162:, with components parallel and perpendicular to the metal-dielectric interface. The imaginary part of the wave vector component is inversely proportional to the SPP propagation length, while its real part defines the SPP confinement. The SPP dispersion characteristics depend on the dielectric constants of the materials comprising the waveguide. The propagation length and confinement of the surface plasmon polariton wave are inversely related. Therefore, stronger confinement of the mode typically results in shorter propagation lengths. The construction of a practical and usable surface plasmon circuit is heavily dependent on a compromise between propagation and confinement. Maximizing both confinement and propagation length helps mitigate the drawbacks of choosing propagation length over confinement and vice versa. Multiple types of waveguides have been created in pursuit of a plasmonic circuit with strong confinement and sufficient propagation length. Some of the most common types include insulator-metal-insulator (IMI), metal-insulator-metal (MIM), dielectric loaded surface plasmon polariton (DLSPP), gap plasmon polariton (GPP), channel plasmon polariton (CPP), wedge surface plasmon polariton (wedge), and hybrid opto-plasmonic waveguides and networks. Dissipation losses accompanying SPP propagation in metals can be mitigated by gain amplification or by combining them into hybrid networks with photonic elements such as fibers and coupled-resonator waveguides. This design can result in the previously mentioned hybrid plasmonic waveguide, which exhibits subwavelength mode on a scale of one-tenth of the diffraction limit of light, along with an acceptable propagation length.
171:
which means that for coupling to occur additional momentum should be provided by the input coupler to achieve the momentum conservation between incoming light and surface plasmon polariton waves launched in the plasmonic circuit. There are several solutions to this, including using dielectric prisms, gratings, or localized scattering elements on the surface of the metal to help induce coupling by matching the momenta of the incident light and the surface plasmons. After a surface plasmon has been created and sent to a destination, it can then be converted into an electrical signal. This can be achieved by using a photodetector in the metal plane, or decoupling the surface plasmon into freely propagating light that can then be converted into an electrical signal. Alternatively, the signal can be out-coupled into a propagating mode of an optical fiber or waveguide.
187:. Electro-optical devices have combined aspects of both optical and electrical devices in the form of a modulator as well. Specifically, electro-optic modulators have been designed using evanescently coupled resonant metal gratings and nanowires that rely on long-range surface plasmons (LRSP). Likewise, thermo-optic devices, which contain a dielectric material whose refractive index changes with variation in temperature, have also been used as interferometric modulators of SPP signals in addition to directional-coupler switches. Some thermo-optic devices have been shown to utilize LRSP waveguiding along gold stripes that are embedded in a polymer and heated by electrical signals as a means for modulation and directional-coupler switches. Another potential field lies in the use of
216:, or mirrors composed of a succession of planes to steer a surface plasmon beam. When optimized, Bragg reflectors can reflect nearly 100% of the incoming power. Another method used to create compact photonic components relies on CPP waveguides as they have displayed strong confinement with acceptable losses less than 3 dB within telecommunication wavelengths. Maximizing loss and compactness with regards to the use of passive devices, as well as active devices, creates more potential for the use of plasmonic circuits.
150:
136:
vortices, which circulate light powerflow through the inter-particle gaps thus reducing absorption and Ohmic heating, In addition to heat, it is also difficult to change the direction of a plasmonic signal in a circuit without significantly reducing its amplitude and propagation length. One clever solution to the issue of bending the direction of propagation is the use of
27:
128:
increasingly important the deeper the electric field penetrates into the metal. Researchers are attempting to reduce losses in surface plasmon propagation by examining a variety of materials, geometries, the frequency and their respective properties. New promising low-loss plasmonic materials include metal oxides and nitrides as well as
124:, thus constituting a barrier for further integration. Plasmonics could bridge this size mismatch between electronic and photonic components. At the same time, photonics and plasmonics can complement each other, since, under the right conditions, optical signals can be converted to SPPs and vice versa.
179:
The progress made in surface plasmons over the last 50 years has led to the development in various types of devices, both active and passive. A few of the most prominent areas of active devices are optical, thermo-optical, and electro-optical. All-optical devices have shown the capacity to become a
170:
The input and output ports of a plasmonic circuit will receive and send optical signals, respectively. To do this, coupling and decoupling of the optical signal to the surface plasmon is necessary. The dispersion relation for the surface plasmon lies entirely below the dispersion relation for light,
211:
can be implemented in a plasmonic circuit, however fabrication at the nano scale has proven difficult and has adverse effects. Significant losses can occur due to decoupling in situations where a refractive element with a different refractive index is used. However, some steps have been taken to
140:
to angle the signal in a particular direction, or even to function as splitters of the signal. Finally, emerging applications of plasmonics for thermal emission manipulation and heat-assisted magnetic recording leverage Ohmic losses in metals to obtain devices with new enhanced functionalities.
90:
along the interface between a dielectric (e.g. glass, air) and a metal (e.g. silver, gold). The SPP modes are strongly confined to their supporting interface, giving rise to strong light-matter interactions. In particular, the electron gas in the metal oscillates with the electro-magnetic wave.
135:
Another foreseeable barrier plasmonic circuits will have to overcome is heat; heat in a plasmonic circuit may or may not exceed the heat generated by complex electronic circuits. It has recently been proposed to reduce heating in plasmonic networks by designing them to support trapped optical
127:
One of the biggest issues in making plasmonic circuits a feasible reality is the short propagation length of surface plasmons. Typically, surface plasmons travel distances only on the scale of millimeters before damping diminishes the signal. This is largely due to ohmic losses, which become
1718:
91:
Because the moving electrons are scattered, ohmic losses in plasmonic signals are generally large, which limits the signal transfer distances to the sub-centimeter range, unless hybrid optoplasmonic light guiding networks, or plasmon gain amplification are used. Besides SPPs,
180:
viable source for information processing, communication, and data storage when used as a modulator. In one instance, the interaction of two light beams of different wavelengths was demonstrated by converting them into co-propagating surface plasmons via
577:
Grandidier, Jonathan; des Francs, GĂ©rard Colas; Massenot, SĂ©bastien; Bouhelier, Alexandre; Markey, Laurent; Weeber, Jean-Claude; Finot, Christophe; Dereux, Alain (2009-08-12). "Gain-Assisted
Propagation in a Plasmonic Waveguide at Telecom Wavelength".
99:
are referred to as plasmonics modes. Both modes are characterized by large momentum values, which enable strong resonant enhancement of the local density of photon states, and can be utilized to enhance weak optical effects of opto-electronic devices.
1414:
Pile, D. F. P.; Ogawa, T.; Gramotnev, D. K.; Okamoto, T.; Haraguchi, M.; Fukui, M.; Matsuo, S. (2005-08-08). "Theoretical and experimental investigation of strongly localized plasmons on triangular metal wedges for subwavelength waveguiding".
1761:
González, M. U.; Weeber, J.-C.; Baudrion, A.-L.; Dereux, A.; Stepanov, A. L.; Krenn, J. R.; Devaux, E.; Ebbesen, T. W. (2006-04-13). "Design, near-field characterization, and modeling of 45° surface-plasmon Bragg mirrors".
157:
Optimal plasmonic waveguide designs strive to maximize both the confinement and propagation length of surface plasmons within a plasmonic circuit. Surface plasmon polaritons are characterized by a complex
1066:
Challener, W. A.; Peng, Chubing; Itagi, A. V.; Karns, D.; Peng, Wei; et al. (2009-03-22). "Heat-assisted magnetic recording by a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer".
199:
Although active components play an important role in the use of plasmonic circuitry, passive circuits are just as integral and, surprisingly, not trivial to make. Many passive elements such as
1230:
Steinberger, B.; Hohenau, A.; Ditlbacher, H.; Stepanov, A. L.; Drezet, A.; Aussenegg, F. R.; Leitner, A.; Krenn, J. R. (2006-02-27). "Dielectric stripes on gold as surface plasmon waveguides".
966:
S.V. Boriskina "Plasmonics with a twist: taming optical tornadoes on the nanoscale," chapter 12 in: Plasmonics: Theory and applications (T.V. Shahbazyan and M.I. Stockman Eds.) Springer 2013
522:
Santiago-Cordoba, Miguel A.; Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Vollmer, Frank; Demirel, Melik C. (2011-08-15). "Nanoparticle-based protein detection by optical shift of a resonant microcavity".
1529:
Ahn, Wonmi; Hong, Yan; Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Reinhard, Björn M. (2013-04-25). "Demonstration of
Efficient On-Chip Photon Transfer in Self-Assembled Optoplasmonic Networks".
485:
Ahn, Wonmi; Hong, Yan; Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Reinhard, Björn M. (2013-04-25). "Demonstration of
Efficient On-Chip Photon Transfer in Self-Assembled Optoplasmonic Networks".
1881:
Nikolajsen, Thomas; Leosson, Kristjan; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. (2004-12-13). "Surface plasmon polariton based modulators and switches operating at telecom wavelengths".
757:
Naik, Gururaj V.; Kim, Jongbum; Boltasseva, Alexandra (2011-09-06). "Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited]".
1671:
Alam, Muhammad Z.; Aitchison, J. Stewart; Mojahedi, Mo (2014-02-19). "A marriage of convenience: Hybridization of surface plasmon and dielectric waveguide modes".
52:
refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces in the nanometer scale. Inspired by
287:
Maier, S. A.; Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G.; Meltzer, S.; Requicha, A. A. G.; Atwater, H. A. (2001). "Plasmonics-A Route to
Nanoscale Optical Devices".
1140:
Verhagen, Ewold; Spasenović, Marko; Polman, Albert; Kuipers, L. (Kobus) (2009-05-19). "Nanowire
Plasmon Excitation by Adiabatic Mode Transformation".
1836:
Wu, Zhi; Nelson, Robert L.; Haus, Joseph W.; Zhan, Qiwen (2008-03-05). "Plasmonic electro-optic modulator design using a resonant metal grating".
1461:
420:
132:. Key to more design freedom are improved fabrication techniques that can further contribute to reduced losses by reduced surface roughness.
1716:
Krenn, J. R.; Weeber, J.-C. (2004-04-15). Richards, David; Zayats, Anatoly (eds.). "Surface plasmon polaritons in metal stripes and wires".
1318:
Jung, K.-Y.; Teixeira, F.L.; Reano, R.M. (2009). "Surface
Plasmon Coplanar Waveguides: Mode Characteristics and Mode Conversion Losses".
1565:
M. Z. Alam, J. Meier, J. S. Aitchison, and M. Mojahedi, "Super mode propagation in low index medium", Paper ID: JThD112, CLEO/QELS 2007.
1799:
Pacifici, Domenico; Lezec, Henri J.; Atwater, Harry A. (2007). "All-optical modulation by plasmonic excitation of CdSe quantum dots".
1185:
Dionne, J. A.; Lezec, H. J.; Atwater, Harry A. (2006). "Highly
Confined Photon Transport in Subwavelength Metallic Slot Waveguides".
976:
Veronis, Georgios; Fan, Shanhui (2005-09-26). "Bends and splitters in metal-dielectric-metal subwavelength plasmonic waveguides".
1015:"Enhancement and Tunability of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Mediated by Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Thin Plasmonic Films"
302:
680:
Brongersma, Mark. "Are
Plasmonics Circuitry Wave of Future?" Stanford School of Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. <
1320:
268:
1719:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1575:
Sorger, Volker J.; Ye, Ziliang; Oulton, Rupert F.; Wang, Yuan; Bartal, Guy; Yin, Xiaobo; Zhang, Xiang (2011-05-31).
1103:
Sorger, Volker J.; Oulton, Rupert F.; Ma, Ren-Min; Zhang, Xiang (2012). "Toward integrated plasmonic circuits".
385:
Barnes, William L (2006-03-21). "Surface plasmon–polariton length scales: a route to sub-wavelength optics".
112:, or in an electric circuit analog, to combine the size efficiency of electronics with the data capacity of
1673:
1363:
Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.; Volkov, Valentyn S.; Devaux, EloĂŻse; Laluet, Jean-Yves; Ebbesen, Thomas W. (2006).
918:"Electromagnetic Field Enhancement and Spectrum Shaping through Plasmonically Integrated Optical Vortices"
1013:
Boriskina, Svetlana; Tong, Jonathan; Huang, Yi; Zhou, Jiawei; Chiloyan, Vazrik; Chen, Gang (2015-06-18).
867:"Molding the flow of light on the nanoscale: from vortex nanogears to phase-operated plasmonic machinery"
212:
minimize losses and maximize compactness of the photonic components. One such step relies on the use of
113:
681:
356:
Marques
Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N Torres, JoĂŁo Paulo; Baptista, AntĂłnio; Marques Martins, Maria JoĂŁo.
260:
121:
31:
759:
92:
87:
83:
77:
73:
120:
nodes used for electrical circuits are ever decreasing, the size of conventional PICs is limited by
2025:
1365:"Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators"
2035:
1883:
1417:
1232:
1142:
978:
694:
Ozbay, E. (2006-01-13). "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions".
641:
Ebbesen, Thomas W.; Genet, Cyriaque; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. (2008). "Surface-plasmon circuitry".
524:
316:
Gramotnev, Dmitri K.; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. (2010). "Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit".
2030:
358:"A new method to analyse the role of surface plasmon polaritons on dielectric-metal interfaces"
1581:
235:
60:), and finds applications in sensing, microscopy, optical communications, and bio-photonics.
1973:
1932:
1892:
1847:
1810:
1773:
1682:
1633:
1590:
1480:
1426:
1378:
1329:
1282:
1241:
1196:
1151:
1077:
1038:
987:
823:
778:
705:
652:
589:
543:
439:
327:
20:
1577:"Experimental demonstration of low-loss optical waveguiding at deep sub-wavelength scales"
26:
8:
2020:
1019:
871:
387:
357:
35:
1977:
1958:
Volkov, Valentyn S.; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.; Devaux, EloĂŻse; Ebbesen, Thomas W. (2006).
1936:
1896:
1851:
1814:
1777:
1686:
1637:
1594:
1484:
1430:
1382:
1333:
1286:
1245:
1200:
1155:
1081:
1042:
991:
827:
782:
709:
656:
593:
547:
443:
331:
2015:
1743:
1698:
1620:"A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation"
1503:
1470:
1456:
1345:
1122:
1028:
944:
917:
893:
866:
847:
794:
768:
739:
559:
533:
462:
429:
415:
289:
1991:
1863:
1764:
1735:
1548:
1508:
1396:
1300:
1212:
1167:
949:
898:
839:
814:
731:
696:
605:
504:
467:
264:
1702:
1618:
Oulton, R. F.; Sorger, V. J.; Genov, D. A.; Pile, D. F. P.; Zhang, X. (2008-07-11).
1126:
851:
798:
622:
S.V. Boriskina, H. Ghasemi, and G. Chen, Materials Today, vol. 16, pp. 379-390, 2013
563:
400:
1981:
1940:
1923:
1900:
1855:
1818:
1801:
1781:
1747:
1727:
1690:
1651:
1641:
1624:
1598:
1540:
1498:
1488:
1434:
1386:
1369:
1349:
1337:
1290:
1249:
1204:
1163:
1159:
1114:
1085:
1068:
1046:
995:
939:
931:
888:
880:
831:
786:
743:
721:
713:
660:
597:
551:
496:
457:
447:
396:
365:
335:
318:
298:
181:
109:
39:
1457:"Spectrally and spatially configurable superlenses for optoplasmonic nanocircuits"
416:"Spectrally and spatially configurable superlenses for optoplasmonic nanocircuits"
213:
69:
916:
Ahn, Wonmi; Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Hong, Yan; Reinhard, Björn M. (2011-12-21).
1964:
1838:
1785:
1273:
370:
200:
355:
2009:
1918:
1646:
1619:
1341:
1051:
1014:
812:
Vakil, A.; Engheta, N. (2011-06-09). "Transformation Optics Using Graphene".
643:
339:
230:
225:
208:
204:
57:
1944:
1822:
1493:
1089:
835:
717:
452:
1995:
1867:
1739:
1731:
1694:
1656:
1552:
1512:
1400:
1304:
1216:
1187:
1171:
1105:
953:
922:
902:
843:
735:
609:
580:
508:
471:
137:
96:
56:, plasmonics follows the trend of miniaturizing optical devices (see also
1986:
1959:
1859:
1295:
1268:
1118:
790:
184:
159:
1391:
1364:
303:
10.1002/1521-4095(200110)13:19<1501::AID-ADMA1501>3.0.CO;2-Z
1603:
1576:
884:
726:
521:
1904:
1544:
1438:
1253:
1208:
999:
935:
664:
601:
555:
500:
86:, that are coherent electron oscillations travelling together with an
576:
53:
1229:
682:
http://engineering.stanford.edu/research-profile/mark-brongersma-mse
1531:
1033:
487:
129:
1475:
773:
538:
434:
191:
in areas such as nanoscale lithography, probing, and microscopy.
1139:
188:
149:
108:
An effort is currently being made to integrate plasmonics with
1957:
1362:
1880:
1760:
117:
1413:
286:
1528:
915:
484:
1065:
640:
309:
1960:"Compact gradual bends for channel plasmon polaritons"
1267:
Krasavin, Alexey V.; Zayats, Anatoly V. (2010-05-19).
1012:
153:
The field distribution on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide
1670:
1617:
282:
280:
1798:
315:
103:
1102:
865:Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Reinhard, Björn M. (2012).
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
1574:
1184:
277:
1454:
1317:
864:
756:
413:
16:Use of plasmons for data transmission in circuits
2007:
1835:
1455:Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. M. (2011-02-07).
625:
414:Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. M. (2011-02-07).
1462:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
421:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1266:
811:
254:
1715:
975:
1985:
1655:
1645:
1602:
1502:
1492:
1474:
1390:
1294:
1050:
1032:
943:
892:
772:
725:
537:
461:
451:
433:
369:
1917:
1911:
1754:
676:
674:
148:
25:
1450:
1448:
960:
909:
858:
2008:
1524:
1522:
969:
384:
351:
349:
1709:
1096:
1059:
1006:
805:
693:
687:
671:
515:
378:
1445:
1269:"Silicon-based plasmonic waveguides"
750:
570:
407:
255:Novotny, Lukas; Hecht, Bert (2012).
1519:
616:
346:
13:
478:
194:
114:photonic integrated circuits (PIC)
14:
2047:
1321:IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
174:
104:Motivation and current challenges
84:surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)
1951:
1874:
1829:
1792:
1664:
1611:
1568:
1559:
1407:
1356:
1311:
1260:
1223:
1178:
1133:
1164:10.1103/physrevlett.102.203904
248:
144:
82:Plasmonics typically utilizes
19:For the academic journal, see
1:
1921:(2008). "Spasers explained".
1674:Laser & Photonics Reviews
241:
63:
7:
219:
165:
10:
2052:
1786:10.1103/physrevb.73.155416
371:10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3181967
261:Cambridge University Press
67:
18:
760:Optical Materials Express
401:10.1088/1464-4258/8/4/s06
257:Principles of Nano-Optics
95:modes supported by metal
93:localized surface plasmon
78:localized surface plasmon
74:surface plasmon polariton
1647:10.1038/nphoton.2008.131
1342:10.1109/lpt.2009.2015578
1052:10.3390/photonics2020659
340:10.1038/nphoton.2009.282
116:. While gate lengths of
1945:10.1038/nphoton.2008.85
1884:Applied Physics Letters
1823:10.1038/nphoton.2007.95
1494:10.1073/pnas.1016181108
1418:Applied Physics Letters
1233:Applied Physics Letters
1143:Physical Review Letters
1090:10.1038/nphoton.2009.26
979:Applied Physics Letters
836:10.1126/science.1202691
718:10.1126/science.1114849
525:Applied Physics Letters
453:10.1073/pnas.1016181108
1732:10.1098/rsta.2003.1344
1695:10.1002/lpor.201300168
362:IEEE Photonics Journal
154:
42:
1582:Nature Communications
236:Spoof surface plasmon
152:
34:design to facilitate
29:
1987:10.1364/oe.14.004494
1860:10.1364/ol.33.000551
1296:10.1364/oe.18.011791
1119:10.1557/mrs.2012.170
791:10.1364/ome.1.001090
88:electromagnetic wave
21:Plasmonics (journal)
1978:2006OExpr..14.4494V
1937:2008NaPho...2..327S
1897:2004ApPhL..85.5833N
1852:2008OptL...33..551W
1815:2007NaPho...1..402P
1778:2006PhRvB..73o5416G
1687:2014LPRv....8..394A
1638:2008NaPho...2.....O
1595:2011NatCo...2..331S
1485:2011PNAS..108.3147B
1431:2005ApPhL..87f1106P
1392:10.1038/nature04594
1383:2006Natur.440..508B
1334:2009IPTL...21..630J
1287:2010OExpr..1811791K
1246:2006ApPhL..88i4104S
1201:2006NanoL...6.1928D
1156:2009PhRvL.102t3904V
1082:2009NaPho...3..220C
1043:2015Photo...2..659B
992:2005ApPhL..87m1102V
828:2011Sci...332.1291V
822:(6035): 1291–1294.
783:2011OMExp...1.1090N
710:2006Sci...311..189O
657:2008PhT....61e..44E
594:2009NanoL...9.2935G
548:2011ApPhL..99g3701S
444:2011PNAS..108.3147B
388:Journal of Optics A
332:2010NaPho...4...83G
36:negative refraction
32:plasmonic waveguide
1604:10.1038/ncomms1315
885:10.1039/c1nr11406a
290:Advanced Materials
155:
43:
1919:Stockman, Mark I.
1905:10.1063/1.1835997
1891:(24): 5833–5835.
1765:Physical Review B
1726:(1817): 739–756.
1545:10.1021/nn401062b
1439:10.1063/1.1991990
1377:(7083): 508–511.
1254:10.1063/1.2180448
1209:10.1021/nl0610477
1000:10.1063/1.2056594
936:10.1021/nl203365y
704:(5758): 189–193.
665:10.1063/1.2930735
602:10.1021/nl901314u
556:10.1063/1.3599706
501:10.1021/nn401062b
297:(19): 1501–1505.
110:electric circuits
2043:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1972:(10): 4494–503.
1955:
1949:
1948:
1924:Nature Photonics
1915:
1909:
1908:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1802:Nature Photonics
1796:
1790:
1789:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1625:Nature Photonics
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1539:(5): 4470–4478.
1526:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1478:
1469:(8): 3147–3151.
1452:
1443:
1442:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1195:(9): 1928–1932.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1069:Nature Photonics
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1036:
1010:
1004:
1003:
973:
967:
964:
958:
957:
947:
913:
907:
906:
896:
862:
856:
855:
809:
803:
802:
776:
767:(6): 1090–1099.
754:
748:
747:
729:
691:
685:
678:
669:
668:
638:
623:
620:
614:
613:
588:(8): 2935–2939.
574:
568:
567:
541:
519:
513:
512:
495:(5): 4470–4478.
482:
476:
475:
465:
455:
437:
428:(8): 3147–3151.
411:
405:
404:
382:
376:
375:
373:
353:
344:
343:
319:Nature Photonics
313:
307:
306:
284:
275:
274:
252:
214:Bragg reflectors
182:cadmium selenide
40:visible spectrum
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2026:Nanoelectronics
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1956:
1952:
1916:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1834:
1830:
1797:
1793:
1759:
1755:
1714:
1710:
1669:
1665:
1616:
1612:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1527:
1520:
1453:
1446:
1412:
1408:
1361:
1357:
1328:(10): 630–632.
1316:
1312:
1281:(11): 11791–9.
1265:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1183:
1179:
1138:
1134:
1101:
1097:
1064:
1060:
1011:
1007:
974:
970:
965:
961:
914:
910:
863:
859:
810:
806:
755:
751:
692:
688:
679:
672:
639:
626:
621:
617:
575:
571:
520:
516:
483:
479:
412:
408:
383:
379:
354:
347:
314:
310:
285:
278:
271:
253:
249:
244:
222:
197:
195:Passive devices
177:
168:
147:
106:
80:
70:Surface plasmon
68:Main articles:
66:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2036:Nanotechnology
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1965:Optics Express
1950:
1931:(6): 327–329.
1910:
1873:
1839:Optics Letters
1828:
1809:(7): 402–406.
1791:
1772:(15): 155416.
1753:
1708:
1681:(3): 394–408.
1663:
1632:(8): 496–500.
1610:
1567:
1558:
1518:
1444:
1406:
1355:
1310:
1274:Optics Express
1259:
1222:
1177:
1150:(20): 203904.
1132:
1113:(8): 728–738.
1095:
1076:(4): 220–224.
1058:
1027:(2): 659–683.
1005:
986:(13): 131102.
968:
959:
930:(1): 219–227.
908:
857:
804:
749:
686:
670:
624:
615:
569:
514:
477:
406:
395:(4): S87–S93.
377:
345:
308:
276:
269:
246:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
221:
218:
209:beam splitters
196:
193:
176:
175:Active devices
173:
167:
164:
146:
143:
105:
102:
65:
62:
50:nanoplasmonics
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2048:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Metamaterials
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1657:10044/1/19117
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:(6): 061106.
1424:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:(9): 094104.
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
972:
963:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
861:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
761:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
690:
683:
677:
675:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
644:Physics Today
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
619:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
573:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
535:
532:(7): 073701.
531:
527:
526:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
481:
473:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
410:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
381:
372:
367:
363:
359:
352:
350:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
312:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
283:
281:
272:
270:9780511794193
266:
262:
258:
251:
247:
237:
234:
232:
231:Metamaterials
229:
227:
226:Nanophotonics
224:
223:
217:
215:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
183:
172:
163:
161:
151:
142:
139:
138:Bragg mirrors
133:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
98:
97:nanoparticles
94:
89:
85:
79:
75:
71:
61:
59:
58:nanophotonics
55:
51:
47:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1846:(6): 551–3.
1843:
1837:
1831:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1536:
1530:
1466:
1460:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1192:
1188:Nano Letters
1186:
1180:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1110:
1106:MRS Bulletin
1104:
1098:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1024:
1018:
1008:
983:
977:
971:
962:
927:
923:Nano Letters
921:
911:
879:(1): 76–90.
876:
870:
860:
819:
813:
807:
764:
758:
752:
701:
695:
689:
651:(5): 44–50.
648:
642:
618:
585:
581:Nano Letters
579:
572:
529:
523:
517:
492:
486:
480:
425:
419:
409:
392:
386:
380:
361:
326:(2): 83–91.
323:
317:
311:
294:
288:
256:
250:
198:
185:quantum dots
178:
169:
156:
134:
126:
107:
81:
49:
45:
44:
727:11693/38263
259:. Norwood:
160:wave vector
145:Waveguiding
122:diffraction
2021:Plasmonics
2010:Categories
1589:(1): 331.
1034:1604.08130
242:References
64:Principles
46:Plasmonics
2016:Photonics
1476:1110.6822
1020:Photonics
872:Nanoscale
774:1108.0993
539:1108.2337
435:1110.6822
54:photonics
1996:19516603
1868:18347706
1740:15306491
1703:54036931
1553:23600526
1532:ACS Nano
1513:21300898
1401:16554814
1305:20589040
1217:16968003
1172:19519030
1127:15391453
954:22171957
903:22127488
852:29589317
844:21659598
799:13870978
736:16410515
610:19719111
564:54703911
509:23600526
488:ACS Nano
472:21300898
220:See also
166:Coupling
130:graphene
1974:Bibcode
1933:Bibcode
1893:Bibcode
1848:Bibcode
1811:Bibcode
1774:Bibcode
1748:6870662
1683:Bibcode
1634:Bibcode
1591:Bibcode
1504:3044402
1481:Bibcode
1427:Bibcode
1379:Bibcode
1350:6788393
1330:Bibcode
1283:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
1197:Bibcode
1152:Bibcode
1078:Bibcode
1039:Bibcode
988:Bibcode
945:3383062
894:3339274
824:Bibcode
815:Science
779:Bibcode
744:2107839
706:Bibcode
697:Science
653:Bibcode
590:Bibcode
544:Bibcode
463:3044402
440:Bibcode
328:Bibcode
189:spasers
1994:
1866:
1746:
1738:
1701:
1551:
1511:
1501:
1399:
1370:Nature
1348:
1303:
1215:
1170:
1125:
952:
942:
901:
891:
850:
842:
797:
742:
734:
608:
562:
507:
470:
460:
267:
207:, and
205:lenses
201:prisms
76:, and
1744:S2CID
1699:S2CID
1471:arXiv
1346:S2CID
1123:S2CID
1029:arXiv
848:S2CID
795:S2CID
769:arXiv
740:S2CID
684:>.
560:S2CID
534:arXiv
430:arXiv
1992:PMID
1864:PMID
1736:PMID
1549:PMID
1509:PMID
1397:PMID
1301:PMID
1213:PMID
1168:PMID
950:PMID
899:PMID
840:PMID
732:PMID
606:PMID
505:PMID
468:PMID
265:ISBN
118:CMOS
1982:doi
1941:doi
1901:doi
1856:doi
1819:doi
1782:doi
1728:doi
1724:362
1691:doi
1652:hdl
1642:doi
1599:doi
1541:doi
1499:PMC
1489:doi
1467:108
1435:doi
1387:doi
1375:440
1338:doi
1291:doi
1250:doi
1205:doi
1160:doi
1148:102
1115:doi
1086:doi
1047:doi
996:doi
940:PMC
932:doi
889:PMC
881:doi
832:doi
820:332
787:doi
722:hdl
714:doi
702:311
661:doi
598:doi
552:doi
497:doi
458:PMC
448:doi
426:108
397:doi
366:doi
336:doi
299:doi
48:or
38:in
2012::
1990:.
1980:.
1970:14
1968:.
1962:.
1939:.
1927:.
1899:.
1889:85
1887:.
1862:.
1854:.
1844:33
1842:.
1817:.
1805:.
1780:.
1770:73
1768:.
1742:.
1734:.
1722:.
1697:.
1689:.
1677:.
1650:.
1640:.
1628:.
1622:.
1597:.
1585:.
1579:.
1547:.
1535:.
1521:^
1507:.
1497:.
1487:.
1479:.
1465:.
1459:.
1447:^
1433:.
1423:87
1421:.
1395:.
1385:.
1373:.
1367:.
1344:.
1336:.
1326:21
1324:.
1299:.
1289:.
1279:18
1277:.
1271:.
1248:.
1238:88
1236:.
1211:.
1203:.
1191:.
1166:.
1158:.
1146:.
1121:.
1111:37
1109:.
1084:.
1072:.
1045:.
1037:.
1023:.
1017:.
994:.
984:87
982:.
948:.
938:.
928:12
926:.
920:.
897:.
887:.
875:.
869:.
846:.
838:.
830:.
818:.
793:.
785:.
777:.
763:.
738:.
730:.
720:.
712:.
700:.
673:^
659:.
649:61
647:.
627:^
604:.
596:.
584:.
558:.
550:.
542:.
530:99
528:.
503:.
491:.
466:.
456:.
446:.
438:.
424:.
418:.
391:.
364:.
360:.
348:^
334:.
322:.
295:13
293:.
279:^
263:.
203:,
72:,
30:A
1998:.
1984::
1976::
1947:.
1943::
1935::
1929:2
1907:.
1903::
1895::
1870:.
1858::
1850::
1825:.
1821::
1813::
1807:1
1788:.
1784::
1776::
1750:.
1730::
1705:.
1693::
1685::
1679:8
1660:.
1654::
1644::
1636::
1630:2
1607:.
1601::
1593::
1587:2
1555:.
1543::
1537:7
1515:.
1491::
1483::
1473::
1441:.
1437::
1429::
1403:.
1389::
1381::
1352:.
1340::
1332::
1307:.
1293::
1285::
1256:.
1252::
1244::
1219:.
1207::
1199::
1193:6
1174:.
1162::
1154::
1129:.
1117::
1092:.
1088::
1080::
1074:3
1055:.
1049::
1041::
1031::
1025:2
1002:.
998::
990::
956:.
934::
905:.
883::
877:4
854:.
834::
826::
801:.
789::
781::
771::
765:1
746:.
724::
716::
708::
667:.
663::
655::
612:.
600::
592::
586:9
566:.
554::
546::
536::
511:.
499::
493:7
474:.
450::
442::
432::
403:.
399::
393:8
374:.
368::
342:.
338::
330::
324:4
305:.
301::
273:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
