321:, a purification method that results in high purity and low endotoxin levels is desirable. Similarly, if the plasmid is to be used for sequencing or PCR, a purification method that results in high yield and minimal contaminants is desirable. However, multiple methods of nucleic acid purification exist. All work on the principle of generating conditions where either only the nucleic acid precipitates, or only other
114:, for example a gene encoding ampicillin or kanamycin resistance, which allows bacteria that have been successfully transformed to multiply uninhibited. Bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid vector are assumed to lack the resistance gene, and thus only colonies representing successful transformations are expected to grow. Bacteria are grown under favourable conditions.
225:
Kits are available from varying manufacturers to purify plasmid DNA, which are named by size of bacterial culture and corresponding plasmid yield. In increasing order they are: miniprep, midiprep, maxiprep, megaprep, and gigaprep. The plasmid DNA yield will vary depending on the plasmid copy number,
221:
Plasmid preparation can be divided into five main categories based on the scale of the preparation: minipreparation, midipreparation, maxipreparation, megapreparation, and gigapreparation. The choice of which method to use will depend on the amount of plasmid DNA required, as well as the specific
20:
408:
ions binds to plasmid DNA, separating them from unwanted compounds by a magnetic rod or stand. The plasmid-bound beads are then released by removal of the magnetic field and extracted in an elution solution for down-stream experiments such as
269:. A typical plasmid DNA yield of a miniprep is 5 to 50 ÎĽg depending on the cell strain. Miniprep of a large number of plasmids can also be done conveniently on filter paper by lysing the cell and eluting the plasmid on to filter paper.
363:
is a method of purifying DNA, RNA or plasmid from a sample using a spin column filter. The method is based on the principle of selectively binding nucleic acids to a solid matrix in the spin column, while other contaminants, such as
340:, including plasmid DNA. The basic principle of this method is that nucleic acids are insoluble in ethanol or isopropanol but soluble in water. Therefore, it works by using
380:
is that DNA and RNA are relatively insoluble in phenol and chloroform, while other cellular components are relatively soluble in these solvents. The addition of a
313:
It is important to consider the downstream applications of the plasmid DNA when choosing a purification method. For example, if the plasmid is to be used for
142:
are denatured; the plasmid DNA however, remains stable. Some scientists reduce the concentration of NaOH used to 0.1M in order to reduce the occurrence of
1545:
261:
method. The extracted plasmid DNA resulting from performing a miniprep is itself often called a "miniprep". Minipreps are used in the process of
368:
and salts, are washed away. The conditions are then changed to elute the purified nucleic acid off the column using a suitable elution buffer.
173:, to break down bacterial cells and release the plasmid DNA. There are several different mechanical lysis methods that can be used, including
360:
254:
388:
mixture will dissolve protein and lipid contaminants, leaving the nucleic acids in the aqueous phase. It also denatures proteins, like
201:
to digest the cell wall and release the plasmid DNA. The most commonly used enzyme for this purpose is lysozyme, which breaks down the
1676:
439:"Protocol: a rapid and economical procedure for purification of plasmid or plant DNA with diverse applications in plant biology"
213:
is usually added to the bacterial culture, followed by heating and/or shaking the culture to release the plasmid DNA.
130:
The most common method is alkaline lysis, which involves the use of a high concentration of a basic solution, such as
62:. During the purification procedure, the plasmid DNA is often separated from contaminating proteins and genomic DNA.
377:
615:
417:. This form of miniprep can also be automated, which increases the conveniency while reducing mechanical error.
161:
DNA and proteins form large complexes and precipitate; but the small bacterial DNA plasmids stay in solution.
1001:"Programming pluripotent precursor cells derived from Xenopus embryos to generate specific tissues and organs"
943:"Combined enzymatic and mechanical cell disruption and lipid extraction of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans"
718:"Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria"
1681:
297:
The starting E. coli culture volume is 500 mL – 2.5 L of LB and the expected DNA yield is 1.5-2.5 mg.
122:
There are several methods for cell lysis, including alkaline lysis, mechanical lysis, and enzymatic lysis.
1656:
1577:
1686:
289:
The starting E. coli culture volume is 100-200 mL of LB and the expected DNA yield is 500-850 ÎĽg.
174:
823:"Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies"
410:
103:
697:
614:
Suza W, Lee D (15 October 2021). "11. Recombinant DNA Technology; Ligase enzyme and gene cloning".
305:
The starting E. coli culture volume is 2.5-5 L of LB and the expected DNA yield is 7.5–10 mg.
93:
206:
65:
These methods invariably involve three steps: growth of the bacterial culture, harvesting and
1495:"Current Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods and Their Implications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics"
633:"Scaling-up recombinant plasmid DNA for clinical trial: current concern, solution and status"
333:
107:
69:
of the bacteria, and purification of the plasmid DNA. Purification of plasmids is central to
404:
In beads-based extraction, addition of a mixture containing magnetic beads commonly made of
890:
550:
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A miniprep procedure using diatomaceous earth to bind DNA during purification and washing.
8:
782:
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494:
1237:"Simple methods for preparation of plasmid DNA yielding long and accurate sequence data"
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digestion. Otherwise, smearing may occur in enzyme restricted form of plasmid DNA.
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of DNA, causing it to precipitate out of solution and then it can be collected by
903:
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539:"A one-step miniprep for the isolation of plasmid DNA and lambda phage particles"
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151:
50:
experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and
1108:
349:
278:
258:
250:
74:
39:
839:
1670:
1608:"A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA"
1362:"Purifying plasmid DNA from bacterial colonies using the QIAGEN Miniprep Kit"
1301:
1252:
1139:"A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA"
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and isolated. Virtually all plasmid vectors in common use encode one or more
51:
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Prazeres DM, Monteiro GA (December 2014). Tolmasky ME, Alonso JC (eds.).
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Mechanical lysis involves the use of physical force, such as grinding or
158:
155:
73:. A purified plasmid can be used for many standard applications, such as
24:
1055:"Vector Design for Improved DNA Vaccine Efficacy, Safety and Production"
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http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/Plasmid/Miniprep/
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182:
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Minipreparation of plasmid DNA is a rapid, small-scale isolation of
392:, which is especially important if the plasmids are to be used for
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352:. The soluble fraction is discarded to remove other biomolecules.
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1188:"A rapid and efficient 'miniprep' for isolation of plasmid DNA"
393:
381:
198:
879:"Insights into cell wall disintegration of Chlorella vulgaris"
1286:"One step 'miniprep' method for the isolation of plasmid DNA"
389:
134:, to lyse the bacterial cells. When bacteria are lysed under
66:
1410:"DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present"
405:
1185:
537:
Lezin G, Kosaka Y, Yost HJ, Kuehn MR, Brunelli L (2011).
242:
55:
336:
is a widely used method for purifying and concentrating
325:
precipitate, allowing the nucleic acid to be separated.
1492:
696:
Batree L, Shriner W, Creech C (2017). "Biotechnology".
117:
1463:"Phenol-Chloroform Extraction | Herman Lab | Nebraska"
876:
54:. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid
1337:"Plasmid Mini-Prep | College of Biological Sciences"
1234:
536:
281:(LB) and the expected DNA yield is 100-350 ÎĽg.
16:
Biological method of DNA extraction and purification
1578:"Barrick Lab :: ProtocolsEthanolPrecipitation"
695:
277:The starting E. coli culture volume is 15-25 mL of
138:conditions (pH 12.0–12.5) both chromosomal DNA and
820:
767:"Plasmid Detection, Characterization, and Ecology"
630:
84:
1493:Ali N, Rampazzo RC, Costa AD, Krieger MA (2017).
1235:Kovalenko SA, Tanaka M, Ozawa T (December 1994).
1186:Serghini MA, Ritzenthaler C, Pinck L (May 1989).
764:
631:Ismail R, Allaudin ZN, Lila MA (September 2012).
1668:
941:Wang D, Li Y, Hu X, Su W, Zhong M (April 2015).
492:
154:to lower the pH to around 7, the large and less
371:
998:
877:Weber S, Grande PM, Blank LM, Klose H (2022).
765:Smalla K, Jechalke S, Top EM (February 2015).
308:
1543:
1605:
1359:
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821:Rahman MM, Hosano N, Hosano H (April 2022).
947:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
361:Spin column-based nucleic acid purification
1414:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
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600:. Universal Scientific. pp. 119–126.
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399:
249:. Commonly used miniprep methods include
1052:
617:Genetics, Agriculture, and Biotechnology
595:
328:
18:
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222:application for which it will be used.
216:
92:are almost always purified from liquid
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999:Borchers A, Pieler T (November 2010).
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230:, the growth conditions, and the kit.
1606:Birnboim HC, Doly J (November 1979).
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1137:Birnboim HC, Doly J (November 1979).
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488:
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437:Li JF, Li L, Sheen J (January 2010).
783:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0038-2014
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702:. Open Oregon Educational Resources.
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532:
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512:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0022-2014
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118:Harvesting and lysis of the bacteria
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13:
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1360:Zhang S, Cahalan MD (2007-07-29).
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598:Laboratory Methods in Microbiology
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300:
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46:. It is an important step in many
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1698:
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1366:Journal of Visualized Experiments
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604:
527:
427:
125:
596:Bouchard R, et al. (2010).
1677:Biological techniques and tools
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1353:
1277:
1228:
1179:
722:British Journal of Pharmacology
257:based kits. It is based on the
85:Growth of the bacterial culture
1546:"Ethanol Precipitation of DNA"
1544:Zeugin JA, Hartley JL (1985).
689:
665:
624:
589:
355:
1:
1499:BioMed Research International
650:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.061
420:
193:Enzymatic lysis, also called
904:10.1371/journal.pone.0262500
564:10.1371/journal.pone.0023457
495:"Plasmid Biopharmaceuticals"
378:phenol-chloroform extraction
372:Phenol–chloroform extraction
7:
376:The basic principle of the
309:Purification of plasmid DNA
197:lysis, involves the use of
150:-containing neutralization
10:
1703:
1053:Williams JA (June 2013).
840:10.3390/molecules27092786
716:Bennett PM (March 2008).
1408:Tan SC, Yiap BC (2009).
1284:Chowdhury K (May 1991).
1107:Zazilek G (2010-04-12).
620:. Iowa State University.
146:. After the addition of
1072:10.3390/vaccines1030225
23:Plasmid miniprep. 0.8%
1612:Nucleic Acids Research
1302:10.1093/nar/19.10.2792
1290:Nucleic Acids Research
1253:10.1093/nar/22.25.5771
1241:Nucleic Acids Research
1192:Nucleic Acids Research
1143:Nucleic Acids Research
734:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707607
728:(Suppl 1): S347–S357.
400:Beads-based extraction
207:Gram-positive bacteria
31:
1204:10.1093/nar/17.9.3604
1113:askabiologist.asu.edu
777:(1): PLAS–0038–2014.
771:Microbiology Spectrum
699:Principles of biology
499:Microbiology Spectrum
456:10.1186/1746-4811-6-1
415:restriction digestion
334:Ethanol precipitation
329:Ethanol precipitation
265:to analyze bacterial
108:antibiotic resistance
42:and purification for
22:
1624:10.1093/nar/7.6.1513
1512:10.1155/2017/9306564
1155:10.1093/nar/7.6.1513
960:10.3390/ijms16047707
217:Preparations by size
205:in the cell wall of
1682:Genetics techniques
1427:10.1155/2009/574398
895:2022PLoSO..1762500W
555:2011PLoSO...623457L
226:type and size, the
36:plasmid preparation
102:, which have been
32:
1687:Molecular biology
1467:hermanlab.unl.edu
1247:(25): 5771–5772.
1018:10.3390/mi8030083
643:(41): 5914–5920.
263:molecular cloning
112:selectable marker
94:bacteria cultures
71:molecular cloning
48:molecular biology
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1109:"Alkaline Lysis"
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234:Minipreparation
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189:Enzymatic lysis
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