Play therapy - Knowledge

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healing process as the unconscious expresses itself in the sand and influences the sand player. When a client creates "scenes" in the sandtray, little instruction is provided and the therapist offers little or no talk during the process. This protocol emphasises the importance of holding what Kalff referred to as the "free and protected space" to allow the unconscious to express itself in symbolic, non-verbal play. Upon completion of a tray, the client may or may not choose to talk about his or her creation, and the therapist, without the use of directives and without touching the sandtray, may offer supportive response that does not include interpretation. The rationale is that the therapist trusts and respects the process by allowing the images in the tray to exert their influence without interference. Sandplay Therapy can be used during individual sessions. The limitations presented by the boundaries of the sandtray can serve as physical and symbolic limitations to unconscious, symbolic matherial that can be further reflected in analytical dialogue. The

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size of .73 compared to the .93 effect size that nondirective play therapy was found to have. Similarly in 2005 meta analysis by authors Bratton, Ray, Rhine, and Jones, directive therapy had an effect size of 0.71, while nondirective play therapy had an effect size of 0.92. Although the effect sizes of directive therapy are statistically significantly lower than those of nondirective play therapy, they are still comparable to the effect sizes for psychotherapy used with children, demonstrated by Casey, Weisz, and LeBlanc. A potential reason for the difference in the effect size may be due to the number of studies that have been done on nondirective vs. directive play therapy. Approximately 73 studies in each meta analysis examined nondirective play therapy, while there were only 12 studies that looked at directive play therapy. Once more research is done on directive play therapy, there is potential that effect sizes between nondirective and directive play therapy will be more comparable.

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peak effect when a child can complete 35–40 sessions. An exception is children that undergo play therapy in critical-incident settings, such as hospitals and domestic violence shelters. Results from studies that looked at these children indicated a large positive effect size after only 7 sessions, which shows that children in crisis may respond more readily to treatment. Parental involvement is also a significant predictor of positive play therapy results. This involvement generally entails participation in each session with the therapist and the child. Parental involvement in play therapy sessions has also been shown to diminish stress in the parent-child relationship when kids are exhibiting both internal and external behaviour problems. Despite these predictors which have been shown to increase effect sizes, play therapy has been shown to be equally effective across age, gender, and individual vs. group settings.

1133:, a term Winnicott coined for an object, such as a teddy bear, which may have a quality for a small child of being both real and made-up at the same time. Winnicott pointed out that no one demands that a toddler explain whether his Binky is a "real bear" or a creation of the child's own imagination, and went on to argue that it was very important that the child be allowed to experience the Binky as being in an undefined, "transitional" status between the child's imagination and the real world outside the child. p. 169. For Winnicott, one of the most important and precarious stages of development was in the first three years of life, when an infant grows into a child with an increasingly separate sense of self in relation to a larger world of other people. In health, the child learns to bring his or her spontaneous, real self into play with others; whereas in a 31: 1151:. They also argue that therapists focus more on the institution of play rather than the empirical literature when conducting therapy. Classically, Lebo argued against the efficacy of play therapy in 1953, and Phillips reiterated his argument again in 1985. Both claimed that play therapy lacks in several areas of hard research. Many studies included small sample sizes, which limits the generalisability, and many studies also only compared the effects of play therapy to a control group. Without a comparison to other therapies, it is difficult to determine if play therapy really is the most effective treatment. Recent play therapy researchers have worked to conduct more experimental studies with larger sample sizes, specific definitions and measures of treatment, and more direct comparisons. 1155:

with recommended toys vs. non-recommended or no toys during non-directive play therapy were no more likely to verbally express themselves to the therapist. Examples of recommended toys would be dolls or crayons, while example of non-recommended toys would be marbles or a checkers board game. There is also ongoing controversy in choosing toys for use in non-directive play therapy, with choices being largely made through intuition rather than through research. However, other research shows that following specific criteria when choosing toys in non-directive play therapy can make treatment more efficacious. Criteria for a desirable treatment toy include a toy that facilitates contact with the child, encourages catharsis, and lead to play that can be easily interpreted by a therapist.

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such as engaging in play with the child themselves or suggesting new topics instead of letting the child direct the conversation himself. Stories read by directive therapists are more likely to have an underlying purpose, and therapists are more likely to create interpretations of stories that children tell. In directive therapy games are generally chosen for the child, and children are given themes and character profiles when engaging in doll or puppet activities. This therapy still leaves room for free expression by the child, but it is more structured than nondirective play therapy. There are also different established techniques that are used in directive play therapy, including directed sandtray therapy and cognitive behavioral play therapy.

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as university counselor education programs, workshops in hopes to meet the various needs of the children. Different studies are also performed to further assess the progress of the counselor's skill set based on which type of training they pursued. Studies have shown that those that studied play therapy through the university level have displayed higher levels of skills, attitudes and knowledge. The children that need play therapy deal with many different disorders and behaviors and it is imperative that the therapist have these main skills in order for play therapy to be effective. Understanding the stages of child development and how play can help assist them with it is an important step to their learning process.

1280:. Since the introduction of electronic media into popular Western culture, the nature of games has become more diverse, complex, realistic and social. The commonalities between electronic and traditional play (such as providing a safe space to work through strong emotions) infer similar benefits. Video games have been broken into two categories: "serious" games, or games developed specifically for health or learning reasons, and "off-the-shelf" games, or games without a clinical focus that may be re-purposed for a clinical setting. Use of electronic games by clinicians is a new practice, and unknown risks as well as benefits may arise as the practice becomes more mainstream. 1167:

authors Ray, Bratton, Rhine and Jones, 2001, found an even larger effect size for nondirective play therapy, with children performing at 0.93 standard deviations better than non-treatment groups. These results are stronger than previous meta-analytic results, which reported effect sizes of 0.71, 0.71, and 0.66. Meta analysis by authors Bratton, Ray, Rhine, and Jones, 2005, also found a large effect size of 0.92 for children being treated with non-directive play therapy. Results from all meta-analyses indicate that non-directive play therapy has been shown to be just as effective as psychotherapy used with children and even generates higher effect sizes in some studies.

785: 1311:(RPGs) are the most common type of electronic game used as part of therapeutic interventions. These are games where players assume roles, and outcomes depend on the actions taken by the player in a virtual world. Psychologists are able to gain insights into the elements of the capability of the patient to create or experiment with an alternate identity. There are also those who underscore the ease in the treatment process since playing an RPG as a treatment situation is often experienced as an invitation to play, which makes the process safe and without risk of exposure or embarrassment. The most well-known and well-documented RPG-style game used in treatment is 1235:, developed by Bernard and Louise Guerney, was an innovation in play therapy during the 1960s. The filial approach emphasizes a structured training program for parents in which they learn how to employ child-centered play sessions in the home. In the 1960s, with the advent of school counselors, school-based play therapy began a major shift from the private sector. Counselor-educators such as Alexander (1964); Landreth; Muro (1968); Myrick and Holdin (1971); Nelson (1966); and Waterland (1970) began to contribute significantly, especially in terms of using play therapy as both an educational and preventive tool in dealing with children's issues. 1493: 1243:'s cognitive therapy with play therapy because children may not have the developed cognitive abilities necessary for participation in straight cognitive therapy. In this therapy, specific toys such as dolls and stuffed animals may be used to model particular cognitive strategies, such as effective coping mechanisms and problem-solving skills. Little emphasis is placed on the children's verbalizations in these interactions but rather on their actions and their play. Creating stories with the dolls and stuffed animals is a common method used by cognitive behavioral play therapists to change children's maladaptive thinking. 1523:, which was developed in the 1970s. At first, trained therapists worked with children, but Theraplay later evolved into an approach in which parents are trained to play with their children in specific ways at home. Theraplay is based on the idea that parents can improve their children's behavior and help them overcome emotional problems by engaging their children in forms of play that replicate the playful, attuned, and empathic interactions of a parent with an infant. Studies have shown that Theraplay is effective in changing children's behavior, especially for children suffering from attachment disorders. 1229:

sandplay therapy. This is why the role of the therapist is important in this approach. Therapists may ask clients questions about their sandtray, suggest them to change the sandtray, ask them to elaborate on why they chose particular objects to put in the tray, and on rare occasions, change the sandtray themselves. Use of directives by the therapist is very common. While traditional sandplay therapy is thought to work best in helping clients access troubling memories, directed sandtray therapy is used to help people manage their memories and the impact it has had on their lives.

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Hergenrather, Smelser, & Kelly, 2021). When parents respond to children defensively, the child doesn't trust them due to their past trauma. Working with a child-centered play therapist allows for the therapist to engage with the child, convey messages, and is open with the child may express regarding their previous or current trauma. The therapist responds in an empathetic and understanding way to allow the child to become openminded and respond in an enjoyable way rather than a self-protective, defensive way.

1081:, (later a psychoanalyst and his second wife), who in 1945 published an article on the importance of play for children. By "playing", he meant not only the ways that children of all ages play, but also the way adults "play" through making art, or engaging in sports, hobbies, humour, meaningful conversation, etc. Winnicott believed that it was only in playing that people are entirely their true selves, so it followed that for psychoanalysis to be effective, it needed to serve as a mode of playing. 1021: 1261: 923:. In contrast, directed play therapy is a method that includes more structure and guidance by the therapist as children work through emotional and behavioural difficulties through play. It often contains a behavioural component and the process includes more prompting by the therapist. Both types of play therapy have received at least some empirical support. On average, play therapy treatment groups, when compared to control groups, improve by .8 standard deviations. 1336: 720:

children are driven to meet the essential need of exploring and affecting their environment. Play also contributes in the advancement of creative thinking. Play likewise provides a way for children to release strong emotions. During play, children may play out challenging life experiences by re-engineering them, thereby discharging emotional states, with the potential of integrating every experience back into stability and gaining a greater sense of mastery.

9099: 8112: 8122: 7334: 100: 890: 1315:. Taking place in a fantasy world, SPARX users play through seven levels, each lasting about half an hour, and each level teaching a technique to overcome depressive thoughts and behaviours. Reviews of the study have found the game treatment comparable to CBT-only therapy. However one review noted that SPARX alone is not more effective than standard CBT treatment. There are also studies that found role-playing games, when combined with the 1209: 1375:, Personal Investigator, Treasure Hunt, and Play Attention) have been specifically noted for use in alleviating disorders other than those for anxiety and mood. Re-Mission 2 especially targets children, the game having been designed with the knowledge that today's western youth are immersed in digital media. Mobile applications for anxiety, depression, relaxation, and other areas of mental health are readily available in the 1305:(CBT). While this method is effective, it is not without its limitations: for example, boredom with the material, patients forgetting or not practicing techniques outside of a session, or the accessibility of care. It is these areas that therapists hope to address through the use of electronic games. Preliminary research has been done with small groups, and the conclusions drawn warrant studying the issue in greater depth. 1556:, which describes evidence-based forms of play therapy, including non-directive play, more directive symbolic play, contingency play, and several laughter-producing activities. Parents are encouraged to use these playful activities to strengthen their connection with their children, resolve discipline issues, and also help the children work through traumatic experiences such as hospitalization or parental divorce. 9109: 882: 9087: 757:, soft toys, dolls, etc.) to determine the cause of the disturbed behaviour. The objects and patterns of play, as well as the willingness to interact with the therapist, can be used to understand the underlying rationale for behaviour both inside and outside of therapy session. Caution, however, should be taken when using play therapy for assessment and/or diagnostic purposes. 644: 947:. Axline summarized her concept of play therapy in her article, 'Entering the child's world via play experiences'. She described play as a therapeutic experience that allows the child to express themselves in their own way and time. That type of freedom allows adults and children to develop a secure relationship.(Progressive Education, 27, p. 68). Axline also wrote 1560:

depending on the type of attachment. When using play therapy for attachment issues it is essential to ease into it because the child could have emotional isolating and the therapy benefits both the parent and child due to being connected on a deeper level. It allows the parent and the child to build their relationship and the child to feel more secure with the parent.

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needed to obtain a certification as a Registered Play Therapist (RPT). Additional work includes: 150 documented hours of instruction, specific to play therapy, a minimum of 350 direct client contact hours (under Supervision of someone who is a Registered Play Therapist Supervisor RPT-S), and 35 hours of direct supervision with 5 session observations.

1468:. Moustakas' work as being concerned with the kind of relationship needed to make therapy a growth experience. His stages start with the child's feelings being generally negative and as they are expressed, they become less intense, the end results tend to be the emergence of more positive feelings and more balanced relationships. 1012:, gain more stability and enjoyment in their emotions, and test their own reality. Popular toys used during therapy are animals, dolls, hand puppets, soft toys, crayons, and cars. Therapists have deemed such objects as more likely to open imaginative play or creative associations, both of which are important in expression. 768:. According to this viewpoint, play therapy can be used as a self-regulating mechanism, as long as children are allowed time for free play or unstructured play. However, some forms of therapy depart from non-directiveness in fantasy play, and introduce varying amounts of direction, during the therapy session. 1359:

system. Three simplistic games are included in Freeze Framer's 2.0 model, using psychophysiological feedback as a controller. The effectiveness of both pieces of software saw significant changes in participants' depression levels. A biofeedback game initially designed to assist with anxiety symptoms,

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Directive play therapy is guided by the notion that using directives to guide the child through play will cause a faster change than is generated by nondirective play therapy. The therapist plays a much bigger role in directive play therapy. Therapists may use several techniques to engage the child,

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Frequently counselors in the play therapy field address a number of obstacles when it comes to helping children. The vast majority of counselors starting off lack the basic knowledge needed to be an effective play therapist. Training for these counselors is done through many different techniques such

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There are several predictors that may also influence how effectiveness play therapy is with children. The number of sessions is a significant predictor in post-test outcomes, with more sessions being indicative of higher effect sizes. Positive effects can be seen with 16 sessions, however, there is a

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Outside of the psychoanalytic child psychotherapy field, which is well annotated, research is comparatively lacking in other, or random applications, on the overall effectiveness of using toys in non-directive play therapy. Dell Lebo found that out of a sample of over 4,000 children, those who played

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Winnicott came to consider that "Playing takes place in the potential space between the baby and the mother-figure....he initiation of playing is associated with the life experience of the baby who has come to trust the mother figure". "Potential space" was Winnicott's term for a sense of an inviting

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The second involved Winnicott placing a spatula (medical tongue depressor) within the child's reach for her/him to play with. Winnicott considered that babies will be automatically attracted to an object, reach for it, and then discover what they intend to do with it after a while. p. 75–6. From

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In 2006, Garry Landreth and Sue Bratton developed a highly researched and structured way of teaching parents to engage in therapeutic play with their children. It is based on a supervised entry-level training in child centred play therapy. They named it Child Parent Relationship Therapy. These 10

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Roger Phillips, in the early 1980s, was one of the first to suggest that combining aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy with play interventions would be a good theory to investigate. Cognitive behavioral play therapy was then developed to be used with very young children between two and six years

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Play therapy is an effective technique for therapy, regardless of age, gender, or nature of the problem. When children do not know how to communicate their problems, they act out. This may look like misbehavior in school, with friends or at home. Play therapy seeks to provide a way children can cope

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published his work with "Little Hans", a five-year-old child suffering from a horse phobia. Freud saw him once briefly and recommended his father take note of Hans' play to provide observations which might assist the child. The case of "Little Hans" was the first case where a child's difficulty was

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Play therapy is extensively acknowledged by specialists as an effective intervention in complementing children's personal and inter-personal development. Play and play therapy are generally employed with children aged six months through late adolescence and young adulthood. They provide a contained

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The efficacy of directive play therapy has been less established than that of nondirective play therapy, yet the numbers still indicate that this mode of play therapy is also effective. In 2001 meta analysis by authors Ray, Bratton, Rhine, and Jones, direct play therapy was found to have an effect

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Play therapist requirements may differ from state to state, but generally, play therapists need a Master's degree or higher degree in a mental health related subject. They must also have demonstrated skills in the field of Child Development. After obtaining a degree, additional classes and work is

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and received Lowenfeld's permission to name her version of the work "sandplay". As in traditional non-directive play therapy, research has shown that allowing an individual to freely play with the sand and accompanying objects in the contained space of the sandtray (22.5" x 28.5") can facilitate a

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or relearning therapy, to change troubling behaviours, either systematically or through a less structured approach. The hope is that through the language of symbolic play, such desensitisation may take place, as a natural part of the therapeutic experience, and lead to positive treatment outcomes.

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media is more suited to treating a range of anxiety disorders. Biofeedback tools are able to measure heart rate, skin moisture, blood flow, and brain activity to ascertain stress levels, with a goal of teaching stress management and relaxation techniques. The development of electronic games using

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Play therapy has been considered to be an established and popular mode of therapy for children for over sixty years. Critics of play therapy have questioned the effectiveness of the technique for use with children and have suggested using other interventions with greater empirical support such as

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In the future, clinicians may look forward to using electronic media as a way to assess patients, as a motivational tool, and facilitate social in-person and virtual interactions. Current data, though limited, points toward combining traditional therapy methods with electronic media for the most

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In the 1930s David Levy developed a technique he called release therapy. His technique emphasized a structured approach. A child, who had experienced a specific stressful situation, would be allowed to engage in free play. Subsequently, the therapist would introduce play materials related to the

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of 0.66 for non-directive play therapy. This finding is comparable to the effect size of 0.71 found for psychotherapy used with children, indicating that both non-directive play and non-play therapies are almost equally effective in treating children with emotional difficulties. Meta analysis by

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Play therapy can be divided into two basic types: non-directive and directive. Non-directive play therapy is a non-intrusive method in which children are encouraged to play in the expectation that this will alleviate their problems as perceived by their care-givers and other adults. It is often

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emphasized play as an essential expression of children's feelings, especially because they do not know how to communicate their feelings with words. Play helps a child develop a sense of true self and a mastery over their innate abilities resulting in a sense of worth and aptitude. During play,

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Directed sandtray therapy is more commonly used with trauma victims and involves the "talk" therapy to a much greater extent. Because trauma is often debilitating, directed sandplay therapy works to create change in the present, without the lengthy healing process often required in traditional

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disorder, the child may find it unsafe or impossible to do so, and instead may feel compelled to hide the true self from other people, and pretend to be whatever they want instead. Playing with a transitional object can be an important early bridge "between self and other", which helps a child

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Training in nondirective play for parents has been shown to significantly reduce mental health problems in at-risk preschool children. One of the first parent/child play therapy approaches developed was Filial Therapy (in the 1960s - see History section above), in which parents are trained to

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While the field of allowing electronic media a place in a therapist's office is new, the equipment is not necessarily so. Most western children are familiar with modern PCs, consoles, and handheld devices even if the practitioner is not. An even more recent addition to interacting with a game

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and unstructured play therapy. It is guided by the notion that if given the chance to speak and play freely in appropriate therapeutic conditions, troubled children and young people will be helped towards resolving their difficulties. Non-directive play therapy is generally regarded as mainly

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The emotional bond formed between a caregiver and their child is called attachment. (Lin, 2003). A child having attachment issues is significant because a child can have either a good or bad attachment to their primary caregiver. Which can lead to development and behavioral issues as the age

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adapted Carl Rogers's theories to child therapy in 1946 and is widely considered the founder of this therapy. Different techniques have since been established that fall under the realm of non-directive play therapy, including traditional sandplay therapy, play therapy using provided toys and

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Allowing children who struggle with trauma to use play therapy allows for them to work through their trauma and begin to trust beyond it. Adults that respond differently to the child's closed off and defensive behaviors will help children start to develop trust beyond their trauma. (Parker,

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In 1955, Gove Hambidge expanded on Levy's work emphasizing a "structured play therapy" model, which was more direct in introducing situations. The format of the approach was to establish rapport, recreate the stress-evoking situation, play out the situation and then free play to recover.

1432:, though not as effective as in-person treatments. One study tracked two groups – one group receiving a typical, lengthier treatment while the other was treated via shorter VRET sessions – and found that the effectiveness for VRET patients was significantly less at the six-month mark. 1008:'s theoretical orientation. The idea behind this method is that children will be better able to express their feelings toward themselves and their environment through play with toys than through verbalisation of their feelings. Through this experience children may be able to achieve 933:'s American translator), and Frederick H. Allen (1934) developed an approach they entitled relationship therapy. The primary emphasis is placed on the emotional relationship between the therapist and the child. The focus is placed on the child's freedom and strength to choose. 1507:

Play therapy is an evidence based approach for children that allows them to find ways to learn, process their emotions, and make meaning of the world around them. Play therapy can be used for several reasons including trauma, autism, behavior, attachment, and language.

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has created an approach called Playful Parenting, in which he encourages parents to play with their children to help resolve emotional and behavioral issues. Parents are encouraged to connect playfully with their children through silliness, laughter, and roughhousing.

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Play therapy is a form of psychotherapy which uses play as the main mode of communication especially with children, and people whose speech capacity may be compromised, to determine and overcome psychosocial challenges. It is aimed at helping patients towards better

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self-expressive process in the context of a trusted relationship with the care giver or therapist. As children's and young people's experiences and knowledge are typically communicated through play, it is an essential vehicle for personality and social development.

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game. The first involved Winnicott drawing a shape for the child to play with and extend (or vice versa) – a practice extended by his followers into that of using partial interpretations as a 'squiggle' for a patient to make use of.

1389:. The proliferation of laptops, mobile phones, and tablets means one can access these apps at any time, in any place. Many of them are low-cost or even free, and the games do not need to be complex to be of benefit. Playing a three-minute game of 1099:

the child's initial hesitation in making use of the spatula, Winnicott derived his idea of the necessary 'period of hesitation' in childhood (or analysis), which makes possible a true connection to the toy, interpretation or object presented for

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Most of the current research relating to electronic games in therapeutic settings is focused on alleviating the symptoms of depression, primarily in adolescents. However, some games have been developed specifically for children with anxiety and

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Now, there are several published books outlining play therapy and specific techniques within play therapy. The Association for Play Therapy has a comprehensive list of play therapy books on their website. These books include

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In recent years, play therapists in the western hemisphere, as a body of health professionals, are usually members or affiliates of professional training institutions and tend to be subject to codes of ethical practice.

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Greenspan, S.I.; Wieder, S. (1997). "Developmental patterns and outcomes in infants and children with disorders in relating and communicating: A chart review of 200 cases of children with autistic spectrum disorders".

7667: 8077: 8720: 1534:, a comprehensive, play-based approach for parents and therapists to use with autistic children. There is evidence for the success of this program with children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. 690:

refers to a range of methods of capitalising on children's natural urge to explore and harnessing it to meet and respond to the developmental and later also their mental health needs. It is also used for

8893: 8087: 1276:, some mental health practitioners in the West, are becoming interested in including such games as therapeutic tools. These are by definition "directive" tools since they are internally governed by 1545:

sessions focus on parenting issues in a group environment and utilises video and audio recordings to help the parents receive feedback on their 30-minute 'special play times' with their children.

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Swank, Jacqueline M.; Cheung, Christopher; Williams, Sydney A. (3 July 2018). "Play Therapy and Psychoeducational School-Based Group Interventions: A Comparison of Treatment Effectiveness".

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or psychological assessment purposes where the individual is too young or too traumatised to give a verbal account of adverse, abusive or potentially criminal circumstances in their life.

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information on the intersection of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. An edition developed specifically to aid clinicians, ReachOutPro, offers more tools to increase patients' engagement.

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Barrett, C. Hampe, T.E. & Miller, L. (1978). Research on child psychotherapy. In Garfield, S. & Bergin, A. (Eds.). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. New York: Wiley.

1355:'s developers have asserted that their products are a tool, not a game, though the three instalments contain many game elements. Conversely, Freeze Framer's design is reminiscent of an 2177:. 2 vols. London: Isbister, 1900–01. pt. 1. Theory of education – pt. 2. Practice of education (Substantially a translation of Froebel's work, with editorial comments and annotations) 1742: 8715: 7693: 5107:

Solomon, R., J. Necheles, C. Ferch, and D. Bruckman (2007). Pilot study of a parent training program for young children with autism: The P.L.A.Y. Project Home Consultation program"

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Using toys in non-directive play therapy with children is a method used by child psychotherapists and play therapists. These approaches are derived from the way toys were used in

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Weisz, J.R.; Weiss, B.; Han, S.S.; Granger, D.A.; Morton, T. (1995). "Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes".

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facilitate nondirective play therapy sessions with their own children. Filial therapy has been shown to help children work through trauma and also resolve behavior problems.

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The prevalence and popularity of video games in recent years has created a wealth of psychological studies centred around them. While the bulk of those studies have covered

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Fleming, Theresa M.; Cheek, Colleen; Merry, Sally N.; Thabrew, Hiran; Bridgman, Heather; Stasiak, Karolina; Shepherd, Matthew; Perry, Yael; Hetrick, Sarah (3 July 2014).

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Booth, P.B. & Jernberg, A.M. (2010). Theraplay: Helping Parents and Children Build Better Relationships Through Attachment-Based Play. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass.

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Fleming, Theresa M.; Cheek, Colleen; Merry, Sally N.; Thabrew, Hiran; Bridgman, Heather; Tasiak, Karolina; Shepherd, Matthew; Perry, Yael; Hetrick, Sarah (3 July 2014).

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and safe interpersonal field in which one can be spontaneously playful while at the same time connected to others. p. 162. Playing can also be seen in the use of a

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Harter, S (1977). "A cognitive-developmental approach to children's expression of conflicting feelings and a technique to facilitate such expression in play therapy".

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Greenspan, S.I. & Wieder, S. (2006). Engaging Autism: Using the Floortime Approach to Help Children Relate, Communicate, and Think. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.

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Kendrick, P., Wilson, K., & Ryan, V. (1992) Play Therapy: A Nondirective Approach for Children and Adolescents. North Yorkshire, UK: Elsevier Science Limited.

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to gauge the attention of pilots, was remodeled as an ADHD aid. Brain waves of participants were monitored during play of commercial video games available on

1368:, and the difficulty of the games increased as participants' attention waned. The efficacy of this treatment is comparable to traditional ADHD intervention. 4345: 7697: 4505: 1958:

Cochran, Jeff L.; Cochran, Nancy H. (2017). "Effects of child-centered play therapy for students with highly-disruptive behavior in high-poverty schools".

1059:, International Society for Sandplay Therapy, defines guidelines for training in Sandplay Therapy as well as guidelines for becoming a teaching therapist. 9954: 4824: 4146: 7437: 9944: 5203:

The Introduction of Attachment Play in Child and Family Social Work; Optimising Connection, Emotional Release, and Supporting Challenging Behavior.

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Solter, A. (2013). Attachment Play: How to Solve Children’s Behavior Problems with Play, Laughter, and Connection. Goleta, CA: Shining Star Press.

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Parker, M; Hergenrather, K; Smelser, Q; Kelly, C (2021). "Exploring Child-Centered Play Therapy and Trauma: A Systematic Review of Literature".

3960:"What Is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and How Is It Used to Treat Anxiety and Depression? | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA" 50: 46: 2566:

Bratton, S.; Ray, D.; Rhine, T.; Jones, L. (2005). "The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes".

1919:"A comparison of structured sensorimotor therapy and child-centered activity in the treatment of preschool children with sensorimotor problems" 8750: 8625: 1414:

equipment, which both adolescent and clinician might need to learn to use properly. The umbrella term for the preliminary studies done with

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have shown promising results about the efficacy of non-directive play therapy. Meta analysis by authors LeBlanc and Ritchie, 2001, found an

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Morrison, T.; Newcomer, B. (1975). "Effects of directive vs. nondirective play therapy with institutionalized mentally retarded children".

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Allen, Kallie B.; Barber, Catherine R. (January 2015). "Examining the use of play activities to increase appropriate classroom behaviors".

1757: 674: 4962: 737:, decreased aggression, emotional modulation, social skill development, empathy, and trauma resolution. Play therapy also assists with 7582: 4311: 8928: 8745: 7422: 2823: 5474:

Association of Child Psychotherapists (ACP) the professional body for Psychoanalytic Child and Adolescent Psychotherapists in the UK

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began to use play as a means of analyzing children under the age of six. She believed that child's play was essentially the same as

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Tennessen, J.; Strand, D. (1998). "A comparative analysis of directed sandplay therapy and principles of Ericksonian psychology".

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formalised play as therapy by providing children with toys to express themselves and observed play to analyse the child. In 1919,

9145: 8675: 8026: 943:' work to children. Rogers had explored the work of the therapist relationship and developed non-directive therapy, later called 865:(1946, 1965) used play as a means to facilitate an attachment to the therapist and supposedly gain access to the child's psyche. 819:

During the 19th century, European educationalists began to address play as an integral part of childhood education. They include

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Relax to Win, was similarly found to have broader treatment applications. Extended Attention Span Training (EAST), developed by

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Kot, S.; Landreth, G.; Giordano, M. (1998). "Intensive child-centered play therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence".

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Wilson, Brittany J.; Ray, Dee (11 September 2018). "Child-Centered Play Therapy: Aggression, Empathy, and Self-Regulation".

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Wilkinson, Nathan; Ang, Rebecca P.; Goh, Dion H. (2008). "Online Video Game Therapy for Mental Health Concerns: A Review".

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Wilkinson, Nathan; Ang, Rebecca P.; Goh, Dion H. (2008). "Online Video Game Therapy for Mental Health Concerns: A Review".

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Lebo, D (1958). "A theoretical framework for nondirective play therapy: Concepts from psychoanalysis and learning theory".

1401:, when played closely following a traumatic event, could be used as a "'therapeutic vaccine" to prevent future flashbacks. 4858: 4596: 4180: 3769: 9249: 8565: 8189: 8046: 6400: 5567: 1197: 4697:"Psychological interventions to cut traumatic memories: Tetris or Candy Crush? Researchers see a role for games such as" 3584:

Landreth, Garry L.; Jacquot, Willard S.; Allen, Louise (1969). "A Team Approach to Learning Disabilites [sic]".

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Guerney, B., Guerney, L., & Andronico, M. (1976). The therapeutic use of children's play. New York: Jason Aronson.

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Ray, D.C. (2008). "Impact of play therapy on parent-child relationship stress at a mental health training setting".

1036:, a paediatrician interested in child psychology who pioneered her "World Technique" in 1929, drawn from the writer 9350: 8630: 8525: 6051: 3167: 2524:

Ray, D.; Bratton, S.; Rhine, T.; Jones, L. (2001). "The effectiveness of play therapy: Responding to the critics".

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stress-evoking situation allowing the child to reenact the traumatic event and release the associated emotions.

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Phillips, R.; Landreth, G. (1998). "Play therapists on play therapy (Part 2) Clinical issues in play therapy".

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Landreth, G. L. (2002). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. (2nd ed.). New York: (Second Edition 2002).

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Play therapy can also be used as a tool for diagnosis. A play therapist observes a client playing with toys (

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non-intrusive. The hallmark of non-directive play therapy is that it has minimal constraints apart from the

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Kendall-Tackett, K (1992). "Beyond anatomical dolls: Professionals' use of other play therapy techniques".

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Freud, A. (1965). The psycho-analytical treatment of children. New York: International Universities Press.

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has the potential to curb a number of cravings, a longer play time could reduce flashback symptoms from

9995: 9545: 9217: 9055: 8281: 7497: 7020: 6636: 6504: 6494: 6137: 5968: 5963: 1293:(ADHD), The same company behind the latter intends to create electronic treatments for children on the 784: 130: 3374: 1484:

by Jennifer Lefebre, and many others that outline Play Therapy and its use in specific circumstances.

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An example of a more directive approach to play therapy, for example, can entail the use of a type of

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Granic, Isabela; Lobel, Adam; Engels, Rutger C. M. E. (2014). "The benefits of playing video games".

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Lin, Shi (2003). "Facilitating Constructive Parent-Child Play: Family Therapy with Young Children".

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Harris, Z. L.; Landreth, G. (1997). "Filial therapy with incarcerated mothers: A five week model".

1269: 988:' non-directive psychotherapy and in his characterisation of "the optimal therapeutic conditions". 738: 205: 173: 57: 2580: 2088:"The Children's Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI): Description, Development, and Reliability Studies" 1032:

method of psychotherapy using a tray of sand and miniature, symbolic figures is attributed to Dr.

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Arguably, the first documented case, describing a proto-therapeutic use of play, was in 1909 when

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view, people (especially children) will engage in play behaviour to work through their interior

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Donald Winnicott probably first came upon the central notion of play from his collaboration in

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published in 1911. Dora Kalff, who studied with her, combined Lowenfeld's World Technique with

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Allen, Frederick H. (1934). "Therapeutic work with children: A statement of a point of view".

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Taft, Jessie. The dynamics of therapy in a controlled relationship. New York: Macmillan, 1933.

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Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) Treatment Manual: A 10-Session filial therapy model

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movement. In 1973 Moustakas continued his journey into play therapy and published his novel

9888: 9723: 9648: 9514: 9449: 9022: 8997: 8977: 8938: 8842: 8665: 8595: 8575: 8391: 8341: 8301: 8254: 8249: 8239: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8199: 8184: 8179: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8011: 7926: 7906: 7791: 7781: 7632: 7602: 7587: 7572: 7562: 7552: 7517: 7512: 7462: 7407: 7382: 7270: 7260: 6987: 6799: 6771: 6761: 6721: 6591: 6586: 6566: 6526: 6446: 6190: 6117: 6066: 5827: 5802: 5792: 5163:

Baltrotsky, Kathryn; Bradbury, Joanne; Rose, Marion; Grace, Sandra; Doran, Frances (2022).

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Hall, D.; Kaduson, H.; Schaefer, C.E. (2002). "Fifteen effective play therapy techniques".

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Barnett, L (1984). "Research note: Young children's resolution of distress through play".

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Lebo, D (1955). "The expressive value of toys recommended for nondirective play therapy".

811:, about the importance of observing play as a way to learn about and understand children. 8: 9620: 9531: 9408: 9279: 9038: 9002: 8982: 8913: 8837: 8610: 8600: 8545: 8540: 8477: 8419: 8386: 8376: 8356: 8346: 8331: 8326: 8306: 8276: 8244: 8229: 8204: 8140: 8066: 8056: 7991: 7956: 7891: 7871: 7861: 7821: 7806: 7801: 7642: 7637: 7577: 7532: 7492: 7387: 7368: 7082: 6994: 6947: 6897: 6845: 6840: 6819: 6741: 6651: 6631: 6621: 6511: 6205: 6132: 6056: 5877: 5857: 5812: 5749: 5632: 5584: 5370: 2884: 1604: 1129: 960: 429: 419: 404: 369: 364: 349: 329: 324: 200: 139: 4622:"ADAA Reviewed Mental Health Apps | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA" 1201: 820: 9748: 9563: 9454: 9383: 9102: 8987: 8832: 8822: 8812: 8802: 8660: 8585: 8371: 8296: 8266: 8097: 8016: 7976: 7951: 7931: 7866: 7841: 7831: 7816: 7617: 7567: 7522: 7507: 7487: 7477: 7452: 7392: 7087: 7030: 6875: 6726: 6676: 6626: 6571: 6516: 6428: 6386: 6251: 5988: 5724: 5553: 5363: 5347: 5232: 5184: 5052: 4990: 4886: 4805: 4754: 4572: 4539: 4437: 4376: 4208: 4074: 4029: 3865: 3797: 3750: 3686: 3601: 3337: 2660: 2593: 2331: 2104: 2087: 1983: 1864: 1821: 1312: 1033: 969: 911: 836: 803:

has been recorded in artefacts at least since antiquity. In eighteenth-century Europe,

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with difficult emotions and helps them find healthier solutions and coping mechanisms.

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Horne-Moyer, H. Lynn; Moyer, Brian H.; Messer, Drew C.; Messer, Elizabeth S. (2014).

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Child Psychotherapy, War and the Normal Child: Selected Papers of Margaret Lowenfeld

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and has been found to be more effective for participants than for those placed in a

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develop the capacity to be creative and genuine in relationships. p. 170-2.

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The Student's Froebel: adapted from "Die Erziehung der Menschheit" of F. Froebel

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Two of the playing techniques Winnicott used in his work with children were the

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and thus can be used at any age. These approaches to therapy may originate from

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this equipment is still in its infancy, and thus few games are on the market.

984:, Dora Kalff, all of them child specialists or even from the adult therapist, 9989: 9903: 9788: 9768: 9753: 9743: 9708: 9678: 9524: 9433: 9330: 9320: 9154: 8115: 7212: 6814: 6751: 6616: 6489: 6311: 6220: 6165: 6160: 6102: 5933: 5769: 5754: 5739: 5652: 5612: 5330:

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1979: 1903: 1860: 1817: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1549: 1159: 1020: 951:, which describes a series of play therapy sessions over a period of a year. 869: 850: 840: 761: 730: 559: 519: 439: 434: 7025: 4621: 3399: 2824:

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has developed a comprehensive approach for parents called

1519:

Another approach to play therapy that involves parents is

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games. Each of these forms is covered briefly below.

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Children playing during a session with a psychologist

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Texas Personnel and Guidance Association Guidelines

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A Handbook of Play Therapy with Aggressive Children

9955:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 5417:. United Kingdom: Guilford Publications. 5114: 2694: 2675: 2212: 2160:. Trans. Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books, 1979. 2092:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 2002:"Why Play Therapy? - Association for Play Therapy" 1691: 1255: 4720: 3986: 3822: 3707: 2975: 1456:, the result of the dialogues between Moustakas, 1115:Winnie-The-Pooh, the original "Winnie", possibly 814: 9987: 9945:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 5389: 3006: 2610: 1722: 792:children's toy. From a tomb dating 950–900 BCE, 9960:Association for Behavior Analysis International 5524:British Association of Clinical Play Therapists 5328:Lanyado, Monica and Horne, Ann. (Eds.) (1999). 5091:Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders 5087: 4771: 4403: 4343: 4230: 4116: 3529: 2885:Sandplay Influences – Lowenfeld World Technique 2451:Psychoanalytic Psychology of Normal Development 2423:Indications for Child Analysis and Other Papers 2412:(1936); (Revised edition: 1966 (US), 1968 (UK)) 2050: 1642:(1970). "Container and Contained Transformed". 8957: 8512: 5413:Schaefer, Charles, E. Kaduson, Heidi. (2006). 3556: 3292: 3037:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2980:. Free Association Books. pp. 95 and 184. 2730: 2568:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1957: 1424:(VRET). This research is based on traditional 1319:, lead to increased psychosocial development. 1170: 9139: 6394: 5561: 5346: 3640:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3456:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3070: 3068: 1439: 668: 9062:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5295: 4967:International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 4908: 4235:. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 45. 3525: 3523: 3009:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World 2311: 1923:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1781:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1743:"Play Therapy: Practice, Issues, and Trends" 1487: 1323:is geared toward youth and teens, providing 954: 4280: 3219: 3100: 3098: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2791: 2789: 1881: 1638: 939:, a child therapist from the 1950s applied 885:An individual engaging in sandplay therapy. 9146: 9132: 6401: 6387: 5568: 5554: 4898:– via Psychiatry in the Digital Age. 4774:International Journal of Social Psychiatry 4456:"Personal Investigator « David Coyle" 4406:International Journal of Social Psychiatry 4353:International Journal of Social Psychiatry 4220:– via Psychiatry in the Digital Age. 3809:– via Psychiatry in the Digital Age. 3675:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3322:British Journal of Guidance and Counseling 3074: 3065: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 1264:An early video game played by two children 959:Non-directive play therapy, may encompass 675: 661: 29: 4885: 4571: 4207: 4117:Meersand, Pamela; Gilmore, Karen (2018). 4049: 4007: 3910:"This Video Game May Help Kids with ADHD" 3843: 3796: 3728: 3619:Landreth, G (1972). "Why play therapy?". 3520: 3449: 3447: 3048: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2579: 2264: 2210: 2103: 1934: 1841:The Journal for Specialists in Group Work 1795: 1192: 8764: 5298:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 3907: 3618: 3487: 3485: 3354: 3253: 3251: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3186: 3160: 3104: 3095: 2964: 2786: 2314:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 1491: 1334: 1291:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 1259: 1207: 1196: 1110: 1019: 896: 888: 880: 783: 8139: 7367: 7356: 5314:in four volumes, London: Hogarth Press. 5312:The Collected Writings of Melanie Klein 4594: 4231:Crenshaw, David; Stewart, Anne (2015). 3884:"Child Anxiety Tales – Camp Cope-A-Lot" 3672: 3286: 3170:. The Anna Freud Centre. Archived from 2805: 2803: 2801: 2715: 2544: 1798:Journal of Counseling & Development 1740: 1694:Play, dreams and imitation in childhood 1460:, Carl Rogers, and others, forging the 1317:Adlerian Play Therapy (AdPT) techniques 16:Children's mental health therapy method 9988: 9965:European Association for Psychotherapy 5494:British Association of Play Therapists 4909:Malik, Fatima; Marwaha, Raman (2022). 4597:"Video Game to Help Kids Fight Cancer" 4533: 4531: 4399: 4397: 4339: 4337: 4281:Alan Brauer, M. D. (1 February 1999). 4140: 4138: 4045: 4043: 3982: 3980: 3818: 3816: 3637: 3631: 3453: 3444: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2918: 2849: 2838: 2692: 2673: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2365:Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 2362: 2219:. New York: The New American Library. 1689: 1063:Winnicott's Squiggle and Spatula games 9127: 8956: 8763: 8511: 8138: 7759: 7758: 7366: 7355: 7057: 6420: 6382: 5549: 5392:International Journal of Play Therapy 5373:Handbook of Play Therapy, 2nd Edition 5352:British Journal of Medical Psychology 5342:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203135341 5037:International Journal of Play Therapy 4506:"Executive Function – Play Attention" 3989:"The Benefits of Playing Video Games" 3825:"The Benefits of Playing Video Games" 3710:"The Benefits of Playing Video Games" 3559:International Journal of Play Therapy 3491: 3482: 3357:International Journal of Play Therapy 3295:International Journal of Play Therapy 3248: 3208: 3077:International Journal of Play Therapy 2961:. London: New Educational Fellowship. 2903: 2646: 2613:American Journal of Mental Deficiency 2526:International Journal of Play Therapy 2391:The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes 2336:Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work 2258: 2129:International Journal of Play Therapy 1960:International Journal of Play Therapy 1884:International Journal of Play Therapy 1610:International Journal of Play Therapy 1371:Several online-only or mobile games ( 1330: 5484:Canadian Association of Play Therapy 3494:Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 3423: 3131: 3125: 3028: 2957:(1945). "Children who cannot play", 2809: 2798: 2757: 2292:Heilende Kräfte im kindlichen Spiel. 1239:of age. It incorporates aspects of 1077:with the psychiatric social worker, 893:Equipment used for sandplay therapy. 9250:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 9108: 5214: 5169:Child & Family Behavior Therapy 5007: 4528: 4394: 4334: 4172: 4135: 4110: 4085: 4040: 3977: 3813: 3319: 3313: 2993: 2878: 2649:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2502: 2467:"Freud's Baby – Little Hans (1909)" 1646:. London: Tavistock Publications. . 13: 9970:Society for Psychotherapy Research 9198:Transference focused psychotherapy 6368:Parents Against Child Exploitation 5364:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1939.tb00710.x 5247: 3687:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb00165.x 3379:Academy for Play Therapy Training™ 2661:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1934.tb06284.x 2395:Indiana University of Pennsylvania 748: 711: 14: 10012: 9255:Rational emotive behavior therapy 9228:Functional analytic psychotherapy 9223:Acceptance and commitment therapy 9153: 6338:Mothers Apart from Their Children 5438: 5010:The Journal of Family Health Care 4289:. Psychiatric Times Vol 16 No 2. 2978:Further Learning from the Patient 2410:Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense 9107: 9098: 9097: 9085: 8626:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8120: 8111: 8110: 7668:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7438:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7332: 5255:Journal of Consulting Psychology 5208: 5195: 5156: 5147: 5131: 5101: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5028: 5001: 4954: 4929: 4902: 4850: 4816: 4765: 4601:Scientific American Blog Network 3586:Journal of Learning Disabilities 3375:"How to Become a Play Therapist" 3134:Journal of Consulting Psychology 2852:Journal of Consulting Psychology 2760:Journal of Consulting Psychology 2733:Counselling Psychology Quarterly 1466:The child's discovery of himself 1422:Virtual reality exposure therapy 642: 98: 9975:World Council for Psychotherapy 6196:Management of domestic violence 6042:Corporal punishment in the home 5534:The Squiggle Foundation, London 5217:Journal of Family Psychotherapy 5205:The Irish Social Worker, 67-76. 4714: 4689: 4664: 4639: 4614: 4588: 4498: 4473: 4448: 4312:"Product Review: Freeze Framer" 4304: 4274: 4249: 4224: 3952: 3927: 3901: 3876: 3761: 3701: 3666: 3612: 3577: 3550: 3417: 3392: 3367: 3348: 3015: 2984: 2948: 2912: 2897: 2751: 2686: 2667: 2640: 2631: 2604: 2476: 2459: 2383: 2356: 2324: 2305: 2285: 2233: 2204: 2180: 2163: 2154:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2147: 2120: 2079: 2044: 2019: 1994: 1951: 1256:Application of electronic games 807:(1712–1778) wrote, in his book 8783:Federated States of Micronesia 8078:British Indian Ocean Territory 6353:National Fatherhood Initiative 5141:. New York, NY: Routledge. 4052:"Video Games in Psychotherapy" 3438:10.1080/00332747.1938.11022205 2812:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1910: 1875: 1832: 1789: 1734: 1716: 1683: 1650: 1632: 873:adduced to emotional factors. 815:From Education to Therapeutics 1: 9188:Mentalization-based treatment 6408: 6358:National Parents Organization 6083:Adverse childhood experiences 5575: 5181:10.1080/07317107.2022.2141600 4050:Ceranoglu, T. Atilla (2010). 3544:10.1016/s0197-4556(97)00101-9 2701:. New York: Ballatine Books. 2211:Hainstock, Elizabeth (1978). 1853:10.1080/01933922.2018.1485801 1625: 1404: 1395:posttraumatic stress disorder 1283: 1246: 796:Archaeological Museum, Athens 385:Industrial and organizational 9245:Dialectical behavior therapy 9235:Cognitive behavioral therapy 8751:United States Virgin Islands 6421: 6123:Effects of domestic violence 5765:Social emotional development 5464:Resources in other libraries 4059:Review of General Psychology 2682:. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. 2265:Lowenfeld, Margaret (1988). 2065:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90014-i 1644:Attention and Interpretation 1303:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1149:Cognitive behavioral therapy 540:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 9275:Emotionally focused therapy 8513:Education in North America 5939:Identification (psychology) 5504:Play Therapy United Kingdom 5489:Association of Play Therapy 3506:10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_3 3272:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.450 1741:Homeyer, Linda, E. (2008). 1563: 1474:101 Play Therapy Techniques 1171:Predictors of effectiveness 1141: 1106: 1015: 10: 10017: 9546:Systematic desensitization 9475:Practitioner–scholar model 9218:Clinical behavior analysis 8958:Education in South America 7058: 6363:Parent–teacher association 6138:Parental abuse by children 6019:Positive Parenting Program 5969:Parent management training 5964:Normative social influence 5509:The Play Therapy Institute 5499:Play Therapy International 4979:10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.2.221 4866:Current Psychiatry Reports 4544:Current Psychiatry Reports 4188:Current Psychiatry Reports 3777:Current Psychiatry Reports 3652:10.1037/0022-006x.59.6.785 3598:10.1177/002221946900200203 3468:10.1037/0022-006x.45.3.417 3234:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.388 3059:10.1037/0735-7028.33.6.515 2976:Casement, Patrick (1990). 2590:10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.376 2191:The Education of the Child 1667:10.1002/9781119140467.ch27 1440:Play therapy in literature 1353:The Journey to Wild Divine 1066: 779: 723: 9937: 9661: 9619: 9556: 9490: 9483: 9442: 9401: 9369: 9308: 9265: 9206: 9168: 9161: 9079: 9036: 8963: 8874: 8851: 8770: 8726:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8644: 8518: 8491: 8443: 8405: 8147: 8106: 8065: 8025: 7767: 7681: 7656: 7375: 7362: 7351: 7327: 7281: 7247: 7206: 7188: 7149: 7131: 7097: 7073:Early childhood education 7066: 7053: 7003: 6833: 6780: 6602: 6455: 6427: 6416: 6348:National Childbirth Trust 6325: 6234: 6151: 6143:Stress in early childhood 6075: 6027: 5886: 5863:Taking children seriously 5783: 5695:Applied behavior analysis 5678: 5583: 5459:Resources in your library 5427:. London: Hogarth Press, 4917:. StatPearls Publishing. 4878:10.1007/s11920-014-0520-6 4556:10.1007/s11920-014-0520-6 4316:www.relaxfocussucceed.com 4283:"Biofeedback and Anxiety" 4200:10.1007/s11920-014-0520-6 3935:"Programs & Products" 3789:10.1007/s11920-014-0520-6 3532:The Arts in Psychotherapy 3334:10.1080/03069880801926434 3011:. Middlesex. p. 146. 3007:Winnicott, D. W. (1973). 2890:12 September 2009 at the 2693:Axline, Virginia (1964). 2488:www.psychologistworld.com 2271:. Sussex Academic Press. 2241:"Soviet Psychology: Play" 2169:Fröbel, Friedrich (1900) 2053:Child Abuse & Neglect 1488:Parent/child play therapy 1299:Major depressive disorder 955:Nondirective play therapy 876: 315:Applied behavior analysis 70: 56: 40: 28: 23: 9557:Other individual therapy 8929:Northern Mariana Islands 8746:Turks and Caicos Islands 7827:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7423:Central African Republic 6004:The talk (sex education) 5715:Developmental psychology 5479:Arquetipo Ludi (Spanish) 4786:10.1177/0020764008091659 4418:10.1177/0020764008091659 4365:10.1177/0020764008091659 2924: 2215:The Essential Montessori 1750:American Journal of Play 1659:Handbook of Play Therapy 1450:Children in Play Therapy 1297:, and those living with 788:Little horse on wheels, 739:sensorimotor development 9579:Cognitive restructuring 9300:Person-centered therapy 8894:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8088:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6211:Parental responsibility 6171:Cost of raising a child 4485:www.treasurehunt.uzh.ch 4261:schools.au.reachout.com 3908:Robbins,STAT, Rebecca. 2904:Kalff, Dora M. (1980). 2894:Retrieved, 24 June 2009 2678:Client-centered therapy 2377:10.1163/156916278X00032 1454:Publication of The Self 1430:wait list control group 1180:Play Therapist Training 505:Behavioral neuroscience 160:Behavioral neuroscience 9510:Contingency management 9389:Transtheoretical model 9379:Eclectic psychotherapy 9356:Transactional analysis 8676:British Virgin Islands 8190:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5539:1 October 2016 at the 5519:Play Therapy Australia 5201:O’Reilly, L. (2020). 5111:, Vol 11 ( 3) 205–224. 3260:Psychological Bulletin 3222:Psychological Bulletin 2959:Play and Mental Health 2745:10.1080/09515070126334 2697:Dibs in Search of Self 2158:Emile, or On Education 1504: 1480:by David E. Crenshaw, 1452:. In 1956 he compiled 1448:wrote his first book, 1340: 1265: 1213: 1205: 1193:Directive play therapy 1123: 1069:Donald Woods Winnicott 1052:collective unconscious 1025: 949:Dibs in Search of Self 945:Client-Centred Therapy 915: 894: 886: 797: 731:growth and development 555:Psychology of religion 495:Behavioral engineering 179:Cognitive neuroscience 145:Affective neuroscience 9460:Common factors theory 9424:Residential treatment 8877:and other territories 8616:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7583:São Tomé and Príncipe 7443:Republic of the Congo 6333:Families Need Fathers 5894:After-school activity 5818:Concerted cultivation 5813:Buddha-like parenting 5745:Nature versus nurture 5710:Cognitive development 5332:. London: Routledge. 5285:. London: Routledge. 5229:10.1300/J085v14n03_02 4723:American Psychologist 4510:www.playattention.com 3996:American Psychologist 3832:American Psychologist 3717:American Psychologist 2908:. Boston, MA: Beacon. 1936:10.5014/ajot.47.9.777 1756:: 212. Archived from 1690:Piaget, Jean (1962). 1495: 1462:humanistic psychology 1436:effective treatment. 1338: 1263: 1211: 1200: 1114: 1023: 921:psychodynamic therapy 900: 892: 884: 787: 649:Psychology portal 9889:Lorna Smith Benjamin 9724:Harry Stack Sullivan 9649:Sensitivity training 9450:Clinical formulation 8765:Education in Oceania 8141:Education in Europe 8002:United Arab Emirates 7369:Education in Africa 6592:Instructional design 6191:Right to family life 6118:Dysfunctional family 5828:Free-range parenting 5803:Attachment parenting 5793:Achievement ideology 5514:Play Therapy Courses 5325:. Brunner-Routledge. 4595:Greenemeier, Larry. 3888:copingcatparents.com 3025:(London 1994) p. 241 2932:] (in Russian). 1730:. London: Tavistock. 1661:. pp. 521–537. 1615:The P.L.A.Y. Project 1600:Montessori education 847:Hermine Hug-Hellmuth 9621:Group psychotherapy 9532:Counterconditioning 9409:Brief psychotherapy 9280:Existential therapy 8631:Trinidad and Tobago 8526:Antigua and Barbuda 8406:States with limited 8029:limited recognition 7658:States with limited 7357:Education by region 7083:Secondary education 6995:Teaching philosophy 6898:Pedagogical pattern 6841:21st century skills 6820:Religious education 6463:Aims and objectives 6206:Parental alienation 6133:Narcissistic parent 6057:Positive discipline 5878:Work at home parent 5858:Strict father model 5843:Nurturant parenting 5750:Parental investment 5585:Kinship terminology 4516:on 26 February 2020 4390:on 4 December 2019. 3914:Scientific American 3023:Our Need for Others 2332:Grosskurth, Phyllis 1763:on 15 December 2021 1728:Playing and Reality 1605:Charles E. Schaefer 1339:Typical Tetris Game 1270:video game violence 1212:Plastic Lego Bricks 1130:transitional object 1121:transitional object 961:child psychotherapy 859:child's unconscious 741:and coping skills. 500:Behavioral genetics 415:Occupational health 155:Behavioral genetics 86:Part of a series on 9749:Milton H. Erickson 9584:Emotion regulation 9564:Autogenic training 9455:Clinical pluralism 9384:Multimodal therapy 9183:Analytical therapy 9092:Schools portal 8566:Dominican Republic 7761:Education in Asia 7088:Tertiary education 7026:Learning resources 6517:Education sciences 6252:T. Berry Brazelton 5989:Social integration 5725:Identity formation 5049:10.1037/pla0000136 4460:www.davidcoyle.org 2674:Rogers, C (1951). 2175:William H. Herford 1972:10.1037/pla0000052 1810:10.1002/jcad.12222 1505: 1476:by Jason Aronson, 1341: 1331:Other applications 1309:Role-playing games 1266: 1214: 1206: 1124: 1034:Margaret Lowenfeld 1026: 970:Margaret Lowenfeld 916: 912:Margaret Lowenfeld 895: 887: 837:Margaret Lowenfeld 798: 735:social integration 617:Schools of thought 455:Sport and exercise 301:Applied psychology 9996:Child development 9983: 9982: 9909:William R. Miller 9894:Marsha M. Linehan 9864:Jean Baker Miller 9824:Salvador Minuchin 9704:Ludwig Binswanger 9657: 9656: 9492:Behaviour therapy 9419:Online counseling 9397: 9396: 9336:Narrative therapy 9240:Cognitive therapy 9121: 9120: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9043:other territories 8952: 8951: 8944:Wallis and Futuna 8852:Associated states 8759: 8758: 8648:other territories 8507: 8506: 8134: 8133: 8071:other territories 7754: 7753: 7685:other territories 7458:Equatorial Guinea 7347: 7346: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7078:Primary education 7049: 7048: 6938:Dialogic learning 6908:Teacher retention 6861:Critical thinking 6856:Class arrangement 6825:Special education 6500:Standardized test 6483:Course evaluation 6376: 6375: 6186:Family disruption 6108:Cinderella effect 6088:Child abandonment 6062:Tactical ignoring 5959:Moral development 5838:Helicopter parent 5833:Gatekeeper parent 5798:Atlas personality 5775:Social psychology 5720:Human development 5705:Child development 5690:Attachment theory 5445:Library resources 5382:978-1-118-85983-4 4287:Psychiatric Times 3939:Akili Interactive 3021:Josephine Klein, 2278:978-1-84519-084-2 1620:Waldorf education 1538:Lawrence J. Cohen 1528:Stanley Greenspan 1117:Christopher Robin 760:According to the 685: 684: 582:Counseling topics 525:Consumer behavior 266:Psycholinguistics 150:Affective science 81: 80: 10008: 9899:Vittorio Guidano 9869:Otto F. Kernberg 9739:Donald Winnicott 9596:Free association 9541:Exposure therapy 9520:Stimulus control 9500:Aversion therapy 9488: 9487: 9351:Systemic therapy 9326:Feminist therapy 9178:Adlerian therapy 9166: 9165: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9125: 9124: 9111: 9110: 9101: 9100: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9063: 9051:Falkland Islands 8965:Sovereign states 8954: 8953: 8934:Pitcairn Islands 8904:French Polynesia 8889:Christmas Island 8818:Papua New Guinea 8798:Marshall Islands 8771:Sovereign states 8761: 8760: 8716:Saint Barthélemy 8646:Dependencies and 8519:Sovereign states 8509: 8508: 8444:Dependencies and 8148:Sovereign states 8136: 8135: 8124: 8114: 8113: 8083:Christmas Island 7769:Sovereign states 7756: 7755: 7746: 7745:(United Kingdom) 7741:Tristan da Cunha 7737:Ascension Island 7729: 7716: 7707: 7683:Dependencies and 7376:Sovereign states 7364: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7336: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7254:Higher education 7250: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7195:Secondary school 7191: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7069: 7068: 7055: 7054: 6983:Student-centered 6968:Phenomenon-based 6958:Peer instruction 6923:Blended learning 6846:Bloom's taxonomy 6810:Gifted education 6805:Education reform 6637:Computer science 6418: 6417: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6226:Shared parenting 6037:Blanket training 6029:Child discipline 5669:In loco parentis 5648:Shared parenting 5570: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5529:Sandtray Therapy 5421:Winnicott, D. W. 5407: 5404:10.1037/h0089416 5386: 5367: 5305: 5241: 5240: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4735:10.1037/a0034857 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4512:. Archived from 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4383:. Archived from 4350: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322:on 6 August 2015 4318:. 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W. 1720: 1714: 1713: 1697: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1636: 1426:exposure therapy 1202:Friedrich Fröbel 1024:An adult example 978:Donald Winnicott 919:classified as a 910:(1911) inspired 855:free association 829:Maria Montessori 821:Friedrich Fröbel 677: 670: 663: 647: 646: 645: 612:Research methods 271:Psychophysiology 131:Basic psychology 102: 83: 82: 74:edit on Wikidata 66: 33: 21: 20: 10016: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10001:Play (activity) 9986: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9933: 9914:Steven C. Hayes 9844:Paul Watzlawick 9829:Paul Watzlawick 9784:Virginia Axline 9694:Sándor Ferenczi 9653: 9634:Couples therapy 9615: 9589:Affect labeling 9552: 9537:Desensitization 9479: 9465:Discontinuation 9438: 9393: 9365: 9346:Reality therapy 9304: 9290:Gestalt therapy 9261: 9209: 9202: 9157: 9152: 9122: 9117: 9086: 9084: 9067: 9061: 9044: 9042: 9032: 8959: 8948: 8876: 8870: 8853: 8847: 8828:Solomon Islands 8766: 8755: 8649: 8647: 8640: 8514: 8503: 8487: 8445: 8439: 8425:Northern Cyprus 8407: 8401: 8322:North Macedonia 8143: 8130: 8102: 8070: 8061: 8042:Northern Cyprus 8028: 8021: 7763: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7727: 7714: 7705: 7686: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7659: 7652: 7371: 7358: 7343: 7342: 7323: 7314: 7305: 7297: 7290: 7268: 7256: 7237: 7228: 7220: 7215: 7197: 7178: 7169: 7161: 7156: 7140: 7121: 7113: 7106: 7062: 7045: 6999: 6918:Active learning 6913:Teaching method 6888:Learning theory 6829: 6795:Autodidacticism 6790:Adult education 6776: 6717:Performing arts 6598: 6505:Teacher quality 6495:Standards-based 6451: 6423: 6412: 6407: 6377: 6372: 6321: 6302:Matthew Sanders 6257:Rudolf Dreikurs 6230: 6216:Parents' rights 6176:Deadbeat parent 6153: 6147: 6071: 6023: 5999:The talk (race) 5882: 5873:Tiger parenting 5779: 5674: 5623:Extended family 5579: 5574: 5541:Wayback Machine 5470: 5469: 5468: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5383: 5250: 5248:Further reading 5245: 5244: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5136: 5132: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5033: 5029: 5006: 5002: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4907: 4903: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4770: 4766: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4589: 4536: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4229: 4225: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4090: 4086: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4009:10.1.1.697.8245 3991: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3845:10.1.1.697.8245 3827: 3821: 3814: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3730:10.1.1.697.8245 3712: 3706: 3702: 3671: 3667: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3582: 3578: 3555: 3551: 3528: 3521: 3490: 3483: 3452: 3445: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3353: 3349: 3318: 3314: 3291: 3287: 3256: 3249: 3218: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3174:on 29 June 2007 3166: 3165: 3161: 3130: 3126: 3103: 3096: 3073: 3066: 3050:10.1.1.514.4911 3033: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3005: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2892:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2848: 2839: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2756: 2752: 2729: 2716: 2709: 2691: 2687: 2672: 2668: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2609: 2605: 2564: 2545: 2522: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2388: 2384: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2340:Alfred A. Knopf 2329: 2325: 2310: 2306: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2209: 2205: 2185: 2181: 2168: 2164: 2152: 2148: 2125: 2121: 2084: 2080: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1956: 1952: 1915: 1911: 1880: 1876: 1837: 1833: 1794: 1790: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1655: 1651: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1566: 1554:Attachment Play 1548:More recently, 1490: 1446:Clark Moustakas 1442: 1412:virtual reality 1410:environment is 1407: 1333: 1321:ReachOutCentral 1295:autism spectrum 1286: 1258: 1249: 1195: 1173: 1144: 1109: 1071: 1065: 1050:'s idea of the 1018: 990:Virginia Axline 982:Michael Fordham 957: 937:Virginia Axline 914:'s play therapy 879: 817: 801:Children's play 782: 773:desensitisation 751: 749:Diagnostic tool 726: 714: 712:Play as therapy 681: 643: 641: 634: 633: 632: 631: 607:Psychotherapies 575: 565: 564: 485: 477: 476: 475: 474: 303: 293: 292: 291: 290: 251:Neuropsychology 133: 77: 62: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10014: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9884:Arnold Lazarus 9881: 9879:Irvin D. Yalom 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9854:Eugene Gendlin 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:Ogden Lindsley 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9814:Virginia Satir 9811: 9806: 9804:James Bugental 9801: 9799:Silvano Arieti 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9669:Philippe Pinel 9665: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9639:Family therapy 9636: 9631: 9625: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9574:Clean language 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9534: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9434:Support groups 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9375: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 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8683: 8681:Cayman Islands 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8499:European Union 8495: 8493: 8492:Other entities 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8446:other entities 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8397:United Kingdom 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:Czech Republic 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 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7292: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7207: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7138:Primary school 7132: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7098: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6851:Cognitive load 6848: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Evidence-based 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6456:By perspective 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6343:Mothers' Union 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6317:Benjamin Spock 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:Penelope Leach 6294: 6292:Annette Lareau 6289: 6284: 6282:Alan E. Kazdin 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6242:Mary Ainsworth 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6154:social aspects 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919:Dishabituation 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5848:Slow parenting 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5679:Theories 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5658:Blended family 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Nuclear family 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439:External links 5437: 5436: 5435: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5387: 5381: 5368: 5344: 5326: 5315: 5306: 5293: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5207: 5194: 5155: 5146: 5130: 5126:978-0345442864 5113: 5100: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5027: 5016:(5): 179–181. 5000: 4973:(2): 221–242. 4953: 4928: 4901: 4849: 4815: 4780:(4): 377–378. 4764: 4713: 4688: 4663: 4638: 4613: 4587: 4527: 4497: 4472: 4447: 4393: 4333: 4303: 4273: 4248: 4241: 4223: 4171: 4134: 4127: 4109: 4102: 4084: 4039: 3976: 3951: 3926: 3900: 3875: 3812: 3760: 3700: 3681:(3): 477–483. 3665: 3646:(6): 785–798. 3630: 3611: 3576: 3549: 3538:(2): 109–114. 3519: 3481: 3462:(3): 417–432. 3443: 3432:(3): 387–390. 3416: 3391: 3366: 3347: 3328:(2): 165–187. 3312: 3285: 3266:(3): 450–468. 3247: 3228:(2): 388–400. 3207: 3185: 3159: 3140:(3): 177–183. 3124: 3113:(4): 752–760. 3094: 3064: 3043:(6): 515–522. 3027: 3014: 2992: 2983: 2963: 2947: 2911: 2896: 2877: 2858:(3): 243–246. 2837: 2818:(2): 144–148. 2797: 2785: 2766:(4): 275–279. 2750: 2739:(2): 149–163. 2714: 2707: 2685: 2666: 2655:(2): 193–202. 2639: 2630: 2619:(6): 666–669. 2603: 2574:(4): 376–390. 2543: 2501: 2475: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2382: 2371:(1–2): 84–98. 2355: 2348: 2323: 2304: 2284: 2277: 2257: 2232: 2225: 2203: 2179: 2162: 2146: 2119: 2098:(3): 196–207. 2078: 2059:(1): 139–142. 2043: 2018: 1993: 1950: 1929:(9): 777–786. 1909: 1874: 1847:(3): 230–249. 1831: 1804:(4): 399–409. 1788: 1733: 1715: 1709:978-0393001716 1708: 1682: 1675: 1649: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1526:In the 1980s, 1489: 1486: 1458:Abraham Maslow 1441: 1438: 1406: 1403: 1332: 1329: 1285: 1282: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1233:Filial therapy 1194: 1191: 1172: 1169: 1143: 1140: 1108: 1105: 1103:. p. 12. 1067:Main article: 1064: 1061: 1017: 1014: 956: 953: 878: 875: 833:L. S. Vygotsky 825:Rudolf Steiner 816: 813: 781: 778: 750: 747: 725: 722: 713: 710: 683: 682: 680: 679: 672: 665: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 636: 635: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 577: 576: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 305: 304: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 196:Cross-cultural 193: 188: 187: 186: 176: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 136: 135: 134: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 104: 103: 95: 94: 88: 87: 79: 78: 71: 68: 67: 60: 54: 53: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10013: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9924:Jeffrey Young 9922: 9920: 9919:Michael White 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904:Les Greenberg 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9789:Carl Whitaker 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9769:Viktor Frankl 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9754:Jacques Lacan 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9744:Wilhelm Reich 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9709:Melanie Klein 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9679:Sigmund Freud 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9525:Token economy 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9331:Music therapy 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Dance therapy 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9170:Psychodynamic 9167: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9155:Psychotherapy 9149: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9114: 9106: 9104: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9064: 9059: 9057: 9056:French Guiana 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8919:New Caledonia 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899:Easter Island 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8643: 8637: 8636:United States 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8458:Faroe Islands 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:South Ossetia 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8282:Liechtenstein 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8137: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8117: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8052:South Ossetia 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Guinea-Bissau 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7350: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7288:Undergraduate 7286: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7213:Middle school 7211: 7210: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7165: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7127: 7117: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:Project-based 6976: 6974: 6973:Problem-based 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933:Demonstration 6931: 6929: 6928:Contemplative 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Homeschooling 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662:Environmental 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6587:Instructional 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:Psychometrics 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326:Organizations 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:B. F. Skinner 6310: 6308: 6307:William Sears 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Thomas Gordon 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166:Child support 6164: 6162: 6161:Child custody 6159: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Child neglect 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934:Homeschooling 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Socialization 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Paternal bond 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:Maternal bond 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Single parent 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Alloparenting 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5434: 5433:0-140-1466-79 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348:Lowenfeld, M. 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338:9780203135341 5335: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323:1-58391-327-0 5320: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5291:9780367418373 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412:(4): 370–82. 4411: 4407: 4400: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359:(4): 370–82. 4358: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4244: 4242:9781462517503 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4128:9781615370436 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4103:9781135302634 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Psychotherapy 3101: 3099: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 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(1987). 2921: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2581:10.1.1.472.68 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2532:(1): 85–108. 2531: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389:Freud, Anna. 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2349:1-56821-445-6 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2226:0-451-61695-2 2222: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2200:0-85440-620-4 2197: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1678: 1676:9781119140467 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Froebel gifts 1588: 1586: 1585:Music therapy 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575:Drama therapy 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550:Aletha Solter 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160:meta analyses 1156: 1152: 1150: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088:game and the 1087: 1082: 1080: 1079:Clare Britton 1076: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 932: 928: 924: 922: 913: 909: 908: 903: 899: 891: 883: 874: 871: 870:Sigmund Freud 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851:Melanie Klein 848: 844: 842: 841:Hans Zulliger 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 812: 810: 806: 802: 795: 791: 790:Ancient Greek 786: 777: 774: 769: 767: 763: 762:psychodynamic 758: 756: 746: 742: 740: 736: 732: 721: 718: 709: 705: 702: 696: 694: 689: 678: 673: 671: 666: 664: 659: 658: 656: 655: 650: 640: 639: 638: 637: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 602:Psychologists 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:Organizations 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 568: 561: 560:Psychometrics 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Consciousness 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 481: 480: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 440:Psychotherapy 438: 436: 435:Psychometrics 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 302: 297: 296: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 206:Developmental 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 175: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 126: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 101: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 75: 69: 65: 61: 59: 55: 52: 48: 45: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 9938:Associations 9929:Peter Fonagy 9874:Nathan Azrin 9849:Arthur Janov 9809:Joseph Wolpe 9794:Albert Ellis 9774:George Kelly 9759:Erik Erikson 9719:Karen Horney 9689:Alfred Adler 9684:Pierre Janet 9674:Josef Breuer 9606:Hypnotherapy 9341:Play therapy 9340: 9083: 9039:Dependencies 8875:Dependencies 8861:Cook Islands 8741:Sint Maarten 8721:Saint Martin 8435:Transnistria 8067:Dependencies 7997:Turkmenistan 7962:Saudi Arabia 7733:Saint Helena 7704: 7608:South Africa 7598:Sierra Leone 7403:Burkina Faso 7295:Postgraduate 7111:Kindergarten 6963:Personalized 6943:Experiential 6903:Teacher look 6612:Agricultural 6468:Anthropology 6262:David Elkind 6113:Codependency 6098:Child labour 5954:Latchkey kid 5944:Introjection 5730:Introjection 5680: 5667: 5633:Noncustodial 5450:Play therapy 5449: 5424: 5414: 5395: 5391: 5372: 5355: 5351: 5329: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5282: 5254: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5197: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4944:. 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New York: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2302:(in German). 2300:3-88074-4971 2291: 2287: 2267: 2260: 2248:. Retrieved 2244: 2235: 2214: 2206: 2190: 2182: 2170: 2165: 2157: 2149: 2135:(2): 17–36. 2132: 2128: 2122: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2034:. Retrieved 2031:www.a4pt.org 2030: 2021: 2009:. Retrieved 2006:www.a4pt.org 2005: 1996: 1966:(2): 59–72. 1963: 1959: 1953: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1777:cite journal 1765:. 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Laing 9834:Haim Ginott 9764:Carl Rogers 9729:Fritz Perls 9644:Psychodrama 9569:Biofeedback 9371:Integrative 9316:Art therapy 9295:Logotherapy 9113:WikiProject 8808:New Zealand 8711:Puerto Rico 8621:Saint Lucia 8571:El Salvador 8473:Isle of Man 8408:recognition 8382:Switzerland 8317:Netherlands 8126:Asia portal 8027:States with 7947:Philippines 7887:South Korea 7882:North Korea 7777:Afghanistan 7660:recognition 7613:South Sudan 7503:Ivory Coast 7219:High school 7016:Definitions 6893:Lesson plan 6782:Alternative 6687:Mathematics 6657:Engineering 6272:Haim Ginott 6247:John Bowlby 6093:Child abuse 6013:educational 5929:Habituation 5914:Co-sleeping 5700:Behaviorism 5628:Foster care 5618:Coparenting 5398:(2): 1–24. 4706:14 November 4681:14 November 4656:14 November 4631:14 November 4606:14 November 4520:14 November 4490:14 November 4465:14 November 4326:13 November 4296:13 November 4266:14 November 4160:: 232–233. 3969:10 November 3944:10 November 3919:10 November 3893:10 November 3783:(12): 520. 3200:11 December 3178:14 February 2955:Britton, C. 2446:(1966–1970) 2432:(1956–1965) 2425:(1945–1956) 2405:(1922–1935) 2250:15 December 2187:Steiner, R. 1890:(1): 1–12. 1640:Bion, W. R. 1595:Eva Frommer 1570:Art therapy 1503:, 1912–1914 1497:Playfulness 1399:Candy Crush 1366:PlayStation 1344:Biofeedback 1164:effect size 1043:Floor Games 1038:H. G. Wells 986:Carl Rogers 941:Carl Rogers 927:Jessie Taft 907:Floor Games 902:H. G. 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