307:(the half-wings), feed directly on phloem sap, and make it the primary component of their diet. Phloem sap is "nutrient-rich compared with many other plant products and generally lacking in toxins and feeding deterrents, it is consumed as the dominant or sole diet by a very restricted range of animals". This apparent paradox is explained by the fact that phloem sap is physiologically extreme in terms of animal digestion, and it is hypothesized that few animals take direct advantage of this because they lack two adaptations that are necessary to enable direct use by animals. These include the existence of a very high ratio of
49:
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194:—an "abrupt phase change from liquid to vapor"—resulting in air-filled xylem conduits. In addition to being a fundamental physical limit on tree height, two environmental stresses can disrupt xylem transport by cavitation: increasingly negative xylem pressures associated with
247:
proposes a mechanism for phloem sap transport, although other hypotheses have been proposed. Phloem sap is thought to play a role in sending informational signals throughout vascular plants. According to
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of phloem-feeding hemipterans. Honeydew is physiologically less extreme than phloem sap, with a higher essential/non-essential amino acid ratio and lower osmotic pressure," or by feeding on the
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best explains this process, but multiforce theories that hypothesize several alternative mechanisms have been suggested, including longitudinal cellular and xylem
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Over the past century, there has been some controversy regarding the mechanism of xylem sap transport; today, most plant scientists agree that the
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are part of the plant's long-distance communication signaling system. Evidence also exists for the directed transport and sorting of
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which can then provide them with essential amino acids; and also insect "tolerance of the very high sugar content and
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is called sap, particularly when it falls from trees, but is only the remains of eaten sap and other plant parts.
1321:
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1971:
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604:"Xylem Embolism in ring-porous, diffuse-porous, and coniferous trees of Northern Utah and Interior Alaska"
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1807:
751:
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854:
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Turgeon, Robert; Wolf, Shmuel (2009). "Phloem
Transport: Cellular Pathways and Molecular Trafficking".
341:." A much larger set of animals do however consume phloem sap by proxy, either "through feeding on the
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187:, axial potential gradients in the vessels, and gel- and gas-bubble-supported interfacial gradients.
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Zimmerman, Ulrich (2002). "What are the driving forces for water lifting in the xylem conduit?".
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102:; it is a separate substance, separately produced, and with different components and functions.
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Sperry, John S.; Nichols, Kirk L.; Sullivan, June E; Eastlack, Sondra E. (1994).
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Marschner, H (1983). "General
Introduction to the Mineral Nutrition of Plants".
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are produced or stored (sugar source) to where they are used (sugar sinks). The
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502:. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Vol. 15 A. Springer. pp. 5–60.
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2013:
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403:") for human consumption is common practice; the sap can be used fresh or
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239:, hormones, and mineral elements dissolved in water. It flows from where
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Fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant
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Saps may be broadly divided into two types: xylem sap and phloem sap.
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Bioproducts from Canada's
Forests: New Partnerships in the Bioeconomy
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2018:
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of insects that have grown on more direct ingestion of phloem sap.
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99:
84:
568:"The cohesion-tension theory of sap ascent: current controversies"
165:. Transport of sap in xylem is characterized by movement from the
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807:
Suzanne Wetzel; Luc
Clement Duchesne; Michael F. Laporte (2006).
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346:
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activity, which transforms excess ingested sugar into long-chain
330:
785:
784:. Bulletin. Vol. 856. Ohio State University. Archived from
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in phloem sap for which these adapted
Hemiptera insects contain
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Loading and unloading patterns are largely determined by the
236:
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xylem sap. The sap often is harvested from the sugar maple,
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of phloem sap is promoted by their possession in the gut of
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780:. In Koelling, Melvin R; Heiligmann, Randall B (eds.).
711:"Phloem-sap feeding by animals: problems and solutions"
756:
College of Saint
Benedict and Saint John's University
277:. Recent evidence indicates that mobile proteins and
215:
133:
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139:
668:
227:
212:
145:
130:
800:
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198:, and freeze-thaw cycles in temperate climates.
38:"Saps" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2139:
776:Morselli, Mariafranca; Whalen, M Lynn (1996).
775:
2125:
876:
704:
702:
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664:
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153:) consists primarily of a watery solution of
1982:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
597:
595:
491:
782:North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual
2132:
2118:
883:
869:
697:
659:
414:Certain palm tree sap can be used to make
778:"Appendix 2: Maple Chemistry and Quality"
726:
592:
583:
530:
497:
1926:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
559:
288:
190:Xylem sap transport can be disrupted by
72:cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or
47:
769:
708:
266:and the position-dependent function of
14:
3243:
2113:
864:
827:from the original on 23 November 2017
683:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092045
565:
395:) harvesting the early spring sap of
3223:
473:"How to Remove Tree Sap From a Car"
285:as they pass through plasmodesmata.
83:. These cells transport water and
24:
545:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140301.x
25:
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1931:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
842:
749:
3222:
3213:
3212:
2094:
2093:
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296:feeding on sap, attended by ants
208:
126:
111:
743:
715:Journal of Experimental Botany
671:Annual Review of Plant Biology
572:Journal of Experimental Botany
524:
465:
251:Annual Review of Plant Biology
13:
1:
459:
352:
201:
1972:History of plant systematics
1559:Thorns, spines, and prickles
426:while in Chile they use the
119:
7:
813:. Springer. pp. 113–.
508:10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0_2
437:
430:to make their syrup called
10:
3277:
2141:Non-timber forest products
1788:Alternation of generations
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37:
26:
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3006:
2894:
2806:
2591:
2507:
2408:
2295:
2182:
2147:
2089:
2037:
2001:
1938:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1901:Biological classification
1891:
1764:
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1576:
1526:
1251:
1181:
1124:
1086:
1060:
996:
916:
898:
566:Tyree, Melvin T. (1997).
500:Inorganic Plant Nutrition
371:In some countries (e.g.,
1798:Evolutionary development
245:pressure flow hypothesis
235:) consists primarily of
1449:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
424:Canary Island date palm
206:Phloem sap (pronounced
178:cohesion-tension theory
3155:(Iberian agroforestry)
2393:Pacific mountain onion
2064:by author abbreviation
1988:Plant taxonomy systems
1906:Botanical nomenclature
709:Douglas, A.E. (2006).
585:10.1093/jxb/48.10.1753
297:
287:
124:Xylem sap (pronounced
87:throughout the plant.
58:
3175:Indian forest produce
2646:Hydnocarpus wightiana
2071:Botanical expeditions
533:Physiologia Plantarum
360:is made from reduced
292:
256:
90:Sap is distinct from
51:
2418:Bare-toothed russula
1803:Evolutionary history
1793:Double fertilization
1645:Cellular respiration
857:at Wikimedia Commons
300:Many insects of the
55:Dracaena trifasciata
33:SAP (disambiguation)
29:Sap (disambiguation)
27:For other uses, see
3029:musical instruments
2287:Woodland strawberry
1022:Non-vascular plants
623:1994Ecol...75.1736S
77:sieve tube elements
1527:Surface structures
1322:Flower development
752:"Plant Physiology"
728:10.1093/jxb/erj067
399:trees (so called "
298:
275:transport proteins
59:
3238:
3237:
2107:
2106:
1746:Herbaceous plants
1572:
1571:
853:Media related to
820:978-1-4020-4992-7
578:(10): 1753–1765.
517:978-3-642-68887-4
428:Chilean wine palm
16:(Redirected from
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3251:Plant physiology
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3225:
3216:
3215:
3190:Resin extraction
3180:Mushroom hunting
3156:
2902: / etc.
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2649:
2484:Saffron milk cap
2474:Parasol mushroom
2314:Fiddlehead ferns
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2110:
2097:
2096:
2076:Individual trees
1751:Secondary growth
1722:Succulent plants
1710:Prostrate shrubs
1593:Apical dominance
1578:Plant physiology
1539:Epicuticular wax
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1083:
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1068:Plant morphology
885:
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871:
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837:
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788:on 29 April 2006
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750:Saupe, Stephen.
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641:. Archived from
617:(6): 1736–1752.
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479:. 20 August 2019
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339:oligosaccharides
335:transglucosidase
327:osmotic pressure
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182:osmotic pressure
159:mineral elements
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52:Sap droplets of
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3130:Vegetable ivory
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2469:Oyster mushroom
2459:Meadow mushroom
2404:
2388:Twincrest onion
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2149:Animal products
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2054:Botanical terms
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1997:
1943:Citrus taxonomy
1921:Author citation
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1161:Vascular tissue
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1027:Vascular plants
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988:Plant pathology
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106:Insect honeydew
68:transported in
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2753:Shorea robusta
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2044:Related topics
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1869:Megasporangium
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1857:Microsporangia
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1697:
1695:Cushion plants
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1327:Floral diagram
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1256:(incl. Flower)
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1156:Storage organs
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1042:Spermatophytes
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1009:
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843:External links
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721:(4): 747–754.
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539:(3): 327–335.
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420:Canary Islands
366:Acer saccharum
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323:microorganisms
283:macromolecules
262:and number of
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1062:Plant anatomy
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983:Plant ecology
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978:Plant anatomy
976:
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957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
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926:Archaeobotany
924:
923:
921:
919:
915:
909:
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724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
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692:
688:
684:
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677:(1): 207–21.
676:
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663:
648:on 2017-08-10
644:
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494:
478:
477:HowStuffWorks
474:
468:
464:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
433:
432:miel de palma
429:
425:
422:they use the
421:
417:
412:
410:
407:and contains
406:
402:
398:
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367:
363:
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
309:non-essential
306:
303:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
264:plasmodesmata
261:
255:
253:
252:
246:
242:
241:carbohydrates
238:
232:
199:
197:
193:
188:
186:
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174:
172:
168:
164:
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117:
109:
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86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
56:
50:
41:
34:
30:
19:
3261:Tree tapping
3227:
3200:Wildcrafting
3185:Naval stores
3163: /
3151:
3120:Tendu leaves
3076:Natural dyes
2946:Gutta-percha
2898: /
2895:
2836:Frankincense
2796:
2752:
2709:Mango butter
2654:Cocoa butter
2645:
2642:Chaulmoogra
2612:Allanblackia
2543:Black pepper
2428:Birch bolete
2378:Canada onion
2363:Wild ginseng
2358:Saw palmetto
2299: /
2189: /
2024:Horticulture
2014:Floriculture
1916:Correct name
1766:Reproduction
1756:Woody plants
1681:Plant growth
1651:
1640:Gas Exchange
1625:Phytomelanin
1503:Plant embryo
1253:Reproductive
1101:Phragmoplast
829:. Retrieved
809:
802:
792:20 September
790:. Retrieved
786:the original
781:
771:
759:. Retrieved
755:
745:
718:
714:
674:
670:
650:. Retrieved
643:the original
614:
610:
575:
571:
561:
536:
532:
526:
499:
493:
481:. Retrieved
467:
431:
413:
370:
365:
356:
299:
260:conductivity
257:
249:
205:
196:water stress
189:
175:
123:
115:
112:Types of sap
104:
89:
61:
60:
53:
3135:Willow bark
2966:Maple syrup
2961:Maple sugar
2936:Fruit syrup
2919:chewing gum
2909:Birch syrup
2766:Shea butter
2438:Chanterelle
2383:Crow garlic
2373:Bear garlic
2368:Wild onions
2346:filé powder
2267:Lingonberry
2252:Huckleberry
1840:Pollen tube
1835:Pollinators
1825:Pollination
1820:Germination
1635:Respiration
1618:Chlorophyll
1464:Pedicellate
1398:Gametophyte
1317:Aestivation
1268:Antheridium
1263:Archegonium
1111:Plasmodesma
1088:Plant cells
951:Paleobotany
946:Ethnobotany
931:Astrobotany
483:23 December
401:birch juice
362:sugar maple
358:Maple syrup
316:amino acids
294:Leafhoppers
270:-specific,
169:toward the
3245:Categories
3046:Birch beer
3041:Birch bark
2998:Spruce gum
2981:akpeteshie
2971:Palm sugar
2941:Gum arabic
2931:Date sugar
2881:Turpentine
2761:Sandalwood
2664:Eucalyptus
2659:Eucalyptol
2548:Brazil nut
2423:Bay bolete
2277:Strawberry
2232:Cocoa bean
2227:Breadfruit
2217:Blackberry
2191:tree fruit
1862:Microspore
1852:Sporangium
1830:Artificial
1518:Sporophyte
1513:Sporophyll
1508:Receptacle
1403:Gynandrium
1273:Androecium
1182:Vegetative
1052:Angiosperm
1047:Gymnosperm
941:Dendrology
652:2018-12-18
460:References
416:palm syrup
353:Human uses
202:Phloem sap
192:cavitation
161:and other
3165:gardening
3125:Thatching
2976:Palm wine
2821:Birch tar
2749:Sal-seed
2674:Japan wax
2627:Candlenut
2568:Malva nut
2533:Areca nut
2454:Matsutake
2410:Mushrooms
2351:root beer
2341:Sassafras
2329:Sago palm
2272:Raspberry
2257:Jackfruit
2222:Blueberry
2174:Wild game
2059:Botanists
1977:Herbarium
1874:Megaspore
1772:Evolution
1715:Subshrubs
1683:and habit
1608:Nutrition
1603:Cellulose
1598:Bulk flow
1581:Materials
1544:Epidermis
1408:Gynoecium
1389:Endosperm
1384:Dispersal
1300:Staminode
1236:Sessility
1224:Cataphyll
1144:Mesophyll
1096:Cell wall
1037:Lycophyte
1017:Bryophyte
971:Geobotany
956:Phycology
855:Plant sap
444:Guttation
418:. In the
405:fermented
373:Lithuania
320:symbiotic
313:essential
305:Hemiptera
185:gradients
163:nutrients
120:Xylem sap
85:nutrients
18:Plant sap
3218:Category
3034:textiles
2866:Pine tar
2831:Creosote
2781:Tea-tree
2776:Tea-seed
2744:Pongamia
2734:Phulwara
2719:Nagkesar
2714:Murumuru
2689:Kpangnan
2637:Carnauba
2578:Pine nut
2563:Hazelnut
2553:Cinnamon
2538:Bay leaf
2528:Allspice
2450:(reishi)
2282:Tamarind
2247:Gambooge
2207:Bilberry
2099:Category
2019:Forestry
2009:Agronomy
2002:Practice
1953:Cultivar
1948:Cultigen
1808:timeline
1700:Rosettes
1588:Aleurone
1564:Trichome
1481:Perianth
1293:Filament
1151:Meristem
1074:glossary
936:Bryology
825:Archived
737:16449374
691:19025382
553:12060254
438:See also
343:honeydew
155:hormones
100:cell sap
3229:Commons
3144:Related
3108:Tanbark
3103:Shellac
3093:Quinine
3066:Gambier
2986:ogogoro
2886:Varnish
2851:Lacquer
2841:Gamboge
2826:Camphor
2816:Benzoin
2726: (
2632:Capuacu
2617:Babassu
2583:Vanilla
2494:Truffle
2479:Red cap
2448:Lingzhi
2237:Coconut
2212:Binukaw
2187:Berries
1777:Ecology
1534:Cuticle
1364:Capsule
1354:Anatomy
1305:Tapetum
1229:Petiole
1204:Rhizome
1199:Rhizoid
1126:Tissues
1116:Vacuole
1106:Plastid
908:Outline
903:History
831:6 April
761:3 April
639:1939633
619:Bibcode
611:Ecology
409:xylitol
389:Belarus
385:Finland
381:Estonia
347:biomass
331:sucrase
3152:Dehesa
3113:tannin
3098:Rattan
3061:Forage
3024:edible
3019:Bamboo
3014:Amadou
2993:Rubber
2914:Chicle
2856:Mastic
2808:Resins
2791:Ucuuba
2786:Tucuma
2771:Tamanu
2728:kernel
2699:Mafura
2669:Illipe
2622:Bacuri
2573:Nutmeg
2517:spices
2242:Durian
2202:Banana
2081:Plants
1984:(IAPT)
1737:Lianas
1705:Shrubs
1657:Starch
1549:Nectar
1469:Raceme
1435:Stigma
1423:Locule
1413:Carpel
1374:Pyrena
1312:Flower
1288:Anther
1283:Stamen
1278:Pollen
1000:groups
892:Botany
817:
735:
689:
637:
551:
514:
393:Russia
377:Latvia
268:solute
237:sugars
171:leaves
74:phloem
3256:Trees
3081:henna
3056:Ferns
3007:Other
2956:Latex
2876:Rosin
2871:Pitch
2861:Myrrh
2846:Kauri
2704:Mahua
2694:Kusum
2684:Kombo
2679:Kokum
2601:waxes
2558:Clove
2464:Morel
2398:Ramps
2334:queen
2309:Betel
2301:roots
2162:Honey
2041:Lists
1958:Group
1881:Spore
1815:Flora
1732:Vines
1727:Trees
1690:Habit
1662:Sugar
1554:Stoma
1496:Sepal
1491:Petal
1486:Tepal
1474:Umbel
1459:Bract
1440:Style
1428:Ovule
1418:Ovary
1359:Berry
1349:Fruit
1342:Whorl
1209:Shoot
1007:Algae
998:Plant
646:(PDF)
635:JSTOR
607:(PDF)
454:Resin
449:Latex
397:birch
302:order
167:roots
98:, or
96:resin
92:latex
81:plant
79:of a
70:xylem
66:fluid
64:is a
3088:Peat
3071:Moss
3051:Cork
2951:Kino
2739:Pilu
2724:Palm
2512:Nuts
2167:pine
2157:Furs
1963:Grex
1845:Self
1379:Seed
1241:Stem
1219:Leaf
1194:Root
1189:Bulb
1173:Wood
1134:Cork
1032:Fern
833:2013
815:ISBN
794:2010
763:2018
733:PMID
687:PMID
549:PMID
512:ISBN
485:2020
40:SAPS
31:and
2900:gum
2896:Sap
2596:Oil
2433:Cep
1652:Sap
1369:Nut
1214:Bud
723:doi
679:doi
627:doi
580:doi
541:doi
537:114
504:doi
279:RNA
62:Sap
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