Planetary boundaries

1322: 9712: 179:. To the extent that these Earth system process boundaries have not been crossed, they mark the "safe zone" for human societies on the planet. Proponents of the planetary boundary framework propose returning to this environmental and climatic system; as opposed to human science and technology deliberately creating a more beneficial climate. The concept doesn't address how humans have massively altered ecological conditions to better suit themselves. The climatic and ecological Holocene this framework considers as a "safe zone" doesn't involve massive industrial farming. So this framework begs a reassessment of how to feed modern populations. 1897:

Whereas in the case of biodiversity loss, P cycle and land-system change, the transgression is in the zone of uncertainty—indicating an increasing risk (yellow circle in the figure), the N boundary related to agriculture is more than 200% transgressed—indicating a high risk (red marked circle in the figure). Here, nutrition includes food processing and trade as well as food consumption (preparation of food in households and gastronomy). Consumption-related environmental impacts are not quantified at the global level for the planetary boundaries of freshwater use, atmospheric aerosol loading (

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Lenton, Timothy M.; Loriani, Sina; Liverman, Diana M.; Mohamed, Awaz; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Obura, David; Ospina, Daniel; Prodani, Klaudia; Rammelt, Crelis; Sakschewski, Boris; Scholtens, Joeri; Stewart-Koster, Ben; Tharammal, Thejna; van Vuuren, Detlef; Verburg, Peter H.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Zimm, Caroline; Bennett, Elena M.; Bringezu, Stefan; Broadgate, Wendy; Green, Pamela A.; Huang, Lei; Jacobson, Lisa; Ndehedehe, Christopher; Pedde, Simona; Rocha, Juan; Scheffer, Marten; Schulte-Uebbing, Lena; de Vries, Wim; Xiao, Cunde; Xu, Chi; Xu, Xinwu; Zafra-Calvo, Noelia; Zhang, Xin (2023).

5291: 1792: 9688: 1889: 9627: 8627: 7760: 1099:, a "boundary that expresses the probability of families of species disappearing over time would better reflect our potential impacts on the future of life on Earth." The biodiversity boundary has also been criticized for framing biodiversity solely in terms of the extinction rate. The global extinction rate has been highly variable over the Earth's history, and thus using it as the only biodiversity variable can be of limited usefulness. 7838: 9724: 33: 9639: 9700: 8638: 7749: 936:. That way of framing the interactions shifts from the framework's biophysical definition of boundaries based on Holocene-like conditions to an anthropocentric definition (demand for agricultural land). Despite this conceptual slippage, considerations of known Earth system interactions across scales suggest the need for "extreme caution in approaching or transgressing any individual planetary boundaries." 1766:. Proposals to conserve a certain proportion of Earth's remaining forests can be seen as rewarding the countries such as those in Europe that have already economically benefitted from exhausting their forests and converting land for agriculture. In contrast, countries that have yet to industrialize are asked to make sacrifices for global environmental damage they may have had little role in creating. 198:" to "Change in biosphere integrity" to emphasize that not only the number of species but also the functioning of the biosphere as a whole is important for Earth system stability. Similarly, the "Chemical pollution" boundary was renamed to "Introduction of novel entities", widening the scope to consider different kinds of human-generated materials that disrupt Earth system processes. 142: 1596:). Nevertheless, this capacity has limits. For instance, when a living organism is subjected to a temperature that is lower or higher than its living range, it can perish because its regulating mechanism cannot make the necessary adjustments. Similarly the Earth may not be able to react to large deviations in critical parameters. In Lovelock's book 1948:

be perceived as a tool of the "North" to tell the "South" not to follow the resource intensive and environmentally destructive development pathway that rich countries took themselves... This language is unacceptable to most of the developing countries as they fear that an emphasis on boundaries would place unacceptable brakes on poor countries."

164:, have become the main driver of global environmental change. According to the framework, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental-scale to planetary-scale systems." 1725:'. Importantly, this novel concept highlights the risk of reaching thresholds or tipping points for non-linear or abrupt changes in Earth-system processes. As such, it can help society to reach the agreements required for dealing effectively with existing global environmental threats, such as climate change. 1391:". They have mostly "negative effects on planetary health". Their production increased 50 times since 1950 and is expected to increase 3 times more by 2050. Plastic alone contain more than 10,000 chemicals and create large problems. The researchers are calling for limit on chemical production and shift to 1684:, we "have now become so dependent on those investments for our way of life, and how we have organized society, technologies, and economies around them, that we must take the range within which Earth System processes varied in the Holocene as a scientific reference point for a desirable planetary state." 1978:

In their 2012 report entitled "Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A future worth choosing", The High-level Panel on Global Sustainability called for bold global efforts, "including launching a major global scientific initiative, to strengthen the interface between science and policy. We must define,

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Elsewhere in their proceedings, panel members have expressed reservations about the political effectiveness of using the concept of "planetary boundaries": "Planetary boundaries are still an evolving concept that should be used with caution The planetary boundaries question can be divisive as it can

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The framework was proposed to regard the performance of an economy by the extent to which the needs of people are met without overshooting Earth's ecological ceiling. The main goal of the new model is to re-frame economic problems and set new goals. In this context, the model is also referred to as a

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of the Earth system are also undergoing large and rapid change because of human actions. For example, since the advent of the Anthropocene, the rate at which species are going extinct has increased over 100 times, and humans are now the driving force altering global river flows as well as water vapor

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A Bayesian emulator for persistent organic pollutants has been developed which can potentially be used to quantify the boundaries for chemical pollution. To date, critical exposure levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) above which mass mortality events of marine mammals are likely to occur, have

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There are many many interactions among the processes in the planetary boundaries framework. While these interactions can create both stabilizing and destabilizing feedbacks in the Earth system, the authors suggested that a transgressed planetary boundary will reduce the safe operating space for other

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Wang-Erlandsson, Lan; Tobian, Arne; van der Ent, Ruud J.; Fetzer, Ingo; te Wierik, Sofie; Porkka, Miina; Staal, Arie; Jaramillo, Fernando; Dahlmann, Heindriken; Singh, Chandrakant; Greve, Peter; Gerten, Dieter; Keys, Patrick W.; Gleeson, Tom; Cornell, Sarah E.; Steffen, Will; Bai, Xuemei; Rockström,

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of the UN General Assembly. Ban stated: "The Panel's vision is to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, to make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable, while combating climate change and respecting a range of other planetary boundaries." The concept was incorporated into

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For several of the processes in the planetary boundaries framework, it is difficult to locate individual points that mark the threshold shift away from Holocene-like conditions. This is because the Earth system is complex and the scientific evidence base is still partial and fragmented. Instead, the

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The quantification of individual planetary boundaries is based on the observed dynamics of the interacting Earth system processes included in the framework. The control variables were chosen because together they provide an effective way to track the human-caused shift away from Holocene conditions.

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production rate is reached. Phosphorus is a scarce finite resource on earth and means of production other than mining are unavailable because of its non-gaseous environmental cycle. According to some researchers, Earth's phosphorus reserves are expected to be completely depleted in 50–100 years and

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Peter Brewer queries whether it is "truly useful to create a list of environmental limits without serious plans for how they may be achieved ... they may become just another stick to beat citizens with. Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle is one clear example: it is likely that a large fraction

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Rockström, Johan; Gupta, Joyeeta; Qin, Dahe; Lade, Steven J.; Abrams, Jesse F.; Andersen, Lauren S.; Armstrong McKay, David I.; Bai, Xuemei; Bala, Govindasamy; Bunn, Stuart E.; Ciobanu, Daniel; DeClerck, Fabrice; Ebi, Kristie; Gifford, Lauren; Gordon, Christopher; Hasan, Syezlin; Kanie, Norichika;

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to be convened in Rio de Janeiro 20–22 June 2012. However, the use of the concept was subsequently withdrawn from the text of the conference, "partly due to concerns from some poorer countries that its adoption could lead to the sidelining of poverty reduction and economic development. It is also,

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Human activities related to agriculture and nutrition globally contribute to the transgression of four out of nine planetary boundaries. Surplus nutrient flows (N, P) into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are of highest importance, followed by excessive land-system change and biodiversity loss.

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thinks waiting until we near some suggested limit for nitrogen deposition and other pollutions will just permit us to continue to a point where it is too late. He says the boundary suggested for phosphorus is not sustainable, and would exhaust the known phosphorus reserves in less than 200 years.

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Understanding the Earth system is fundamentally about understanding interactions among environmental change processes. The planetary boundaries are defined with reference to dynamic conditions of the Earth system, but scientific discussions about how different planetary boundaries relate to each

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It is difficult to restore a 'safe operating space' for humanity that is described by the planetary boundary concept. Even if past biophysical changes could be mitigated, the predominant paradigms of social and economic development appear largely indifferent to the looming possibilities of large

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The planetary boundaries framework proposes a range of values for its control variables. This range is supposed to span the threshold between a 'safe operating space' where Holocene-like dynamics can be maintained and a highly uncertain, poorly predictable world where Earth system changes likely

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The scientists outlined how breaching the boundaries increases the threat of functional disruption, even collapse, in Earth's biophysical systems in ways that could be catastrophic for human wellbeing. While they highlighted scientific uncertainty, they indicated that breaching boundaries could

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Several studies have assessed environmental footprints of nations based on planetary boundaries: for Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the European Union, India, many of Belt and Road Initiative countries as well as for the world's most important economies. While the metrics and

254:"trigger feedbacks that may result in crossing thresholds that drastically reduce the ability to return within safe levels". The boundaries were "rough, first estimates only, surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps" which interact in complex ways that are not yet well understood. 1943:

In 2011, at their second meeting, the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability of the United Nations had incorporated the concept of planetary boundaries into their framework, stating that their goal was: "To eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive, and production and

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period, and was a relatively stable environment of the Earth. There have been natural environmental fluctuations during the Holocene, but the key atmospheric and biogeochemical parameters have remained within relatively narrow bounds. This stability has allowed societies to thrive worldwide,

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In 2015, several of the scientists in the original group published an update, bringing in new co-authors and new model-based analysis. According to this update, four of the boundaries were crossed: climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land-system change, altered biogeochemical cycles

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queries whether thresholds are a good idea for pollutions at all. He thinks waiting until we near some suggested limit will just permit us to continue to a point where it is too late. "Management based on thresholds, although attractive in its simplicity, allows pernicious, slow and diffuse

960:, moves corals into less desirable ecosystem states. Ocean acidification will significantly change the distribution and abundance of a whole range of marine life, particularly species "that build skeletons, shells, and tests of biogenic calcium carbonate. Increasing temperatures, surface 1526:

outstrip the ability of technology to increase resources availability. Subsequently, the report was widely dismissed, particularly by economists and business people, and it has often been claimed that history has proved the projections to be incorrect. In 2008, Graham Turner from the

1824:– combining the concept of planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries. The name derives from the shape of the diagram, i.e. a disc with a hole in the middle. The centre hole of the model depicts the proportion of people that lack access to 1634:

Science indicates that we are transgressing planetary boundaries that have kept civilization safe for the past 10,000 years. Evidence is growing that human pressures are starting to overwhelm the Earth’s buffering capacity. Humans are now the most significant driver of

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In January 2022 a group of scientists concluded that this planetary boundary is already exceeded, which puts in risk the stability of the Earth system. They integrated the literature information on how production and release of a number of novel entities, including

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In a global empirical study, researchers investigated how students of environmental and sustainability studies in 35 countries assessed the planetary boundaries. It was found that there are substantial global differences in the perception of planetary boundaries.

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to update the Planetary Boundaries concept. The update concluded four boundaries had now been transgressed: climate, biodiversity, land use and biogeochemical cycles. The 2015 paper emphasized interactions of the nine boundaries and identified climate change and

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surroundings on Earth are integrated into a single self-regulating system. The system has the ability to react to perturbations or deviations, much like a living organism adjusts its regulation mechanisms to accommodate environmental changes such as temperature

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Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Burdon, Peter; du Toit, Louise; Glass, Lisa-Maria; Kashwan, Prakash; Liverman, Diana; Montesano, Francesco S.; Rantala, Salla (31 July 2022), Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne (eds.), "Planetary Integrity",

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has been widely discussed, both by critics of the modelling approach and its conclusions and by analysts who argue that the insight that societies do not live in an unlimited world and that historical data since the 1970s support the report's findings. The

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within continental-scale to planetary-scale systems." The framework consists of nine global change processes. In 2009, two boundaries were already crossed, while others were in imminent danger of being crossed. Later estimates indicated that three of these

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An expert Panel on Ecological Integrity in 1998 has defined ecological integrity as follows: "Ecosystems have integrity when they have their native components (plants, animals and other organisms) and processes (such as growth and reproduction) intact."

237:, have become the main driver of global environmental change. According to the framework, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt 1231:

A study concludes that the 'Freshwater use' boundary should be renamed to the 'Freshwater change', composed of "green" and "blue" water components. 'Green water' refers to disturbances of terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture.

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approach explores how the socio-technical dynamics of the world economy may limit humanity's opportunities and introduce risks of collapse. In contrast, the Planetary Boundaries framework focuses on the biophysical dynamics of the Earth system.

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Rioual, P.; Andrieu-Ponel, V. R.; Rietti-Shati, M.; Battarbee, R. W.; De Beaulieu, J. L.; Cheddadi, R.; Reille, M.; Svobodova, H.; Shemesh, A. (2001), "High-resolution record of climate stability in France during the last interglacial period",

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Persson, Linn; Carney Almroth, Bethanie M.; Collins, Christopher D.; Cornell, Sarah; de Wit, Cynthia A.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Fantke, Peter; Hassellöv, Martin; MacLeod, Matthew; Ryberg, Morten W.; Søgaard Jørgensen, Peter (18 January 2022).

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Petit, JR; Jouzel, J; Raynaud, D; Barkov, NI; Barnola, JM; Basile, I; Bender, M; Chappellaz, J; Davis, M; Delaygue, G; Delmotte, M; Kotlyakov, VM; Legrand, M; Lipenkov, VY; Lorius, C; Pépin, L; Ritz, C; Saltzman, E; Stievenard, M (1999),

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say observers, because the idea is simply too new to be officially adopted, and needed to be challenged, weathered and chewed over to test its robustness before standing a chance of being internationally accepted at UN negotiations."

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In summary, the planetary boundary concept is a very important one, and its proposal should now be followed by discussions of the connections between the various boundaries and of their association with other concepts such as the

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flows from the land surface. Continuing perturbation of Earth system processes by human activities raises the possibility that further pressure could be destabilizing, leading to non-linear, abrupt, large-scale or irreversible

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state", and attempted to quantify how far seven of these systems had been pushed already. Boundaries were defined to help define a "safe space for human development", which was an improvement on approaches aiming at minimizing

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Steffen, Will; Rockström, Johan; Richardson, Katherine; Lenton, Timothy M.; Folke, Carl; Liverman, Diana; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cornell, Sarah E.; Crucifix, Michel; Donges, Jonathan F. (14 August 2018).

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Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Poirier, Clément; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Cearreta, Alejandro; Edgeworth, Matt; Ellis, Erle C.; Ellis, Michael; Jeandel, Catherine (8 January 2016).

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when all twelve social foundations are met without overshooting any of the nine ecological ceilings. This situation is represented by the area between the two rings, considered by its creator as a safe and just space for

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In 2022, based on the available literature, the introduction of novel entities was concluded to be the 5th transgressed planetary boundary. Freshwater change was concluded to be the 6th transgressed planetary boundary in

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that they examined decreased at a rate unprecedented over the last 400 years (14% in less than 20 years). Their evidence suggests that the increasing temperature stress and the declining ocean saturation state of

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Handoh, Itsuki C.; Kawai, Toru (2014), "Modelling exposure of oceanic higher trophic-level consumers to polychlorinated biphenyls: Pollution 'hotspots' in relation to mass mortality events of marine mammals",

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Forster, P. M. et al. (2023). Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022: Annual update of large-scale indicators of the state of the climate system and the human influence. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 15, 2295–2327.

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of people on Earth would not be alive today without the artificial production of fertilizer. How can such ethical and economic issues be matched with a simple call to set limits? ... food is not optional."

1352:. Sublethal uptakes are drastically reducing marine bird and mammal populations. This boundary seems important, although it is hard to quantify. In 2019, it was suggested that novel entities could include 6778: 2481:

Steffen, Will; Richardson, Katherine; Rockström, Johan; Cornell, Sarah E.; Fetzer, Ingo; Bennett, Elena M.; Biggs, Reinette; Carpenter, Stephen R.; de Vries, Wim; de Wit, Cynthia A.; Folke, Carl (2015).

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The idea that there are limits to the burden placed upon our planet by human activities has been around for a long time. The Planetary Boundaries framework acknowledges the influence of the 1972 study,

1065:. This would make parts of the world uninhabitable for people, raise sea levels by up to 60 metres (200 feet), and raise temperatures by 4–5 °C (7.2–9.0 °F) to levels that are higher than any 257:

The planetary boundaries framework lays the groundwork for a shifting approach to governance and management, away from the essentially sectoral analyses of limits to growth aimed at minimizing negative

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Rockström, Johan; Steffen, Will; Noone, Kevin; Persson, Åsa; Chapin, F. Stuart III; Lambin, Eric; Lenton, Timothy M.; Scheffer, Marten; Folke, Carl; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Nykvist, Björn (2009).

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is clearly interconnected with the climate change boundaries, since the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also the underlying control variable for the ocean acidification boundary.

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Rockström, Johan; Steffen, Will; Noone, Kevin; Persson, Åsa; Chapin, F. Stuart; Lambin, Eric F.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Scheffer, Marten; Folke, Carl; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Nykvist, Björn (2009).

968:, and the combination of these stresses may well cause perturbations in the abundance and diversity of marine biological systems that go well beyond the effects of a single stressor acting alone." 928:

boundary could "shift downward" if the freshwater boundary is breached, causing lands to become arid and unavailable for agriculture. At a regional level, water resources may decline in Asia if

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allocation approaches applied varied, there is a converging outcome that resource use of wealthier nations – if extrapolated to world population – is not compatible with planetary boundaries.

6038: 5201: 1643:. We can no longer exclude the possibility that our collective actions will trigger tipping points, risking abrupt and irreversible consequences for human communities and ecological systems. 186:), including governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society and the scientific community. The framework consists of nine global change processes. In 2009, according to 911:

scale environmental disasters triggered by human actions. Legal boundaries can help keep human activities in check, but are only as effective as the political will to make and enforce them.

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Carpenter, S. R., & Bennett, E. M. (2011). Reconsideration of the planetary boundary for phosphorus. Environmental Research Letters, 6(1), 014009. DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014009

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integrity as 'core boundaries' of central importance to the framework because the interactions of climate and the biosphere are what scientifically defines Earth system conditions.

1307:. Aerosol loading is sufficiently important to be included among the planetary boundaries, but it is not yet clear whether an appropriate safe threshold measure can be identified. 504:

planetary boundaries framework identifies many Earth system thresholds at multiple scales that will be influenced by increases in the control variables. Examples include shifts in

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endorsed the concept of planetary boundaries on 16 March 2012, when he presented the key points of the report of his High Level Panel on Global Sustainability to an informal

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The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These are:

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In August 2022, scientists concluded that the (overall transgressed) boundary is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that

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is a precondition for humanity's pursuit of long-term social and economic development. The Planetary Boundaries framework contributes to an understanding of global

6804: 6769: 6424: 262:, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development. Planetary boundaries demarcate, as it were, the "planetary playing field" for humanity if major 190:

and others, three boundaries were already crossed (biodiversity loss, climate change and nitrogen cycle), while others were in imminent danger of being crossed.

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Chapron, Guillaume; Epstein, Yaffa; Trouwborst, Arie; López-Bao, José Vicente (February 2017). "Bolster legal boundaries to stay within planetary boundaries".

1223:" debate but said "a global limit on water consumption is necessary, but the suggested planetary boundary of 4,000 cubic kilometres per year is too generous." 1180:

is, in practice, a premature policy guideline that dilutes the authors' overall scientific proposition. Instead, the authors might want to consider a limit on

7181: 5711:"Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis of the Global Dynamics of Persistent Organic Pollutants: Towards Quantifying the Planetary Boundaries for Chemical Pollution"" 3239: 1326: 160:, in which human society developed. The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions, especially those of industrialized societies since the 156:. Beyond these limits, the environment may not be able to self-regulate anymore. This would mean the Earth system would leave the period of stability of the 9605: 7159: 3085: 1936: 183: 5955:

Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends : findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

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and "legislated" national greenhouse gas emissions limits. Consumers would have freedom in their (informed) choice within (the collective) boundaries.

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Implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Communicating and Designing the Future of Food in the Anthropocene. Humboldt University Berlin, Bachmann Publisher

4714: 1444: 1561:. Its aim was to interlock the concepts of development and environment for future political discussions. It introduced the famous definition for 1010: 5721: 9566: 7196: 7191: 7164: 6588: 6092:, Denmark: International Conference on Energy, Environment and Health – Optimisation of Future Energy Systems, pp. 133–137, archived from 4492: 6003: 8865: 5579: 4779:

Towards a Safe Operating Space for the Netherlands: Using planetary boundaries to support national implementation of environment-related SDGs

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The ocean chemist Peter Brewer thinks "ocean acidification has impacts other than simple changes in pH, and these may need boundaries too."

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A 2018 study calls into question the adequacy of efforts to limit warming to 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures, as set out in the

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as a component of the earth surface change boundary. They also wrote that the framework should account for "changes in vertical mixing and

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made by humans, could shift feedbacks in the Earth system away from a self-regulating balance to a positive (intensifying) feedback loop.

9478: 7171: 7144: 7117: 7092: 6833: 4161: 6508: 3136:"The Boundaries of the Planetary Boundary Framework: A Critical Appraisal of Approaches to Define a "Safe Operating Space" for Humanity" 9225: 6333: 920:

other are often philosophically and analytically muddled. Clearer definitions of the basic concepts and terms might help give clarity.

6694: 5791: 5179: 5107:"Better – But is it Good Enough? On the Need to Consider Both Eco-efficiency and Eco-effectiveness to Gauge Industrial Sustainability" 5006:

The Environmental Sustainability of Nations: Benchmarking the Carbon, Water and Land Footprints against Allocated Planetary Boundaries

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HANPP (in billion tonnes of C year−1) <10% of preindustrial Holocene NPP, i.e., >90% remaining for supporting biosphere function

7503: 7243: 5278: 1660:. In the Anthropocene, humans have become the main agents of not only change to the Earth System but also the driver of Earth System 6054: 4603: 1565:: "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." 1430:

are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide. There are some moves to restrict and replace their use.

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Phosphate global: P flow from freshwater systems into the ocean; regional: P flow from fertilizers to erodible soils (Tg of P year)

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is defined as the lower end of that range. If the boundaries are persistently crossed, the world goes further into a danger zone.

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In 2017, some authors argued that marine systems are underrepresented in the framework. Their proposed remedy was to include the

561: 69: 6713: 1157:, impacting freshwater, carbon and other cycles, and reducing biodiversity. In the year 2015 the boundary was defined as 75% of 803:

Green water: human induced disturbance of water available to plants (% land area with deviations from preindustrial variability)

9175: 7831: 7493: 6741: 5690:, European Conference: "Towards a Greater Understanding of the Changing Role of Business in Society", Brussels, 22 April 2010, 988:, as an easily determinable measure integrating many variables that will give "a clear signal about the health of ecosystems". 435:

the erosion of biosphere integrity (an annual rate of loss of biological diversity of < 10 extinctions per million species).

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is making it difficult for reef corals to deposit calcium carbonate. Multiple stressors, such as increased nutrient loads and

9594: 7752: 7508: 7186: 6841: 6688: 6598: 6502: 6434: 6368: 6201: 6188: 6032: 5967: 4826: 4315: 4111: 3862: 2982: 341:. The group wanted to define a "safe operating space for humanity" for the wider scientific community, as a precondition for 50: 5981: 4755: 2853: 1664:, disruption of the Earth System's ability to be resilient and recover from that change, potentially ultimately threatening 210:

The basic idea of the Planetary Boundaries framework is that maintaining the observed resilience of the Earth system in the

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Neset, Tina-Simone S.; Cordell, Dana (2011). "Global phosphorus scarcity: identifying synergies for a sustainable future".

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For one process in the planetary boundaries framework, the scientists have not specified a global boundary quantification:

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and so on) while the crust represents the ecological ceilings (planetary boundaries) that life depends on and must not be

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might be able to act as a steering mechanism to address the current loss of planetary integrity. There are many negative

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The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions, especially those of industrialized societies since the

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Discussion input for the 4th session: Corporate social responsibility in a globalised economy [meeting abstract]

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through science, what scientists refer to as "planetary boundaries", "environmental thresholds" and "tipping points"".

1291:, says "five per cent is a reasonable limit for acceptable ozone depletion, but it doesn't represent a tipping point". 6947: 6643: 5009: 4670: 789:

Upper limit (95th percentile) of global land area with deviations greater than during preindustrial, Blue water: 10.2%

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beyond planetary boundaries." The UNEP Yearbook 2010 also repeated Rockström's message, conceptually linking it with

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consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries."

116: 6954: 4733: 4189: 9764: 9503: 9460: 8700: 7434: 7248: 7139: 7129: 4767:, University of Geneva, Institute for Environmental Sciences, GRID-Geneva, EA – Shaping Environmental Action, 2018. 2033: 924:

processes in the framework rather than expand it from the proposed boundary levels. They give the example that the

334: 315: 5419:; Drangert, Jan-Olof; White, Stuart (2009). "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought". 9498: 9180: 9109: 9048: 8841: 8733: 8266: 7568: 7317: 7295: 7253: 7223: 7176: 7059: 7042: 7025: 7001: 6623:(presentation), 18 May 2011, Third Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability, Stockholm, 16–19 May 2011, 4757:

National environmental limits and footprints based on the Planetary Boundaries framework: The case of Switzerland

3600:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Related Chemicals in the Global Environment: Some Personal Reflections" 2653:"Planetary boundaries at the intersection of Earth system law, science and governance: A state-of-the-art review" 1742:

in Amsterdam. An edited summary of the report was published as the featured article in a special 2009 edition of

1488: 263: 227: 65: 3504: 9420: 9318: 8853: 7273: 7268: 3082: 1476:

in this context. The concept of planetary integrity is interlinked within the concept of planetary boundaries.

1321: 295: 54: 6543: 1153:

Across the planet, forests, wetlands and other vegetation types are being converted to agricultural and other

9664: 9643: 9611: 9488: 9415: 8201: 7439: 7377: 6935: 4722:. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and Associação para o Desenvolvimento do Instituto Superior Técnico. 3768:"Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)" 1762:

scholars have been critical of aspects of the framework and constraints that its adoption could place on the

1484: 1353: 1333: 1086: 1963:

states that the challenge of agriculture is to "feed a growing global population without pushing humanity's

9400: 8668: 7902: 7035: 5952:

Mace, G.; Masundire, H.; Baillie, J. (2005), "Biodiversity", in Hassan, R.M.; Scholes, R.; Ash, N. (eds.),

1025: 7588: 5999:

The European environment – state and outlook 2010, Chapter 7: environmental challenges in a global context

9508: 9440: 8816: 8320: 7892: 7867: 7804: 7406: 7290: 7047: 6929: 5330: 3878: 3362: 1992: 1219:

The hydrologist David Molden stated in 2009 that planetary boundaries are a welcome new approach in the "

1200:

of freshwater occurs if a water resource is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate.

571: 489: 287: 6187:

Palaniappan, M.; Gleick, P. H. (2008), "Peak Water", in Gleick, P. H.; Cooley, H.; Morikawa, M. (eds.),

5578:

Folke, C.; Carpenter, S.; Walker, B.; Scheffer, M.; Elmqvist, T.; Gunderson, L.; Holling, C. S. (2004),

9678: 9210: 8831: 8710: 8345: 8194: 6965: 3766:

Cousins, Ian T.; Johansson, Jana H.; Salter, Matthew E.; Sha, Bo; Scheringer, Martin (16 August 2022).

3509: 4857: 628:<10 E/MSY but with an aspirational goal of ca. 1 E/MSY (assumed background rate of extinction loss) 9410: 9205: 9043: 8695: 8040: 8003: 7676: 7628: 7523: 7416: 7300: 6530:; McNeill, J. R. (2007), "The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature", 5710: 1910: 1809: 1801: 1050: 1036: 496:) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through 327: 7583: 5599: 4086: 3918:"Operationalizing Sustainable Development: Ecological Integrity as a Grundnorm of International Law" 3005:

Rockström, J. et al. 2009. Planetary Boundaries: "Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity".

9343: 9220: 9185: 8934: 8924: 8898: 8261: 7939: 7882: 7841: 7681: 7636: 7538: 7263: 7079: 5997: 4987: 3879:"Ecological Integrity: A Relevant Concept for International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene?" 3017: 2013: 1184:

or soil loss. This would be a more valid and useful indicator of the state of terrestrial health."

1046: 477: 299: 221:

The framework described nine "planetary life support systems" essential for maintaining a "desired

133: 6683:, Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, 5612: 3535: 175:

have been able to thrive under the comparatively stable climatic and ecological conditions of the

90: 9759: 9744: 9631: 9405: 9248: 9058: 9030: 8753: 8743: 8661: 8565: 8117: 7961: 7909: 7728: 7666: 7069: 5718:

Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry—Marine Environmental Modeling & Analysis

4716:

Environmental Boundaries: The intergenerational impacts of biophysical resource use. Final report

2053: 1813: 1562: 1415:, have rapidly increased in the last decades with significant impact on the planetary processes. 1361: 1337: 1016:

Subsequent work on planetary boundaries begins to relate these thresholds at the regional scale.

497: 369:

concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in

342: 43: 6341:(presentation), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Master Class, 6228:"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica" 9754: 9657: 9650: 9470: 9425: 9380: 9195: 9159: 9149: 8944: 8919: 8903: 8888: 8870: 8630: 8505: 8147: 8137: 8020: 7956: 7887: 7872: 7797: 7671: 7498: 6455: 5624: 5594: 1770: 1665: 1108: 513: 488:

of climatic, ecological and biogeochemical changes shows that the Earth system has experienced

5327:

Transition towards sustainable food consumption and production in a resource constrained world

3534:

Liu, Xingcai; Liu, Wenfeng; Tang, Qiuhong; Liu, Bo; Wada, Yoshihide; Yang, Hong (April 2022).

1865:"wake-up call to transform our capitalist worldview". In this model, an economy is considered 9716: 9548: 9493: 9450: 9333: 9308: 9273: 8949: 8445: 8283: 8015: 7944: 7054: 6481: 5608: 4678: 4073: 1692: 1554: 1273: 1236:

can have substantial effects in agriculture. When measuring and projecting water scarcity in

879:

Percentage of synthetic chemicals released to the environment without adequate safety testing

826: 384: 279: 234: 161: 6346: 5176: 1951:

However, the concept is routinely used in the proceedings of the United Nations, and in the

1348:

and synergic effects on biological organisms, reducing fertility and resulting in permanent

9513: 9483: 9435: 9430: 9353: 9258: 9154: 8977: 8836: 8821: 8796: 8781: 8570: 8475: 8288: 8256: 8246: 8231: 8132: 8127: 8070: 7656: 7424: 7030: 7020: 6866: 6675: 6490: 6294: 6242: 5922: 5882: 5815: 5785: 5749: 5639: 5536: 5476: 5428: 5275: 4932: 4869: 4236: 3779: 3611: 3547: 3459: 3184: 3041: 2950: 2893: 2821: 2761: 2568: 2406: 2308: 2168: 2096: 2043: 2008: 1968: 1964: 1841: 1697: 1628: 1502: 1460:. Scholars have pointed out that planetary integrity "needs to be maintained for long-term 1380: 1220: 1053:

to limit warming to 2 °C, that might exceed the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing

999: 461: 407: 275: 238: 195: 4858:"Analysing progress of sustainable development goal 6 in India: Past, present, and future" 4732:

Björn Nykvist, Åsa Persson, Fredrik Moberg, Linn Persson, Sarah Cornell, Johan Rockström:

3152: 3135: 1208:

can also turn much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with "

8: 9445: 9328: 9323: 9068: 8987: 8806: 8786: 8776: 8107: 8097: 8092: 8075: 7966: 7949: 7862: 7718: 7711: 7651: 7548: 7543: 7218: 6376: 3917: 2652: 2237: 2023: 1988: 1837: 1759: 1598: 1523: 1412: 1205: 1173:. The boundary is crossed because only 62% of forests rested intact as of the year 2015. 1139: 1090: 717: 429:

global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources);

376: 8350: 6870: 6824: 6494: 6298: 6246: 5926: 5886: 5819: 5806:

van der Leeuw, S. E. (2008), "Climate and Society: Lessons from the Past 10,000 Years",

5753: 5643: 5540: 5480: 5432: 4936: 4873: 4669:

O’Neill, Daniel W.; Fanning, Andrew L.; Lamb, William F.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2018).

4439:

Kleespies, Matthias Winfried; Hahn-Klimroth, Max; Dierkes, Paul Wilhelm (1 April 2023).

4240: 4106:. A. Faber, Annemieke Righart. Bilthoven : Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 3783: 3740: 3615: 3551: 3505:"Water scarcity predicted to worsen in more than 80% of croplands globally this century" 3463: 3188: 3045: 2954: 2897: 2825: 2765: 2572: 2410: 2331: 2312: 2294: 2172: 2117: 2100: 2082: 9692: 9390: 9385: 9020: 8982: 8939: 8858: 8415: 8241: 8189: 8152: 7897: 7733: 7691: 7686: 7646: 7598: 7362: 7258: 7134: 6573: 6318: 6258: 5940: 5839: 5552: 5517: 5502: 5452: 5137: 5087: 5074: 5041: 4964: 4901: 4832: 4695: 4584: 4470: 4268: 3810: 3767: 3686:"Safe planetary boundary for pollutants, including plastics, exceeded, say researchers" 3643: 3563: 3483: 3215: 3172: 3065: 2974: 2917: 2845: 2785: 2605: 2531: 2440: 2274: 2202: 2130: 1507: 1176:

The boundary for land use has been criticized as follows: "The boundary of 15 per cent

981: 948: 6604: 6398: 6364: 6329: 4630:"Kate Raworth - Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist" 4563: 4546: 4224: 3013: 2483: 1753: 1096: 1062: 283: 187: 9599: 9582: 9553: 9348: 9232: 9038: 8791: 8728: 8603: 8470: 8355: 8236: 8142: 8008: 7914: 7608: 7483: 7429: 7228: 7213: 6892: 6837: 6684: 6594: 6565: 6557: 6498: 6430: 6310: 6262: 6197: 6175: 6028: 5973: 5963: 5944: 5898: 5894: 5831: 5773: 5765: 5655: 5494: 5444: 5129: 5091: 5079: 5061: 4968: 4956: 4948: 4905: 4893: 4885: 4836: 4822: 4699: 4651: 4576: 4568: 4520: 4474: 4462: 4321: 4311: 4272: 4260: 4252: 4117: 4107: 4103:

Growing within limits : a report to the Global Assembly 2009 of the Club of Rome

3998: 3947: 3898: 3858: 3815: 3797: 3647: 3635: 3627: 3567: 3487: 3475: 3220: 3202: 3069: 3057: 3029: 2966: 2909: 2849: 2837: 2812: 2777: 2672: 2610: 2592: 2535: 2523: 2515: 2488: 2432: 2424: 2336: 2266: 2232: 2206: 2194: 2186: 2134: 2122: 1549: 1515: 1473: 1465: 1423: 1281: 1078: 1054: 993: 985: 933: 723: 613: 592: 565: 370: 323: 6777:, Report of the meeting of the GSP Sherpas held in Madrid, Spain, 13–14 April 2011, 6577: 5843: 5761: 5440: 5141: 4818: 4793:

the concept of a safe operating space at the EU level – first steps and explorations

4588: 2978: 2789: 2444: 2278: 1909:

Approaches based on a general framework of ecological limits include (transferable)

1602:, he suggests that the destruction of rainforests and biodiversity, compounded with 1371:

There are at least 350,000 artificial chemicals in the world. They are coming from "

1246:

In April 2022, scientists proposed and preliminarily evaluated 'green water' in the

9523: 9395: 9370: 9263: 9089: 9063: 9015: 9010: 8992: 8929: 8880: 8801: 8771: 8766: 8723: 8510: 8490: 8405: 8330: 8159: 8030: 7929: 7563: 7558: 7533: 7332: 7305: 6950: 6939: 6882: 6874: 6547: 6539: 6467: 6410: 6385: 6322: 6302: 6250: 6167: 6145: 6120: 5930: 5890: 5862: 5823: 5757: 5647: 5604: 5556: 5544: 5506: 5484: 5456: 5436: 5403: 5381: 5121: 5069: 5053: 4940: 4919:

Roy, Ajishnu; Li, Yan; Dutta, Tusheema; Basu, Aman; Dong, Xuhui (27 January 2022).

4877: 4814: 4687: 4641: 4558: 4452: 4441:"How university students assess the planetary boundaries: A global empirical study" 4244: 4225:"The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene" 3988: 3978: 3937: 3929: 3890: 3848: 3805: 3787: 3619: 3555: 3467: 3210: 3192: 3147: 3049: 2958: 2901: 2829: 2769: 2664: 2600: 2584: 2576: 2505: 2497: 2414: 2397: 2326: 2316: 2299: 2256: 2246: 2176: 2159: 2112: 2104: 2087: 2038: 1744: 1722: 1511: 1392: 1197: 1181: 1166: 957: 944: 757: 485: 419: 6970: 6207: 5827: 4881: 4806: 4190:"Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future" 2935: 2921: 947:: In 2009, researchers showed that, since 1990, calcification in the reefs of the 9358: 9268: 9253: 9119: 9084: 8893: 8642: 8593: 8525: 8500: 8465: 8380: 8251: 8169: 8087: 7996: 7924: 7877: 7696: 7613: 7593: 7573: 7473: 7322: 6721:, Report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly of the United Nations, 6527: 6133: 5953: 5935: 5910: 5522:"Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record" 5513: 5464: 5282: 5224: 5205: 5183: 5161: 5125: 5013: 4991: 4764: 4742: 3111: 3089: 2804: 2696: 1931: 1749: 1748:

alongside invited critical commentary from leading academics like Nobel laureate

1731: 1569: 1388: 1345: 1288: 1263: 1201: 1177: 1170: 1123: 1042: 965: 821: 761: 194:(phosphorus and nitrogen). The scientists also changed the name of the boundary " 6851: 6826:

Growing within Limits – A Report to the Global Assembly 2009 of the Club of Rome

3713:"Earth's Safe Planetary Boundary for Pollutants – Including Plastics – Exceeded" 9728: 9704: 9283: 9200: 9134: 9129: 8848: 8826: 8761: 8684: 8495: 8360: 8335: 8206: 8052: 7991: 7846: 7723: 7618: 7518: 7446: 7233: 5651: 4944: 4457: 4440: 3471: 2588: 2557:"Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities" 2321: 2048: 1677:

developing agriculture, large-scale settlements and complex networks of trade.

1607: 1603: 1577: 1573: 1461: 1349: 1316: 1280:, which would otherwise damage biological systems. The actions taken after the 1233: 1162: 977: 781: 663: 595:

at top-of-atmosphere (W/m) since the start of the industrial revolution (~1750)

556: 432:

land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland);

411: 363: 319: 243: 215: 6959: 6055:"Planetary boundaries of agriculture and nutrition – an Anthropocene approach" 5625:"Agricultural modifications of hydrological flows create ecological surprises" 4691: 4325: 4065: 3853: 1892:

Visualization of the planetary boundaries related to agriculture and nutrition

333:

Most of the contributing scientists were involved in strategy-setting for the

182:

The concept has since become influential in the international community (e.g.

9738: 9687: 9588: 9313: 9298: 9293: 9278: 9099: 9053: 8811: 8608: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8530: 8440: 8410: 8370: 8278: 8045: 7919: 7820: 7706: 7661: 7641: 7463: 7238: 6561: 6266: 5902: 5769: 5448: 5133: 5065: 4952: 4920: 4889: 4655: 4572: 4524: 4466: 4256: 4121: 4002: 3951: 3902: 3801: 3631: 3479: 3206: 2676: 2596: 2519: 2428: 2270: 2190: 2018: 1960: 1898: 1833: 1636: 1580: 1304: 1116: 1082: 929: 753: 468:

show that during peak glacial conditions, the atmospheric concentration of CO

449: 172: 152:

are a framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on the

6472: 6415: 6390: 6150: 6125: 5408: 5386: 4805:

Roy, Ajishnu; Pramanick, Kousik (2020), Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar (ed.),

4248: 3792: 3623: 3197: 3053: 2962: 2833: 2773: 2689: 2580: 2501: 2251: 1791: 9561: 8959: 8718: 8588: 8515: 8485: 8430: 8340: 8112: 7399: 7394: 7382: 7342: 7327: 7015: 6896: 6660: 6569: 6342: 6314: 6179: 5959: 5835: 5777: 5659: 5498: 5416: 5083: 4960: 4897: 4580: 4488: 4264: 3819: 3639: 3224: 3061: 2970: 2913: 2878: 2841: 2781: 2614: 2527: 2436: 2340: 2198: 2126: 2108: 1845: 1825: 1763: 1739: 1673: 1657: 1640: 1619: 1341: 1251: 1066: 961: 509: 390: 338: 311: 303: 291: 247: 153: 6740:

United Nations High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (February 2011),

5004: 4791:

Tina Häyhä, Sarah E. Cornell, Holger Hoff, Paul Lucas, Detlef van Vuuren:

4604:"Meet the Doughnut: The New Economic Model That Could Help End Inequality" 4101: 3894: 3599: 3240:"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state" 2556: 1494: 129:

Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem

9144: 9139: 9104: 8967: 8598: 8480: 8435: 8425: 8375: 8365: 8315: 8122: 7513: 7468: 7337: 7310: 6458:(2009), "Planetary boundaries: Thresholds risk prolonged degradation", , 6111:

Molden, D. (2009), "Planetary boundaries: The devil is in the detail", ,

4547:"A Doughnut for the Anthropocene: Humanity's Compass in the 21st Century" 3559: 1927: 1888: 1883: 1829: 1688: 1593: 1445:

Sustainable Development Goals § Weak on environmental sustainability

1269: 1247: 1193: 830: 422:(annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background 401: 259: 168: 6677:

Year Book 2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment

6190:

The World's Water 2008–2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources

6018:

Meadows, D. H.; Meadows, D. L.; Randers, J.; Behrens III, W. W. (1972),

5394:

Brewer, P. (2009), "Planetary boundaries: Consider all consequences", ,

4513:"Finally, A Breakthrough Alternative to Browth Economics – The Doughnut" 3967:"Losing the Forest for the Trees: Environmental Reductionism in the Law" 3942: 2905: 699:

Nitrogen global: industrial and intentional fixation of N (Tg of N year)

250:

loss, and the biogeochemical flow boundary—appear to have been crossed.

9303: 9288: 9114: 9094: 8540: 8535: 8400: 8325: 8184: 8102: 8082: 7578: 6768:

United Nations High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (April 2011),

6369:"Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity" 6217: 6024:: a report for the Club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind 5911:"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis" 5852:"Scientists warn of lack of vital phosphorus as biofuels raise demands" 5057: 3933: 2668: 2233:"Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity" 1866: 1568:

Another key idea influencing the Planetary Boundaries framework is the

1384: 1252:

measured by root-zone soil moisture deviation from Holocene variability

1209: 1127: 1126:

is a concept to describe the point in time at which the maximum global

940: 622: 423: 6961:

The Planetary Boundaries and what they mean for the Future of Humanity

6887: 6878: 6552: 6171: 5873:

Lovelock, J. E. (August 1972), "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere",

4646: 4629: 3993: 3983: 3966: 3444: 2510: 2484:"Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet" 2261: 1656:

Scientists have affirmed that the planet has entered a new epoch, the

678:: 6.2 Tg of P year mined and applied to erodible (agricultural) soils. 472:

was ~180-200 ppm. In interglacial periods (including the Holocene), CO

9572: 9518: 8972: 8211: 8035: 7934: 7701: 7347: 6335:

Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity

6306: 5787:

Plan B updates: Disappearing lakes, shrinking seas [web page]

5580:"Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management" 5548: 5329:. May 2011. Conference 4–5 May 2011 Budapest, Hungary. Archived from 3922:

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

2657:

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

1859:

Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist

1701: 1588: 1584: 1519: 1427: 1400: 1376: 1357: 953: 874: 438: 380: 218:

because it brings a planetary scale and a long timeframe into focus.

5489: 4745:, commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2013. 4494:

A Safe and Just Space for Humanity: Can We Live within the Doughnut?

4221: 2936:"Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems" 2419: 2392: 2181: 2154: 1987:

The planetary boundaries concept is also used in proceedings by the

1422:

is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "

337:, the precursor to the international global change research network 32: 9723: 9365: 6617:

The Stockholm Memorandum: Tipping the Scales towards Sustainability

4137:"A comparison of The Limits to Growth with thirty years of reality" 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3316: 2553: 1821: 1817: 1669: 1408: 1213: 1154: 925: 744: 460:

For some of Earth's dynamic processes, historic data display clear

222: 211: 176: 157: 145:

Visualizations of the Planetary Boundaries; data for September 2023

6483:

World water resources at the beginning of the twenty-first century

6254: 5977: 9338: 8653: 7528: 7478: 6796:

United Nations High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012).

5349: 4408: 2751: 2480: 1372: 1300: 1058: 971: 851: 657:

1.9% (2σ variability of preindustrial Holocene century-mean NPP)

505: 465: 7789: 6850:

Zalasiewicz, J.; Williams, M.; Steffen, W.; Crutzen, P. (2010),

6655:, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( 5208:

RIO+20, United Nations Conference on Sustainability Development.

5042:"Ecological limits: Science, justice, policy, and the good life" 4384: 3741:"Pollution: 'Forever chemicals' in rainwater exceed safe levels" 3340: 3169: 3018:

https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/appendix1.pdf

2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 1468:

is threatening ecological integrity on a global scale. The term

9002: 8637: 7352: 6749:, Second meeting of the Panel, Cape Town, 24–25 February 2011, 5372:

Bass, S. (2009), "Planetary boundaries: Keep off the grass", ,

5245: 3877:

Bridgewater, Peter; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Bosselmann, Klaus (2014).

2877:

Bellwood, D. R.; Hughes, T. P.; Folke, C.; Nyström, M. (2004),

1786: 1158: 1006: 5276:

Sustainable agriculture key to green growth, poverty reduction

2081:

Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Lucht, Wolfgang (2023).

1196:

is another boundary significantly affected by climate change.

6656: 6136:(2009), "Planetary boundaries: Identifying abrupt change", , 5303: 5233: 4668: 4438: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3032:(2012). "A Measurable Planetary Boundary for the Biosphere". 2621: 1849: 1738:

The 2009 report was presented to the General Assembly of the

1713: 1396: 492:, when a very small increment for a control variable (like CO 394: 393:

ozone depletion (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric

6426:

Restoring the flow : confronting the world's water woes

4396: 3847:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–171, 2230: 2152: 1529:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

6798:

Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A future worth choosing

6401:(2009), "Planetary boundaries: Rethinking biodiversity", , 5467:(3 January 2002), "Geology of mankind – The Anthropocene", 2704: 1019: 547:

exceeded beyond the 2023 values? (based on "current" value)

464:

between comparatively stable conditions. For example, past

6948:

Johan Rockstrom: Let the environment guide our development

5003:

Kai Fang, Reinout Heijungs, Zheng Duan, Geert R. de Snoo:

4813:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–32, 4735:

National Environmental Performance on Planetary Boundaries

3433: 1368:

been proposed as a chemical pollution planetary boundary.

1284:

appeared to be keeping the planet within a safe boundary.

856:

Interhemispheric difference in AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)

484:, scientists need to look back about 3 million years. The 476:

concentration has fluctuated around 280 ppm. To know what

141: 6928:

for the updated Planetary Boundaries can be found at the

6544:

10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[614:TAAHNO]2.0.CO;2

4352: 4009: 3845:

The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals

3765: 3304: 2805:"Declining Coral Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef" 1639:, propelling the planet into a new geological epoch, the 1277: 298:. They collaborated with 26 leading academics, including 6086:

Policy Means for Sustainable Energy Scenarios (abstract)

4982: 4159: 4021: 3876: 3447: 2802: 1303:

particles result in about 800,000 premature deaths from

1243:, both "green water" and "blue water" are of relevance. 786:

Blue water: human induced disturbance of blue water flow

379:(mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to 9543:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

6590:

The economics of climate change : the Stern review

5623:

Gordon, L. J.; Peterson, G. D.; Bennett, E. M. (2008),

5337: 4782:, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 2018. 4712: 4160:

Nørgård, J. S.; Peet, J.; Ragnarsdóttir, K. V. (2010).

3666: 3654: 3529: 3527: 1904: 3173:"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" 3105:

Biomass should be tenth tipping point, researcher says

2080: 1916: 1884:

Boundaries related to agriculture and food consumption

1310: 9676: 6525: 5622: 4420: 4414: 4378: 4308:

Defiant earth: the fate of humans in the anthropocene

4289: 3841: 3581: 3579: 3577: 2291: 1491:

that are causing a reduction in planetary integrity.

1327:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1131:

peak phosphorus to be reached by approximately 2030.

6614: 5995: 5951: 5587:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

5415: 5355: 5257: 4856:

Roy, Ajishnu; Pramanick, Kousik (15 February 2019).

4390: 4370: 4045: 3524: 3322: 1937:

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

1874: 1649: 1045:. The scientists raise the possibility that even if 897: 441:(introduction of novel entities in the environment). 205: 184:

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

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https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/

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H. 6027:, Universe Books, 5618:on 18 October 2012 5058:10.1111/phc3.12740 5046:Philosophy Compass 4359:van der Leeuw 2008 3934:10.1111/reel.12109 3030:Running, Steven W. 2669:10.1111/reel.12383 1894: 1797: 1769:The biogeochemist 1330: 1268:The stratospheric 1149:Land-system change 1107:The biogeochemist 986:terrestrial plants 982:primary production 619:Genetic diversity: 519: 439:chemical pollution 412:nitrogen (N) cycle 310:climate scientist 147: 9674: 9673: 9600:Earth Summit 2002 9583:Lisbon Principles 9555:Our Common Future 9233:Sustainable yield 9039:Civic agriculture 8792:Green consumption 8729:Global governance 8651: 8650: 8617: 8616: 8476:K. Anthony Appiah 8471:Daniele Archibugi 8220: 8219: 8009:COVID-19 pandemic 7915:Global governance 7787: 7786: 7609:Water degradation 7484:Ecological crisis 7430:biodiversity loss 7229:Industrialisation 7214:Genetic pollution 7060:Impact assessment 6879:10.1021/es903118j 6843:978-90-6960-234-9 6690:978-92-807-3044-9 6611: 6600:978-0-521-70080-1 6504:978-0-521-61722-2 6436:978-1-897522-52-3 6293:(6853): 293–296, 6221: 6203:978-1-59726-505-8 6172:10.1002/jsfa.4650 6099:on 9 October 2016 6034:978-0-87663-165-2 5969:978-1-55963-228-7 4828:978-3-319-58538-3 4647:10.33568/rbs.2409 4317:978-1-5095-1974-3 4235:(6269): aad2622. 4195:. United Nations. 4113:978-90-6960-234-9 3984:10.3390/su2082424 3864:978-1-00-908294-5 3692:. 18 January 2022 3610:(14): 9400–9412. 3183:(33): 8252–8259. 2892:(6994): 827–833, 2820:(5910): 116–119, 2496:(6223): 1259855. 2307:(7968): 102–111. 2167:(7263): 472–475. 1995:synthesis report 1826:life's essentials 1730:– Nobel laureate 1550:Our Common Future 1516:industrialization 1474:ecological health 1466:biodiversity loss 1424:forever chemicals 1282:Montreal Protocol 1167:temperate forests 1079:Biodiversity loss 1055:climate feedbacks 945:marine ecosystems 932:continues in the 895: 894: 782:Freshwater change 758:Temperate forests 724:calcium carbonate 593:radiative forcing 371:radiative forcing 324:German Chancellor 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 9772: 9727: 9726: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9691: 9690: 9682: 9641: 9640: 9629: 9628: 9573:Agenda 21 (1992) 9544: 9509:Natural resource 9396:Organic movement 9371:Impact investing 9090:Hydroelectricity 9064:Sustainable diet 9016:Renewable energy 9011:Carbon footprint 8993:Invasive species 8930:Natural building 8881:World population 8842:Marketing myopia 8802:Over-consumption 8772:Circular economy 8767:Anti-consumerism 8724:Environmentalism 8678: 8671: 8664: 8655: 8654: 8641: 8640: 8629: 8628: 8582: 8491:Jean Baudrillard 8459: 8406:Giovanni Arrighi 8394: 8351:Branko Milanović 8331:Jagdish Bhagwati 8309: 8304: 8303: 8195:pollution havens 8160:Invasive species 8064: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7930:Global workforce 7840: 7839: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7750: 7584:Phosphorus cycle 7564:Land consumption 7559:Land degradation 7534:Freshwater cycle 7333:Overexploitation 7306:marine pollution 7113:cocoa production 6995: 6988: 6981: 6972: 6971: 6962: 6926:Figures and data 6914: 6913: 6911: 6905: 6890: 6865:(7): 2228–2231, 6856: 6846: 6831: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6682: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6645:A comparison of 6638: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6622: 6609: 6608: 6603:, archived from 6580: 6555: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6488: 6476: 6475: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6419: 6418: 6409:(910): 118–119, 6394: 6393: 6373: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6340: 6330:Rockström, Johan 6325: 6307:10.1038/35095037 6280: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6265:, archived from 6241:(6735): 429–36, 6232: 6215: 6214: 6213:on 20 March 2009 6212: 6206:, archived from 6196:, Island Press, 6195: 6183: 6154: 6153: 6144:(910): 115–116, 6129: 6128: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6059: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6014: 6013: 6011: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5948: 5938: 5905: 5869: 5868:on 23 July 2011. 5867: 5861:. Archived from 5856: 5846: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5780: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5611:, archived from 5602: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5549:10.1038/364218a0 5535:(6434): 218–20, 5526: 5509: 5492: 5465:Crutzen, Paul J. 5460: 5412: 5411: 5390: 5389: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5209: 5196: 5190: 5189:, 16 March 2012. 5174: 5168: 5167:, 28 March 2012. 5152: 5146: 5145: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5077: 5037: 5031: 5026: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4746: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4675: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4566: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4460: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4303: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4219: 4213: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3986: 3977:(8): 2424–2448. 3962: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3795: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3572: 3571: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3442: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3355: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3284:Schlesinger 2009 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3200: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3131: 3118: 3117:, 27 March 2012. 3102: 3096: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3026: 3020: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2858: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2710: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2619: 2618: 2608: 2567:(3): 1510–1521. 2551: 2540: 2539: 2513: 2478: 2449: 2448: 2422: 2389: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2334: 2324: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2264: 2254: 2228: 2211: 2210: 2184: 2150: 2139: 2138: 2120: 2095:(37): eadh2458. 2088:Science Advances 2078: 2039:Planetary health 1816:– shaped like a 1734: 1723:limits to growth 1652: 1608:greenhouse gases 1572:. In the 1970s, 1542:Limits to Growth 1512:world population 1434:Related concepts 1393:circular economy 1221:limits to growth 1198:Overexploitation 1194:freshwater cycle 1182:soil degradation 1171:tropical forests 958:fishing pressure 762:Tropical forests 672:Phosphate global 538:"Current" value 530:Control variable 522: 518: 362:climate change ( 314:, oceanographer 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 9780: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9685: 9677: 9675: 9670: 9617: 9542: 9534: 9533:Agreements and 9528: 9465: 9269:Climate finance 9237: 9164: 9120:Reclaimed water 9073: 9025: 8997: 8954: 8908: 8894:Family planning 8875: 8748: 8705: 8687: 8682: 8652: 8647: 8635: 8613: 8594:Thomas Friedman 8580: 8575: 8526:Anthony Giddens 8501:Manuel Castells 8466:Arjun Appadurai 8457: 8455: 8450: 8392: 8390: 8385: 8381:Joseph Stiglitz 8321:Richard Baldwin 8307: 8299: 8293: 8252:Fiscal localism 8216: 8170:McDonaldization 8088:Development aid 8062: 8057: 8026:Multilingualism 8021:Labor arbitrage 7997:Climate justice 7983: 7971: 7925:Global politics 7878:Deglobalization 7851: 7823: 7818: 7788: 7783: 7738: 7697:Organic farming 7623: 7614:Water pollution 7594:Ozone depletion 7574:Loss and damage 7474:Desertification 7411: 7323:Overconsumption 7244:cleaning agents 7145:Energy industry 7108:meat production 7074: 7004: 6999: 6960: 6955:Transcript html 6922: 6917: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6854: 6844: 6829: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6680: 6663: 6652: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6607:on 7 April 2010 6601: 6585:Stern, Nicholas 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6486: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6371: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6338: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6230: 6210: 6204: 6193: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6057: 6044: 6042: 6035: 6009: 6007: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5865: 5854: 5797: 5795: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5713: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5627: 5615: 5600:10.1.1.489.8717 5582: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5524: 5518:Dahl-Jensen, D. 5490:10.1038/415023a 5367: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5344:Greenfield 2010 5342: 5338: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5283:Wayback Machine 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230:, 12 June 2012. 5225:Wayback Machine 5216: 5212: 5206:Wayback Machine 5197: 5193: 5184:Wayback Machine 5175: 5171: 5162:Wayback Machine 5153: 5149: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5014:Wayback Machine 5002: 4998: 4992:Wayback Machine 4981:bluedot.world: 4980: 4976: 4917: 4913: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4829: 4803: 4799: 4790: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4765:Wayback Machine 4753: 4749: 4743:Wayback Machine 4731: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4600: 4596: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4486: 4482: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4318: 4304: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4220: 4216: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 3963: 3959: 3914: 3910: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3840: 3827: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747:. 2 August 2022 3739: 3738: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3575: 3532: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3443: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3232: 3168: 3161: 3132: 3121: 3112:Wayback Machine 3103: 3099: 3090:Wayback Machine 3081: 3077: 3027: 3023: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2697:Wayback Machine 2688: 2684: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2622: 2552: 2543: 2479: 2452: 2420:10.1038/461447b 2391: 2390: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2364:. November 2019 2356: 2355: 2348: 2290: 2286: 2229: 2214: 2182:10.1038/461472a 2151: 2142: 2079: 2066: 2062: 2005: 1985: 1924: 1919: 1907: 1886: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1805: 1789: 1784: 1754:Cristián Samper 1750:Mario J. Molina 1736: 1729: 1716: 1710: 1654: 1647: 1632: 1622: 1616: 1497: 1464:". The current 1452:is also called 1447: 1441: 1436: 1389:pharmaceuticals 1319: 1313: 1297: 1266: 1264:Ozone depletion 1260: 1258:Ozone depletion 1229: 1202:Water pollution 1190: 1178:land-use change 1151: 1137: 1124:Peak phosphorus 1105: 1097:Cristián Samper 1093: 1075: 1043:Paris Agreement 1039: 1033: 1028: 1022: 974: 917: 900: 829:concentration ( 822:Ozone depletion 574: 564:concentration ( 546: 540: 534: 526: 510:aerosol loading 495: 483: 475: 471: 417: 398: 367: 356: 351: 349:Nine boundaries 284:Johan Rockström 282:in 2009 led by 272: 230:on the planet. 208: 173:human societies 137: 130: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9778: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9760:Sustainability 9757: 9752: 9747: 9745:Earth sciences 9732: 9731: 9719: 9717:Earth sciences 9707: 9695: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9635: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9609: 9608:(Rio+20, 2012) 9603: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9564: 9559: 9551: 9546: 9538: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9475: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9354:Infrastructure 9351: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:Eco-capitalism 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9201:Sustainability 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9169:Accountability 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8827:Sustainability 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:Anthropization 8758: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8685:Sustainability 8681: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8658: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8633: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8496:Zygmunt Bauman 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8462: 8460: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8361:Thomas Piketty 8358: 8356:Kevin O'Rourke 8353: 8348: 8346:Michael Hudson 8343: 8338: 8336:Robert Brenner 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8207:Westernization 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8046:Tax inversions 8043: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8016:Digital divide 8013: 8012: 8011: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7992:Climate change 7988: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7755: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7724:Sustainability 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7619:Water scarcity 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7554:Nitrogen cycle 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7519:Forest dieback 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7447:Climate change 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7421: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7264:nanotechnology 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7048:on marine life 7040: 7039: 7038: 7036:list of issues 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6920:External links 6918: 6916: 6915: 6847: 6842: 6820: 6793: 6771:Meeting Report 6765: 6743:Meeting Report 6737: 6709: 6689: 6668: 6639: 6612: 6599: 6581: 6528:Crutzen, P. J. 6523: 6503: 6477: 6452: 6435: 6420: 6395: 6361: 6326: 6281: 6222: 6202: 6184: 6155: 6130: 6108: 6080: 6050: 6033: 6015: 5993: 5968: 5949: 5906: 5881:(8): 579–580, 5870: 5847: 5803: 5781: 5748:(8): 824–830, 5736: 5706: 5678: 5620: 5575: 5510: 5461: 5427:(2): 292–305. 5413: 5391: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5210: 5191: 5169: 5147: 5097: 5032: 5018: 4996: 4974: 4911: 4848: 4827: 4797: 4784: 4769: 4747: 4725: 4705: 4661: 4620: 4594: 4557:(2): e48–e49. 4537: 4503: 4480: 4431: 4427:Rockström 2009 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4363: 4351: 4331: 4316: 4298: 4278: 4214: 4198: 4178: 4152: 4127: 4112: 4092: 4083:|journal= 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3971:Sustainability 3957: 3928:(2): 194–208. 3908: 3869: 3863: 3825: 3758: 3729: 3703: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3590: 3573: 3540:Earth's Future 3523: 3493: 3458:(6): 380–392. 3432: 3420: 3408: 3392: 3380: 3339: 3327: 3325:, p. 292. 3315: 3303: 3288: 3273: 3261: 3230: 3159: 3119: 3097: 3093:New York Times 3075: 3021: 3016:Supplement 1: 2998: 2949:(1): 320–342, 2926: 2869: 2795: 2744: 2732: 2723: 2711: 2682: 2643: 2620: 2541: 2450: 2375: 2346: 2284: 2212: 2140: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2049:Sustainability 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1984: 1981: 1923: 1922:United Nations 1920: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1903: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1806: 1798: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1752:and biologist 1717: 1709: 1706: 1625: 1623: 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1604:global warming 1578:microbiologist 1574:James Lovelock 1496: 1493: 1462:sustainability 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1420:PFAS pollution 1350:genetic damage 1317:Chemical waste 1312: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1276:(UV) from the 1262:Main article: 1259: 1256: 1234:Water scarcity 1228: 1225: 1189: 1186: 1163:boreal forests 1150: 1147: 1136: 1133: 1104: 1101: 1074: 1071: 1032: 1031:Climate change 1029: 1021: 1018: 978:Steven Running 973: 970: 916: 913: 899: 896: 893: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 875:Novel entities 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 847: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 824: 817: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 777: 776: 773: 770: 764: 750: 747: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 720: 713: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 679: 669: 666: 664:Biogeochemical 659: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 639: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 616: 609: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 559: 557:Climate change 552: 551: 548: 543: 536: 531: 528: 514:freshwater use 493: 490:tipping points 481: 473: 469: 454: 453: 443: 442: 436: 433: 430: 427: 415: 408:biogeochemical 405: 396: 388: 374: 365: 355: 352: 350: 347: 320:Diana Liverman 271: 268: 244:climate change 216:sustainability 207: 204: 128: 125: 124: 107:September 2024 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9777: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Globalization 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9589:Earth Charter 9587: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9531: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Environmental 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Refurbishment 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Organizations 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314:Green economy 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9299:Eco-socialism 9297: 9295: 9294:Eco-investing 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9279:Disinvestment 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9100:Marine energy 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9054:Cultured meat 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812:Simple living 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8610: 8609:Vandana Shiva 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Saskia Sassen 8559: 8557: 8556:George Ritzer 8554: 8552: 8551:Antonio Negri 8549: 8547: 8546:L. H. M. Ling 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531:Michael Hardt 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8511:Alfred Crosby 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8441:Susan Strange 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8411:Robert W. Cox 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8371:Jeffrey Sachs 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8289:World-systems 8287: 8285: 8284:World history 8282: 8280: 8279:Social change 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8257:Modernization 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Global health 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7821:Globalization 7815: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7756: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707:Reforestation 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:Cultured meat 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Birth control 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Deforestation 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7239:Manufacturing 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:nuclear power 7185: 7183: 7182:fracking (US) 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6984: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6780: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6752: 6745: 6744: 6738: 6724: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6626: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6538:(8): 614–21, 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526:Steffen, W.; 6524: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6255:10.1038/20859 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6134:Molina, M. J. 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6095: 6088: 6087: 6081: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921:(1–2): 2–10. 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5693: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5638:(4): 211–19, 5637: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514:Dansgaard, W. 5511: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417:Cordell, Dana 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5312:, p. 14. 5311: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5286:UN Daily News 5284: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114:Procedia CIRP 5108: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052:(6): e12740. 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4868:: 1049–1065. 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4489:Raworth, Kate 4484: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4206:Lovelock 1972 4202: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4163: 4156: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4075: 4067: 4060: 4054:, p. 37. 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3404:Sandford 2009 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3164: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019:Global change 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Achim Steiner 1958: 1954: 1953:UN Daily News 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1914: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1899:air pollution 1890: 1881: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832:, education, 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1793: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637:global change 1631: 1630: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581:Lynn Margulis 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:radionuclides 1339: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1305:air pollution 1302: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117:ocean chemist 1113: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Deforestation 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1027: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 995: 989: 987: 983: 979: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 949:Great Barrier 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 930:deforestation 927: 921: 912: 908: 906: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 876: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 853: 849: 848: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 825: 823: 819: 818: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 783: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 763: 759: 755: 754:Boreal forest 751: 748: 746: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 721: 719: 715: 714: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 687: 683: 680: 677: 673: 670: 667: 665: 660: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 640: 636: 633: 631:>100 E/MSY 630: 627: 624: 620: 617: 615: 610: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 590: 589: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 567: 563: 560: 558: 553: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535:value in 2023 532: 529: 524: 523: 517: 515: 511: 507: 501: 499: 491: 487: 479: 467: 463: 458: 451: 448: 446: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 421: 413: 410:flows in the 409: 406: 403: 399: 392: 391:stratospheric 389: 386: 383:≥ 80% of pre- 382: 378: 375: 372: 368: 361: 360: 359: 346: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 318:, geographer 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 267: 265: 261: 260:externalities 255: 251: 249: 245: 240: 236: 231: 229: 228:human impacts 224: 219: 217: 213: 203: 199: 197: 191: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 143: 139: 135: 121: 118: 110: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: – 67: 63: 62:Find sources: 56: 52: 46: 45: 40:This article 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9630: 9554: 9319:Construction 9242:Applications 8960:Biodiversity 8738: 8719:Anthropocene 8604:John R. Saul 8589:Noam Chomsky 8581:Non–academic 8521:Susan George 8516:Nancy Fraser 8486:Walden Bello 8431:David Harvey 8421:Stephen Gill 8341:Jayati Ghosh 8247:Earth system 8113:Human rights 8053:Water crisis 7950:early modern 7400:urban sprawl 7395:Urbanization 7343:Particulates 7328:Overdrafting 7064: 7043:Human impact 7016:Anthropocene 6938: 6908:, retrieved 6862: 6858: 6825: 6812:. Retrieved 6786:, retrieved 6770: 6758:, retrieved 6742: 6730:, retrieved 6714: 6702:, retrieved 6676: 6661:the original 6648: 6644: 6632:, retrieved 6616: 6605:the original 6589: 6535: 6531: 6516:, retrieved 6482: 6466:(910): 112, 6463: 6459: 6445:, retrieved 6425: 6406: 6402: 6381: 6375: 6365:Rockström, J 6354:, retrieved 6347:the original 6343:Club of Rome 6334: 6290: 6286: 6274:, retrieved 6267:the original 6238: 6234: 6208:the original 6189: 6163: 6159: 6141: 6137: 6119:(910): 116, 6116: 6112: 6101:, retrieved 6094:the original 6085: 6073:, retrieved 6061: 6043:, retrieved 6023: 6020: 6008:, retrieved 5998: 5986:, retrieved 5960:Island Press 5954: 5918: 5914: 5878: 5874: 5863:the original 5859:Times Online 5858: 5811: 5807: 5796:, retrieved 5786: 5745: 5741: 5729:, retrieved 5717: 5699:, retrieved 5683: 5671:, retrieved 5635: 5631: 5613:the original 5590: 5586: 5568:, retrieved 5532: 5528: 5475:(6867): 23, 5472: 5468: 5424: 5420: 5402:(910): 117, 5399: 5395: 5380:(910): 113, 5377: 5373: 5351: 5339: 5331:the original 5326: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5285: 5271: 5264:UN Agenda 21 5259: 5247: 5242:, p. 5. 5235: 5227: 5213: 5194: 5186: 5172: 5164: 5150: 5117: 5113: 5100: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4840:, retrieved 4810: 4800: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4708: 4686:(2): 88–95. 4683: 4677: 4664: 4640:(2): 81–86. 4637: 4633: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4607: 4597: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4517:The Guardian 4516: 4506: 4493: 4483: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4366: 4354: 4334: 4307: 4301: 4286:Crutzen 2002 4281: 4232: 4228: 4217: 4201: 4169:. Retrieved 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4130: 4102: 4095: 4074:cite journal 4059: 4047: 4042:, p. 23 4035: 4023: 4011: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3943:10072/125294 3925: 3921: 3911: 3889:(1): 61–78. 3886: 3882: 3872: 3844: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3751:14 September 3749:. Retrieved 3744: 3720:. Retrieved 3717:SciTechDaily 3716: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3689: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3543: 3539: 3514:. Retrieved 3508: 3455: 3451: 3423: 3411: 3395: 3383: 3371:. Retrieved 3361:(web page). 3337:, p. 1. 3330: 3318: 3313:, p. 2. 3306: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3244:The Guardian 3243: 3233: 3180: 3176: 3143: 3139: 3114: 3100: 3092: 3078: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2990:, retrieved 2946: 2942: 2929: 2889: 2885: 2872: 2861:, retrieved 2817: 2811: 2798: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2735: 2726: 2703: 2685: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2564: 2560: 2493: 2487: 2402: 2396: 2366:. Retrieved 2361: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2245:(2): art32. 2242: 2236: 2164: 2158: 2092: 2086: 1996: 1986: 1977: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1925: 1908: 1895: 1878: 1857: 1853: 1848:in her 2012 1846:Kate Raworth 1807: 1776: 1768: 1764:Global South 1758: 1743: 1740:Club of Rome 1737: 1728: 1719: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674:interglacial 1661: 1658:Anthropocene 1655: 1646: 1641:Anthropocene 1633: 1626: 1620:Anthropocene 1614:Anthropocene 1597: 1567: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1501: 1498: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1417: 1405: 1370: 1366: 1338:heavy metals 1331: 1298: 1289:Mario Molina 1286: 1267: 1245: 1230: 1218: 1191: 1175: 1152: 1144: 1138: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1094: 1067:interglacial 1040: 1015: 1004: 992: 990: 975: 962:UV radiation 938: 922: 918: 909: 904: 901: 885:Transgressed 831:Dobson units 766: 760:and 85 from 685: 681: 675: 671: 642: 618: 545:Boundary now 539: 525:Earth-system 502: 486:paleo record 459: 455: 444: 402:Dobson Units 357: 339:Future Earth 332: 312:James Hansen 304:Paul Crutzen 292:Will Steffen 276:Earth System 273: 256: 252: 248:biodiversity 232: 220: 209: 200: 192: 181: 166: 154:Earth system 149: 148: 138: 113: 104: 94: 87: 80: 73: 61: 49:Please help 44:verification 41: 9693:Environment 9535:conferences 9406:Procurement 9349:Development 9249:Advertising 9211:Measurement 9145:Tidal power 9140:Small hydro 9105:Micro hydro 8968:Biosecurity 8920:Appropriate 8849:Sustainable 8832:Advertising 8754:Consumption 8744:Development 8599:Naomi Klein 8481:Ulrich Beck 8456:Politics / 8446:Robert Wade 8436:Ronen Palan 8426:Peter Gowan 8376:Amartya Sen 8366:Dani Rodrik 8316:David Autor 8242:Development 8123:Imperialism 8071:Brain drain 7514:Externality 7509:Coral reefs 7469:Defaunation 7338:Overgrazing 7311:overfishing 7291:Marine life 7165:electricity 7088:Agriculture 5814:: 476–482, 5300:, p. . 4052:Turner 2008 3722:16 February 3586:Molina 2009 3428:Molden 2009 3400:Larsen 2005 3299:Brewer 2009 3269:Samper 2009 3146:: 497–521. 2760:(3): 0086. 2663:(1): 3–15. 1928:Ban Ki-moon 1862:and paper. 1702:continental 1689:biophysical 1594:homeostasis 1508:exponential 1385:antibiotics 1270:ozone layer 1248:water cycle 1238:agriculture 1169:and 85% of 941:coral reefs 623:extinctions 568:by volume) 242:boundaries— 9739:Categories 9426:Sanitation 9381:Livelihood 9304:Ecovillage 9289:Eco-cities 9206:Accounting 9115:Pico hydro 9095:Hydropower 8913:Technology 8711:Principles 8541:Paul Hirst 8536:David Held 8401:Samir Amin 8391:Political 8326:Ravi Batra 8267:history of 8262:ecological 8237:Dependency 8185:Offshoring 8148:scientific 8138:linguistic 8103:Fair trade 8083:Care drain 8036:Tax havens 8031:Population 7940:History of 7779:mitigation 7774:assessment 7769:by country 7667:Decoupling 7629:Mitigation 7358:Reservoirs 7279:pesticides 7224:Explosives 7202:reservoirs 7103:irrigation 6888:1885/36498 6814:30 January 6732:26 October 6553:1885/29029 6447:16 October 6399:Samper, C. 6218:Peak water 6216:See also: 6166:(1): 2–6. 6045:7 November 5988:7 November 5978:2005017196 5673:26 October 5593:: 557–81, 5228:scidev.net 5165:SciDev.Net 5029:Meier 2017 4451:: 100712. 4326:1027177323 4310:. 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