and placebo effects in medicine: historical overview" 4953: 4918:...it had an ephemeral reputation"; Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz, 4292: 3855:"The Ritual Effect: The Healing Response to Forms and Performs" 2908:

von Wernsdorff M, Loef M, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmidt S (2023).

2704:"The Placebo Effect Is Getting Stronger — But Only in the U.S." 1963:"The story of placebo effects in medicine: Evidence in context" 952: 856:

used this remedy to illustrate the power of the placebo effect.

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Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic Encounter (PiPS)

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The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician

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patients not receiving prevention advice. Placebo researcher

460: 325: 179: 4656: 4075: 2663: 2537:"Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it" 4118: 1702:

Eccles R (2002). "The powerful placebo in cough studies?".

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fewer severely ill patients. Another analysis published in

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UK Parliamentary Committee Science, Technology Committee.

1999: 355:

effective when the patient knows they are receiving them.

32:

Placebos are typically inert tablets, such as sugar pills.

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Alternative medicine § Perceived mechanism of effect

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Formulaire pratique de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie

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Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique...

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Hróbjartsson A, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller FG (November 2011).

4162: 3893:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 166–86. 3368:

Michels KB (April 2000). "The placebo problem remains".

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Barnett AG, van der Pols JC, Dobson AJ (February 2005).

1581:"Overcoming disagreement: a roadmap for placebo studies" 1146:"Overcoming disagreement: a roadmap for placebo studies" 476:

Another negative consequence is that placebos can cause

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E. Morton Jellinek § Recognition of placebo effect

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Placebos can improve patient-reported outcomes such as

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is the measured response of subjects to a placebo; the

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Enck P, Bingel U, Schedlowski M, Rief W (March 2013).

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Vase L, Petersen GL, Riley JL, Price DD (2009-09-01).

1834: 1105:"The placebo response: an important part of treatment" 2809: 2575: 2499: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 1889: 279:"Placebo effect" redirects here. For other uses, see 76: 58: 4288: 4286: 4200:"Placebo effects: clinical aspects and neurobiology" 4031: 3988: 3918: 3891:

The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration

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The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

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Factors influencing the power of the placebo effect

55: 5050: 4947: 4659:"Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect" 4441: 4069: 3534: 3269:Shapiro AK, Chassan J, Morris LA, Frick R (1974). 3100: 2810:Blease CR, Bernstein MH, Locher C (26 June 2019). 2451: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 4387:"Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses" 4283: 3569: 2766: 1960: 320:parameters, end-organ functions regulated by the 5279: 4650: 4613: 3773: 3198: 3141: 2775: 1645:Kaptchuk TJ, Hemond CC, Miller FG (2020-07-20). 4336:Qiu YH, Wu XY, Xu H, Sackett D (October 2009). 4246: 3051: 1890:Spiegel D, Kraemer H, Carlson RW (2001-10-01). 1244: 989: 228:has been debated. One definition states that a 5201:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA, United States. 5056: 4527: 4384: 4335: 3852: 3811:"The science of placebos is fuelling quackery" 3707: 3705: 3241: 16:Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value 4705: 948:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 907: 808:(natural recovery or fluctuation of symptoms) 421:In 2008, a meta-analysis led by psychologist 5015: 4165:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3712:Goldacre B (2008). "5: The Placebo Effect". 1961:Wampold BE, Imel ZE, Minami T (April 2007). 1743:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1578: 1143: 573:Science and Technology Committee has stated: 5199:Neurobiology of the placebo effect. Part II 4835: 4739: 4737: 4156: 3702: 3683: 3402: 2464: 2396: 2394: 1789: 1787: 1271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 463: 207: 173: 5229:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5188:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5158:Neurobiology of the placebo effect. Part I 4391:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3335:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2803: 2615:, Roose SP, Lieberman JA (December 2014). 2228: 2226: 2224: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1342:. American Cancer Society. 10 April 2015. 350:One way in which the magnitude of placebo 178:(pronounced /plaˈkebo/ or /plaˈt͡ʃebo) is 5110:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559121.001.0001 5099: 4979: 4769: 4682: 4570: 4418: 4361: 4223: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3654: 3605: 3587: 3473: 3463: 3445: 3309: 3224: 3118: 3101:Fountoulakis KN, Möller HJ (April 2011). 3077: 3028: 3018: 2941: 2876: 2835: 2749: 2739: 2640: 2552: 2493: 2425: 2358: 2309: 2188: 2178: 2082: 2064: 1811: 1755:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094711 1736: 1704:Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1662: 1547: 1503: 1290: 1120: 1098: 1096: 1007: 259:Measurable placebo effects may be either 4960:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4829: 4734: 3711: 3572:"Questionnaire survey on use of placebo" 3199:Häuser W, Hansen E, Enck P (June 2012). 2391: 2275: 1794:Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (May 2001). 1784: 1484:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1477: 1471: 1030: 837: 639: 455:impact, this intervention is known as a 27: 5196: 5155: 4892:"The Placebo Effect in Medical History" 4807:10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00010 3914: 3912: 3910: 3628: 3622: 3367: 3361: 2221: 1520: 1102: 985: 983: 5280: 4786: 3961: 3888: 3736: 3570:Nitzan U, Lichtenberg P (2004-10-23). 3496: 3332: 2590:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941 1701: 1695: 1625: 1363: 1357: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1093: 1050: 795: 571:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 540: 4928: 4385:Zubieta JK, Stohler CS (March 2009). 3052:Turner EH, Rosenthal R (March 2008). 2541:International Journal of Epidemiology 2046: 1444:"Placebo (origins of technical term)" 1239:Perspectives on Psychological Science 1009:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093015 990:Ashar YK, Chang LJ, Wager TD (2017). 861:imply that the remedy had no effect. 748:Neural top–down control of physiology 517: 382:seem to have a greater response than 271:(e.g. a lowered perception of pain). 5268:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 5237: 5136: 4197: 3907: 3671: 2964: 1033:"The FDA Wants You for Sham Surgery" 996:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 980: 963:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism 752:In conditioning, a neutral stimulus 671: 4878:Arthur K. Shapiro, Elaine Shapiro, 2611:Rutherford BR, Pott E, Tandler JM, 2528: 1896:The New England Journal of Medicine 1800:The New England Journal of Medicine 1321: 1233:Schwarz, K. A., & Pfister, R.: 898:the brain's role in physical health 440: 13: 5130: 5005:How placebo effect went mainstream 4542:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324635.49971.3d 3205:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2865:Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2154: 14: 5309: 5257: 5024:Journal of Psychosomatic Research 4939:Souvenirs et portraits, 1780–1789 3499:"Regulation with Placebo Effects" 3275:Journal of Operational Psychiatry 2782:. Worth Publishers. p. 176. 2339:European Journal of Sport Science 1902:(17): 1276, author reply 1278–9. 1579:Blease C, Annoni M (2019-03-14). 1144:Blease C, Annoni M (April 2019). 741: 209:placēbō Dominō in regiōne vīvōrum 5093: 5036:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.11.007 4750:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 4720:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.009 4585:10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007 4487:European Neuropsychopharmacology 4411:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04424.x 3417:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01943.x 3347:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01246.x 3156:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.004 2633:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1319 2467:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2427:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01355.x 2167:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 842:A quack treating a patient with 480:associated with real treatment. 186:. It was used as a name for the 42: 4996: 4896: 4872: 4708:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4699: 4607: 4564: 4521: 4499:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.03.002 4478: 4435: 4378: 4329: 4240: 4191: 4112: 4025: 3982: 3955: 3882: 3846: 3730: 3680:Author: Leslie Kane. 11/11/2010 3563: 3528: 3490: 3439: 3396: 3326: 3285: 3262: 3192: 3170: 3144:Journal of Psychiatric Research 3135: 2994: 2958: 2901: 2776:Rosenberg R, Kosslyn S (2010). 2715: 2678:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000333 2657: 2604: 2569: 2326: 2269: 2099: 2040: 1993: 1954: 1930: 1883: 1828: 1737:Benedetti F (1 February 2008). 1730: 1638: 1619: 1572: 1460: 1436: 1346:from the original on 2020-05-22 1031:Gottlieb S (18 February 2014). 281:Placebo effect (disambiguation) 4762:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.008 4675:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005 3692:"Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy" 3446:Chua SJ, Pitts M (June 2015). 3370:Archives of General Psychiatry 3271:"Placebo induced side effects" 3251:. Priory.com. 10 February 2007 3180:. Merriam-Webster Incorporated 2965:Goli F (2022), Nadin M (ed.), 2049:"Putting placebos to the test" 2006:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1967:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1368:. Scribner. pp. 134–159. 1283:10.1002/14651858.CD003974.pub3 1227: 1202: 1176: 1137: 1024: 219: 84:) can be roughly defined as a 1: 5071:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00205-1 4850:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10111-8 4456:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92762-9 4249:Molecular Imaging and Biology 3853:Goli F, Farzanegan M (2016), 3054:"Efficacy of antidepressants" 2479:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00203-5 2351:10.1080/17461391.2019.1655098 2235:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2112:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 1480:"Biblical origins of placebo" 1059:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 973: 635: 628:, but when administered as a 610: 437:patients on antidepressants. 416: 4616:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 4003:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90080-8 3976:10.1037/0003-066X.40.11.1189 3809:Benedetti F (3 March 2022). 3576:BMJ: British Medical Journal 3020:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 2971:Epigenetics and Anticipation 2741:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050166 2414:Journal of Internal Medicine 2066:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001998 736:Dopaminergic reward pathways 427:Food and Drug Administration 407:Epigenetics and Anticipation 168: 7: 5104:. Oxford University Press. 4795:Annals of Internal Medicine 4663:The Journal of Neuroscience 3933:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.324 3867:10.1007/978-3-319-35092-9_5 3589:10.1136/bmj.38236.646678.55 3070:10.1136/bmj.39510.531597.80 2979:10.1007/978-3-031-17678-4_6 2816:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2578:Annual Review of Psychology 1908:10.1056/nejm200110253451712 1813:10.1056/NEJM200105243442106 926: 489:hormone replacement therapy 10: 5314: 5100:Benedetti F (2008-10-16). 4972:10.1177/014107689909201005 4914:"the elm, pompously named 4307:10.1016/j.pain.2006.11.011 4177:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.143 4134:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.006 4090:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.021 4047:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.025 3784:"No to homeopathy placebo" 3629:Spiegel D (October 2004). 2934:10.1038/s41598-021-83148-6 2828:10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111209 2702:Dahl M (October 9, 2015). 1892:"Is the placebo powerless" 1853:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.008 1532:"Semantics of the placebo" 1496:10.1177/014107680009300419 911: 908:Placebo-controlled studies 831: 827: 745: 713:periaqueductal gray matter 565:Referring specifically to 506: 444: 425:, analyzing data from the 285: 278: 274: 254:regression toward the mean 101:randomized clinical trials 20: 4354:10.1007/s12264-009-0907-2 4261:10.1007/s11307-007-0086-3 4198:Oken BS (November 2008). 3824:10.1146/knowable-030222-3 3382:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.321 3217:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0459 3120:10.1017/S1461145710000957 2822:(5): bmjebm–2019–111209. 2276:Meissner K (2011-06-27). 2247:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.05.003 2047:Gross L (February 2017). 1597:10.1007/s10539-019-9671-5 1162:10.1007/s10539-019-9671-5 1071:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.06.004 620:may trigger an effect on 502: 485:Women's Health Initiative 5197:Colloca L (2018-08-23). 5156:Colloca L (2018-04-20). 3647:10.1136/bmj.329.7472.927 3465:10.4103/0366-6999.157699 1585:Biology & Philosophy 1150:Biology & Philosophy 968:Self-fulfilling prophecy 914:Placebo-controlled study 322:autonomic nervous system 128:shield test participants 103:to test the efficacy of 96:, and other procedures. 23:Placebo (disambiguation) 5298:Mind–body interventions 5242:. National Geographic. 3537:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3452:Chinese Medical Journal 1478:Jacobs B (April 2000). 885:Michel-Philippe Bouvart 845:Perkins Patent Tractors 632:, the opposite effect. 556:British Medical Journal 532:Declaration of Helsinki 243:In a clinical trial, a 138:can influence results. 5272:Harvard Medical School 4573:Psychosomatic Medicine 3921:Psychological Bulletin 3631:"Placebos in practice" 3311:10.1001/jama.294.2.183 2514:10.1002/sim.4780020401 2502:Statistics in Medicine 2294:10.1098/rstb.2010.0403 1716:10.1006/pupt.2002.0364 1241:, Nr. 11, pp. 399–407. 902:regression to the mean 890: 857: 806:Regression to the mean 650:classical conditioning 645: 580: 513:Philosophy of medicine 464: 363:A review published in 208: 206::9 in modern bibles), 174: 151:regression to the mean 118:group is known as the 33: 5002:Stoddart, Charlotte, 4342:Neuroscience Bulletin 3964:American Psychologist 1536:Psychiatric Quarterly 1448:TheFreeDictionary.com 1214:TheFreeDictionary.com 866: 841: 811:Additional treatments 746:Further information: 643: 575: 468:= "I shall harm"). A 286:Further information: 99:Placebos are used in 31: 4216:10.1093/brain/awn116 3859:Biosemiotic Medicine 894:The Powerful Placebo 770:oxidative DNA damage 728:nociceptive reflexes 599:alternative medicine 302:Asbjørn Hróbjartsson 21:For other uses, see 4844:(9117): 1722–1725. 4403:2009NYASA1156..198Z 3249:"The Nocebo Effect" 2926:2021NatSR..11.3855V 2779:Abnormal Psychology 2288:(1572): 1808–1817. 1530:Shapiro AK (1968). 1366:Hippocrates' Shadow 1037:Wall Street Journal 796:Confounding factors 783:Parkinson's disease 541:In medical practice 310:Parkinson's disease 198:, a quote from the 4902:the inner bark of 4210:(Pt 11): 2812–23. 3790:. 22 February 2010 2914:Scientific Reports 2878:10.1111/jebm.12251 2554:10.1093/ije/dyh299 2018:10.1002/jclp.20129 1979:10.1002/jclp.20354 1549:10.1007/BF01564309 1394:Movement Disorders 1364:Newman DH (2008). 1103:Chaplin S (2006). 858: 834:Placebo in history 724:endogenous opioids 685:anterior cingulate 677:Functional imaging 646: 604:Fabrizio Benedetti 518:In research trials 396:open-label placebo 345:blinded experiment 224:The definition of 192:Office of the Dead 114:any change in the 109:placebo-controlled 105:medical treatments 34: 5288:Clinical research 5249:978-1-4262-1789-0 5208:978-0-12-815417-5 5167:978-0-12-814326-1 5160:. Cambridge, MA. 5148:978-0-262-54425-2 5141:. The MIT Press. 5119:978-0-19-955912-1 5010:Knowable Magazine 4906:: Simon Morelot, 4669:(45): 10390–402. 3970:(11): 1189–1202. 3900:978-0-674-66986-4 3876:978-3-319-35091-2 3815:Knowable Magazine 3723:978-0-00-724019-7 3716:. Fourth Estate. 3582:(7472): 944–946. 3497:Malani A (2008). 2988:978-3-031-17677-7 2789:978-1-4292-6356-6 2180:10.1159/000449470 1806:(21): 1594–1602. 1664:10.1136/bmj.m1668 1626:Howick J (2017). 1406:10.1002/mds.27438 1375:978-1-4165-5153-9 779:immunosuppression 766:serum iron levels 762:immunosuppression 701:nucleus accumbens 681:placebo analgesia 672:Placebo analgesia 582:In his 2008 book 405:In the 2022 book 306:Peter C. Gøtzsche 214:singer of placebo 194:, taken from its 184:shall be pleasing 5305: 5253: 5234: 5228: 5220: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5152: 5137:Hall KT (2022). 5124: 5123: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4951: 4945: 4932: 4926: 4904:Ulmus campestris 4900: 4894: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4773: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3916: 3905: 3904: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3751:10.1136/bmj.k309 3734: 3728: 3727: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3694:. Archived from 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3658: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3591: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3467: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3032: 3022: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2880: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2839: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2700:Lay summary in: 2697: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2644: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2556: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2462: 2449: 2447: 2429: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2362: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2230: 2219: 2218: 2192: 2182: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2068: 2044: 2038: 2037: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1666: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1551: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1507: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1400:(8): 1213–1227. 1389: 1380: 1379: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1340:"Placebo Effect" 1336: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1303:. Archived from 1294: 1268: 1259: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1124: 1100: 1091: 1090: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1011: 987: 888: 758:cyclophosphamide 561: 548:patient autonomy 525:Informed consent 467: 441:Negative effects 374:neuropathic pain 245:placebo response 211: 202:'s Psalm 116:9 ( 177: 155:informed consent 120:placebo response 80: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 63: 60: 57: 54: 51: 48: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5278: 5277: 5260: 5250: 5238:Erik V (2016). 5222: 5221: 5209: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5149: 5133: 5131:Further reading 5128: 5127: 5120: 5102:Placebo Effects 5098: 5094: 5055: 5051: 5020: 5016: 5012:, June 27, 2023 5001: 4997: 4966:(10): 511–515. 4952: 4948: 4935:Gaston de Lévis 4933: 4929: 4901: 4897: 4877: 4873: 4834: 4830: 4791: 4787: 4742: 4735: 4704: 4700: 4655: 4651: 4628:10.1038/nrn1705 4612: 4608: 4569: 4565: 4526: 4522: 4483: 4479: 4450:(8091): 654–7. 4440: 4436: 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e2001998. 2045: 2041: 1998: 1994: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1942:psycnet.apa.org 1936: 1935: 1931: 1888: 1884: 1833: 1829: 1792: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1735: 1731: 1700: 1696: 1643: 1639: 1624: 1620: 1577: 1573: 1528: 1521: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1362: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1338: 1337: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1277:(1): CD003974. 1266: 1260: 1245: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1142: 1138: 1122:10.1002/psb.344 1101: 1094: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1029: 1025: 988: 981: 976: 943:List of effects 929: 916: 910: 889: 881:Gaston de Lévis 879: 836: 830: 798: 760:, which causes 750: 744: 674: 638: 613: 559: 543: 520: 515: 505: 449: 443: 419: 365:JAMA Psychiatry 361: 290: 284: 277: 222: 171: 78: 45: 41: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5311: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5276: 5275: 5259: 5258:External links 5256: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5207: 5194: 5166: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5092: 5065:(3): 443–452. 5049: 5030:(5): 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970: 965: 960: 958:Placebo button 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 928: 925: 912:Main article: 909: 906: 877: 832:Main article: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 818:Reporting bias 815: 812: 809: 797: 794: 743: 742:Brain and body 740: 673: 670: 663:Additionally, 637: 634: 626:blood pressure 612: 609: 542: 539: 519: 516: 509:Medical ethics 504: 501: 445:Main article: 442: 439: 418: 415: 360: 357: 276: 273: 265:blood pressure 263:(e.g. lowered 249:placebo effect 221: 218: 170: 167: 161:impact on the 124:placebo effect 112:clinical trial 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5310: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4944: 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462: 458: 454: 448: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423:Irving Kirsch 414: 412: 409:published by 408: 403: 400: 398: 397: 391: 387: 386:to placebos. 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 366: 356: 353: 348: 346: 342: 341:observer bias 338: 337:response bias 332: 329: 328:performance. 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 282: 272: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 217: 215: 210: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 166: 164: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82: 72: 39: 30: 24: 19: 5239: 5198: 5157: 5138: 5101: 5095: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5003: 4998: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4938: 4930: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4898: 4879: 4874: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4801:(8): 532–5. 4798: 4794: 4788: 4753: 4749: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4298: 4294: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4207: 4203: 4193: 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