861:
1234:
940:
4521:
1155:
4506:
910:
157:
2497:
1028:
960:
855:
3608:
1078:
392:
2950:
4514:
2502:
2962:
2956:
3614:
3602:
131:
563:
551:
539:
473:
Because of their dense bone and heavy armour plating, these creatures would have been too heavy to float in the ocean and would have used a lot of energy to reach the water surface. For this reason, and because of the type of sediment found accompanying their
1511:
De Miguel Chaves, Carlos; Ortega, Francisco & Pérez-García, Adán (2018). "A new placodont from the Upper
Triassic of Spain provides new insights on the acquisition of the specialized skull of Henodontidae".
440:, and later placodonts developed bony plates on their backs to protect their bodies while feeding. By the Late Triassic, these plates had grown so much that placodonts of the time, such as
527:
as well, bearing a similar broad jaw shape, albeit it obtained plant matter through filter-feeding it from the substrates. The group was once believed to be restricted to the western
364:. Placodonts were generally between 1 and 2 m (3 ft 3 in and 6 ft 7 in) in length, with some of the largest measuring 3 m (9.8 ft) long.
1484:
Wang, Wei; Li, Chun & Wu, Xian-Chun (10 December 2018). "An adult specimen of
Sinocyamodus xinpuensis (Sauropterygia: Placodontia) from Guanling, Guizhou, China".
860:
1993:
428:
and so their teeth were flat and tough to crush shells. In the earliest periods, their size was probably enough to keep away the top sea predators of the time: the
1233:
2822:
2296:
2808:
4600:
2892:
2446:
2281:
2004:
4656:
1988:
493:, which they used to crush the molluscs and brachiopods that they hunted on the sea bed (another way in which they were similar to
2031:
1555:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (24 June 2015). "A Middle
Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan".
939:
1915:
Westphal, F. (1976). "The dermal armour of some
Triassic placodont reptiles". In Bellairs, A. d’A. & Cox, C. B. (eds.).
798:, from the early Middle Triassic of the Netherlands, was a marine sauropterygian that was very similar to placodonts, but
1671:
Mazin, J.-M. (1989). "La denture et la région palatine des
Placodontia (Reptilia, Trias). Implications phylogénétiques".
2052:
4651:
4646:
4520:
1346:"Feeding mechanisms in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas"
1381:
4505:
3318:
2496:
2024:
156:
3607:
1717:
n. sp., nouvelle espèce de
Cyamodontidae (Reptilia, Placodontia) du Muschelkalk supérieur allemand".
17:
1663:
432:. However, as time passed, other kinds of carnivorous reptiles began to colonize the seas, such as
3613:
513:-like denticles, which alongside features of the hyoid and jaw musculature suggest that it was a
462:, developed plates as well, but in a different articulated manner that resembled the carapace of
4513:
2501:
4618:
4540:
2961:
2955:
2017:
4613:
4578:
3601:
2949:
1650:
4605:
831:
The cladogram below follows the result found by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015.
466:
more than those of sea turtles. All these adaptations can be counted as perfect examples of
4587:
1962:
1895:
1831:
1680:
1566:
1521:
1440:
1393:
467:
8:
4641:
2116:
1621:
1612:
Bardet, N. (1995). "Evolution et extinction des reptiles marins au cours du
Mesozoique".
245:
1966:
1899:
1835:
1816:
1684:
1570:
1525:
1444:
1397:
456:
of the modern day more than their ancestors without bony plates. Other placodonts, like
4206:
3429:
2418:
2289:
1873:
1852:
1777:
1590:
1537:
1461:
1428:
1409:
809:
was previously considered to be a basal superfamily of placodonts with the sole member
719:
151:
1692:
1154:
3401:
3092:
2564:
2310:
2242:
1781:
1594:
1582:
1541:
1466:
1413:
1405:
1362:
1345:
1054:
874:
624:
489:, and other invertebrates. They were notable for their large, flat, often protruding
335:
313:
4381:
4306:
4080:
3510:
3394:
3238:
3171:
3054:
2725:
2652:
2616:
1974:
1970:
1941:
1937:
1907:
1903:
1868:
1839:
1767:
1688:
1574:
1557:
1529:
1493:
1456:
1448:
1401:
1357:
849:
820:
367:
The first specimen was discovered in 1830. They have been found throughout central
227:
4445:
4238:
4136:
4071:
4053:
3998:
3961:
3760:
3671:
3475:
3448:
3350:
3252:
3210:
2829:
2602:
2532:
2519:
2468:
2439:
2271:
2260:
2252:
2222:
1700:
Mazin, J.-M. & Pinna, G. (1993). "Palaeoecology of the armoured placodonts".
1023:
955:
905:
811:
751:
345:
46:
1789:
Peyer, B. & Kuhn-Schnyder, E. (1955). "Placodontia". In
Piveteau, J. (ed.).
1497:
4436:
4410:
4396:
4339:
4328:
4276:
4227:
4150:
4122:
3970:
3943:
3858:
3742:
3719:
3647:
3551:
3521:
3482:
3461:
3408:
3366:
3304:
3297:
3283:
3263:
3245:
3164:
3150:
3143:
3071:
3035:
3013:
2844:
2740:
2732:
2694:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2645:
2367:
909:
728:
659:
463:
300:
281:
1998:
1843:
1027:
4635:
4563:
4359:
4285:
4265:
4220:
4143:
4060:
4032:
4025:
4016:
3989:
3978:
3916:
3889:
3846:
3791:
3769:
3735:
3687:
3660:
3558:
3422:
3415:
3224:
3100:
3042:
2878:
2857:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2701:
2680:
2638:
2609:
2587:
2317:
2303:
2207:
2200:
2186:
2173:
2132:
2040:
1320:
1213:
1006:
991:
704:
640:
603:
590:
519:
514:
417:
357:
319:
288:
265:
211:
88:
50:
1730:
Nosotti, S. & Pinna, G. (1993b). "New data on placodont skull anatomy".
959:
854:
478:, it is suggested that they lived in shallow waters and not in deep oceans.
4452:
4403:
4373:
4366:
4314:
4299:
4292:
4199:
4171:
3929:
3905:
3897:
3882:
3867:
3825:
3776:
3728:
3708:
3680:
3631:
3569:
3544:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3468:
3359:
3290:
3231:
3203:
3183:
3157:
3136:
3085:
3078:
3063:
3006:
2906:
2751:
2687:
2631:
2594:
2553:
2453:
2425:
2342:
1772:
1743:
1586:
1470:
1452:
1377:
1181:
1122:
922:
759:
680:
667:
631:
528:
372:
361:
294:
1429:"The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus"
4572:
4466:
4424:
4352:
4321:
4251:
4213:
4178:
4157:
4087:
4046:
4039:
4005:
3874:
3838:
3701:
3380:
3311:
3276:
3107:
2899:
2885:
2815:
2801:
2760:
2573:
2432:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2383:
2214:
2085:
1195:
1149:
1077:
790:
767:
743:
735:
695:
567:
555:
458:
448:
433:
396:
376:
63:
1578:
1427:
Li Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Cheng Long & Fraser, Nicholas C. (2016).
4417:
4389:
4258:
4185:
4094:
3936:
3811:
3783:
3749:
3694:
3537:
3339:
3332:
3217:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3028:
3020:
2992:
2979:
2917:
2871:
2864:
2767:
2623:
2546:
2230:
2101:
2070:
1641:
n. g. n. sp., un nouveau placodonte du Trias moyen du Negev (Israel)".
1306:
1229:
486:
453:
420:
of today, but larger. In contrast to the marine iguana, which feeds on
391:
342:
144:
108:
73:
31:
1533:
4473:
4459:
4192:
3530:
2712:
2580:
1624:(1933). "Die Placodontier. 4. Zur Lebensweise und Verwandtschaft von
524:
498:
437:
356:
period, becoming extinct at the end of the period. They were part of
168:
113:
57:
4534:
1747:
509:, however, differs from other placodonts in having developed unique
4557:
3950:
3196:
2376:
2356:
2349:
2064:
935:
711:
647:
612:
582:
543:
501:
diet, being extremely thick and large enough to crush thick shell.
482:
425:
413:
408:
353:
349:
274:
188:
139:
130:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
1510:
3387:
3373:
2390:
2076:
687:
562:
550:
505:
442:
198:
118:
93:
4592:
2009:
1953:
Mazin, 1986, reinterpreted as a temnospondyl, not a placodont".
1802:: systematics, morphology, paleobiogeography and paleobiology".
1630:
802:
has teeth that are small and pointed instead of broad and flat.
2058:
1857:
and the phylogeny of the
Placodontia (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)"
1645:. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II: 927–929.
510:
494:
475:
416:, resembled barrel-bodied lizards superficially similar to the
368:
178:
1426:
538:
4164:
490:
429:
421:
400:
380:
338:
819:
was not a placodont but possibly an unusual member of the
470:, as placodonts were not related to any of these animals.
1760:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1793:. Vol. V. Paris: Masson et Cie. pp. 459–468.
1209:
1177:
1145:
1118:
1070:
1050:
1020:
1003:
902:
261:
1756:, and evidence of the saurian nature of that genus"
1719:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II
1788:
1752:, Owen, with indications of other new species of
4633:
2530:
3646:
2025:
1729:
1712:
2184:
2131:
1814:
3824:
2990:
1886:and the relationships of the Placodontia".
1748:"Description of the skull and teeth of the
2032:
2018:
1815:Rieppel, O. C. & Zanon, R. T. (1997).
1699:
1554:
497:). The palate teeth were adapted for this
129:
2100:
1872:
1861:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1771:
1486:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1460:
1361:
1350:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
27:Extinct order of Triassic marine reptiles
1928:and the diapsid origin of Placodontia".
1914:
1483:
788:was erected for the clade that includes
561:
549:
537:
390:
1850:
1817:"The interrelationships of Placodontia"
1797:
1343:
14:
4634:
1713:Nosotti, S. & Pinna, G. (1993a). "
1611:
4539:
4538:
3629:
2977:
2517:
2171:
2051:
2013:
1948:
1923:
1882:Sues, H.-D. (1987). "On the skull of
1670:
1636:
1620:
1376:
412:, which lived in the early to middle
1881:
1742:
2518:
24:
1955:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1930:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1917:Morphology and Biology of Reptiles
1888:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1874:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02204.x
1382:"Fossils explained 48: Placodonts"
815:. However, it is now thought that
25:
4668:
4657:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
2172:
2039:
1982:
574:
4519:
4512:
4504:
3630:
3612:
3606:
3600:
2978:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2500:
2495:
1406:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00470.x
1363:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00019.x
1232:
1153:
1076:
1026:
958:
938:
908:
859:
853:
386:
155:
61:
1798:Rieppel, O. (1995). "The genus
535:in China overturned this view.
481:Their diet consisted of marine
1999:Oceans of Kansas Palaeontology
1975:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011419
1942:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011786
1908:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011648
1548:
1504:
1477:
1420:
1370:
1337:
13:
1:
1693:10.1016/s0016-6995(89)80069-5
1330:
826:
7:
10:
4673:
1632:(in German) (38): 365–382.
1605:
619:Superfamily Placodontoidea
360:, the group that includes
29:
4652:Carnian first appearances
4647:Late Triassic extinctions
4547:
4501:
4435:
4347:
4338:
4275:
4246:
4237:
4131:
4120:
4070:
4015:
3988:
3960:
3924:
3915:
3857:
3833:
3820:
3809:
3759:
3718:
3670:
3655:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3598:
3568:
3520:
3456:
3447:
3349:
3271:
3262:
3191:
3182:
3053:
3001:
2986:
2973:
2946:
2916:
2852:
2843:
2777:
2750:
2720:
2711:
2563:
2541:
2526:
2513:
2493:
2467:
2366:
2337:
2328:
2270:
2241:
2195:
2180:
2167:
2127:
2109:
2096:
2047:
2005:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1919:. London: Academic Press.
1844:10.1080/08912969709386564
1498:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly080
1344:Rieppel, Olivier (2002).
1227:
1207:
1200:
1175:
1168:
1143:
1136:
1116:
1109:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1018:
1011:
996:
953:
933:
926:
900:
893:
886:
879:
847:
840:
406:The earliest forms, like
258:
253:
152:Scientific classification
150:
137:
128:
41:
517:. Recent comparisons to
30:Not to be confused with
1851:Rieppel, O. C. (2000).
1791:Traite de Paleontologie
1715:Cyamodus kuhn-schnyderi
1514:Papers in Palaeontology
784:Additionally, the name
533:Sinocyamodus xinpuensis
531:, but the discovery of
1949:Zanon, R. T. (1991). "
1924:Zanon, R. T. (1989). "
1773:10.1098/rstl.1858.0009
1732:Paleontologia Lombarda
1702:Paleontologia Lombarda
1658:Cite journal requires
1637:Mazin, J.-M. (1986). "
1453:10.1126/sciadv.1501659
571:
559:
547:
523:suggest that it was a
403:
352:that lived during the
4614:Paleobiology Database
565:
553:
541:
424:, the placodonts ate
394:
1951:Negevodus ramonensis
1639:Negevodus ramonensis
468:convergent evolution
397:Macroplacus raeticus
1967:1991JVPal..11..515Z
1900:1987JVPal...7..138S
1836:1997HBio...12..211R
1685:1989Geobi..22..725M
1579:10.1038/nature14472
1571:2015Natur.523..584S
1526:2018PPal....4..567D
1445:2016SciA....2E1659C
1398:2004GeolT..20..153N
4207:Plesioelasmosaurus
3430:Stenorhynchosaurus
2419:Protenodontosaurus
2290:Largocephalosaurus
1989:The Triassic World
1824:Historical Biology
807:Helveticosauroidea
720:Protenodontosaurus
572:
560:
548:
404:
4629:
4628:
4541:Taxon identifiers
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3621:
3620:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3402:Megacephalosaurus
3093:Bishanopliosaurus
2969:
2968:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2839:
2838:
2823:Proneusticosaurus
2565:Pachypleurosauria
2509:
2508:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2463:
2462:
2311:Sinosaurosphargis
2243:Helveticosauridae
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
1804:Fieldiana Geology
1750:Placodus laticeps
1565:(7562): 584–587.
1534:10.1002/spp2.1218
1327:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1055:Sinosaurosphargis
980:
979:
971:
970:
875:Lepidosauromorpha
794:and Placodontia.
625:Paraplacodontidae
597:Order Placodontia
329:
328:
314:Paraplacodontidae
249:
16:(Redirected from
4664:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4536:
4535:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4382:Hydrotherosaurus
4345:
4344:
4307:Hydrotherosaurus
4244:
4243:
4129:
4128:
4081:Dolichorhynchops
4068:
4067:
3922:
3921:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3511:Westphaliasaurus
3454:
3453:
3269:
3268:
3239:Pachycostasaurus
3189:
3188:
3172:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3055:Rhomaleosauridae
2999:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2850:
2849:
2726:Brevicaudosaurus
2718:
2717:
2653:Majiashanosaurus
2617:Dianopachysaurus
2539:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2335:
2334:
2297:Prosaurosphargis
2193:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2129:
2128:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1978:
1945:
1920:
1911:
1878:
1876:
1847:
1830:(3–4): 211–227.
1821:
1811:
1794:
1785:
1775:
1739:
1726:
1709:
1696:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1633:
1617:
1614:Palaeovertebrata
1599:
1598:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1433:Science Advances
1424:
1418:
1417:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1341:
1236:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1080:
1072:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
999:
998:
962:
942:
929:
928:
912:
904:
896:
895:
889:
888:
882:
881:
863:
858:
857:
850:Archosauromorpha
843:
842:
835:
834:
821:Archosauromorpha
786:Placodontiformes
452:, resembled the
263:
244:
239:
228:Placodontiformes
226:
210:
160:
159:
133:
123:
60:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4543:
4533:
4524:
4511:
4503:
4479:
4446:Alexandronectes
4431:
4334:
4271:
4239:Euelasmosaurida
4233:
4137:Callawayasaurus
4125:
4100:
4072:Dolichorhynchia
4066:
4054:Serpentisuchops
4011:
3999:Plesiopleurodon
3984:
3962:Palmulasaurinae
3956:
3911:
3853:
3814:
3797:
3761:Muraenosaurinae
3755:
3714:
3672:Colymbosaurinae
3666:
3634:
3617:
3584:
3564:
3516:
3476:Franconiasaurus
3449:Plesiosauroidea
3435:
3351:Brachaucheninae
3345:
3258:
3253:Thalassiodracon
3211:Attenborosaurus
3178:
3049:
2995:
2982:
2965:
2932:
2912:
2835:
2830:Silvestrosaurus
2809:Metanothosaurus
2773:
2746:
2707:
2603:Diandongosaurus
2559:
2535:
2533:Eosauropterygia
2522:
2520:Eosauropterygia
2505:
2483:
2469:Eosauropterygia
2459:
2440:Psephosauriscus
2362:
2324:
2272:Saurosphargidae
2266:
2261:Helveticosaurus
2253:Eusaurosphargis
2237:
2223:Pomolispondylus
2189:
2176:
2147:
2123:
2092:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
1985:
1819:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1553:
1549:
1509:
1505:
1482:
1478:
1439:(5): e1501659.
1425:
1421:
1375:
1371:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1099:
1090:
1024:Eosauropterygia
1009:
981:
972:
956:Rhynchocephalia
906:Kuehneosauridae
852:
829:
817:Helveticosaurus
812:Helveticosaurus
752:Psephosauriscus
577:
464:horseshoe crabs
389:
243:
237:
224:
208:
154:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
56:245–201.3
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4569:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4437:Aristonectinae
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4414:
4411:Tuarangisaurus
4407:
4400:
4397:Marambionectes
4393:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4340:Weddellonectia
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4329:Terminonatator
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4277:Elasmosaurinae
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4228:Woolungasaurus
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4151:Eromangasaurus
4147:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4123:Elasmosauridae
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3971:Pahasapasaurus
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3944:Mauriciosaurus
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3859:Leptocleididae
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3743:Ophthalmothule
3739:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3720:Cryptoclidinae
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3648:Cryptoclididae
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3552:Occitanosaurus
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3522:Microcleididae
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3483:Leurospondylus
3479:
3472:
3465:
3462:Eoplesiosaurus
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3409:Monquirasaurus
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3367:Brachauchenius
3363:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3315:
3308:
3305:Megalneusaurus
3301:
3298:Lorrainosaurus
3294:
3287:
3284:Gallardosaurus
3280:
3272:
3266:
3264:Thalassophonea
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3246:Rhaeticosaurus
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3165:Thaumatodracon
3161:
3154:
3151:Sthenarosaurus
3147:
3144:Rhomaleosaurus
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3072:Archaeonectrus
3068:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3036:Sinopliosaurus
3032:
3025:
3017:
3014:Bathyspondylus
3010:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2845:Pistosauroidea
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2741:Sanchiaosaurus
2737:
2733:Hispaniasaurus
2729:
2721:
2715:
2713:Nothosauroidea
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2695:Serpianosaurus
2691:
2684:
2677:
2674:Prosantosaurus
2670:
2667:Odoiporosaurus
2663:
2660:Neusticosaurus
2656:
2649:
2646:Luopingosaurus
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2368:Cyamodontoidea
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1983:External links
1981:
1980:
1979:
1961:(4): 515–518.
1946:
1921:
1912:
1894:(2): 138–144.
1884:Placodus gigas
1879:
1867:(4): 635–659.
1848:
1812:
1806:. New Series.
1795:
1786:
1740:
1734:. New Series.
1727:
1710:
1704:. New Series.
1697:
1679:(6): 725–734.
1668:
1660:|journal=
1634:
1618:
1616:(24): 177–283.
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1547:
1520:(4): 567–576.
1503:
1492:(3): 910–924.
1476:
1419:
1392:(4): 153–158.
1369:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1002:
997:
995:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:
968:
965:
964:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
932:
927:
925:
919:
918:
915:
914:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
870:
869:
866:
865:
846:
841:
839:
833:
828:
825:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
729:Placochelyidae
725:
724:
723:
715:
701:
700:
699:
691:
677:
671:
660:Cyamodontoidea
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
637:
636:
635:
616:
608:
576:
575:Classification
573:
388:
385:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
308:Placodontoidea
305:
304:
303:
301:Placochelyidae
297:
291:
282:Cyamodontoidea
278:
270:
256:
255:
251:
250:
235:
231:
230:
222:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4669:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4507:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:Chubutinectes
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:Albertonectes
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4266:Thalassomedon
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4221:Wapuskanectes
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:Cimoliasaurus
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4061:Trinacromerum
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:Georgiasaurus
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:Eopolycotylus
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4017:Polycotylinae
4014:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:Occultonectia
3987:
3981:
3980:
3979:Palmulasaurus
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Polycotylidae
3914:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:Nichollssaura
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3847:Nichollssaura
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3794:
3793:
3792:Vinialesaurus
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:Muraenosaurus
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:Kimmerosaurus
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:Colymbosaurus
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3661:Opallionectes
3658:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3559:Seeleyosaurus
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:Sachicasaurus
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:Polyptychodon
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:Hauffiosaurus
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:Borealonectes
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3043:Termatosaurus
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:Tanaisosaurus
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:Kwangsisaurus
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:Augustasaurus
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:Germanosaurus
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:Ceresiosaurus
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2779:Nothosauridae
2776:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2702:Wumengosaurus
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:Panzhousaurus
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:Keichousaurus
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:Dianmeisaurus
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:Dactylosaurus
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2498:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2318:Stauromatodon
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:Saurosphargis
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:Atopodentatus
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:Alexeyisaurus
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:Sauropterygia
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Sauropterygia
2170:
2166:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2133:Sauropterygia
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:Sauropterygia
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:Mike Everhart
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(in French).
1674:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Huene, F. von
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Geology Today
1383:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1322:
1321:Archelosauria
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:Proganochelys
1205:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:Sauropterygia
1001:
1000:
993:
992:Pantestudines
989:
988:
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
963:
961:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
941:
937:
931:
930:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
911:
907:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
883:
876:
872:
871:
868:
867:
864:
862:
856:
851:
845:
844:
838:Sauria
837:
836:
832:
824:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
770:
769:
764:
762:
761:
756:
754:
753:
748:
746:
745:
740:
738:
737:
732:
731:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
714:
713:
708:
707:
706:
705:Cyamodontidae
702:
698:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
683:
682:
678:
676:
672:
670:
669:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
650:
649:
644:
643:
642:
641:Placodontidae
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
626:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
614:
609:
606:
605:
604:Atopodentatus
600:
599:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:Sauropterygia
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
578:
570:
569:
564:
558:
557:
552:
546:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
520:Atopodentatus
516:
515:filter feeder
512:
508:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:marine iguana
415:
411:
410:
402:
399:
398:
393:
387:Palaeobiology
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
358:Sauropterygia
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
321:
320:Placodontidae
317:
315:
311:
310:
309:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
290:
289:Cyamodontidae
286:
285:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
271:
268:
267:
266:Atopodentatus
260:
259:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:Sauropterygia
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
51:Late Triassic
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4548:
4510:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4453:Aristonectes
4451:
4444:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4404:Morenosaurus
4402:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4374:Fresnosaurus
4372:
4367:Futabasaurus
4365:
4358:
4351:
4327:
4320:
4315:Nakonanectes
4313:
4305:
4300:Fluvionectes
4298:
4293:Elasmosaurus
4291:
4284:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4200:Orophosaurus
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4172:Lagenanectes
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4004:
3997:
3977:
3969:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3930:Edgarosaurus
3928:
3906:Vectocleidus
3904:
3898:Umoonasaurus
3896:
3888:
3883:Leptocleidus
3881:
3873:
3868:Brancasaurus
3866:
3845:
3837:
3826:Leptocleidia
3790:
3782:
3777:Picrocleidus
3775:
3768:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3729:Cryptoclidus
3727:
3709:Spitrasaurus
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3681:Abyssosaurus
3679:
3659:
3632:Cryptoclidia
3605:
3570:Cryptoclidia
3557:
3550:
3545:Microcleidus
3543:
3536:
3529:
3509:
3504:Plesiosaurus
3502:
3497:Plesiopterys
3495:
3490:Plesiopharos
3488:
3481:
3474:
3469:Eretmosaurus
3467:
3460:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3360:Acostasaurus
3358:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3291:Liopleurodon
3289:
3282:
3275:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3232:Marmornectes
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3204:Arminisaurus
3202:
3195:
3184:Pliosauridae
3170:
3163:
3158:Stratesaurus
3156:
3149:
3142:
3137:Meyerasaurus
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3086:Avalonnectes
3084:
3079:Atychodracon
3077:
3070:
3064:Anningasaura
3062:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3012:
3007:Anningasaura
3005:
2993:Plesiosauria
2980:Plesiosauria
2953:
2918:Plesiosauria
2907:Yunguisaurus
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2759:
2752:Simosauridae
2739:
2731:
2724:
2700:
2693:
2688:Qianxisaurus
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2632:Honghesaurus
2630:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2595:Dawazisaurus
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2554:Cymatosaurus
2552:
2545:
2454:Sinocyamodus
2452:
2447:Psephosaurus
2445:
2438:
2431:
2426:Psephochelys
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2355:
2348:
2343:Paraplacodus
2341:
2329:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2259:
2251:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2081:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1926:Paraplacodus
1925:
1916:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1864:
1860:
1855:Paraplacodus
1854:
1827:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1651:cite journal
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1613:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1356:(1): 33–63.
1353:
1349:
1339:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1182:Odontochelys
1180:
1176:
1148:
1144:
1123:Eunotosaurus
1121:
1117:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1019:
954:
934:
923:Lepidosauria
901:
848:
830:
816:
810:
806:
804:
799:
795:
789:
785:
783:
766:
760:Psephochelys
758:
750:
742:
734:
718:
710:
694:
686:
681:Henodontidae
675:Psephosaurus
674:
668:Sinocyamodus
666:
658:Superfamily
657:
646:
632:Paraplacodus
630:
618:
611:
602:
596:
588:
580:
566:
554:
542:
532:
518:
504:
503:
480:
472:
457:
447:
441:
434:ichthyosaurs
407:
405:
395:
373:North Africa
366:
331:
330:
307:
295:Henodontidae
280:
273:
264:
240:
218:
205:Superorder:
138:
36:
4579:Placodontia
4573:Wikispecies
4549:Placodontia
4467:Morturneria
4425:Zarafasaura
4353:Aphrosaurus
4322:Styxosaurus
4252:Cardiocorax
4214:Scanisaurus
4179:Leivanectes
4158:Goniosaurus
4088:Martinectes
4047:Scalamagnus
4040:Polycotylus
4006:Sulcusuchus
3875:Hastanectes
3839:Hastanectes
3702:Pantosaurus
3381:Kronosaurus
3312:Peloneustes
3277:Eardasaurus
3108:Eurycleidus
2900:Wangosaurus
2886:Pistosaurus
2816:Nothosaurus
2802:Lariosaurus
2761:Paludidraco
2574:Anarosaurus
2433:Psephoderma
2412:Placochelys
2405:Parahenodus
2398:Macroplacus
2384:Glyphoderma
2330:Placodontia
2215:Palatodonta
2086:Neodiapsida
1766:: 169–184.
1196:Testudinata
1150:Pappochelys
1074:Placodontia
800:Palatodonta
796:Palatodonta
791:Palatodonta
768:Psephoderma
744:Placochelys
736:Glyphoderma
696:Parahenodus
589:Superorder
568:Placochelys
556:Psephoderma
499:durophagous
487:brachiopods
459:Psephoderma
454:sea turtles
449:Placochelys
377:Middle East
362:plesiosaurs
241:Placodontia
4642:Placodonts
4636:Categories
4418:Vegasaurus
4390:Kawanectes
4259:Libonectes
4186:Mauisaurus
4095:Unktaheela
3937:Manemergus
3812:Xenopsaria
3784:Tricleidus
3750:Tatenectes
3695:Djupedalia
3579:see below↓
3538:Lusonectes
3340:Simolestes
3333:Pliosaurus
3321:Pliosaurus
3218:Cryonectes
3130:Maresaurus
3123:Macroplata
3115:Lindwurmia
3029:Lindwurmia
3021:Bobosaurus
2927:see below↓
2872:Chinchenia
2865:Bobosaurus
2768:Simosaurus
2624:Hanosaurus
2547:Corosaurus
2478:see below↓
2231:Hanosaurus
2142:see below↓
2117:Sauropsida
2102:Sauropsida
2075:Subclass:
2071:Sauropsida
1738:: 109–114.
1725:: 847–850.
1331:References
1307:Ankylopoda
1230:Testudines
805:The clade
438:nothosaurs
348:of marine
341:") are an
332:Placodonts
254:Subgroups
145:type genus
42:Placodonts
32:Placodermi
4474:Wunyelfia
4460:Kaiwhekea
4193:Ogmodirus
3531:Hydrorion
2581:Chusaurus
2282:Hemilopas
2057:Kingdom:
1782:111331431
1595:205243837
1542:133679210
1414:128475420
1378:Naish, D.
827:Phylogeny
525:herbivore
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
18:Placodont
4558:Wikidata
3951:Thililua
3395:Makhaira
3325:andrewsi
3197:Anguanax
2377:Cyamodus
2357:Placodus
2350:Pararcus
2077:Diapsida
2065:Chordata
2063:Phylum:
2059:Animalia
1800:Placodus
1754:Placodus
1746:(1858).
1708:: 83–91.
1626:Placodus
1587:26106865
1471:27386529
1380:(2004).
936:Squamata
712:Cyamodus
648:Placodus
613:Pararcus
583:Reptilia
544:Placodus
495:walruses
483:bivalves
426:molluscs
414:Triassic
409:Placodus
354:Triassic
350:reptiles
275:Pararcus
199:Reptilia
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
140:Placodus
4593:4532583
4564:Q132828
3388:Luskhan
3374:Eiectus
2391:Henodus
2069:Class:
1994:Palaeos
1963:Bibcode
1936:: 47A.
1896:Bibcode
1832:Bibcode
1810:: 1–44.
1744:Owen, R
1681:Bibcode
1673:Geobios
1606:Sources
1567:Bibcode
1522:Bibcode
1462:4928886
1441:Bibcode
1394:Bibcode
1198:
994:
877:
727:Family
703:Family
688:Henodus
679:Family
639:Family
623:Family
506:Henodus
476:fossils
443:Henodus
343:extinct
234:Order:
195:Class:
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1558:Nature
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765:Genus
757:Genus
749:Genus
741:Genus
733:Genus
717:Genus
709:Genus
693:Genus
685:Genus
673:Genus
665:Genus
645:Genus
629:Genus
610:Genus
601:Genus
581:Class
529:Tethys
511:baleen
430:sharks
375:, the
369:Europe
336:tablet
248:, 1871
47:Middle
4619:36529
4606:11319
4601:IRMNG
4165:Jucha
2082:Clade
1820:(PDF)
1778:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1410:S2CID
491:teeth
422:algae
401:skull
381:China
346:order
339:teeth
219:Clade
2115:see
1664:help
1583:PMID
1467:PMID
446:and
436:and
379:and
246:Cope
64:PreꞒ
4588:EoL
1971:doi
1938:doi
1904:doi
1869:doi
1865:130
1840:doi
1768:doi
1764:148
1723:317
1689:doi
1643:302
1628:".
1575:doi
1563:523
1530:doi
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1457:PMC
1449:doi
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