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408:: a large hill close to the camp commonly used for executions. Some 8,000 deaths took place outside the camp's fences, with prisoners trucked in three to four times weekly. The covered lorries from Kraków would arrive in the morning. The condemned were walked into a trench of the Hujowa Górka hillside, ordered to strip down and stand naked, and then were finally shot. Their bodies were then covered with dirt, layer upon layer. During these mass shootings, all other inmates were forced to watch. In early 1944, all corpses were exhumed and burned on a pyre to obliterate the evidence of the mass murder. Witnesses later testified that 17 truckloads of human ashes were removed from the burning site and scattered over the area.
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another. There was also a private barracks for the camp's Jewish police and their families. While the primary function of the camp was forced labor, the camp was also the site of mass murder of inmates as well as prisoners brought in from the outside. The main targets were the elderly and the sick. There were no gas chambers or crematoria, so mass murder was carried out by shootings.
287:, was the camp commandant at this point. He was sadistic in his treatment and killing of prisoners. "Witnesses say he would never start his breakfast without shooting at least one person." On Göth's first day as camp commandant, he killed two Jewish policemen and made every camp inmate watch. On 13 March 1943, he oversaw the liquidation of the nearby
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Göth and the other camp personnel punished inmates for a variety of actions. Any action perceived as sabotage, such as smuggling items into the camp, disobeying orders, or carrying an extra piece of food in one's clothes was an offense punishable by death. Prisoners were warned that if they tried to
341:
The female guards treated the prisoners as brutally as the men: "When we were loaded on the train in Płaszów, an SS woman hit me on the head. They were so vicious and brutal and sadistic, more than men. I think because some of them were women and you expect kindness, it was shocking. But of course,
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or shot on the spot. People were told to leave their children behind and that they would be cared for. In reality, they were all put in an orphanage and killed. Others snuck their children into the camp. If a prisoner tried to escape the camp, Göth shot 10 prisoners as a punishment. Göth would also
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The area which held the camp now consists of sparsely wooded hills and fields, with one large memorial to all the victims and two smaller monuments (one to the Jewish victims generally, and another to the
Hungarian Jewish victims) at one perimeter of where the camp once stood. The Jewish cemetery,
266:
The Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp was divided into multiple sections. There was a separate area for camp personnel, work facilities, male prisoners, female prisoners, and a further subdivision between Jews and non-Jews. Although separated, men and women still managed to have contact with one
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On 13 September 1944, Göth was relieved of his position and charged by the SS with theft of Jewish property (which belonged to the state, according to Nazi legislation), failure to provide adequate food to the prisoners under his charge, violation of concentration camp regulations regarding the
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Most numbers of inmates and killings rely on estimation, as the prisoner card index was destroyed during the camp's destruction. Few postwar trials centered on crimes committed at the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp; one exception was Göth's trial and subsequent death sentence. West German
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Jewish police were recruited by the camp personnel. They were provided with double rations of thick soup, as opposed to the standard watery soup, and a full loaf of uncontaminated bread. However, the benefits came with cost of having to whip inmates with the whips that the Nazis provided.
444:
Prisoners could also rely on outside help to some degree. The Jüdische
Unterstützungsstelle, a support group that the Germans tolerated, would provide the inmates with food and medical assistance. The Zehnerschaft was a group of women that also supported the inmates. The
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was located. Schindler was known for being compassionate towards Jews. He never hit anyone, was always kind, and smiled frequently around the workers. Having relatives and friends that worked for
Schindler gave one a better chance at being put on the list for transport.
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escape, every member of their family and even innocent strangers would be killed. In terms of methods for killing, death by hanging was a favored method of Göth's. For a standard punishment, twenty-five lashings were dealt to the guilty inmate's buttocks.
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404:, starvation, and from executions. Because the work facilities were designed for men, the women had a lower chance of survival. Płaszów camp became particularly infamous for both the individual and the mass shootings carried out at
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382:. Although Göth was ruthless and would shoot at prisoners, he could not do so from this balcony as the terrain and the layout of the camp infrastructure precluded this. He used to step outside to hunt humans, with his
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While prisoners' daily lives were dominated by fear and starvation, there were some outlets for hope of survival. Rumors involving the
Russian advancement that would lead to the camp's liberation always circulated.
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400:. There were also high numbers of women and children compared with other camps. A large degree of the Hungarian prisoners were women. The death rate in the camp was very high. Many prisoners died of
422:. On 14 May 1944 Göth ordered all children to be sent to the "kindergarten". This turned out only to be a precursor to deportation to Auschwitz on 15 May where the children were all gassed.
432:. She held these documents in her possession until the end of the war, then allegedly destroyed them. Orlowski was known for her whippings, especially of young women across their eyes. At
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Black, Peter R. (2006). "Police
Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard: Shedding Light on the Trawniki Training Camp Through Documents From Behind the Iron Curtain". In Bankier, David (ed.).
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treatment and punishment of prisoners, and allowing unauthorised access to camp personnel records by prisoners and non-commissioned officers. Camp administration was assumed by SS-
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to
Auschwitz. Several female SS guards were part of the group that accompanied them. Many of those who survived the march were killed upon arrival. When the Nazis realized the
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remains there. Another small monument, located near the opposite end of the site, stands in memory of the first execution of (non-Jewish) Polish prisoners in 1939.
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Originally intended as a forced labour camp, the Płaszów concentration camp was constructed on the grounds of two former Jewish cemeteries (including the
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Each year, it is the finishing point of the March of
Remembrance taking part in mid-March to manifest the respect to the victims of the Holocaust.
206:. Many prisoners died because of executions, forced labor, and the poor conditions in the camp. The camp was evacuated in January 1945, before the
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279:, the camp's second commandant, prisoners did not experience any shootings or hangings. However, by 1943, the camp was notorious for its terrors.
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were approaching Kraków, they completely dismantled the camp, leaving only an empty field. All bodies that had been previously buried in various
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Greenberg, Melinda. "The
Miracle Man: Joseph Bau's Art Represents a Lifetime of Dealing with the Horrors He Experienced during the Holocaust."
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where the Nazis removed all but one of the tombstones, stands on the side of the hill at the eastern end of the camp, near the Grey house.
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could buy extra food. A food for food trading system also developed. For example, two portions of soup was equal to a half loaf of bread.
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491:, was also a key figure. While prisoners always feared a transport to Auschwitz, one that was always sought after was a transport to
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Secret
Intelligence and the Holocaust: Collected Essays from the Colloquium at the City University of New York Graduate Center
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396:("labour camp"), supplying forced labour to several armament factories and to a stone quarry. Most of the prisoners were
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583:. As the Płaszów area is now a nature preserve and modern high-rise apartments were visible from the site, the director
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on prisoners if he did not like their expressions. He oversaw a staff that was mostly non-German. It consisted of 206
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sent food to Polish prisoners and some of them shared with the Jewish inmates. There were also individuals such as
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Göth entrusted documents pertaining to the mass killings and executions to a high ranking female member of the SS,
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Heise, sentenced to 15 years for war crimes by the
British judiciary, was last reported alive in Hamburg in 1970.
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The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
528:, and other camps. In January 1945, the last of the remaining inmates and camp staff left the camp on a
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Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List
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When Göth received notice of a new shipment of inmates, he would set up deportations for
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
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1435:"March of Remembrance – commemorating the liquidation of Krakow ghetto"
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marking his intentions. It was the signal for seasoned prisoners to attempt to hide.
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beginning 28 October 1942. In 1943 the camp was expanded and integrated into the
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969:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 2 April 2008. Archived from
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Major Nazi German concentration camps in occupied Poland (marked with squares)
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357:. He improved the inmates' diets by allowing eggs, sugar and powdered milk.
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1076:. Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 2011
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816:: "KRAKAU-PLASZOW MAIN CAMP." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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234:, which took place on 13–14 March 1943 with the first deportations of the
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The Beautiful Days of My Youth: My Six Months in Auschwitz and Plaszow
1346:
The Beautiful Days of My Youth: My Six Months in Auschwitz and Plaszow
1188:
The Beautiful Days of My Youth: My Six Months in Auschwitz and Plaszow
508:
During July and August 1944, a number of transports of prisoners left
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1982:
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prosecutors took until the late 1950s to investigate these crimes.
545:
291:, forcing those Jewish inhabitants deemed capable of work into the
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camp. Those who were declared unfit for work were either sent to
230:). It was populated with prisoners during the liquidation of the
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The sign at the main entrance to the Płaszów camp memorial area
411:
Although food was scarce, inmates that possessed any number of
401:
284:
1333:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 40.
1318:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 39.
870:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. p. 41.
2796:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
905:. Brookline, Mass: Facing History and Ourselves. p. 37.
852:. Brookline, Mass: Facing History and Ourselves. p. 35.
2093:
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she would walk through the lines of women and whip them.
238:
4353:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1101:
4214:
2224:
175:
1421:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
1406:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
1361:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
1226:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. p. 865.
1001:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
986:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
921:
Schindler's Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors
891:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. p. 864.
822:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. p. 863.
1062:
967:"Plaszow – Krakow Forced Labour Camp"
741:
591:, which also served as a labor camp during the war.
1222:Megargee, Geoffrey P. "KRAKAU-PLASZOW MAIN CAMP."
887:Megargee, Geoffrey P. "KRAKAU-PLASZOW MAIN CAMP."
1291:The Krakow Ghetto and the Plaszow Camp Remembered
1018:. New York; Jerusalem: Enigma. pp. 331–348.
461:, a famous pharmacist, also aided the prisoners.
4407:
3715:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1142:[Amon Göth, the hunter of KZ Płaszów].
700:Podgorze's old and new Jewish cemeteries - 2011
573:A version of the camp is featured in the movie
548:arrived and found only a patch of barren land.
4200:
3700:
2781:
2341:
2210:
1531:
4386:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1545:
1331:William & Rosalie: a Holocaust testimony
1316:William & Rosalie: a Holocaust testimony
1043:[The sadistic warden of Oberheide].
1039:Schramm, Marcel; Böhm, Marc (16 June 2009).
868:William & Rosalie: A Holocaust Testimony
819:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
544:and burned on site. On 20 January 1945, the
2356:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1393:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 217.
1171:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 211.
1127:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 216.
1041:"Die sadistische Aufseherin von Obernheide"
1038:
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1834:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
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1293:. University Press of Florida. pp. .
1260:
1510:German Nazi concentration camp in Płaszów
1137:
1131:
473:
261:
210:'s liberation of the area on 20 January.
1268:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. .
1098:(Hartmannsworth, UK: Plume, 1994) p. 151
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4311:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1492:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1418:
1403:
1358:
998:
983:
927:
918:
453:, the head of the Kraków branch of the
14:
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4294:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
3654:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1388:
1328:
1313:
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1138:Wieliński, Bartosz T. (10 July 2012).
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782:"Plaszow Concentration Camp in Krakow"
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1240:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. p. 185.
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198:who were targeted for destruction by
161:
1423:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 231.
1408:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 296.
1288:
1191:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 76.
1003:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 162.
988:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 150.
923:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 185.
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4215:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
2226:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1363:. New York, NY: Dutton. p. 60.
1343:
365:
360:
24:
4431:Nazi concentration camps in Poland
4376:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1478:
1213:
1175:
1113:
936:"The Barber of Goerlitz: A Memoir"
784:. Essential Krakow. Archived from
771:
724:List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów
606:Płaszów Memorial (erected in 1964)
587:replicated the camp in the nearby
25:
4442:
4416:Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
4058:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
2177:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1497:
1463:. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.
1070:"Alice Orlowski, Auschwitz Trial"
909:
874:
856:
841:
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800:
495:in Czechoslovakia. This is where
342:some were fat and big and ugly."
256:
27:Nazi concentration camp in Poland
4235:Population transfers (1944–1946)
3284:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1829:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1503:
1140:"Amon Göth myśliwy z KL Płaszów"
751:
737:List of Nazi concentration camps
705:
693:
681:
666:
654:
642:
623:
611:
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497:Oskar Schindler's enamel factory
77:
4338:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4250:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
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129:(September 1944 – January 1945)
3666:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
3642:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1236:Brown, Daniel Patrick (2002).
894:
464:
439:
247:Nazi concentration camp system
137:28 October 1942 – January 1945
13:
1:
4333:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4163:Human medical experimentation
934:Eilender, Kasriel K. (2003).
194:. Most of the prisoners were
1845:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
1839:German Earth and Stone Works
1047:(in German). Redaktion Weyhe
938:. p. 33. Archived from
551:
270:
7:
4368:Righteous Among the Nations
4255:Ministry of Public Security
3634:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
2244:Related articles by country
1990:Disciplinary and Penal Code
717:
447:Polish Welfare Organization
102:Konzentrationslager Plaszow
10:
4447:
4280:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3662:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1488:Interview with Helen Jonas
579:(1993), about the life of
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4053:Sobibor perpetrator album
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1942:Identification of inmates
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1861:
1821:
1553:
1378:. Henry Holt. p. 60.
1348:. Henry Holt. p. 56.
141:
133:
117:
107:
88:
76:
69:
64:
4301:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
3646:Latvian Auxiliary Police
3379:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2881:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1547:Nazi concentration camps
1459:Crowe, David M. (2004).
1419:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
1404:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
1359:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
999:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
984:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
919:Brecher, Elinor (1994).
764:
283:, an SS commandant from
4391:Garden of the Righteous
4143:Identification in camps
4136:Technical and logistics
3582:Order Police battalions
2152:Soviet prisoners of war
1884:SS construction brigade
1389:Nelken, Helina (1999).
1167:Nelken, Helina (1999).
1123:Nelken, Helina (1999).
903:I promised I would tell
850:I promised I would tell
455:Council for Aid to Jews
322:(1943–1944), and a few
182:, a southern suburb of
172:Nazi concentration camp
71:Nazi concentration camp
4421:Kraków in World War II
3804:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3269:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1486:Voices on Antisemitism
1329:Hanley, Craig (2007).
1314:Hanley, Craig (2007).
1289:Graf, Malvina (1989).
866:Hanley, Craig (2007).
836:Jewish Baltimore Times
474:Hope for the prisoners
387:
262:Structure and function
223:
192:German-occupied Poland
124:(until September 1944)
101:
83:Kraków-Płaszów in 1942
4343:Majdanek State Museum
3476:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
2380:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2134:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
2052:Schutzhaftlagerführer
1266:Justice Not Vengeance
1148:(in Polish). Agora SA
901:Weitz, Sonia (1993).
848:Weitz, Sonia (1993).
814:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
451:Stanislaw Dobrowolski
373:
316:, 600 Germans of the
221:
159:Polish pronunciation:
48:50.03083°N 19.96750°E
3820:Mordechai Anielewicz
3531:Elisabeth Volkenrath
3416:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
3052:Arthur Liebehenschel
2977:Hermine Braunsteiner
2921:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2089:Prisoner functionary
1896:Politische Abteilung
1851:SS-Totenkopfverbände
1512:at Wikimedia Commons
1094:Elinor J. Brechner,
493:Brünnlitz labor camp
487:who saved the 1,200
319:SS-Totenkopfverbände
4358:March of the Living
4230:Holocaust survivors
4094:Vrba–Wetzler report
3870:Alexander Pechersky
3830:Mordechai Tenenbaum
3279:Alexander Palfinger
3102:Johann Schwarzhuber
2662:Międzyrzec Podlaski
2641:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2542:Sonderaktion Krakau
2172:Der Ort des Terrors
2121:Political prisoners
2111:Jehovah's Witnesses
1736:Natzweiler-Struthof
1391:And Yet, I Am Here!
1374:Novac, Ana (1997).
1344:Ana, Novac (1997).
1169:And Yet, I Am Here!
1125:And Yet, I Am Here!
1110:, pp. 354–355.
788:on 4 September 2012
504:Hiding the evidence
228:New Jewish Cemetery
188:General Governorate
44: /
4273:West German trials
4068:Wannsee Conference
3855:Itzhak Katzenelson
3607:General Government
3092:Franz Reichleitner
3022:Fritz Hartjenstein
3012:Maximilian Grabner
2931:Bruno Streckenbach
2743:Grossaktion Warsaw
2396:Operation Reinhard
1096:Schindler's Legacy
942:on 14 October 2013
483:, a member of the
459:Tadeusz Pankiewicz
388:
224:
148:, 20 January 1945
53:50.03083; 19.96750
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4319:
4318:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4131:
4130:
4123:Sonderaktion 1005
3997:
3996:
3680:
3679:
3658:Ypatingasis būrys
3560:
3559:
3501:Johanna Langefeld
3496:Hildegard Lächert
3392:
3391:
3228:Alfred Trzebinski
3193:Franz von Bodmann
3145:Lorenz Hackenholt
2987:Theodor van Eupen
2926:Jakob Sporrenberg
2761:
2760:
2485:
2484:
2192:
2191:
2160:
2159:
2016:Arbeit macht frei
1508:Media related to
1470:978-0-465-00253-5
1300:978-0-8130-0905-6
1275:978-0-297-79683-1
1262:Wiesenthal, Simon
1198:978-0-8050-5018-9
661:Aerial shot, 2012
632:
568:Amon Göth's villa
376:Amon Göth's villa
326:women, including
163:[ˈpwaʂuf]
152:
151:
16:(Redirected from
4438:
4285:Treblinka trials
4270:
4269:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4084:Graebe affidavit
4077:Witness accounts
4023:Frank memorandum
4008:
4007:
3903:
3902:
3890:Szmul Zygielbojm
3880:Frumka Płotnicka
3840:Leon Feldhendler
3825:Icchak Cukierman
3779:Ghetto uprisings
3709:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3630:Schutzmannschaft
3451:Feodor Fedorenko
3401:
3400:
3309:Wolfgang Birkner
3097:Heinrich Schwarz
3087:Josef Oberhauser
3062:Heinrich Matthes
2946:Dieter Wisliceny
2936:Richard Thomalla
2911:Heinz Reinefarth
2861:Heinrich Himmler
2806:
2805:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2731:Other atrocities
2368:
2367:
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2336:
2327:
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2205:
2196:
2195:
2082:
2081:
2067:Luftwaffe guards
1540:
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1011:
1005:
1004:
996:
990:
989:
981:
975:
974:
973:on 2 April 2008.
963:
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916:
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898:
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872:
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854:
853:
845:
839:
838:, March 6, 1998.
832:
823:
811:
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797:
795:
793:
778:
756:
755:
754:
747:
729:PBS documentary
712:Grey House, 2010
709:
697:
685:
670:
658:
646:
634:
633:
615:
603:
585:Steven Spielberg
576:Schindler's List
427:Kommandoführerin
390:The camp was an
366:Life in the camp
361:Prisoner victims
174:operated by the
165:
160:
96:
81:
62:
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4404:
4395:
4362:
4315:
4306:Stutthof trials
4289:
4259:
4216:
4213:
4172:
4158:Holocaust train
4127:
4111:
4099:Witold's Report
4089:Gerstein Report
4072:
4038:Katzmann Report
4018:Auschwitz Album
3993:
3932:
3894:
3860:Michał Klepfisz
3808:
3767:
3716:
3713:
3676:
3616:
3586:Ordnungspolizei
3556:
3535:
3516:Erich Muhsfeldt
3446:Margot Dreschel
3431:Alexander Bülow
3388:
3384:Udo von Woyrsch
3374:Hermann Schaper
3369:Emanuel Schäfer
3354:Josef Meisinger
3314:Helmut Bischoff
3293:
3249:Heinz Auerswald
3237:
3179:
3127:
3121:
3117:Christian Wirth
3027:Gottlieb Hering
2950:
2916:Julian Scherner
2901:Georg Michalsen
2886:Franz Kutschera
2846:Odilo Globocnik
2797:
2794:
2757:
2726:
2588:
2546:
2527:Kielce cemetery
2481:
2418:
2357:
2354:
2317:
2228:
2223:
2193:
2188:
2156:
2142:"Race defilers"
2127:Nacht und Nebel
2073:
2030:
2023:Jedem das Seine
1910:
1857:
1817:
1549:
1544:
1500:
1481:
1479:Further reading
1471:
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1151:
1149:
1145:Gazeta Wyborcza
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619:
616:
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604:
581:Oskar Schindler
563:
554:
506:
481:Oskar Schindler
476:
467:
442:
374:The balcony of
368:
363:
352:Obersturmführer
273:
264:
259:
216:
158:
125:
92:
84:
52:
50:
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38:
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4393:
4388:
4383:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Sobibór Museum
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
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4308:
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4137:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:Sonderkommando
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Posen speeches
4045:
4043:Korherr Report
4040:
4035:
4033:Höfle telegram
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
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3961:
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3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Witold Pilecki
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Henryk Iwański
3847:
3845:Paweł Frenkiel
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
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3807:
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3704:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3650:Arajs Kommando
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3572:Einsatzgruppen
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3526:Alice Orlowski
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:John Demjanjuk
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Gerhard Flesch
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3300:Einsatzgruppen
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3242:Ghetto command
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Horst Schumann
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
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3177:
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3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Johann Niemann
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Hermann Michel
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Karl-Otto Koch
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Irmfried Eberl
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
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2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Fritz Katzmann
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Arthur Greiser
2853:
2851:Richard Glücks
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Ludwig Fischer
2833:
2828:
2826:Adolf Eichmann
2823:
2818:
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2499:
2493:
2491:
2490:Mass shootings
2487:
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2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2477:Danzig-Matzkau
2474:
2469:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Kraków-Płaszów
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2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2165:Historiography
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:Roma and Sinti
2144:
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2138:
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2019:
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1724:Mittelbau-Dora
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1684:Kraków-Płaszów
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1498:External links
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1174:
1159:
1130:
1112:
1100:
1087:
1061:
1031:
1024:
1006:
991:
976:
953:
926:
908:
893:
873:
855:
840:
824:
799:
769:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:
740:
739:
734:
726:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
704:
702:
699:
692:
690:
687:
680:
678:
672:
665:
663:
660:
653:
651:
648:
641:
639:
636:
622:
620:
617:
610:
608:
605:
598:
562:
559:
553:
550:
505:
502:
489:Schindlerjuden
475:
472:
466:
463:
457:(Żegota), and
441:
438:
430:Alice Orlowski
367:
364:
362:
359:
355:Arnold Büscher
336:Alice Orlowski
277:Arnold Büscher
272:
269:
263:
260:
258:
257:Camp operation
255:
215:
212:
168:Kraków-Płaszów
150:
149:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:Arnold Büscher
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
90:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
67:
66:
65:Kraków-Płaszów
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Kielce pogrom
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4124:
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4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Stroop Report
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Documentation
4000:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3916:
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3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3891:
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3886:
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3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Marek Edelman
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
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3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:Organizations
3719:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3622:Collaboration
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:Organizations
3563:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Eduard Lorenz
3509:
3507:
3506:Anton Lechner
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Josef Kollmer
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Kurt Gerstein
3459:
3457:
3456:Hans Hoffmann
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Juana Bormann
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Erich Naumann
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Lothar Beutel
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3289:Jürgen Stroop
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Josef Blösche
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3233:Eduard Wirths
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Josef Mengele
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Horst Fischer
3206:
3204:
3203:Karl Gebhardt
3201:
3199:
3198:Carl Clauberg
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Ludwig Plagge
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Herbert Lange
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Kurt Bolender
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Gustav Wagner
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Franz Hössler
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Karl Fritzsch
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Wilhelm Boger
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Erwin Lambert
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Wilhelm Koppe
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Hermann Höfle
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Theodor Eicke
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2791:
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2779:
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2772:
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2768:
2764:
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2703:
2700:
2698:
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2690:
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2675:
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2670:
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2648:
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2642:
2638:
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2623:
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2603:
2600:
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2591:
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2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Aktion Krakau
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Bloody Sunday
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
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2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2424:Concentration
2421:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:Extermination
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
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2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
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2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:The Holocaust
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Female guards
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:Postenpflicht
1998:
1996:
1995:Death marches
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:Strafkompanie
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Camp brothels
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Sanitätswesen
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
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1853:
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1848:
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1802:
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1790:
1787:
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1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:Sachsenhausen
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
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1763:
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1754:
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1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:Herzogenbusch
1636:
1632:
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1612:
1608:
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1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:Bergen-Belsen
1576:
1572:
1569:
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1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
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1518:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
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1472:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1441:. 15 May 2017
1440:
1436:
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1362:
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1271:
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1263:
1257:
1249:
1247:0-7643-1444-0
1243:
1239:
1232:
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1219:
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1194:
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1184:
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1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1075:
1074:Photo Archive
1071:
1065:
1058:
1046:
1045:Seminararbeit
1042:
1035:
1027:
1025:1-929631-60-X
1021:
1017:
1010:
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980:
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968:
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941:
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614:
609:
602:
597:
596:
595:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
571:
569:
561:Commemoration
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
471:
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460:
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414:
409:
407:
403:
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395:
394:
385:
381:
377:
372:
358:
356:
353:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:Gertrud Heise
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
309:
303:
298:
294:
290:
289:Kraków Ghetto
286:
282:
278:
268:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
232:Kraków Ghetto
229:
220:
211:
209:
205:
204:the Holocaust
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
156:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
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116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
75:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
19:
4104:
4028:Höcker Album
4011:Nazi sources
3899:Victim lists
3865:Miles Lerman
3672:Trawniki men
3612:Hotel Polski
3521:Detlef Nebbe
3486:Oswald Kaduk
3481:Karl Jeschke
3359:Bruno Müller
3349:Felix Landau
3334:Ernst Damzog
3329:Karl Brunner
3298:
3274:Franz Konrad
3175:Adolf Theuer
3128:executioners
3107:Franz Stangl
3077:Robert Mulka
3047:Josef Kramer
2997:Karl Frenzel
2967:Richard Baer
2962:Hans Aumeier
2955:Camp command
2941:Otto Wächter
2821:Josef Bühler
2816:Viktor Brack
2802:Perpetrators
2441:
2394:
2236:Main article
2181:
2132:
2125:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1937:Forced labor
1927:Action 14f14
1922:Action 14f13
1862:Subdivisions
1849:
1683:
1485:
1460:
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1330:
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1315:
1309:
1290:
1284:
1265:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1143:
1133:
1124:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1056:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
971:the original
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
929:
920:
902:
896:
888:
867:
849:
843:
835:
817:
790:. Retrieved
786:the original
730:
674:Hujowa Górka
593:
589:Liban Quarry
574:
572:
564:
555:
509:
507:
477:
468:
443:
426:
424:
417:
410:
406:Hujowa Górka
393:Arbeitslager
391:
389:
384:Tyrolean hat
351:
348:
344:
340:
323:
317:
307:
300:release his
292:
274:
265:
236:Barrackenbau
235:
225:
200:Nazi Germany
167:
154:
153:
142:Liberated by
112:Nazi Germany
29:
4148:Gas chamber
4116:Concealment
4107:photographs
3954:Gross-Rosen
3923:Lviv (Lwów)
3885:Roza Robota
3789:Częstochowa
3421:Herta Bothe
3411:Hans Anhalt
3404:Camp guards
3344:Ludwig Hahn
3324:Paul Blobel
3264:Franz Bürkl
3254:Hans Biebow
3213:Fritz Klein
3150:Josef Klehr
3135:Erich Bauer
3126:Gas chamber
3072:Karl Möckel
3057:Maria Mandl
3032:Rudolf Höss
3017:Otto Hantke
2906:Oswald Pohl
2896:Ernst Lerch
2707:Stanisławów
2617:Częstochowa
2507:Bronna Góra
2437:Gross-Rosen
2432:Auschwitz I
2106:Homosexuals
2047:Lagerführer
1932:Early camps
1869:Appellplatz
1765:Ravensbrück
1760:Niederhagen
1626:Gross-Rosen
1614:Flossenbürg
1561:Arbeitsdorf
1439:Krakow.wiki
731:Inheritance
538:mass graves
530:death march
522:Flossenburg
465:Punishments
440:Outside aid
398:Polish Jews
302:Great Danes
196:Polish Jews
134:Operational
108:Operated by
89:Other names
51: /
4410:Categories
3471:Irma Grese
3466:Paul Götze
3436:Luise Danz
3185:Physicians
2992:Kurt Franz
2841:Hans Frank
2809:Organizers
2753:Heidelager
2101:"Asocials"
2042:Commandant
1748:Neuengamme
1708:Mauthausen
1660:Kaiserwald
1590:Buchenwald
1554:Main camps
1183:Novac, Ana
1108:Crowe 2004
526:Mauthausen
510:KL Płaszow
485:Nazi Party
332:Luise Danz
306:Ukrainian
293:KL Plaszow
118:Commandant
36:50°01′51″N
4426:Amon Göth
4325:Memorials
4222:Aftermath
3989:Treblinka
3944:Auschwitz
3799:Treblinka
3784:Białystok
3772:Uprisings
3552:Treblinka
3397:Personnel
3165:Otto Moll
3155:Hans Koch
3007:Amon Göth
2738:Action T4
2702:Sosnowiec
2672:Nowy Sącz
2607:Białystok
2574:Szczuczyn
2522:Erntefest
2512:Bydgoszcz
2497:Białystok
2412:Treblinka
2288:Lithuania
2078:Prisoners
2062:Wehrmacht
2035:Personnel
2007:Selection
1983:Muselmann
1854:(Camp SS)
1566:Auschwitz
1490:from the
1207:952334811
552:Aftermath
514:Auschwitz
434:roll call
420:Auschwitz
312:from the
310:personnel
297:Auschwitz
281:Amon Göth
271:Personnel
251:main camp
241:from the
186:, in the
122:Amon Göth
94:‹See Tfd›
39:19°58′3″E
4168:Zyklon B
3984:Trawniki
3979:Stutthof
3964:Majdanek
2712:Tarnopol
2652:Lubartów
2564:Jedwabne
2467:Trawniki
2457:Stutthof
2447:Potulice
2390:Majdanek
2308:Slovakia
2011:Slogans
1978:Language
1822:Agencies
1806:subcamps
1794:subcamps
1789:Stutthof
1782:subcamps
1770:subcamps
1753:subcamps
1741:subcamps
1729:subcamps
1717:subcamps
1701:subcamps
1696:Majdanek
1689:subcamps
1677:subcamps
1665:subcamps
1653:subcamps
1642:subcamps
1631:subcamps
1619:subcamps
1607:subcamps
1595:subcamps
1583:subcamps
1571:subcamps
1445:18 April
1264:(1989).
1185:(1997).
718:See also
546:Red Army
518:Stutthof
314:Trawniki
208:Red Army
146:Red Army
4153:Gas van
3969:Sobibór
3906:Ghettos
3813:Leaders
3794:Sobibor
3547:Sobibor
3540:By camp
2687:Siedlce
2594:Ghettos
2579:Tykocin
2551:Pogroms
2537:Palmiry
2462:Szebnie
2407:Sobibor
2385:Chełmno
2313:Ukraine
2298:Romania
2278:Germany
2268:Estonia
2263:Denmark
2258:Croatia
2253:Belgium
2248:Belarus
1879:Subcamp
1801:Vaivara
1648:Hinzert
758:Germany
542:exhumed
534:Soviets
380:Płaszów
214:History
202:during
180:Płaszów
155:Płaszów
18:Plaszow
4265:Trials
4240:Bricha
3974:Soldau
3959:Izbica
3949:Bełżec
3928:Warsaw
3913:Kraków
3753:Żegota
2722:Warsaw
2697:Słonim
2692:Sambor
2667:Mizocz
2657:Lublin
2632:Kraków
2627:Kielce
2622:Grodno
2602:Będzin
2584:Wąsosz
2560:(1946)
2558:Kielce
2472:Warsaw
2452:Soldau
2402:Belzec
2303:Russia
2293:Norway
2283:Latvia
2273:France
1971:Yellow
1966:Purple
1946:Badges
1915:Topics
1901:Revier
1841:(DEST)
1813:Warsaw
1602:Dachau
1467:
1297:
1272:
1244:
1205:
1195:
1152:17 May
1080:17 May
1051:17 May
1022:
946:13 May
792:14 May
744:Portal
676:, 2008
413:zlotys
402:typhus
285:Vienna
275:Under
243:Ghetto
184:Kraków
170:was a
98:German
3937:Camps
3597:RKFDV
2717:Wilno
2682:Radom
2677:Pińsk
2612:Brest
2517:Dynów
2363:Camps
1951:Black
1712:Gusen
1672:Kauen
765:Notes
540:were
249:as a
166:) or
4380:List
3918:Łódź
3738:Bund
3602:VoMi
3592:WVHA
2647:Łódź
2637:Lwów
2569:Lviv
2116:Jews
2094:Kapo
1961:Pink
1944:and
1710:and
1465:ISBN
1447:2019
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1203:OCLC
1193:ISBN
1154:2014
1082:2014
1053:2014
1020:ISBN
948:2014
794:2014
688:2013
649:2019
637:2012
512:for
334:and
239:Jews
3763:ŻZW
3758:ŻOB
3748:PKB
3733:AOB
378:in
190:of
178:in
4412::
3743:GL
3728:AK
3664:/
3660:,
3656:,
3652:,
3648:,
3644:,
3640:/
3636:,
3576:SS
2183:KL
1437:.
1215:^
1201:.
1115:^
1072:.
1055:.
956:^
911:^
876:^
858:^
827:^
802:^
773:^
524:,
520:,
516:,
338:.
330:,
324:SS
308:SS
253:.
176:SS
100::
4382:)
4378:(
4208:e
4201:t
4194:v
3708:e
3701:t
3694:v
3668:)
3632:(
3588:)
3584:(
3578:)
3574:(
2789:e
2782:t
2775:v
2643:)
2639:(
2349:e
2342:t
2335:v
2218:e
2211:t
2204:v
1956:P
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1473:.
1449:.
1303:.
1278:.
1250:.
1209:.
1156:.
1084:.
1028:.
950:.
796:.
746::
157:(
20:)
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