673:, devoted to the issue of forming a special court tribunal for the crimes of communism, and "raising the issue of justice for the most serious crimes committed by the Communist dictatorships in Central and Eastern Europe from the national to a European level." The conference was a response "to growing calls for strengthened international justice formulated e.g., in the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism." Following the conference, the Platform of European Memory and Conscience founded an international legal expert group to "work on a road map for establishing a supranational institution of justice" devoted to the "crimes committed by the Communist dictatorships."
29:
1027:
1013:
1157:
1140:
1123:
1106:
1089:
1072:
1055:
1041:
735:
866:
1545:
1528:
845:
1409:
996:
938:
717:
1392:
1375:
1358:
1307:
921:
1511:
1494:
1477:
1460:
1443:
1426:
1290:
1259:
803:
1341:
1324:
1174:
979:
904:
753:
1273:
824:
1242:
1225:
774:
955:
883:
1191:
1208:
391:. The hearing called for the establishment of a foundation which would increase "public awareness at the EU level, develop cultural and educational projects and notably provide support to networking of national research institutions specialised in the subject of totalitarian experience, provide support for the European and national research and educational projects."
444:, which called "for the establishment of a Platform of European Memory and Conscience to provide support for networking and cooperation among national research institutes specialising in the subject of totalitarian history, and for the creation of a pan-European documentation centre/memorial for the victims of all totalitarian regimes."
2254:
679:
1) The ''Lest we Forget: Memory of
Totalitarianism in Europe'' reader for secondary school students. The 1st edition was printed in 2013 and includes the stories of 30 people affected by totalitarianism from 16 European countries. Work on a 2nd edition with more (Western) European language and story
525:
As of
November 2020, the executive board consists of Dr. Wolfgang-Christian Fuchs, (DE), CEO of the German Union of Victims of Political Tyranny; Zsolt Szilágyi, (RO), political scientist; Toomas Hiio, (EE), Research Director, Estonian Institute of Historical Memory; Dr. Andreja Valič Zver, (SI),
413:
invited all member states to participate in the joint establishment of a
Platform of European Memory and Conscience. Following a meeting in Prague in November 2008, representatives of 19 states and 12 partner institutions decided to establish a Working Group on the Platform of European Memory and
467:, which called "upon EU member states to increase the awareness raising and education about crimes of communism," and stated that "the creation of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience, as supported by the European Parliament and the EU Council in 2009, must be completed at EU level."
2065:
812:
1234:
2185:
854:
477:
The then-incumbent Polish EU Presidency founded the
Platform of European Memory and Conscience with the participation of the governments and government institutions of a number of other EU countries on 14 October 2011. The Platform has received a strategic grant from the
1333:
458:
In
February 2010, the Working Group on the Platform of European Memory and Conscience hosted the international conference Crimes of the Communist Regimes in the Czech Senate and the Office of the Government of the Czech Republic under the auspices of Prime Minister
1166:
1299:
2030:
434:
1005:
791:
507:
875:
1064:
2036:
1586:
441:
317:
in 2011, after the project had been promoted by the Czech EU presidency already in 2009 and by the
Hungarian EU presidency in 2011. The secretariat of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience was originally hosted by the
1183:
395:
1654:
526:
Director of the
Slovenian Study Centre for National Reconciliation; Marek Mutor, (PL), Director, Remembrance and Future Institute; Prof. Antoine Arjakovsky (FR), Research Director at the Collège des Bernadins in Paris.
1606:
1435:
2175:
1452:
2135:
988:
695:
6) A yearly
Conference of the Members, as well as various other thematic conferences, seminars and workshops, such as the ''Past for the Future'' Conference, which was organised in cooperation with the
947:
437:, as "the third step towards the establishment of a European Platform of Memory and Conscience to support the activities of institutions engaged in reconciling with totalitarian regimes in Europe."
833:
837:
2092:
1921:
2013:
388:
544:
As of
November 2020, the supervisory board consists of Dr. Földváryné Kiss Réka, (HU), Chairperson of the Hungarian Committee of National Remembrance; Dr. Monika Kareniauskaitė, (LT),
1689:
1658:
2310:
2190:
913:
455:
welcomed the initiative to create the
Platform of European Memory and Conscience and requested that the European Commission provide financial instruments for the activities.
1964:
1251:
1610:
930:
1316:
1132:
1861:
1566:
1418:
787:
399:
302:
576:
1367:
726:
1831:
1799:"Hearing in the European Parliament on the Crimes of Communism: Third step towards European platform of memory and conscience – a Czech Presidency initiative"
1350:
522:), and Toomas Hiio (Estonian Institute of Historical Memory). Andreja Valič Zver (Study Centre for National Reconciliation, Slovenia) was a member 2011–2015.
2280:
1081:
1742:
2180:
2150:
1282:
964:
858:
545:
2275:
2195:
1149:
1401:
1906:
418:. As of 2011, the working group included 35 institutions and organisations from 19 European countries. The working group co-operates closely with the
1957:
2140:
1827:
1802:
744:
640:
415:
410:
319:
314:
294:
125:
1882:
113:
1950:
2305:
1503:
263:
1632:
588:
2290:
2170:
1910:
1857:
1714:
1571:
795:
658:
419:
1681:
647:
When the countries of the former Eastern bloc entered the EU, their totalitarian communist past became a part of the European heritage
1486:
519:
1554:
1537:
228:
2087:
762:
474:
invited all interested parties to make use of existing EU programmes to establish a Platform of European Memory and Conscience.
2315:
2255:
Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests
28:
183:
regimes. Its membership includes 68 government agencies and NGOs from 15 EU member states and 8 non-EU countries including
1853:
2165:
1798:
783:
220:
2047:
1986:
1469:
464:
2145:
2007:
1581:
892:
495:
248:
216:
73:
rule in the future; support the activities of institutions engaged in reconciling with totalitarian regimes in Europe
1823:
313:
welcomed the initiative. The Platform of European Memory and Conscience was founded as an initiative of the Polish
298:
676:
As of November 2020, some of the main ongoing projects of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience include;
1754:
1685:
1217:
2186:
International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania
855:
International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania
2285:
620:
491:
470:
In its 9–10 June 2011 conclusions on the memory of crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe, the EU
240:
689:
4) The ''Justice 2.0'' restorative justice campaign towards surviving victims and perpetrators of Communism.
471:
310:
538:
1384:
1922:
Platform will seek establishment of a supranational court for international crimes committed by Communists
2212:
179:
from EU countries active in research, documentation, awareness raising and education about the crimes of
2320:
2102:
363:
541:
served as managing director of the Platform between 2011 and 2018, and was succeeded by Peter Rendek.
2220:
2097:
2082:
1894:
635:
The platform will co-ordinate the study of the totalitarian past on the European level. According to
394:
In June 2008, the international conference European Conscience and Communism was hosted by the Czech
1200:
697:
2295:
2031:
European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After
460:
435:
European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After
1655:"Czech Prime minister Petr Nečas: The years of totalitarianism were years of struggle for liberty"
2300:
2066:
European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe
1776:
452:
448:
283:
1115:
816:
568:
515:
1824:"International conference Crimes of the Communist Regimes: Declaration on Crimes of Communism"
666:
2160:
2112:
1746:
1715:"European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism"
1607:"Institute of National Remembrance Cofounds the Platform of European Memory and Conscience"
896:
592:
560:
549:
511:
499:
358:, as well as several NGOs. The organisation's strategic partners include the International
244:
224:
604:
8:
2053:
2041:
1587:
European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism
662:
600:
555:
In 2012, the institution's board of trustees was elected. The first elected members were
423:
384:
306:
251:(2017-2022). In the current term of office Marek Mutor serves the President of Platform.
914:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile
485:
2059:
2019:
616:
503:
1942:
1750:
766:
192:
479:
323:
259:
2228:
2130:
2025:
1576:
813:
Public Foundation for the Research of Central and East European History and Society
2155:
686:
3) The ''pan-European Memorial for the victims of totalitarianism in Brussels.''
596:
556:
427:
1235:
International Association of Former Political Prisoners and Victims of Communism
575:
MEP. As of 2016, the Board of Trustees includes the original members as well as
275:
1973:
1162:
1145:
1128:
1111:
1094:
1077:
1060:
1046:
740:
608:
584:
327:
204:
172:
160:
137:
103:
68 government agencies and NGOs from 15 EU Member States and 8 non-EU countries
55:
2176:
Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
612:
2269:
2136:
Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism
1550:
1533:
636:
624:
619:. As of 2019, the Board of Trustees includes the original members as well as
580:
359:
208:
1334:
The Memorial to the Victims of Communism and to the Anticommunist Resistance
267:
396:
Senate Committee on Education, Science, Culture, Human Rights and Petitions
287:
180:
70:
683:
2) The international travelling exhibition ''Totalitarianism in Europe.''
490:
The first president of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience was
1098:
871:
670:
564:
271:
643:, one of the first joint projects might be a European history textbook.
2236:
2107:
657:
On 5 June 2012, the Platform of European Memory and Conscience and the
572:
309:
passed a resolution in favour of the initiative, and in June 2009, the
2093:
Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It
1907:
June 5th Conference in the EP: "Legal Settlement of Communist Crimes"
1718:
850:
486:
Executive board, Supervisory board, board of trustees and secretariat
367:
347:
279:
168:
66:
1937:
1854:"Meilenstein in Prag: Europäische Aufarbeitungs-Plattform gegründet"
1521:
The State Archive of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance
1300:
Center for the Study of Totalitarianism, State University of Moldova
747:(membership cancelled by member in 2014), Security Services Archive,
147:
2014:
European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes
1414:
1397:
1380:
1363:
1312:
1001:
943:
926:
722:
534:
389:
European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes
236:
88:
661:
hosted the conference Legal Settlement of Communist Crimes in the
1516:
1499:
1482:
1465:
1448:
1431:
1346:
1329:
1295:
1264:
1247:
1230:
1179:
1167:
Union of Auxiliary Technical Units – Military Forced Labour Camps
984:
909:
808:
779:
758:
351:
343:
339:
335:
200:
196:
188:
184:
326:. The founding institutions included government agencies of the
1577:
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
1278:
1196:
1032:
1018:
960:
888:
829:
530:
440:
On 2 April 2009, the European Parliament adopted (553:44:33) a
355:
331:
255:
232:
212:
84:
2191:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania
1777:"Platform of European Memory and Conscience – a brief history"
1267:: Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth
270:, Polish Prime Minister and President of the European Council
1520:
1213:
1006:
Citizens' Initiative for Dismantling the Soviet Army Monument
1883:
Platform appoints Board of Trustees and elects 8 new Members
1779:. Platform of European Memory and Conscience. 17 August 2011
1682:"How Much Do Western Europeans Know About Communist Crimes?"
1633:"Czech, Hungarian, Polish PMs sign European memory platform"
876:
Foundation History of Totalitarian Regimes and their Victims
692:
5) The ''Across the Iron Curtain'' educational board game.
322:, and the platform has received a strategic grant from the
262:
on 14 October 2011. The signing ceremony took place in the
1885:, Platform of European Memory and Conscience, 29 June 2012
1065:
Confederation of Political Prisoners of the Czech Republic
1924:, Platform of European Memory and Conscience, 7 June 2012
1657:. Memoryandconscience.eu. 20 October 2011. Archived from
278:. Its goal is described as helping "prevent intolerance,
176:
546:
The Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
258:
on the occasion of the summit of Prime Ministers of the
2020:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
1972:
1567:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
400:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
303:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
69:, anti-democratic movements and the recurrence of any
2311:
Educational organizations based in the Czech Republic
1184:
Kistler-Ritso Eesti Foundation. Museum of Occupations
442:
resolution on European conscience and totalitarianism
433:
On 18 March 2009, the Czech EU Presidency hosted the
383:
On 8 April 2008, the Slovenian EU Presidency and the
2181:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2151:
Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism
965:
Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism
859:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2196:
Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies
1743:"European memory platform to be founded in Prague"
1049:: Centre for Documentation of Totalitarian Regimes
2026:European Parliament declaration of 23 August 2008
1679:
463:. The conference resulted in the adoption of the
426:which is chaired by former European Commissioner
2267:
2141:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
1828:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
1803:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
1737:
1735:
1709:
1707:
745:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
641:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
416:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
411:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
320:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
295:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
16:EU project to remember totalitarian governments
2037:European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009
1436:Center for Research on the Liberation Movement
514:, Poland), Zsolt Szilágyi (Head of Cabinet of
293:The initiative was originally proposed by the
239:(formerly). The President of the platform was
175:bringing together government institutions and
1958:
2281:Intergovernmental human rights organizations
1897:, Platform of European Memory and Conscience
1732:
1704:
1609:. Poland.pl. 17 October 2011. Archived from
1453:Foundation to Preserve the History of Maidan
989:Institute for Democracy, Media & Culture
1504:Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance
1218:Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide (Gariwo)
404:Institute of European Memory and Conscience
266:under the auspices of Czech Prime Minister
2276:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
2171:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
2161:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
1965:
1951:
1911:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
1858:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
1572:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
796:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
680:additions is ongoing as of November 2020.
659:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
420:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
414:Conscience, which was co-ordinated by the
157:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
27:
22:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
1487:National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide
520:Vice-President of the European Parliament
1555:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
1538:Joint Baltic American National Committee
1035:: Czech and Slovak Association of Canada
948:Study Centre for National Reconciliation
447:In its 15 June 2009 conclusions, the EU
229:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
834:Occupation Museum Association of Latvia
763:Estonian Institute of Historical Memory
502:. The executive board members included
2268:
703:
1946:
1680:Charles Recknagel (13 October 2011).
1673:
838:Occupation of Latvia Research Society
595:, former Czech Deputy Prime Minister
409:In 2009, Czech EU Presidency and the
1895:Legal Settlement of Communist Crimes
1846:
1692:from the original on 8 December 2011
611:, former Prime Minister of Slovenia
494:(former MP, Sweden, who drafted the
286:movements and the recurrence of any
1834:from the original on 4 October 2011
652:Daniel Herman, Prague Daily Monitor
402:called for the establishment of an
165:Platforma evropské paměti a svědomí
13:
2306:Institutions of the European Union
2048:Declaration on Crimes of Communism
1987:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
1470:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
465:Declaration on Crimes of Communism
14:
2332:
2291:Commemoration of communist crimes
2146:Institute of National Remembrance
2008:Council of Europe resolution 1481
1931:
1864:from the original on 5 April 2012
1635:. Ceskenoviny.cz. 14 October 2011
1582:Council of Europe resolution 1481
893:Institute of National Remembrance
792:Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten
508:Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten
496:Council of Europe resolution 1481
249:Institute of National Remembrance
247:, former President of the Polish
217:Institute of National Remembrance
2166:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
1543:
1526:
1509:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1441:
1424:
1407:
1390:
1373:
1356:
1339:
1322:
1305:
1288:
1271:
1257:
1240:
1223:
1206:
1189:
1172:
1155:
1138:
1121:
1104:
1087:
1070:
1053:
1039:
1025:
1011:
994:
977:
953:
936:
919:
902:
881:
864:
843:
822:
801:
784:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
772:
751:
733:
715:
472:Justice and Home Affairs Council
366:. The motto of the platform is "
299:Government of the Czech Republic
221:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2042:Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE
1915:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1686:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
498:); he was succeeded in 2016 by
274:, and Hungarian Prime Minister
1816:
1791:
1769:
1647:
1625:
1599:
729:(membership frozen by members)
589:Radvilė Morkūnaitė-Mikulėnienė
231:. The platform has offices in
1:
2316:Organizations based in Prague
2054:Stockholm Programme of the EU
1592:
1021:: Black Ribbon Day Foundation
630:
378:
311:Council of the European Union
2060:Warsaw Declaration of the EU
700:on 16 and 17 November 2020.
599:, former Solidarność leader
529:The platform has offices in
510:, Germany), Paweł Ukielski (
422:, an all-party group in the
254:The platform was founded in
7:
2213:The Black Book of Communism
1560:
1252:Meetingpoint Music Messiaen
480:International Visegrád Fund
324:International Visegrád Fund
241:Göran Lindblad (politician)
54:Educational project of the
10:
2337:
2103:Decommunization in Ukraine
591:MEP, former Czech Senator
548:; Dr. Paweł Ukielski, PO,
453:External Relations Council
373:
364:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
215:. Its members include the
2247:
2221:Between Hitler and Stalin
2204:
2123:
2098:Decommunization in Russia
2083:Bans on communist symbols
2075:
1996:
1981:
1385:Nation's Memory Institute
143:
131:
119:
107:
97:
77:
61:
50:
39:14 October 2011
35:
26:
1317:Instituto Mais Liberdade
665:, under the auspices of
1133:Prague Academic Club 48
305:; on 2 April 2009, the
2156:House of Terror Museum
1201:Collège des Bernardins
1116:Political Prisoners.eu
817:House of Terror Museum
698:Collège des Bernardins
655:
639:, the director of the
164:
148:memoryandconscience.eu
2286:History organizations
1419:Nova slovenska zaveza
931:Ján Langoš Foundation
853:: Secretariat of the
788:Hannah Arendt Society
645:
290:rule in the future."
65:Prevent intolerance,
1976:in Europe since 1989
1747:Prague Daily Monitor
1368:Inconspicuous Heroes
897:Warsaw Rising Museum
727:Hannah Arendt Center
561:Vytautas Landsbergis
550:Warsaw Rising Museum
512:Warsaw Rising Museum
225:Stasi Records Agency
704:Member institutions
667:Hans-Gert Pöttering
663:European Parliament
601:Wojciech Roszkowski
424:European Parliament
385:European Commission
307:European Parliament
264:Lichtenstein Palace
243:(2012-2017), later
133:Parent organisation
23:
1997:European hearings,
1757:on 7 November 2011
1283:Koknese Foundation
971:Additional members
615:, and Czech actor
577:Paweł Robert Kowal
504:Siegfried Reiprich
21:
2321:International law
2263:
2262:
1753:). Archived from
1751:Czech News Agency
1351:Timișoara Society
1150:The Memory Traces
767:Unitas Foundation
605:Stéphane Courtois
153:
152:
121:Managing director
2328:
2229:The Soviet Story
2131:Black Ribbon Day
2088:Communist crimes
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:on 30 March 2012
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:on 21 April 2012
1603:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
998:
997:
983:
981:
980:
959:
957:
956:
942:
940:
939:
925:
923:
922:
908:
906:
905:
887:
885:
884:
870:
868:
867:
849:
847:
846:
828:
826:
825:
807:
805:
804:
778:
776:
775:
757:
755:
754:
739:
737:
736:
721:
719:
718:
709:Founding members
653:
539:Neela Winkelmann
398:. The resulting
46:
44:
31:
24:
20:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2296:Decommunization
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2243:
2200:
2119:
2071:
2000:
1999:resolutions and
1998:
1992:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1563:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1389:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1270:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1026:
1024:
1012:
1010:
995:
993:
978:
976:
954:
952:
937:
935:
920:
918:
903:
901:
882:
880:
865:
863:
844:
842:
823:
821:
802:
800:
773:
771:
752:
750:
734:
732:
716:
714:
706:
654:
651:
633:
623:and former MEP
603:MEP, historian
597:Alexandr Vondra
593:Martin Mejstřík
557:Sandra Kalniete
500:Łukasz Kamiński
488:
449:General Affairs
428:Sandra Kalniete
381:
376:
301:, and the 2008
284:anti-democratic
245:Łukasz Kamiński
171:project of the
134:
122:
110:
100:
93:
42:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:2011 in Europe
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:Anti-communism
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:External links
1930:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1845:
1815:
1790:
1768:
1731:
1703:
1672:
1646:
1624:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1540:
1523:
1506:
1489:
1472:
1455:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1402:Truc sphérique
1387:
1370:
1353:
1336:
1319:
1302:
1285:
1268:
1254:
1237:
1220:
1203:
1186:
1169:
1163:Czech Republic
1152:
1146:Czech Republic
1135:
1129:Czech Republic
1118:
1112:Czech Republic
1101:
1095:Czech Republic
1084:
1082:Memory (Paměť)
1078:Czech Republic
1067:
1061:Czech Republic
1050:
1047:Czech Republic
1036:
1022:
1008:
991:
973:
972:
968:
967:
950:
933:
916:
899:
878:
861:
840:
819:
798:
769:
748:
741:Czech Republic
730:
711:
710:
705:
702:
649:
632:
629:
621:Göran Lindblad
609:Anne Applebaum
585:Monica Macovei
492:Göran Lindblad
487:
484:
387:organised the
380:
377:
375:
372:
328:Czech Republic
260:Visegrád Group
205:United Kingdom
173:European Union
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
138:European Union
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
81:
79:
75:
74:
63:
59:
58:
56:European Union
52:
48:
47:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:Official site
1936:
1935:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1009:
1007:
1003:
992:
990:
986:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
962:
951:
949:
945:
934:
932:
928:
917:
915:
911:
900:
898:
894:
890:
879:
877:
873:
862:
860:
856:
852:
841:
839:
835:
831:
820:
818:
814:
810:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
770:
768:
764:
760:
749:
746:
742:
731:
728:
724:
713:
712:
708:
707:
701:
699:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
648:
644:
642:
638:
637:Daniel Herman
628:
626:
625:Pavel Svoboda
622:
618:
617:Ondřej Vetchý
614:
610:
607:, journalist
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Werner Schulz
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
475:
473:
468:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:Visegrád Fund
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
315:EU presidency
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:United States
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
130:
127:
124:
118:
115:
112:
106:
102:
96:
90:
86:
83:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2124:Institutions
2001:declarations
1917:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1722:. Retrieved
1694:. Retrieved
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
656:
646:
634:
569:László Tökés
554:
543:
537:(formerly).
528:
524:
516:László Tökés
489:
476:
469:
457:
446:
439:
432:
408:
403:
393:
382:
292:
288:totalitarian
276:Viktor Orbán
253:
181:totalitarian
156:
154:
126:Peter Rendek
99:Membership
71:totalitarian
18:
2076:Legislation
2056:(2010–2015)
1099:Post Bellum
872:Netherlands
671:Jerzy Buzek
613:Janez Janša
565:Tunne Kelam
461:Jan Fischer
272:Donald Tusk
169:educational
114:Marek Mutor
2270:Categories
2248:Opposition
2237:Bloodlands
2108:Lustration
1868:25 October
1838:28 October
1808:24 October
1783:24 October
1696:2 February
1665:24 October
1639:24 October
1617:24 October
1593:References
631:Activities
573:Milan Zver
552:, Poland.
379:Foundation
370:matters."
268:Petr Nečas
43:2011-10-14
2113:in Poland
1719:Europa.eu
851:Lithuania
571:MEP, and
368:democracy
348:Lithuania
280:extremism
109:President
67:extremism
36:Formation
1862:Archived
1832:Archived
1690:Archived
1561:See also
1415:Slovenia
1398:Slovakia
1381:Slovakia
1364:Slovakia
1313:Portugal
1002:Bulgaria
944:Slovenia
927:Slovakia
723:Bulgaria
650:—
535:Brussels
362:and the
297:and the
237:Brussels
227:and the
167:) is an
89:Brussels
78:Location
1517:Ukraine
1500:Ukraine
1483:Ukraine
1466:Ukraine
1449:Ukraine
1432:Ukraine
1347:Romania
1330:Romania
1296:Moldova
1265:Iceland
1248:Germany
1231:Germany
1180:Estonia
985:Albania
910:Romania
809:Hungary
780:Germany
759:Estonia
374:History
352:Estonia
344:Romania
340:Hungary
336:Germany
201:Moldova
197:Iceland
193:Georgia
189:Albania
185:Ukraine
144:Website
62:Purpose
41: (
2240:(2010)
2232:(2008)
2224:(2004)
2216:(1997)
2068:(2019)
2062:(2011)
2050:(2010)
2044:(2009)
2033:(2009)
2022:(2008)
2016:(2008)
2010:(2006)
1761:10 May
1724:10 May
1548:
1531:
1514:
1497:
1480:
1463:
1446:
1429:
1412:
1395:
1378:
1361:
1344:
1327:
1310:
1293:
1279:Latvia
1276:
1262:
1245:
1228:
1211:
1197:France
1194:
1177:
1160:
1143:
1126:
1109:
1092:
1075:
1058:
1044:
1033:Canada
1030:
1019:Canada
1016:
999:
982:
961:Sweden
958:
941:
924:
907:
889:Poland
886:
869:
848:
836:, the
832:: The
830:Latvia
827:
806:
794:, the
777:
756:
738:
720:
531:Prague
356:Latvia
354:, and
332:Poland
256:Prague
233:Prague
223:, the
219:, the
213:Canada
207:, the
203:, the
85:Prague
2205:Media
1214:Italy
587:MEP,
583:MEP,
579:MEP,
567:MEP,
563:MEP,
559:MEP,
161:Czech
1870:2011
1840:2011
1810:2011
1785:2011
1763:2011
1726:2011
1698:2012
1667:2011
1641:2011
1619:2011
669:and
533:and
451:and
235:and
211:and
177:NGOs
155:The
87:and
51:Type
1551:USA
1534:USA
2272::
1909:,
1860:.
1856:.
1830:.
1826:.
1801:.
1745:.
1734:^
1717:.
1706:^
1688:.
1684:.
1553::
1536::
1519::
1502::
1485::
1468::
1451::
1434::
1417::
1400::
1383::
1366::
1349::
1332::
1315::
1298::
1281::
1250::
1233::
1216::
1199::
1182::
1165::
1148::
1131::
1114::
1097::
1080::
1063::
1004::
987::
963::
946::
929::
912::
895:,
891::
874::
857:,
815:,
811::
790:,
786:,
782::
765:,
761::
743::
725::
627:.
518:,
482:.
430:.
406:.
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
282:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
163::
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1872:.
1842:.
1812:.
1787:.
1765:.
1749:(
1728:.
1700:.
1669:.
1643:.
1621:.
506:(
159:(
45:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
