Agriculture - Knowledge

3964: 963: 4475:, sesame had the most taxation, but overall, feed grains and oilseeds had much lower levels of taxation than livestock products. Since the 1980s, policy-driven distortions have decreases more among livestock products than crops during the worldwide reforms in agricultural policy. Despite this progress, certain crops, such as cotton, still see subsidies in developed countries artificially deflating global prices, causing hardship in developing countries with non-subsidized farmers. Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives. Commodities are generally reported by production quantities, such as volume, number or weight. 1914: 1786: 4104: 2824: 4720:(FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger and provides a forum for the negotiation of global agricultural regulations and agreements. Samuel Jutzi, director of FAO's animal production and health division, states that lobbying by large corporations has stopped reforms that would improve human health and the environment. For example, proposals in 2010 for a voluntary code of conduct for the livestock industry that would have provided incentives for improving standards for health, and environmental regulations, such as the number of animals an area of land can support without long-term damage, were successfully defeated due to large food company pressure. 4146: 3482:

agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking. With digital automation technologies, it also becomes possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations. For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application. Precision agriculture often employs such automation technologies. Motorized machines are increasingly complemented, or even superseded, by new digital equipment that automates diagnosis and decision-making. A conventional tractor, for example, can be converted into an automated vehicle allowing it to sow a field autonomously.

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tasks, they also generate new labor demand for other tasks, such as equipment maintenance and operation. Agricultural automation can also stimulate employment by allowing producers to expand production and by creating other agrifood systems jobs. This is especially true when it happens in context of rising scarcity of rural labor, as is the case in high-income countries and many middle-income countries. On the other hand, if forcedly promoted, for example through government subsidies in contexts of abundant rural labor, it can lead to labor displacement and falling or stagnant wages, particularly affecting poor and low-skilled workers.

1926: 3769:. These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide. With the increasing use of herbicide-tolerant crops, comes an increase in the use of glyphosate-based herbicide sprays. In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides. Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications. 14736: 14714: 14692: 14670: 14648: 14626: 14604: 14582: 14560: 3650: 3833:, which cause decreases in crop yield. Agriculture is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures, particularly habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emissions. Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on cotton. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report stated that agricultural operations produced some 13 per cent of anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions. This includes gases from the use of inorganic fertilizers, agro-chemical pesticides, and herbicides, as well as fossil fuel-energy inputs. 1243: 1705: 2693: 2116: 2071: 2863: 16594: 58: 2470: 4392: 3509: 1986: 4273: 3800: 4496: 3778:(Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects. These crops resist damage by insects. Some believe that similar or better pest-resistance traits can be acquired through traditional breeding practices, and resistance to various pests can be gained through hybridization or cross-pollination with wild species. In some cases, wild species are the primary source of resistance traits; some tomato cultivars that have gained resistance to at least 19 diseases did so through crossing with wild populations of tomatoes. 3342: 1858: 3219: 16682: 1736: 3837:

1996 of £2,343 million, or £208 per hectare. A 2005 analysis of these costs in the US concluded that cropland imposes approximately $ 5 to $ 16 billion ($ 30 to $ 96 per hectare), while livestock production imposes $ 714 million. Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs. Neither included subsidies in their analysis, but they noted that subsidies also influence the cost of agriculture to society.

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increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, and Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and growth control to avoid lodging).

3626:, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. Extensive X-ray and ultraviolet induced mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley. 3630: 16658: 691: 4355:

mulch and lack of systematic collection and management have led to the generation of large amounts of mulch residue. Weathering and degradation eventually cause the mulch to fragment. These fragments and larger pieces of plastic accumulate in soil. Mulch residue has been measured at levels of 50 to 260 kg per hectare in topsoil in areas where mulch use dates back more than 10 years, which confirms that mulching is a major source of both microplastic and macroplastic

1045: 1355: 16606: 15489: 2570: 2022:, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects. As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Ages 0–6 may be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture; common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles. 2345: 2245: 15501: 1747:, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Basin. 2595: 2320: 1539: 4019:. In 2021, the global agricultural land area was 4.79 billion hectares (ha), down 2 percent, or 0.09 billion ha compared with 2000. Between 2000 and 2021, roughly two-thirds of agricultural land were used for permanent meadows and pastures (3.21 billion ha in 2021), which declined by 5 percent (0.17 billion ha). One-third of the total agricultural land was cropland (1.58 billion ha in 2021), which increased by 6 percent (0.09 billion ha). 2768: 2270: 2370: 2495: 2168: 1692: 3457:, agricultural technologies will have the greatest impact on food production if adopted in combination with each other. Using a model that assessed how eleven technologies could impact agricultural productivity, food security and trade by 2050, the International Food Policy Research Institute found that the number of people at risk from hunger could be reduced by as much as 40% and food prices could be reduced by almost half. 4195: 2620: 3427: 3285: 2445: 2793: 2220: 2420: 2295: 16630: 15525: 2520: 2718: 2545: 2395: 2141: 4003:. Estimates of the amount of land transformed by humans vary from 39 to 50%. It is estimated that 24% of land globally experiences land degradation, a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, with cropland being disproportionately affected. Land management is the driving factor behind degradation; 1.5 billion people rely upon the degrading land. Degradation can be through deforestation, 3261:

a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050.

16618: 15513: 16694: 16670: 3869: 1514:, practiced systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming. Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. Because the forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used "selective burning" to increase the productivity of the wild 1942:

Greece and Portugal in 2013. In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms.

4351:, increase soil temperature and aid fertilizer application), shade cloth, pesticide containers, seedling trays, protective mesh and irrigation tubing. The polymers most commonly used in these products are low- density polyethylene (LPDE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 3587: 3750:. Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance are a few of the attributes bred into crops through genetic engineering. For some, GMO crops cause 4700:

A 2021 report finds that globally, support to agricultural producers accounts for almost US$ 540 billion a year. This amounts to 15 percent of total agricultural production value, and is heavily biased towards measures that are leading to inefficiency, as well as are unequally distributed and harmful

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is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Some overarching themes include

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and subsidies have affected farmers in both the developing and the developed world. In the 1980s, non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low global prices for farm products. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s,

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A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems". Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet. It is one of the largest sources of

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Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs, often employing measures that cut biodiversity to very low levels. Yield increases with inputs such as fertilizers and removal of pathogens, predators, and competitors (such as weeds). Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as

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Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment. A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for

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Measuring the overall employment impacts of agricultural automation is difficult because it requires large amounts of data tracking all the transformations and the associated reallocation of workers both upstream and downstream. While automation technologies reduce labor needs for the newly automated

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The gender gap in land productivity between female- and male managed farms of the same size is 24 percent. On average, women earn 18.4 percent less than men in wage employment in agriculture; this means that women receive 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. Progress has been slow in closing gaps

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Around the world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce. Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in

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Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries. As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labor-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity

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into the marine environment as a result of precipitation run-off and tidal washing. In addition, additives in residual plastic film (such as UV and thermal stabilizers) may have deleterious effects on crop growth, soil structure, nutrient transport and salt levels. There is a risk that plastic mulch

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Agricultural plastics, especially plastic films, are not easy to recycle because of high contamination levels (up to 40–50% by weight contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, soil and debris, moist vegetation, silage juice water, and UV stabilizers) and collection difficulties . Therefore, they are

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Agriculture simultaneously is facing growing freshwater demand and precipitation anomalies (droughts, floods, and extreme rainfall and weather events) on rainfed areas fields and grazing lands. Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources, and an estimated 41 percent of

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for agriculture are long term. This is because it takes time for research to become commercialized and for technology to be adapted to meet multiple regions’ needs, as well as meet national guidelines before being adopted and planted in a farmer’s fields. For instance, it took at least 60 years from

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to sharply increase yield by creating "high-yielding varieties". For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the US have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have

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Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention. Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment

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in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture for the following year. Recent technological innovations in precision agriculture allow for water status monitoring and automate water usage, leading to more efficient management. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use

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member countries. Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution. Industrialized countries use these operations to produce much of the global supplies of poultry and pork. Scientists estimate that 75% of the

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Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As of 2010, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was

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Larson, G.; Piperno, D. R.; Allaby, R. G.; Purugganan, M. D.; Andersson, L.; Arroyo-Kalin, M.; Barton, L.; Climer Vigueira, C.; Denham, T.; Dobney, K.; Doust, A. N.; Gepts, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Gremillion, K. J.; Lucas, L.; Lukens, L.; Marshall, F. B.; Olsen, K. M.; Pires, J.C.; Richerson, P. J.;

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Women in agriculture still have significantly less access than men to inputs, including improved seeds, fertilizers and mechanized equipment. On a positive note, the gender gap in access to mobile internet in low- and middle-income countries fell from 25 percent to 16 percent between 2017 and 2021,

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available work force, were employed in agriculture. This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry. The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007.

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provided funding for what it was the first to call "agricultural science", driven by farmers' interest in fertilizers. In agricultural entomology, the USDA began to research biological control in 1881; it instituted its first large program in 1905, searching Europe and Japan for natural enemies of

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The total amount of plastics used in agriculture is difficult to quantify. A 2012 study reported that almost 6.5 million tonnes per year were consumed globally while a later study estimated that global demand in 2015 was between 7.3 million and 9 million tonnes. Widespread use of plastic

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An alternative argument is that the way to "save the environment" and prevent famine is by using pesticides and intensive high yield farming, a view exemplified by a quote heading the Center for Global Food Issues website: 'Growing more per acre leaves more land for nature'. However, critics argue

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Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant. The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths. Pesticides select for

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Agricultural innovation developed for the specific agroecological conditions of one region is not easily transferred and used in another region with different agroecological conditions. Instead, the innovation would have to be adapted to the specific conditions of that other region and respect its

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Motorized mechanization has increased significantly across the world in recent years, although reliable global data with broad country coverage exist only for tractors and only up to 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past

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Women who work in agricultural production tend to do so under highly unfavorable conditions. They tend to be concentrated in the poorest countries, where alternative livelihoods are not available, and they maintain the intensity of their work in conditions of climate-induced weather shocks and in

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In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women's

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In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labor shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize. Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of the salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy,

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have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years. Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services". Thus defined, it

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During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%. In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%. At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the

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Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity, between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021. Food insecurity and malnutrition can be the result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings. It can also be caused by a country's structural

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produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares (120 acres) and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres).

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that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11

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Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of goods and services". Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th

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resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered. A solution would be to give value to ecosystems, recognizing environmental and livelihood tradeoffs, and balancing the rights of a variety of users and interests. Inequities that result when such measures are adopted would need to be

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describes how human-induced warming has slowed growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes. Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations. Warming is also negatively affecting crop and

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Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking. Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in Northern Europe, and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries.

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The technological evolution in agriculture has involved a progressive move from manual tools to animal traction, to motorized mechanization, to digital equipment and finally, to robotics with artificial intelligence (AI). Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of

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finds that these definitions do not capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools (e.g., sensors) that automate only diagnosis. FAO defines

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Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds,

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considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural

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farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago. There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period. In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in

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animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists. Mixed

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Agricultural automation can help address some of the challenges associated with climate change and thus facilitate adaptation efforts. For example, the application of digital automation technologies (e.g. in precision agriculture) can improve resource-use efficiency in conditions which are

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is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources. While industrial withdrawals have declined in the past few decades and municipal withdrawals have increased only marginally since 2010, agricultural

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represented major shares of total emissions (38% and 29%, respectively), whereas rice and beef were the largest contributing plant- and animal-based commodities (12% and 25%, respectively). South and Southeast Asia and South America were the largest emitters of production-based GHGs.

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agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work or improving the timeliness, and potentially the precision, of agricultural operations.

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worldwide. However, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture vary significantly by income level. In least developed countries and landlocked developing countries, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture are as high as 90 percent of total water withdrawals and about 60 percent in

4260:. Current mono-crop farming practices in the United States preclude widespread adoption of sustainable practices, such as 2–3 crop rotations that incorporate grass or hay with annual crops, unless negative emission goals such as soil carbon sequestration become policy. 1753:

is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's

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can account for over half of agricultural energy usage. Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use. Direct and indirect energy consumption by U.S. farms peaked in 1979, and has since gradually declined.

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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (30 August 2019). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".

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of aquatic ecosystems and pollution of groundwater, with harmful effects on human populations. Fertilizers also reduce terrestrial biodiversity by increasing competition for light, favoring those species that are able to benefit from the added nutrients.

4372:, deplete soil organic matter stocks, increase soil water repellence and emit greenhouse gases. Microplastics released through fragmentation of agricultural plastics can absorb and concentrate contaminants capable of being passed up the trophic chain. 4470:

However, as of 2009, there was still a significant amount of policy-driven distortion in global agricultural product prices. The three agricultural products with the most trade distortion were sugar, milk and rice, mainly due to taxation. Among the

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sources. Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, with world grain production increasing significantly (between 70% and 390% for wheat and 60% to 150% for rice, depending on geographic area) as

1955:(FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing – for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration. 1971:

and the gender gap in access to bank accounts narrowed from 9 to 6 percentage points. Women are as likely as men to adopt new technologies when the necessary enabling factors are put in place and they have equal access to complementary resources.

855:. Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion m of wood. However, around 14% of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level. 2049:

has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry. The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds a yearly summit to discuss safety.

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usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.

5929:; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina (11 March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". 4324:

encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. Agriculture accounts for less than one-fifth of food system energy use in the US.

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increasingly constrained for agricultural producers. Moreover, when applied to sensing and early warning, they can help address the uncertainty and unpredictability of weather conditions associated with accelerating climate change.

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The food demand of Earth's projected population, with current climate change predictions, could be satisfied by improvement of agricultural methods, expansion of agricultural areas, and a sustainability-oriented consumer mindset.

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Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.

3281:. This trend has led to a significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds. 4180:

Approximately 57% of global GHG emissions from the production of food are from the production of animal-based food while plant-based foods contribute 29% and the remaining 14% is for other utilizations. Farmland management and

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Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how water, land, and

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From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labour, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies.

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Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that

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is a method of providing additional incentives to encourage farmers to conserve some aspects of the environment. Measures might include paying for reforestation upstream of a city, to improve the supply of fresh water.

14467:"Corporate Lobbying Is Blocking Food Reforms, Senior UN Official Warns: Farming Summit Told of Delaying Tactics by Large Agribusiness and Food Producers on Decisions that Would Improve Human Health and the Environment" 4291:

Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides. The vast majority of this energy input comes from

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and environmental requirements and guidelines. Some such adaptations can be seen through the steadily increasing number of plant varieties protected under the plant variety protection instrument administered by the

3762:, an international treaty, regulates the trade of GMOs. There is ongoing discussion regarding the labeling of foods made from GMOs, and while the EU currently requires all GMO foods to be labeled, the US does not. 3401:, avoidance, and resistance. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort. 12020: 11401: 1872:

Agriculture employed 873 million people in 2021, or 27% of the global workforce, compared with 1 027 million (or 40%) in 2000. The share of agriculture in global GDP was stable at around 4% since 2000 - 2023.

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to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or

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Griscom, Bronson W.; Adams, Justin; Ellis, Peter W.; Houghton, Richard A.; Lomax, Guy; Miteva, Daniela A.; Schlesinger, William H.; Shoch, David; Siikamäki, Juha V.; Smith, Pete; Woodbury, Peter (2017).

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Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017), Briske, David D. (ed.), "Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences",

9994: 4716:. Political action groups, including those interested in environmental issues and labor unions, also provide influence, as do lobbying organizations representing individual agricultural commodities. The 4411:

century. Although the study of agricultural economics is relatively recent, major trends in agriculture have significantly affected national and international economies throughout history, ranging from

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or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.

3374:. It can improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO 3329:. Much of this growth is happening in developing countries in Asia, with much smaller amounts of growth in Africa. Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of 13998: 12518: 4312:

in two fundamental ways: direct consumption on the farm and manufacture of inputs used on the farm. Direct consumption includes the use of lubricants and fuels to operate farm vehicles and machinery.

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has decreased sustainable yields of some wild fish populations while ocean acidification and warming have already affected farmed aquatic species. Climate change will probably increase the risk of

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includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of use of manure produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure,

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Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.)

4689:), research and development, and market access for domestic commodities (including relations with global organizations and agreements with other countries). Agricultural policy can also touch on 4226:

addressed, such as the reallocation of water from poor to rich, the clearing of land to make way for more productive farmland, or the preservation of a wetland system that limits fishing rights.

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was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange).

8435: 4045:, and renders water unfit for drinking and other industrial uses. Excessive fertilization and manure application to cropland, as well as high livestock stocking densities cause nutrient (mainly 6973: 4343:

Plastic products are used extensively in agriculture, including to increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water and agrichemical use. "Agriplastic" products include films to cover

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is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the

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Trewavas, Anthony (2004). "A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture".

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crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.

12880: 11339: 1628:, allowing global population to rise significantly. Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as 5980:

Larson, Greger; Albarella, Umberto; Dobney, Keith; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Schibler, Jörg; Tresset, Anne; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Schlumbaum, Angela (25 September 2007).

14748: 11580: 10718:

Rosegrant, Mark W.; Koo, Jawoo; Cenacchi, Nicola; Ringler, Claudia; Robertson, Richard D.; Fisher, Myles; Cox, Cindy M.; Garrett, Karen; Perez, Nicostrato D.; Sabbagh, Pascale (2014).

8330: 1764:

is cultivation to maximize productivity, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation). It is practiced mainly in developed countries.

14103:

A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden.

780:

However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land. Farms and farming greatly influence

11791: 6372: 3692: 1922:

by reducing labor requirements per unit of output. Over time, a combination of labor supply and labor demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture.

13674: 6769:

Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).

5671: 2034:, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play. 12356: 11679: 9172: 14568: 9247: 12392:

Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. (1998). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen".

8516: 8099: 12977: 4363:

often buried or abandoned in fields and watercourses or burned. These disposal practices lead to soil degradation and can result in contamination of soils and leakage of

14446: 13478: 9351: 14451: 14336: 12016: 5790:

Zong, Y.; When, Z.; Innes, J. B.; Chen, C.; Wang, Z.; Wang, H. (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China".

4074:

current global irrigation water use occurs at the expense of environmental flow requirements. It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the

13128: 11196: 11932: 13344: 13334: 10018: 13962: 13921: 13448: 8547: 8005: 3999:

Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is the driving force causing

9904: 8129: 3848:

The environmental effects of climate change show that research on pests and diseases that do not generally afflict areas is essential. In 2021, farmers discovered

14476: 7726: 4462:, tariffs and others, can significantly change the economic marketplace for agricultural products. Since at least the 1960s, a combination of trade restrictions, 4451:

has increased in the sector as well, and although the total effect of the increased market concentration is likely increased efficiency, the changes redistribute

12886: 4717: 3718: 1963:

situations of conflict. Women are less likely to participate as entrepreneurs and independent farmers and are engaged in the production of less lucrative crops.

1406:

used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland from 400 BC. In South America agriculture may have begun about 9000 BC with the domestication of

14618:

In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

9986: 1274:

around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs.

10016:

Heiberger, Scott (3 July 2018). "The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona".

8352: 3317: 1728:, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid and semi-arid regions of 1351:, the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products. 1234:, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated. 13988: 4131:

technique involves intercropping, using plant aromas to repel pests from crops (push) and to lure them to a place from which they can then be removed (pull).

1246:

Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory. DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in

12503: 9805: 4443:, have risen while the costs attributed to farming have declined. This is related to the greater efficiency of farming, combined with the increased level of 2038: 1802:

are major concerns globally; approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In recent years there has been a backlash against the

14590: 10733: 6201: 1865:

By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States. Economists measure the

15562: 12882:

Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

12601: 11341:

Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

14223: 13526: 12926: 11656: 11097: 9204: 13012:

Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (2021).

6056: 2065: 12192: 9327:

Caruso, F.; Corrado, A. (2015). "Migrazioni e lavoro agricolo: un confronto tra Italia e Spagna in tempi di crisi". In M. Colucci & S. Gallo (ed.).

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In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

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Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.

4165:

into agricultural land. The agriculture, forestry and land use sector contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions of

4119:

in the pest population, leading to a condition termed the "pesticide treadmill" in which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.

8670: 7125: 6963: 4693:, ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality, food security, ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs, and 2859:. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs. 2031: 9089: 8377: 6394: 4697:. Policy programs can range from financial programs, such as subsidies, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs. 16634: 15668: 13404: 12241: 11220: 4529:, production techniques and improvement, study of pests and their management, and study of adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation, 2002:

Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease,

13794: 12826: 8432:"Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1" 13557: 13338: 13222: 11286: 10719: 10077: 7145: 6114: 2923:

in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as

1884: 14722: 11222:

Trade and Environment Review 2013: Wake up before it is too late: Make agriculture truly sustainable now for food security in a changing climate

10387: 10203: 5214:

Li, Hongjie; Sosa Calvo, Jeffrey; Horn, Heidi A.; Pupo, Mônica T.; Clardy, Jon; Rabeling, Cristian; Schultz, Ted R.; Currie, Cameron R. (2018).

15474: 15129: 15092: 12890: 12105: 11345: 5345:

Stevenson, G. C. (1971). "Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10".

4229:

Technological advancements help provide farmers with tools and resources to make farming more sustainable. Technology permits innovations like

612: 572: 90: 8334: 5182: 3316:

Landless systems rely upon feed from outside the farm, representing the de-linking of crop and livestock production found more prevalently in

11247: 9990: 7074: 2046: 13704: 8780:

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

5768: 5539:

Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition".

3991:

are green (sorghum may be slightly paler). Wheat is brilliant gold. Fields of brown have been recently harvested and plowed or have lain in

1110:. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of 14825: 12162: 11538: 10302: 3454: 1218:

around 3500 BC. Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from

6364: 14744: 14572: 12218: 11868: 7943: 7635: 7268: 7225: 6940: 6747: 4826: 2059: 1431: 14027: 13849: 13666: 12568: 12477: 11359: 8035: 7538: 7358: 6440: 5661: 1194:

region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia.

13877: 13768: 10242: 9739: 9696: 9666: 7511: 4128: 3765:

Herbicide-resistant seeds have a gene implanted into their genome that allows the plants to tolerate exposure to herbicides, including

3415:

period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or

11991: 11539:"Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: The Challenge of increasing crop yield potential and precision agriculture" 8073: 4704:

There are many influences on the creation of agricultural policy, including consumers, agribusiness, trade lobbies and other groups.

4140: 3963: 3551: 899: 14369: 13424: 12367: 11683: 11113:

Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022

9544: 8751: 8461: 6078: 5693:

Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (22 July 2015).

16431: 15555: 15442: 15386: 13726: 12514: 11765: 10451: 9187: 3830: 3524: 3503: 1461: 674: 14662:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

14187: 10103: 9239: 7319: 1933:, the proportion of people working in agriculture (left-hard bar in each group, green) falls as an economy becomes more developed. 14612: 13154: 9934: 9447: 9149: 8920: 8524: 7687: 5319: 3722: 14119: 13067: 12076: 11909: 8227: 8091: 7096:

Morgan, John (6 November 2013). "Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science".

6828:

Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; et al. (2012).

1306:

culture by 8,000–6,000 BC. Cotton was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC. Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn

14268: 12985: 11736: 11520: 9277: 4541: 4315:

Indirect consumption includes the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, and farm machinery. In particular, the production of

3930: 14418: 13471: 12843:

Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). "The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management".

11846: 11217:

Hoffmann, U., Section B: Agriculture – a key driver and a major victim of global warming, in: Lead Article, in: Chapter 1, in

10937: 10903: 10696: 10602: 9640: 9343: 9305: 8864: 8818: 5126: 4928: 1869:

of agriculture, according to which agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.

14536: 14517: 14441: 14412: 14325: 14086: 14061: 13843: 13360: 13302: 12293: 12132: 11977: 11488: 11169: 11130: 10897: 10682: 10596: 10276: 10236: 9589: 9583: 8858: 8804: 8745: 8500: 8202: 7937: 7894: 7697: 7670: 7629: 7602: 7577: 7505: 7453: 7391: 7352: 7262: 7219: 6934: 6741: 6276: 6050: 5850: 5399: 5165: 5120: 4914: 3807: 3789: 2042: 719: 13628: 13117: 11186: 8886: 7900: 7459: 5405: 12684: 11936: 11446: 8312: 3942: 3860:

for 20 to 30 years. Because of climate change, insects that used to die off over the winter are now alive and multiplying.

3370:

to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to

3301: 13094: 11567:

Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat=60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of maize=56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg

10881:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

9743: 8692: 3949:

from global livestock are projected to increase by 60 per cent by 2030 under current practices and consumption patterns."

15548: 15344: 13947: 13910: 13605: 12960: 12912: 8398: 8001: 7560:

Sugihara, Neil G.; Van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Shaffer, Kevin E.; Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Thode, Andrea E., eds. (2006). "17".

6518: 883: 12653: 9896: 8121: 7535:"P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time" 15374: 14466: 12820: 12762: 12562: 10487: 10430: 9710: 9670: 8646: 7718: 6478: 4521:

used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics,

4098: 3958: 3322: 1880:

Pesticide use in agriculture went up 62% between 2000 and 2021, with the Americas accounting for half the use in 2021.

1839: 1795: 13382: 9964: 5016: 3599:

drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist

2045:

to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues. In the European Union, the

15916: 15529: 14230: 12657: 12627: 12363: 12128: 9900: 9770:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org" 9402: 9243: 8729: 6895: 6623:

Lal, R. (2001). "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000".

6610: 6572: 6551: 6231: 5104: 5076: 5072: 5012: 3512:

The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in

3474: 3187: 3084: 2963: 2026: 1952: 943: 17: 14209: 8348: 7292:"The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments" 14818: 9514: 8979: 3758:

concerns. Numerous countries have placed restrictions on the production, import or use of GMO foods and crops. The

3411:, compost and minerals. Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a 14210:

110 years of biological control research and development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883–1993

12623: 9769: 9119: 9038: 5761:"First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation" 4677:

risk management and adjustment (including policies related to climate change, food safety and natural disasters),

2642:

The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the

15422: 15407: 15402: 15179: 14302: 11315: 11225:. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). pp. 3, 5. Archived from 6183: 4781: 3528: 1625: 1098:

The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by

654: 639: 634: 140: 14234: 12591: 12405: 12308:

Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. (1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems".

11906:"Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies" 11652: 11264: 10642: 10625: 4123:

that a trade-off between the environment and a need for food is not inevitable, and that pesticides can replace

1325:. Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC, followed by irrigation. By the late 2nd century, 15469: 15464: 15412: 15159: 14750:

World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization

14141:

Silvertown, Jonathan; Poulton, Paul; Johnston, Edward; Edwards, Grant; Heard, Matthew; Biss, Pamela M. (2006).

13522: 13511: 12905: 11480: 11049: 9212: 6702: 4103: 3460: 3447: 1980: 1333:. These spread westwards across Eurasia. Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago – depending on the 644: 607: 602: 120: 13155:"Benefits of Crop Protection Technologies on Canadian Food Production, Nutrition, Economy and the Environment" 1460:

is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. The

1302:

were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in

1286:, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as 16622: 15144: 14855: 14700: 14634: 12184: 10967: 6496:"Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration" 3269:

During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock

2823: 2015: 1664: 1344: 939: 105: 14656: 10580:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems

7559: 2919:

environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple

1785: 1337:

estimate that is used– on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice

962: 15943: 15641: 15164: 15139: 11581:"World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - 3 The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization" 4682: 3213: 2019: 1588: 1435: 1367: 1275: 125: 100: 8666: 7846:

Williams, Elizabeth (1988). "Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia".

3772:

Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium

16462: 15149: 14811: 14596:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

13802: 9375:

The shades of green: Migrants' contribution to EU agriculture. Context, trends, opportunities, challenges

9061: 8374: 7929: 7141:"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping" 7000:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication" 6402: 5216:"Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants" 4963: 4557: 4124: 1913: 1908: 1561: 1497: 1477: 1348: 110: 12248: 11226: 2842:) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then 1877:

characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy.

16648: 15953: 15626: 15606: 15189: 15124: 14951: 13835: 13806: 7407:

Heiser, Carl B. Jr. (1992). "On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America".

4467:

several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions.

4145: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3714: 3547:. Global warming is already affecting agriculture, with effects unevenly distributed across the world. 2003: 1989: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1211: 1195: 1028:, but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded. It may also be broadly decomposed into 431: 150: 85: 14640:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development

10069: 9987:"Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry" 3633:

Seedlings in a green house. This is what it looks like when seedlings are growing from plant breeding.

16482: 16436: 16286: 14926: 14678: 14294: 13873:"Industrialization and Consolidation in the US Food Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare" 12717: 11363: 10823:

Lowenberg-DeBoer, James; Huang, Iona Yuelu; Grigoriadis, Vasileios; Blackmore, Simon (1 April 2020).

10379: 10199: 10173: 6736:. Volume 11 of The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages Series. Psychology Press. p. 270. 6325: 4894:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses

4686: 4062: 3814: 3755: 3710: 3253:, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, 2904:, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as 1866: 1851: 1311: 919: 712: 406: 12324: 12094: 11933:"Priority products and materials: assessing the environmental impacts of consumption and production" 9428:"New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal" 5191: 5157: 5150: 4233:, a farming process which helps prevent land loss to erosion, reduces water pollution, and enhances 3389:), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, 1951:

sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades. However, the

1158:

of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans,

15876: 15733: 15437: 15023: 14936: 14921: 14876: 13124: 9957:"CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio : Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing : Program Description" 4746: 4440: 4245: 4158: 3938: 3906: 3890: 3222: 2006:, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On 1925: 1811: 1102:. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of 669: 503: 416: 401: 339: 265: 31: 12778: 11344:. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 12. Archived from 9575:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2017. Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation

4455:

from producers (farmers) and consumers, and may have negative implications for rural communities.

1655:

Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including

16520: 16296: 16198: 16193: 15911: 15788: 15364: 15087: 15082: 14973: 14941: 13696: 12124:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief

11367: 11244: 7058: 6565:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds

5760: 5100:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

4856: 4570: 4215: 3649: 3622:

Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and

3431: 1815: 1803: 1485: 1179: 567: 562: 453: 421: 14781: 14735: 14713: 14691: 14669: 14647: 14625: 14603: 14581: 14559: 13911:"How Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?" 12154: 11546: 10298: 7661:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources

7203:

Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation

16724: 16421: 16358: 16306: 16269: 16264: 15738: 15432: 15417: 15359: 15354: 15109: 15040: 15033: 14850: 14845: 14396:

A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems

13551:

Woods, Jeremy; Williams, Adrian; Hughes, John K.; Black, Mairi; Murphy, Richard (August 2010).

12319: 11864: 10933:

Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production

8223: 7719:"The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche" 7569: 6320: 5046: 4756: 4729: 4436: 4386: 4276: 4058: 3980: 3774: 3544: 3473:

of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices. However,

2011: 2007: 1704: 1507: 1251: 1082: 915: 789: 765: 664: 649: 520: 513: 275: 67: 13603: 13014:"Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods" 12749:

Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastic: The Environmental Triumph of High-Yield Farming

12214: 11860: 9301:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development

7923: 7619: 7248: 7201: 6924: 6731: 6425: 2106:

Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD

1242: 16610: 16368: 16085: 15703: 15698: 15591: 15248: 15028: 14020: 13604:

Canning, Patrick; Charles, Ainsley; Huang, Sonya; Polenske, Karen R.; Waters, Arnold (2010).

12544: 12430: 8028: 7534: 7381: 7342: 7119: 5302: 4741: 4713: 4561: 4253: 3933:

is now occupied by pastures and the remainder used for feed crops. Through deforestation and

3654: 1395: 911: 508: 334: 270: 243: 13757: 13158: 12357:"Global assessment of land degradation and improvement: 1. identification by remote sensing" 10717: 10226: 8913:"World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)" 7561: 7495: 6242:

Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.)

5190: 4305:

has raised concerns that oil shortages could increase costs and reduce agricultural output.

2942:

Important categories of food crops include cereals, legumes, forage, fruits and vegetables.

2683:

Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)

16714: 16472: 16413: 15906: 15857: 15718: 15693: 15673: 15493: 15329: 15119: 14978: 14931: 14298: 14260: 14156: 13231: 13189: 12445: 12058: 11959: 11410: 11002: 10756: 10445:"Growth Promoting Hormones Pose Health Risk to Consumers, Confirms EU Scientific Committee" 9842: 8592: 8276: 7761: 7154: 7011: 6841: 6782: 6632: 6312: 6123: 5993: 5938: 5879: 5799: 5706: 5600: 5548: 5444: 5227: 4751: 4694: 4596: 4510: 4484: 4463: 4448: 4403: 4234: 4230: 4199: 4116: 4042: 3853: 1744: 1672: 1633: 1295: 1126:

between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by

1123: 1093: 705: 458: 411: 80: 12856: 8061: 7965:

Watson, Andrew M. (1974). "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100".

8: 16391: 16254: 15810: 15678: 15663: 15611: 15601: 15517: 14946: 14726: 14361: 13730: 13418: 13333: 9536: 8723: 8457: 6086: 5666: 4851: 4831: 4811: 4673: 4590: 4316: 3704: 3404: 2862: 2070: 1930: 1834:. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as 1781:

Suitability for agriculture of land around the world (US Department of Agriculture, 1998)

1750: 1725: 1565: 1550: 1003:' or 'growing'. While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of 426: 38: 14160: 13734: 13235: 13193: 12449: 12062: 11758: 11414: 11006: 10991:"Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda" 10760: 10444: 9846: 8596: 8280: 7765: 7158: 7139:

Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. (2005).

7015: 6845: 6786: 6636: 6316: 6127: 5997: 5942: 5883: 5803: 5710: 5604: 5552: 5448: 5231: 3967:

Countries with the highest share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal.

3937:, livestock is also driving reductions in biodiversity. A well documented phenomenon is 1386:. Cocoa was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC. The 57: 16662: 16593: 16467: 16381: 16346: 16232: 16125: 16105: 15505: 15427: 15253: 15169: 14786: 14184: 14147: 13581: 13552: 13398: 13374: 13316: 13262: 13217: 13059: 12596: 12469: 12337: 12240:

Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).

11983: 11634: 11473: 11433: 11280: 11087: 11028: 10854: 10688: 10355: 10328: 10099: 10051: 9873: 9829:"Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study" 9828: 9797: 9632: 9506: 9498: 9077: 9030: 8971: 8810: 8621: 8580: 8169: 8144: 7982: 7823: 7790: 7659: 7448:. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Publications Department. p. 75. 7424: 7311: 7177: 7140: 7034: 6999: 6864: 6829: 6805: 6770: 6510: 6467: 6346: 6282: 6082: 6016: 5981: 5962: 5902: 5867: 5865: 5823: 5737: 5694: 5642: 5572: 5521: 5467: 5432: 5370: 5258: 5215: 4990: 4920: 4761: 4678: 4420: 4356: 4348: 4012: 3873: 3759: 3513: 2892:, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of 2647: 2089: 1637: 1629: 1595: 1493: 1473: 1282:

and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the

1222:

to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing

887: 695: 659: 248: 130: 12071: 12017:"Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication" 11815:"Glyphosate inhibition of ferric reductase activity in iron deficient sunflower roots" 10299:"Description of Systems in World Livestock Systems – Current status issues and trends" 9926: 9427: 9141: 8912: 7703: 7537:. Pland & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California. 7291: 6644: 5323: 4391: 1698:

herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.

16719: 16515: 16376: 16341: 16336: 16203: 16045: 15830: 15778: 15500: 15097: 15070: 15018: 14988: 14532: 14513: 14408: 14333:

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Policy in the 21st Century: Challenges and Solutions

14207:

Coulson, J. R.; Vail, P. V.; Dix M. E.; Nordlund, D. A.; Kauffman, W. C.; Eds. 2000.

14169: 14142: 14115: 14082: 14057: 13839: 13586: 13378: 13366: 13356: 13320: 13308: 13298: 13289:. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. pp. 117, 125, 135. 13267: 13249: 13063: 13051: 13043: 13013: 12952: 12860: 12816: 12758: 12747: 12558: 12461: 12310: 12289: 12185:"New virulent disease threatens wheat crops in Europe and North Africa – researchers" 12046: 11987: 11973: 11905: 11838: 11833: 11626: 11484: 11438: 11187:"Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops" 11165: 11126: 11079: 11071: 11033: 11020: 10893: 10858: 10846: 10805: 10692: 10678: 10592: 10483: 10422: 10418: 10360: 10272: 10232: 10043: 10035: 9878: 9860: 9789: 9636: 9579: 9510: 9490: 9486: 9408: 9398: 9081: 9022: 8963: 8854: 8814: 8800: 8741: 8626: 8608: 8496: 8375:"Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land" 8294: 8251:

The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace

8219: 8174: 7986: 7933: 7890: 7828: 7810: 7693: 7666: 7625: 7598: 7573: 7562: 7501: 7449: 7428: 7387: 7348: 7258: 7215: 7182: 7039: 6930: 6891: 6869: 6810: 6737: 6698: 6606: 6568: 6547: 6544:

The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

6474: 6338: 6286: 6272: 6227: 6151: 6146: 6109: 6046: 6021: 5954: 5907: 5866:

McTavish, E. J.; Decker, J. E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J. F.; Hillis, D. M. (2013).

5846: 5815: 5742: 5724: 5646: 5634: 5626: 5564: 5513: 5472: 5395: 5362: 5263: 5245: 5161: 5116: 4994: 4982: 4924: 4910: 4871: 4861: 4846: 4841: 4791: 4565: 4334: 4026: 4000: 3946: 3818: 3623: 3616: 3278: 2897: 1789:

Recent trends of employment in agriculture (including forestry and fishing) by region

1761: 1712: 1573: 1465: 1403: 1107: 923: 577: 550: 498: 468: 317: 260: 223: 15869: 12473: 11728: 11505: 11092: 10055: 9269: 7315: 6350: 5966: 5576: 5525: 5374: 3535:(like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric 1985: 16598: 16572: 16326: 16090: 15815: 15763: 15616: 15334: 15292: 15184: 15075: 14983: 14968: 14776: 14638: 14616: 14594: 14400: 14185:

The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?

14164: 13886: 13629:"Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System" 13576: 13566: 13348: 13290: 13257: 13239: 13197: 13033: 13025: 12918: 12852: 12754: 12550: 12453: 12409: 12401: 12341: 12329: 12279: 12066: 11965: 11828: 11814: 11618: 11428: 11418: 11155: 11116: 11061: 11010: 10931: 10885: 10836: 10795: 10768: 10764: 10725: 10670: 10637: 10584: 10414: 10350: 10340: 10027: 9868: 9850: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9700: 9624: 9482: 9439: 9388: 9378: 9299: 9073: 9014: 8955: 8846: 8792: 8784: 8733: 8653:, Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman David King, p. 9 8616: 8600: 8581:"A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture" 8488: 8284: 8164: 8156: 7974: 7818: 7802: 7769: 7416: 7303: 7207: 7172: 7162: 7105: 7066: 7029: 7019: 6859: 6849: 6800: 6790: 6640: 6330: 6268: 6264: 6191: 6141: 6131: 6011: 6001: 5946: 5897: 5887: 5827: 5807: 5732: 5714: 5616: 5608: 5556: 5503: 5462: 5452: 5354: 5298: 5253: 5235: 5108: 4977: 4972: 4958: 4902: 4866: 4786: 4549: 4530: 4452: 4298: 4272: 4174: 3934: 3826: 3799: 3642: 3638: 3612: 3608: 3508: 3438: 3207: 1676: 1645: 1511: 1469: 1247: 1227: 1053: 1021: 931: 891: 760: 555: 463: 448: 186: 145: 16013: 14792: 13472:"The Future of the Green Revolution: Implications for International Grain Markets" 12122: 10666:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming water challenges in agriculture

10031: 9573: 8193: 16577: 16562: 16557: 16249: 16155: 16135: 16035: 16023: 16008: 15988: 15983: 15847: 15798: 15773: 15753: 15309: 15045: 14503: 14191: 13829: 13635: 13443: 13201: 12877:

Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in:

12333: 11819: 11713: 11251: 10800: 10783: 10478:

Brady, N. C.; Weil, R. R. (2002). "Practical Nutrient Management" pp. 472–515 in

9855: 9142:"Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data" 8890: 8650: 8381: 7884: 7443: 6995: 6040: 5719: 5389: 4522: 4495: 4432: 4207: 4182: 4004: 3822: 3803: 3734:

potato plants (left) resist virus diseases that damage unmodified plants (right).

3666: 3604: 3560: 3543:

concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and changes in

3532: 3416: 3371: 3341: 3326: 2843: 1996: 1843: 1807: 1656: 1387: 1383: 1339: 1334: 1219: 1215: 1099: 1057: 1012: 957: 927: 852: 781: 525: 297: 282: 218: 201: 16040: 14772: 12842: 12692: 12284: 11475:

George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer. The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th century

11393: 9735: 8696: 8492: 8316: 3218: 2962:

throughout the world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on

16674: 16552: 16542: 16386: 16331: 16321: 16140: 16115: 16095: 15963: 15958: 15948: 15840: 15835: 15820: 15748: 15648: 15265: 14546: 14365: 13613: 13090: 13029: 11402:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

10841: 10824: 10264: 10153:"Farming Systems: Development, Productivity, and Sustainability", pp. 25–57 in 9018: 8604: 8289: 8264: 6398: 5868:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" 5282: 5220:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5098: 4898: 4836: 4801: 4534: 4518: 4154: 4080: 4066: 4054: 4022: 3886: 3746:

material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as

3669:

equivalent protection systems applied for on agricultural innovation worldwide.

3581: 3536: 3520: 3366:

Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or

3330: 3238: 3062: 2959: 2874: 2839: 2827: 1857: 1819: 1577: 1407: 1017: 978: 935: 895: 863: 816: 324: 16276: 12945: 12922: 12714:

Our planet, our health: Report of the WHO commission on health and environment

11969: 11015: 10990: 9662: 9471:"Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture" 8408: 7978: 7344:

The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present

6495: 6196: 6110:"Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca" 6042:

The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present

5358: 5289:; Schultz, Ted R. (December 2005). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". 4708:

interests hold a large amount of influence over policy making, in the form of

2014:, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is 1735: 16708: 16547: 16525: 16301: 16210: 16160: 16145: 16080: 16075: 16060: 16030: 15993: 15973: 15933: 15928: 15898: 15864: 15803: 15783: 15768: 15728: 15636: 15540: 15459: 15324: 15282: 15228: 15050: 14871: 14574:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

14509: 13439:"World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists" 13340:

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

13287:

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

13253: 13047: 12956: 12661: 12631: 12542: 12504:"Findings of the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture" 11705: 11630: 11394:"Genetic Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation in Maize: I. Unfiltered Radiation" 11389: 11075: 11024: 10850: 10809: 10039: 9864: 9705: 9494: 9412: 9085: 9026: 8967: 8612: 7814: 7791:"Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations" 6713: 6300: 5982:"Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe" 5728: 5630: 5366: 5249: 4986: 4816: 4416: 4412: 4396: 4364: 4338: 4302: 4280: 4166: 4034: 4016: 3926: 3902: 3662: 3600: 3556: 3367: 3357: 3250: 3034: 2943: 2928: 2901: 2866: 1896: 1847: 1617: 1610:, and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to the Americas. 1501: 907: 785: 756: 597: 530: 312: 213: 206: 13891: 13872: 13634:. University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Food Systems. Archived from 13244: 12685:"Public health risks associated with pesticides and natural toxins in foods" 12457: 11543:

Proceedings of a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Irvine, California

10623: 8643: 7167: 7024: 6795: 6334: 6303:; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". 6006: 5950: 5892: 5612: 5560: 5508: 5491: 5457: 5240: 4402:

led to high prices and widespread protest, such as this 1846 meeting of the

3971: 1777: 1142:

between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from the wild

894:

have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about

747:

for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of

37:

This article is about agriculture for humans. For agriculture for ants, see

16686: 16492: 16311: 16291: 16259: 16188: 16175: 16150: 16130: 16100: 15825: 15793: 15571: 15379: 15238: 15213: 15055: 15013: 14958: 14916: 14797: 14740: 14718: 14696: 14674: 14652: 14630: 14608: 14586: 14564: 14471: 13993: 13590: 13571: 13370: 13312: 13271: 13055: 12946:

Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018

12864: 12465: 12431:"Competition for Light Causes Plant Biodiversity Loss After Eutrophication" 11842: 11442: 11423: 11191: 11083: 11066: 10426: 10402: 10364: 10345: 10047: 9956: 9882: 9793: 9692: 8630: 8298: 8178: 8160: 7880: 7832: 7806: 7186: 7110: 7043: 6968: 6873: 6814: 6342: 6155: 6136: 6025: 5958: 5926: 5911: 5819: 5746: 5638: 5568: 5517: 5476: 5267: 4821: 4776: 4771: 4705: 4690: 4369: 4321: 4309: 4249: 4203: 4008: 3687: 3629: 3586: 3442: 3408: 2924: 2920: 2889: 2856: 1888: 1823: 1599: 1568:. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into 1489: 1481: 1326: 1147: 867: 812: 793: 776: 752: 535: 493: 438: 396: 353: 329: 12951:(Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2. 10729: 8548:"Hydroponic Veggies Are Taking Over Organic, And A Move To Ban Them Fails" 7383:

The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

7070: 6771:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 5695:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming" 3277:

that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve

1830:(CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as 1150:

emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where

1044: 16698: 16403: 16398: 16070: 16065: 16055: 16050: 15978: 15968: 15743: 15708: 15688: 15653: 15621: 15369: 15304: 15287: 15260: 15233: 15218: 15194: 15065: 14906: 14213:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. pp. 3–11 12355:

Bai, Z.G.; Dent, D.L.; Olsson, L. & Schaepman, M.E. (November 2008).

10822: 8959: 4766: 4556:

and Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term agronomy field experiments at

4444: 4428: 4293: 4284: 4030: 3751: 3262: 2905: 2881: 2084:

Largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) according to

1892: 1755: 1721: 1649: 1641: 1621: 1569: 1557: 1522: 1453: 1444: 1379: 1322: 1283: 1139: 1111: 1004: 836: 769: 740: 545: 371: 361: 302: 287: 196: 181: 155: 9502: 9470: 8975: 8943: 7867:

Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory

6854: 6514: 5811: 5621: 3292:

Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as

3229:

Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk,

2939:, highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system. 1414:

was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and

16120: 16003: 15938: 15923: 15881: 15758: 15658: 15060: 15008: 15003: 14886: 14290: 13958: 13667:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 11638: 11606: 9173:"Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800" 9111: 9034: 9002: 8845:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 8796: 8783:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 7774: 7749: 5008: 4959:"Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated?" 4806: 4736: 4578: 4574: 4553: 4526: 4344: 4085: 4050: 3766: 3674: 3394: 3386: 3361: 3274: 3230: 3072: 3052: 2912: 1613: 1584: 1572:

consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a

1457: 1427: 1330: 1279: 1271: 1183: 1171: 1135: 1073: 879: 875: 540: 488: 483: 376: 366: 255: 233: 228: 13038: 12904:

Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al.

12682: 12414: 11607:"Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change" 11307: 10747:

Tacconi, L. (2012). "Redefining payments for environmental services".

10403:"A global view of livestock biodiversity and conservation – Globaldiv" 9393: 8149:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7795:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7595:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

6830:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 5431:

Rubio De Casas, R.; Sanjur, O.I.; Thomas, M. G.; Fuller, D.Q. (2014).

4957:

Lowder, Sarah K.; Sánchez, Marco V.; Bertini, Raffaele (1 June 2021).

16567: 16530: 16477: 16457: 16452: 16110: 15596: 15583: 15575: 15270: 14998: 14404: 11257: 11160: 11121: 10889: 10674: 10588: 9927:"CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council" 9628: 8850: 8788: 8737: 5286: 5112: 5068: 4906: 4399: 4222: 4173:

make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture.

4108: 4038: 3976: 3849: 3679: 3297: 3293: 3257:

crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers.

3203: 2932: 2893: 1818:

movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the

1799: 1680: 1538: 1449: 1439: 1415: 1359: 1267: 1223: 1175: 1151: 1127: 966: 871: 828: 748: 736: 478: 13948:"Do Global Trade Distortions Still Harm Developing Country Farmers?" 11622: 11050:"Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow" 9443: 9270:"Services sector overtakes farming as world's biggest employer: ILO" 5492:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea" 4540:

The scientific study of agriculture began in the 18th century, when

4447:(e.g. more highly processed products) provided by the supply chain. 3897:

equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO

1967:

in women's access to irrigation and in ownership of livestock, too.

1354: 16426: 16353: 16281: 16018: 15893: 15683: 14963: 14704: 14682: 14660: 14394: 13352: 13294: 12554: 11726: 10879: 10664: 10578: 10296: 10174:"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT)" 9833: 9693:"NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers" 9618: 9383: 9329:

Tempo di cambiare. Rapporto 2015 sulle migrazioni interne in Italia

8840: 8778: 8403: 7420: 7307: 7254: 4892: 4796: 4709: 4500: 4490: 4046: 3743: 3739: 3591: 3305: 2885: 2030:

activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the

1992: 1861:

Development of agricultural output of China in 2015 US$ since 1961

1695: 1691: 1399: 1390:

was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The

1303: 1199: 1025: 859: 744: 443: 14143:"The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology" 13989:"America's $ 24bn subsidy damages developing world cotton farmers" 10959: 9663:"NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries" 7211: 6259:

Gerritsen, R. (2008). "Australia and the Origins of Agriculture".

5692: 4194: 1146:

in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.

16535: 16497: 16487: 16363: 15998: 15888: 15319: 15275: 15243: 14505:

Principles of Crop Production: Theory, Techniques, and Technology

13909:

Lloyd, Peter J.; Croser, Johanna L.; Anderson, Kym (March 2009).

8889:. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Archived from 8579:

Knapp, Samuel; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. (7 September 2018).

8145:"The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture" 7592: 5979: 4552:) as a fertilizer. Research became more systematic when in 1843, 4514: 4472: 4459: 4257: 4170: 3988: 3922: 3914: 3857: 3693:

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

3619:, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. 3564: 3426: 3420: 3398: 3390: 3353: 3345: 3284: 3254: 2936: 2900:, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and 2870: 1917:

Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021

1708: 1660: 1418:. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Animals including 1318: 1291: 1187: 1143: 1008: 1000: 903: 292: 238: 14140: 12095:"External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States" 8092:"A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer" 7484:

Publications in Anthropology 16. University of Kansas, Lawrence.

6224:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

4581:(such as solitary wasps) and predators of both pests in the US. 4431:. In the United States, and elsewhere, food costs attributed to 4283:

could replace 50 farm workers, at the price of increased use of

3321:

growth in livestock production between 2003 and 2030 will be in

1606:

to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and

1262:

started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the

16227: 16220: 16215: 15631: 15297: 15223: 14891: 14881: 12272: 11764:. Rural Advancement Foundation International. 11 January 2013. 9344:"Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe" 8399:"Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025" 8313:"Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture" 7199: 4545: 4504: 4424: 4162: 4075: 3992: 3925:

emission. Livestock expansion is cited as a key factor driving

3877: 3856:

area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in

3658: 3657:

protection for agri inventions, as seen in the total number of

3412: 3310: 2852: 2847: 2666: 1729: 1668: 1607: 1603: 1515: 1423: 1363: 1307: 1299: 1263: 1231: 1167: 1115: 824: 820: 191: 14803: 14762: 14728:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

13284: 12906:"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)" 12307: 12247:. Rome: U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 12239: 8887:"Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution" 6426:"Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture" 6365:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved" 5433:"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies" 1679:. Unsustainable farming practices in North America led to the 16316: 15314: 12391: 12047:"An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture" 10825:"Economics of robots and automation in field crop production" 10200:"Profiles of 15 of the world's major plant and animal fibres" 9960: 9930: 9001:

Gollin, Douglas; Parente, Stephen; Rogerson, Richard (2002).

8942:

Michaels, Guy; Rauch, Ferdinand; Redding, Stephen J. (2012).

8695:. USDA Economic Research Service. 5 July 2012. Archived from 5429: 4681:(including policies related to taxes), natural resources and 3984: 3876:

converts waste plant material and manure from livestock into

3842: 3540: 3378:, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. 3270: 3000: 2037:

In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the

1419: 1391: 1371: 1259: 1207: 1203: 1191: 1163: 1155: 832: 804: 307: 16693: 12903: 12242:"Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental issues and options" 11930: 11729:"Benefits and risks of the use of herbicide-resistant crops" 11308:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" 7689:

Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation

1270:

rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in

799:

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into

27:

Cultivation of plants and animals to provide useful products

16237: 15852: 15205: 14993: 14265:

Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop

13904: 13902: 12406:

10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2

12278:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 25–84, 10960:"FAOSTAT: Discontinued archives and data series: Machinery" 10929: 10643:

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2

10624:

Pimentel, D.; Berger, D.; Filberto, D.; Newton, M. (2004).

8143:

Hobbs, Peter R; Sayre, Ken; Gupta, Raj (12 February 2008).

4600: 4517:

that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and

4084:

withdrawals have continued to grow at an ever faster pace.

3419:

either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or

3382: 3242: 3234: 2996: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2916: 2846:

crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left

1842:. There are concerns about the lower yield associated with 1598:

brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes,

1411: 1287: 1159: 1119: 1103: 1066: Area 3 is no longer recognised as a centre of origin 844: 840: 808: 800: 473: 173: 14706:

The status of women in agrifood systems – Overview

12217:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 29 November 2006. 10177: 7886:

The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia

6733:

Medieval Science, Technology And Medicine: An Encyclopedia

5538: 4347:

and tunnels, mulch to cover soil (e.g. to suppress weeds,

1317:

In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide

16165: 13612:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 13345:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

13335:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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Archived from 6071: 5973: 5918: 5834: 5783: 5753: 5686: 5653: 5483: 5274: 4782:Building-integrated agriculture 4439:, sometimes referred to as the 3913:) and 37% of all human-induced 3516:from the 1850 to 1900 baseline. 1626:British Agricultural Revolution 1434:, the indigenous people of the 900:contributions to climate change 675:Agriculture and the environment 141:British Agricultural Revolution 15387:Climate change and agriculture 15160:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 14529:Plants, Genes, and Agriculture 13523:Congressional Research Service 13447:. 14 June 2007. Archived from 12689:Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook 11481:Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory 10769:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.028 10401:Ajmone-Marsan, P. 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(2008). 7618:Cunningham, Laura (2010). 4727: 4588: 4488: 4482: 4384: 4332: 4213: 4138: 4096: 3956: 3787: 3748:recombinant DNA technology 3715:Genetically modified crops 3708: 3702: 3579: 3501: 3351: 3211: 3201: 2639: 2063: 2057: 2020:hazardous to worker health 2004:noise-induced hearing loss 1978: 1906: 1838:, selective breeding, and 1836:integrated pest management 1828:Common Agricultural Policy 1106:, in at least 11 separate 1091: 1087: 1080: 1039: 955: 942:are widely used, although 882:, but also contributed to 86:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 36: 29: 16586: 16508: 16483:Plant disease forecasting 16445: 16437:Vegan organic agriculture 16412: 16287:Genetically modified tree 16174: 15717: 15582: 15484: 15475:Universities and colleges 15451: 15395: 15343: 15204: 15108: 15093:Universities and colleges 14905: 14898: 14864: 14841: 14447:Small Farm Today Magazine 14295:Heinrich Boell Foundation 12923:10.1017/9781009157926.009 12718:World Health Organization 11970:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4 11364:Colorado State University 11016:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393 9469:Preibisch, Kerry (2010). 9060:Lewis, W. 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Food classes include 598:Agriculturist profession 417:Agricultural engineering 402:Agricultural cooperative 32:Farming (disambiguation) 15365:Agricultural wastewater 15088:Sustainable food system 15083:Sustainable agriculture 14974:Animal-free agriculture 14942:Agricultural technology 14747:). Text taken from 14725:). Text taken from 14703:). Text taken from 14681:). Text taken from 14659:). Text taken from 14637:). Text taken from 14615:). Text taken from 14593:). Text taken from 14571:). Text taken from 14118:. Rothamsted Research. 13892:10.1111/0002-9092.00106 13519:CRS Report for Congress 13245:10.1073/pnas.1710465114 12511:Annual Report 2006/2007 12458:10.1126/science.1169640 12394:Ecological Applications 11759:"Farmers Guide to GMOs" 11605:Griliches, Zvi (1957). 11250:5 November 2014 at the 10019:Journal of Agromedicine 8649:16 October 2013 at the 8201:. 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Wild foods including 1436:East domesticated crops 1358:Agricultural scenes of 1254:about 9,000 years ago. 944:some countries ban them 568:Sustainable food system 563:Sustainable agriculture 454:Animal-free agriculture 422:Agricultural technology 16422:Biodynamic agriculture 16359:Postharvest physiology 16307:Landscape architecture 16004:Indonesian home garden 15465:Agricultural machinery 15423:History of agriculture 15408:Agriculture by country 15403:Agricultural machinery 15360:Agricultural pollution 15355:Agricultural expansion 15130:Austronesian expansion 15041:Mechanised agriculture 14731:, FAO, FAO. 14709:, FAO, FAO. 14687:, FAO, FAO. 14665:, FAO, FAO. 14643:, FAO, FAO. 14599:, FAO, FAO. 14553:. Taipei: Caves Books. 14190:2 October 2008 at the 14081:. Callisto Reference. 14077:Boucher, Jude (2018). 14056:. Callisto Reference. 14052:Bosso, Thelma (2015). 14021:"Agriculture's Bounty" 13871:Sexton, R. J. (2000). 13572:10.1098/rstb.2010.0172 12982:www.downtoearth.org.in 12366:/ISRIC. 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Cengage Learning. 5281:Mueller, Ulrich G.; 4752:Agricultural finance 4511:Agricultural science 4485:Agricultural science 4479:Agricultural science 4449:Market concentration 4435:, distribution, and 4404:Anti-Corn Law League 4235:carbon sequestration 4231:conservation tillage 4200:conservation tillage 4117:pesticide resistance 4043:loss of biodiversity 3945:(UNEP) states that " 3784:Environmental impact 3732:Genetically modified 3678:the introduction of 3529:average temperatures 3337:Production practices 3241:, including horses, 3044:Fish (2001 estimate) 2008:industrialized farms 1946:Women in agriculture 1745:shifting cultivation 1298:, wheat, barley and 1094:Neolithic Revolution 981:adaptation of Latin 459:Cellular agriculture 412:Agricultural science 81:Neolithic Revolution 14240:on 24 November 2015 14161:2006JEcol..94..801S 13731:University of Idaho 13565:(1554): 2991–3006. 13236:2017PNAS..11411645G 13230:(44): 11645–11650. 13194:2004CrPro..23..757T 12695:on 18 February 1999 12450:2009Sci...324..636H 12373:on 13 December 2013 12191:. 3 February 2017. 12063:2000AgSys..65..113P 11939:on 24 December 2012 11415:1936PNAS...22..572S 11154:. Rome: FAO. 2022. 11007:2020GlFS...2600393D 10884:. Rome: FAO. 2022. 10761:2012EcoEc..73...29T 10669:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 10583:. Rome: FAO. 2022. 10339:(1554): 2853–2867. 9847:2018PLoSO..1303842. 9623:. Rome: FAO. 2023. 9578:. Rome: FAO. 2017. 9348:migrationpolicy.org 9304:. 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(2012). 7302:(S-4): S453–S470. 6603:A History of India 6083:University of Utah 5878:(15): E1398–1406. 5285:; Aanen, Duur K.; 5283:Gerardo, Nicole M. 5187:The New York Times 4762:Agricultural robot 4679:economic stability 4595: 4508: 4421:American Civil War 4408: 4357:soil contamination 4289: 4212: 4151: 4112: 4086:Agricultural water 4027:aquatic ecosystems 3997: 3969: 3882: 3874:anaerobic digester 3811: 3760:Biosafety Protocol 3736: 3671: 3635: 3596: 3518: 3436: 3350: 3290: 3227: 3223:Intensively farmed 2878: 2855:) and some manual 2832: 2675: 2648:CIA World Factbook 2098: 2090:CIA World Factbook 2076: 2000: 1935: 1919: 1863: 1791: 1783: 1741: 1717: 1700: 1638:selective breeding 1636:, pesticides, and 1596:Columbian exchange 1560:, compared to the 1554: 1494:companion planting 1474:fire-stick farming 1376: 1256: 1079: 1034:animal agriculture 971: 969:grain in Ethiopia. 888:Selective breeding 784:and greatly shape 249:Rotational grazing 131:Columbian exchange 16644: 16643: 16516:Community orchard 16342:drought tolerance 15538: 15537: 15098:Urban agriculture 15071:Rice-duck farming 15019:Intensive farming 14989:Extensive farming 14538:978-0-86720-871-9 14519:978-0-13-022133-9 14414:978-92-5-134917-5 14088:978-1-63239-965-6 14063:978-1-63239-058-5 13845:978-0-313-32525-0 13793:Conrad, David E. 13362:978-0-309-48452-7 13304:978-0-309-48452-7 12444:(5927): 636–638. 12318:(5325): 494–499. 12295:978-3-319-46707-8 12276:Rangeland Systems 11979:978-3-030-83224-7 11712:. Cambridge, MA: 11490:978-0-87969-688-7 11171:978-92-5-137099-5 11132:978-92-5-137080-3 10899:978-92-5-137005-6 10788:IFAC-PapersOnLine 10684:978-92-5-133441-6 10598:978-92-5-136043-9 10278:978-1-86252-992-2 10238:978-0-521-63495-3 10074:Our World in Data 9933:. 21 March 2018. 9774:Injury Prevention 9585:978-92-5-109873-8 9373:Nori, M. (2017). 9246:. 21 March 2011. 9171:Allen, Robert C. 8860:978-92-5-136502-1 8806:978-92-5-136499-4 8747:978-92-5-138262-2 8502:978-1-4684-1508-7 8155:(1491): 543–555. 7939:978-1-4262-1609-1 7896:978-1-74237-748-3 7801:(1566): 849–862. 7706:on 14 March 2016. 7699:978-1-4099-4233-7 7672:978-0-520-24851-9 7631:978-1-59714-136-9 7604:978-0-87919-126-9 7597:. Ballena Press. 7579:978-0-520-24605-8 7507:978-0-19-973496-2 7455:978-0-915703-01-2 7393:978-92-5-105762-9 7354:978-0-87451-649-4 7264:978-1-85109-426-4 7221:978-0-309-04264-2 6936:978-1-84593-913-7 6840:(7421): 497–501. 6781:(20): 8351–8356. 6743:978-0-415-96930-7 6311:(5619): 597–603. 6278:978-1-4073-0354-3 6188:Knowable Magazine 6052:978-0-87451-649-4 5852:978-0-8134-2464-4 5798:(7161): 459–462. 5599:(6456): 897–902. 5547:(6042): 560–561. 5502:(5630): 189–193. 5443:(17): 6139–6146. 5401:978-1-133-41722-4 5195:on 1 January 2022 5167:978-0-19-863121-7 5122:978-92-5-137588-4 4964:World Development 4916:978-92-5-134329-6 4872:Vegetable farming 4862:Urban agriculture 4847:Soil biodiversity 4842:Rural Development 4792:Corporate farming 4671: 4670: 4566:Hatch Act of 1887 4368:will deteriorate 4335:Plastic pollution 4329:Plastic pollution 4268:Energy dependence 4001:biodiversity loss 3947:methane emissions 3893:as measured in CO 3819:biodiversity loss 3795:Effects and costs 3673:Investments into 3624:drought tolerance 3617:cross-pollination 3609:recessive alleles 3539:and ground-level 3397:, intercropping, 3279:genetic diversity 3194: 3193: 3091: 3090: 2898:Multiple cropping 2896:and fertilizers. 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2016:tractor rollovers 1762:Intensive farming 1713:combine harvester 1574:lord of the manor 1498:the Three Sisters 1466:Pacific Northwest 1374:, 15th century BC 1108:centers of origin 1056:, as numbered by 1054:Centres of origin 1030:plant agriculture 924:biodiversity loss 730: 729: 578:Urban agriculture 551:Rice-duck farming 499:Intensive farming 469:Extensive farming 18:Plant cultivation 16:(Redirected from 16732: 16697: 16696: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16652: 16632: 16631: 16620: 16619: 16608: 16607: 16597: 16596: 16573:Plant collecting 16509:Related articles 16446:Plant protection 15627:French intensive 15565: 15558: 15551: 15542: 15541: 15527: 15526: 15515: 15514: 15503: 15491: 15490: 15335:Wildlife farming 15185:Green Revolution 15136:Ancient history 15076:Rice-fish system 14984:Contract farming 14969:Animal husbandry 14828: 14821: 14814: 14805: 14804: 14777:World Bank Group 14738: 14716: 14694: 14672: 14650: 14628: 14606: 14584: 14562: 14554: 14542: 14523: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14484: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14437: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14405:10.4060/cb6562en 14391: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14377: 14368:. 16 June 2016. 14358: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14341: 14330: 14321: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14310: 14287: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14276: 14256: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14239: 14233:. Archived from 14228: 14220: 14214: 14205: 14199: 14181: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14112: 14106: 14099: 14093: 14092: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14032: 14025: 14017: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13967: 13961:. pp. 1–2. 13952: 13943: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13932: 13926: 13915: 13906: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13885:(5): 1087–1104. 13868: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13857: 13831:Medieval Castles 13825: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13805:. Archived from 13790: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13773: 13762: 13753: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13742: 13733:. Archived from 13723: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13712: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13662: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13641:on 14 March 2016 13640: 13633: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13584: 13574: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13516: 13507: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13483: 13476: 13467: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13402: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13265: 13247: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13133: 13122: 13113: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13041: 13009: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12984:. Archived from 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12950: 12941: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12910: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12825:. Archived from 12810: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12755:Hudson Institute 12753:. Indianapolis: 12752: 12742: 12736: 12730: 12721: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12691:. Archived from 12680: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12587: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12523: 12508: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12482: 12435: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12372: 12361: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12327: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12287: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12253: 12246: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12151: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12099: 12090: 12081: 12080: 12074: 12042: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12013: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11836: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11770: 11763: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11686:on 24 March 2013 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11577: 11568: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11545:. Archived from 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11510: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11478: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11451: 11436: 11426: 11398: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11304: 11291: 11290: 11284: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11254:(archived ), in 11237: 11231: 11230: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11163: 11161:10.4060/cc2688en 11148: 11137: 11136: 11124: 11122:10.4060/cc2624en 11108: 11102: 11101: 11095: 11069: 11060:(9): 7729–7738. 11045: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11018: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10927: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10890:10.4060/cc2459en 10876: 10863: 10862: 10844: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10803: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10675:10.4060/cb1447en 10661: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10589:10.4060/cb9479en 10575: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10476: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10456: 10449: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10358: 10348: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10294: 10283: 10282: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10176:. Archived from 10170: 10157: 10151: 10132: 10125: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9903:. 15 June 2009. 9893: 9887: 9886: 9876: 9858: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9732: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9708: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9629:10.4060/cc5060en 9615: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9570: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9396: 9386: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9236: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9177: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8851:10.4060/cc0640en 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8789:10.4060/cc0639en 8775: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8738:10.4060/cc8166en 8720: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8663: 8654: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8624: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8395: 8389: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8333:. Archived from 8327: 8321: 8320: 8315:. Archived from 8309: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8200: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8040: 8033: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8000:Crosby, Alfred. 7997: 7991: 7990: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7883:(October 2011). 7877: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7826: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7702:. Archived from 7683: 7677: 7676: 7664: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7567: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7115: 7113: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7010:(7): 2807–2812. 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6920: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6867: 6857: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6798: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6727: 6721: 6718:Han Civilization 6711: 6705: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6620: 6614: 6599: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6561: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6500: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6472: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6445: 6430: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6401:. Archived from 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6328: 6326:10.1.1.1013.4523 6297: 6291: 6290: 6256: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6199: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6139: 6122:(4): 2104–2106. 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6019: 6009: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5925:Larson, Greger; 5922: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5722: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5624: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5511: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5460: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5326:on 23 March 2012 5316: 5307: 5306: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5243: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5189:. Archived from 5178: 5172: 5171: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5113:10.4060/cc4140en 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4980: 4954: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4907:10.4060/cb4476en 4889: 4867:Vertical farming 4787:Contract farming 4605: 4597:Direct subsidies 4594: 4550:calcium sulphate 4531:waste management 4503:mapping a plant 4453:economic surplus 4299:world population 4175:Animal husbandry 4065:contributing to 3935:land degradation 3887:greenhouse gases 3864:Livestock issues 3852:on wheat in the 3827:soil degradation 3639:Green Revolution 3613:self-pollination 3533:weather extremes 3531:, rainfall, and 3439:Water management 3208:Animal husbandry 3095: 3094: 2970: 2969: 2946:include cotton, 2875:Mexican marigold 2807: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2732: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2677: 2674: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2634: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2534: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2459: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2434: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2409: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2384: 2383: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2284: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2234: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2155: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2130: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2100: 2097: 2081: 2080: 1796:Soil degradation 1677:organic movement 1646:ammonium nitrate 1594:After 1492, the 1566:self-sufficiency 1548: 1545: 1512:hunter-gatherers 1470:forest gardening 1258:In Eurasia, the 1228:Natufian culture 1216:Eurasian Steppes 1071: 1065: 1051: 1022:animal husbandry 1020:, horticulture, 998: 992: 986: 932:soil degradation 892:animal husbandry 722: 715: 708: 694: 693: 692: 556:Rice-fish system 464:Contract farming 449:Animal husbandry 187:Animal husbandry 146:Green Revolution 97:Ancient history 60: 46: 45: 21: 16740: 16739: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16691: 16681: 16679: 16669: 16667: 16657: 16655: 16647: 16645: 16640: 16591: 16582: 16578:Turf management 16563:Lists of plants 16558:List of gardens 16504: 16441: 16408: 16170: 15720: 15713: 15578: 15569: 15539: 15534: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15447: 15438:Poultry farming 15391: 15346: 15339: 15310:Poultry farming 15200: 15176:Modern history 15156:Post-classical 15104: 15103: 15102: 15046:Organic farming 14901: 14900: 14896: 14860: 14837: 14832: 14759: 14547:Needham, Joseph 14539: 14520: 14498: 14493: 14492: 14482: 14480: 14463: 14459: 14438: 14434: 14424: 14422: 14415: 14393: 14392: 14385: 14375: 14373: 14360: 14359: 14355: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14328: 14322: 14318: 14308: 14306: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14274: 14272: 14257: 14253: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14226: 14222: 14221: 14217: 14206: 14202: 14192:Wayback Machine 14182: 14178: 14139: 14135: 14125: 14123: 14114: 14113: 14109: 14100: 14096: 14089: 14075: 14071: 14064: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14014: 14004: 14002: 13985: 13981: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13950: 13944: 13940: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13913: 13907: 13900: 13869: 13865: 13855: 13853: 13846: 13826: 13822: 13812: 13810: 13791: 13787: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13760: 13754: 13750: 13740: 13738: 13737:on 1 April 2013 13725: 13724: 13720: 13710: 13708: 13701:Liberal History 13695: 13694: 13690: 13680: 13678: 13663: 13654: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13602: 13598: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13514: 13508: 13497: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13474: 13468: 13464: 13454: 13452: 13444:The Independent 13437: 13436: 13432: 13417: 13416: 13412: 13396: 13395: 13388: 13386: 13363: 13332: 13328: 13305: 13283: 13279: 13213: 13209: 13182:Crop Protection 13178: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13151: 13147: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13100: 13098: 13087: 13083: 13073: 13071: 13010: 13001: 12991: 12989: 12976: 12975: 12971: 12963: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12929: 12917:. p. 750. 12908: 12902: 12898: 12885:. Rome, Italy: 12876: 12872: 12841: 12837: 12829: 12823: 12808: 12802: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12785:on 16 July 2016 12777: 12776: 12772: 12765: 12743: 12739: 12731: 12724: 12712: 12708: 12698: 12696: 12681: 12677: 12667: 12665: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12637: 12635: 12634:on 15 June 2013 12622: 12621: 12617: 12607: 12605: 12588: 12584: 12574: 12572: 12565: 12541: 12537: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12506: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12484: 12480: 12433: 12427: 12423: 12390: 12386: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12359: 12353: 12349: 12325:10.1.1.318.6529 12306: 12302: 12296: 12271: 12267: 12257: 12255: 12254:on 25 June 2008 12251: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12224: 12222: 12213: 12212: 12208: 12198: 12196: 12183: 12182: 12178: 12168: 12166: 12153: 12152: 12148: 12138: 12136: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12108: 12097: 12091: 12084: 12043: 12036: 12026: 12024: 12015: 12014: 12007: 11997: 11995: 11980: 11961:Applied Ecology 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11820:New Phytologist 11811: 11807: 11788: 11784: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11725: 11721: 11714:South End Press 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11660: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11623:10.2307/1905380 11603: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11579: 11578: 11571: 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11469: 11465: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11409:(10): 572–578. 11396: 11387: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11306: 11305: 11294: 11278: 11277: 11270: 11268: 11252:Wayback Machine 11239:Porter, J. R., 11238: 11234: 11216: 11212: 11202: 11200: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11150: 11149: 11140: 11133: 11109: 11105: 11046: 11042: 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10958: 10957: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10928: 10919: 10909: 10907: 10900: 10878: 10877: 10866: 10821: 10817: 10780: 10776: 10745: 10741: 10716: 10712: 10702: 10700: 10685: 10663: 10662: 10651: 10636:(10): 909–918. 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10599: 10577: 10576: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10533: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10477: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10407:Animal Genetics 10399: 10395: 10376: 10372: 10325: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10295: 10286: 10279: 10262: 10258: 10248: 10246: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10183: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10160: 10152: 10135: 10126: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10014: 10010: 10000: 9998: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9940: 9938: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9841:(9): e0203842. 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9766: 9759: 9749: 9747: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9716: 9714: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9617: 9616: 9605: 9595: 9593: 9586: 9572: 9571: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9444:10.1002/psp.514 9424: 9420: 9405: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9340: 9336: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9283: 9281: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9251: 9238: 9237: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9190: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9058: 9054: 9044: 9042: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8861: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8807: 8777: 8776: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8748: 8722: 8721: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8657: 8651:Wayback Machine 8642: 8638: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8481: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8382:Wayback Machine 8372: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8319:on 5 July 2006. 8311: 8310: 8306: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8141: 8137: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8088: 8081: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8027:Janick, Jules. 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 7998: 7994: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7940: 7932:. p. 126. 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7897: 7878: 7874: 7863: 7859: 7844: 7840: 7787: 7783: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7715: 7711: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7440: 7436: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7265: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7222: 7198: 7194: 7137: 7133: 7117: 7116: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7055: 7051: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6937: 6921: 6914: 6905: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6826: 6822: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6712: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6621: 6617: 6600: 6596: 6583: 6579: 6562: 6558: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6503:Current Science 6498: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6428: 6424:Janick, Jules. 6422: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6405:on 16 June 2016 6393: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6371:. 1 July 2020. 6363: 6362: 6358: 6298: 6294: 6279: 6257: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6089:on 13 July 2019 6077: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6033: 5978: 5974: 5923: 5919: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5839: 5835: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5705:(7): e0131422. 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5658: 5654: 5588: 5584: 5537: 5533: 5488: 5484: 5428: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5279: 5275: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5123: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4955: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4732: 4726: 4593: 4587: 4523:plant pathology 4519:social sciences 4493: 4487: 4481: 4433:food processing 4389: 4383: 4378: 4341: 4333:Main articles: 4331: 4270: 4218: 4208:water pollution 4192: 4183:land-use change 4143: 4137: 4101: 4095: 4005:desertification 3979:crop fields in 3961: 3955: 3920: 3912: 3900: 3896: 3866: 3823:desertification 3804:Water pollution 3797: 3792: 3786: 3725: 3707: 3701: 3667:plant varieties 3584: 3578: 3573: 3561:food insecurity 3506: 3500: 3470: 3377: 3364: 3348:an arable field 3339: 3331:growth hormones 3327:factory farming 3239:Working animals 3216: 3210: 3202:Main articles: 3200: 3195: 3099: 3092: 3073:Vegetable fiber 2974: 2960:growing regions 2821: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2715: 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954: 928:desertification 902:, depletion of 782:rural economics 726: 690: 688: 683: 682: 681: 680: 679: 670:Poultry farming 627: 619: 618: 617: 592: 584: 583: 582: 526:Organic farming 391: 383: 382: 381: 356: 346: 345: 344: 176: 166: 165: 164: 163: 162: 137:Modern history 117:Post-classical 70: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16738: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16702: 16701: 16689: 16677: 16665: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16638: 16626: 16614: 16602: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16553:Garden tourism 16550: 16545: 16543:Groundskeeping 16540: 16539: 16538: 16533: 16523: 16518: 16512: 16510: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16449: 16447: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16418: 16416: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16332:free-flowering 16329: 16324: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16267: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16213: 16208: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16180: 16178: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15855: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15725: 15723: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15649:Groundskeeping 15646: 15645: 15644: 15642:computer-aided 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15588: 15586: 15580: 15579: 15568: 15567: 15560: 15553: 15545: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15521: 15509: 15497: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15399: 15397: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15301: 15300: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15279: 15278: 15268: 15266:Insect farming 15263: 15258: 15257: 15256: 15251: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15210: 15208: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15154: 15153: 15152: 15147: 15145:Ancient Greece 15142: 15134: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15114: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14895: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14831: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14808: 14802: 14801: 14790: 14779: 14770: 14765: 14758: 14757:External links 14755: 14556: 14555: 14543: 14537: 14524: 14518: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14457: 14432: 14413: 14383: 14366:European Union 14353: 14316: 14301:Europe. 2014. 14282: 14251: 14215: 14200: 14176: 14155:(4): 801–814. 14133: 14107: 14094: 14087: 14069: 14062: 14044: 14012: 13979: 13938: 13898: 13863: 13844: 13838:. p. 43. 13820: 13809:on 27 May 2013 13785: 13748: 13718: 13688: 13652: 13619: 13596: 13543: 13495: 13462: 13430: 13410: 13361: 13353:10.17226/25259 13347:. p. 97. 13326: 13303: 13295:10.17226/25259 13277: 13207: 13188:(9): 757–781. 13172: 13161:on 6 July 2013 13145: 13108: 13081: 13024:(9): 724–732. 12999: 12969: 12936: 12896: 12870: 12835: 12822:978-0802135919 12821: 12796: 12770: 12764:978-1558130692 12763: 12737: 12722: 12706: 12675: 12664:on 10 May 2013 12645: 12615: 12582: 12564:978-9286143199 12563: 12555:10.2867/509830 12535: 12494: 12421: 12400:(3): 559–568. 12384: 12347: 12300: 12294: 12265: 12232: 12206: 12176: 12146: 12114: 12082: 12057:(2): 113–136. 12034: 12019:. UNEP. 2011. 12005: 11978: 11950: 11923: 11897: 11882: 11852: 11827:(4): 899–906. 11805: 11782: 11750: 11719: 11706:Shiva, Vandana 11697: 11670: 11644: 11617:(4): 501–522. 11597: 11569: 11560: 11529: 11496: 11489: 11463: 11390:Stadler, L. J. 11381: 11351: 11329: 11292: 11232: 11210: 11177: 11170: 11138: 11131: 11103: 11040: 10981: 10951: 10917: 10898: 10864: 10835:(2): 278–299. 10815: 10774: 10739: 10710: 10683: 10649: 10616: 10597: 10551: 10539: 10527: 10515: 10503: 10491: 10488:978-0135051955 10468: 10436: 10393: 10370: 10316: 10284: 10277: 10256: 10237: 10217: 10191: 10158: 10133: 10117: 10091: 10061: 10026:(3): 302–304. 10008: 9978: 9948: 9918: 9888: 9819: 9757: 9724: 9684: 9654: 9603: 9584: 9558: 9528: 9481:(2): 404–441. 9461: 9438:(6): 525–535. 9418: 9403: 9384:10.2870/785454 9365: 9334: 9319: 9291: 9261: 9226: 9215:on 22 May 2014 9196: 9163: 9133: 9118:. Rome. 2022. 9103: 9072:(2): 139–191. 9052: 9013:(2): 160–164. 8993: 8954:(2): 535–586. 8934: 8917:The World Bank 8904: 8878: 8859: 8832: 8805: 8765: 8746: 8710: 8684: 8655: 8636: 8571: 8538: 8508: 8501: 8475: 8449: 8438:on 5 June 2013 8422: 8390: 8366: 8340: 8337:on 3 May 2007. 8322: 8304: 8256: 8241: 8211: 8184: 8135: 8113: 8079: 8052: 8019: 7992: 7957: 7938: 7914: 7895: 7872: 7857: 7838: 7781: 7740: 7709: 7698: 7678: 7671: 7649: 7630: 7610: 7603: 7585: 7578: 7552: 7525: 7506: 7486: 7473: 7454: 7434: 7421:10.1086/204032 7399: 7392: 7372: 7353: 7333: 7308:10.1086/659998 7282: 7263: 7239: 7220: 7206:. p. 92. 7192: 7131: 7088: 7049: 6987: 6954: 6935: 6912: 6899: 6879: 6820: 6761: 6742: 6722: 6706: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6615: 6594: 6577: 6556: 6535: 6486: 6480:978-0226429144 6479: 6457: 6416: 6399:British Museum 6386: 6356: 6292: 6277: 6248: 6235: 6215: 6174: 6161: 6100: 6070: 6051: 6031: 5972: 5917: 5858: 5851: 5833: 5782: 5752: 5685: 5652: 5582: 5531: 5482: 5419: 5400: 5380: 5337: 5308: 5273: 5206: 5173: 5166: 5140: 5121: 5090: 5060: 5030: 5000: 4942: 4915: 4899:United Nations 4883: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Remote sensing 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4802:Ecoagriculture 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4728:Main article: 4725: 4722: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4589:Main article: 4586: 4583: 4535:bioremediation 4483:Main article: 4480: 4477: 4445:value addition 4413:tenant farmers 4385:Main article: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4349:conserve water 4330: 4327: 4303:petrochemicals 4269: 4266: 4214:Main article: 4191: 4190:Sustainability 4188: 4155:climate change 4139:Main article: 4136: 4133: 4097:Main article: 4094: 4091: 4081:water scarcity 4067:eutrophication 4023:Eutrophication 3954: 3951: 3918: 3910: 3898: 3894: 3865: 3862: 3831:climate change 3796: 3793: 3788:Main article: 3785: 3782: 3703:Main article: 3700: 3697: 3663:utility models 3603:. His work on 3582:Plant breeding 3580:Main article: 3577: 3576:Plant breeding 3574: 3572: 3569: 3537:carbon dioxide 3521:Climate change 3502:Main article: 3499: 3496: 3469: 3466: 3375: 3338: 3335: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2944:Natural fibers 2840:slash and burn 2828:Slash and burn 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2671: 2670: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2202: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2173:European Union 2158: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2094: 2093: 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1947: 1944: 1904: 1901: 1820:European Union 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1702: 1701: 1688: 1685: 1683:of the 1930s. 1673:farm subsidies 1600:sweet potatoes 1578:Roman Catholic 1535: 1532: 1492:. A system of 1278:relied on the 1239: 1236: 1202:was bred into 1196:In Mesoamerica 1148:Pig production 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1081:Main article: 1068: 1062: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1018:arable farming 979:Middle English 953: 950: 936:climate change 896:animal welfare 864:plant breeding 728: 727: 725: 724: 717: 710: 702: 699: 698: 685: 684: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 631: 630: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559: 558: 553: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 517: 516: 511: 506: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 435: 434: 429: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 357: 352: 351: 348: 347: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 325:Slash-and-burn 322: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 258: 253: 252: 251: 246: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 184: 178: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 161: 160: 159: 158: 153: 148: 143: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 115: 114: 113: 108: 106:Ancient Greece 103: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 74: 73: 72: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16737: 16726: 16725:Food industry 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16688: 16678: 16676: 16666: 16664: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16637: 16636: 16627: 16625: 16624: 16615: 16613: 16612: 16603: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16589: 16588: 16585: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16548:Garden centre 16546: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16526:Floral design 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16507: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16444: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16393: 16392:reforestation 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16319: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16302:Intercropping 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16244: 16243:most valuable 16241: 16240: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16211:Arboriculture 16209: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16177: 16173: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15875: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15805: 15804:Garden square 15802: 15801: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15734:Ancient Egypt 15732: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15722: 15716: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15637:Garden design 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15566: 15561: 15559: 15554: 15552: 15547: 15546: 15543: 15532: 15531: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15510: 15508: 15507: 15502: 15498: 15496: 15495: 15486: 15483: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15433:Meat industry 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15418:Biotechnology 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15388: 15385: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15345:Environmental 15342: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15325:Sheep farming 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15277: 15274: 15273: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15229:Dairy farming 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15207: 15206:Farming Types 15203: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15157: 15155: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15140:Ancient Egypt 15138: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15051:Paludiculture 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14952:Biotechnology 14950: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14872:Agriculturist 14870: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14829: 14824: 14822: 14817: 14815: 14810: 14809: 14806: 14800: 14799: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14754: 14752: 14751: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14686: 14685: 14680: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14636: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14621:, FAO. 14620: 14619: 14614: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14566: 14561: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14530: 14525: 14521: 14515: 14511: 14510:Prentice Hall 14507: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14496:Cited sources 14478: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14461: 14453: 14449: 14448: 14443: 14436: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14390: 14388: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14357: 14338: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14255: 14236: 14232: 14225: 14219: 14212: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14180: 14171: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14137: 14121: 14117: 14111: 14104: 14098: 14090: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14029: 14022: 14016: 14000: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13983: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13949: 13942: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13903: 13893: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13874: 13867: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13832: 13824: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13789: 13770: 13767:. p. 4. 13766: 13759: 13752: 13736: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13600: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13547: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13513: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13434: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13414: 13406: 13400: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13330: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13211: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13176: 13160: 13156: 13149: 13130: 13126: 13125:The Scientist 13119: 13112: 13096: 13093:. IWMI/UNEP. 13092: 13085: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13008: 13006: 13004: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12973: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12915: 12907: 12900: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12883: 12874: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12766: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12727: 12719: 12715: 12710: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12619: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12586: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12539: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12432: 12425: 12416: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12388: 12369: 12365: 12358: 12351: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12304: 12297: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12277: 12269: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12125: 12118: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12041: 12039: 12022: 12018: 12012: 12010: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11962: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11927: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11893: 11886: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11809: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11786: 11767: 11760: 11754: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11674: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11601: 11586: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11533: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11492: 11486: 11482: 11477: 11476: 11467: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11355: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11288: 11282: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11214: 11198: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11181: 11173: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11134: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11115:. Rome: FAO. 11114: 11107: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11044: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10939: 10935: 10934: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10714: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10453: 10446: 10440: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10321: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10244: 10240: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10205: 10202:. FAO. 2009. 10201: 10195: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10130: 10124: 10122: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10012: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9729: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9404:9789290845560 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9295: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8893:on 5 May 2013 8892: 8888: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8370: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8267:. Editorial. 8266: 8260: 8252: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8204: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7881:Gammage, Bill 7876: 7868: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7565: 7556: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7376: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7212:10.17226/1398 7209: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7121: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7098:Soil Horizons 7092: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6919: 6917: 6909: 6908:Roman Farming 6903: 6897: 6896:3-11-014693-2 6893: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6726: 6719: 6715: 6714:Wang Zhongshu 6710: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6631:(1–2): 3–12. 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6611:0-631-20546-2 6608: 6604: 6598: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6573:1-85728-538-7 6570: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6552:0-7914-2919-9 6549: 6545: 6539: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6232:9781857285383 6229: 6225: 6219: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5927:Dobney, Keith 5921: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287:Six, Diana L. 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5226:(42): 10725. 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:Food security 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4616:Beef and veal 4615: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417:sharecropping 4414: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397:protectionist 4393: 4388: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4365:microplastics 4360: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4339:plasticulture 4336: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4281:cotton picker 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167:nitrous oxide 4164: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029:resulting in 4028: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4013:acidification 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995:for the year. 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:deforestation 3924: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3903:nitrous oxide 3892: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3756:food labeling 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3643:hybridization 3640: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:Gregor Mendel 3593: 3588: 3583: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:Ocean warming 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3358:Crop rotation 3355: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251:water buffalo 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902:intercropping 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:Intercropping 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2801: 2799: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2748:United States 2736: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2200:United States 2188: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1897:food security 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848:food security 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1779: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1711:wheat with a 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:mechanization 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:crop rotation 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1502:winter squash 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:North America 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1368:ancient Egypt 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:heavy ploughs 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1238:Civilizations 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1084: 1075: 1060:in the 1930s. 1059: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 991: 985: 980: 976: 968: 964: 959: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:deforestation 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:agrochemicals 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813:raw materials 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 786:rural society 783: 778: 773: 771: 767: 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