711:. It is illegal to remove any of the three species of skinks found in Canada from their habitats. Skinks are at the extreme edge of their habitat range in Canada, which makes it an area of special interest to ecologists, as extreme conditions place unique evolutionary pressures upon species. The American five-lined skink has split into two phylogenetically-distinct populations in this edge habitat; the Carolinian population, also present in the United States, ends around Point Pelee National Park in southern Ontario. The Carolinian population is listed as "endangered" in Ontario and Canada by COSSARO, COSEWIC, The St. Lawrence / Great Lakes population resides in the Ottawa Valley in eastern Ontario and tends to be more tolerant to sparse or rocky conditions than its sister subspecies.
771:
666:
communication with the purpose of preventing attacks by more aggressive males because the blue tail signifies that they are juveniles or females. Vomeronasal analysis of chemical cues and recognition of sex-specific visual stimuli, including tail and body coloration, aid in the identification of sex. Evidence suggests that males may rely more on contact pheromones than volatile airborne molecules in the identification of conspecifics. Courting males grasp the necks of receptive females in their jaws after approaching them from the side. Using the tail to align cloacal openings, males initiate copulation by inserting one of the two
759:
649:
coloration also changes over time, from white to mottled tan, after contact with the nest burrow. The incubation period ranges from 24 to 55 days, and varies due to fluctuations in temperature. Females typically brood their eggs during this time, exhibiting defensive behavior against smaller predators. Parental care ends a day or two after hatching when hatchlings leave the nest. Young
American five-lined skinks, with a potential life span of up to six years, attain sexual maturity and begin reproducing within two to three years of hatching.
40:
691:
food.Those who own a pet skink are advised to supplement the skink's diet with fruits and vegetables. In addition to eating insects, skinks enjoy a variety of fruits and vegetables. Fruits that skinks enjoy include blueberries, mangos, raspberries, papayas, cantaloupes, strawberries, and figs. Studies have indicated that the majority of the five-lined skink's diet is mostly invertebrates, which for some of the many prey species the effect is negligible, but because of its voracious diet, its predation may be a major ecological factor.
232:
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Maternal body contact increases at lower moisture levels potentially reducing the transpirational loss of the eggs. In communal nests, females may alternate foraging and guarding of the nests, leaving eggs protected at all times. Females may also urinate in the nests and turn eggs to maintain humidity. In addition, females transfer heat from basking through body contact. Any eggs displaced from the nest are retrieved by head or snout rolling, and rotten eggs are eaten.
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81:
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Females lay fifteen to eighteen eggs in a small cavity cleared beneath a rotting log, stump, board, loose bark, a rock, or an abandoned rodent burrow. Females prefer secluded nest sites in large, moderately decayed logs. Soil moisture is also an important factor in nest selection. Females often place
719:
American five-lined skinks can be maintained in captivity with minimal care. Some U.S. states impose general restrictions on taking reptiles including native
American five-lined skinks from the wild without a permit or hunting license, for example Maryland (no more than 4 may be possessed without a
681:
American five-lined skinks also exhibit antipredation behavior. In evasion of various predators including snakes, crows, hawks, shrews, moles, opossums, skunks, raccoons, and domestic cats, skinks may disconnect their entire tail or a small segment. It is thought that the bright blue color attracts
677:
Female
American five-lined skinks demonstrate high levels of parental care which reduces egg mortality. Females exhibit several brooding positions of variant contact levels with the body placed beside, over, through, or in a coil around the eggs. Brooding position varies according to soil moisture.
622:
is rarely seen throughout winter and the surrounding months. It is assumed by scientists that they are sheltered and dormant under rocks, logs, or leaves provided by the hardwood areas it inhabits. They are resistant to minor disturbances, but can be affected by the removal of woody debris in their
613:
The
American five-lined skink is a ground-dwelling animal. It prefers moist, hardwood areas with a permanent water source such as rivers or streams, as well as sites to bask in the sun. It can also be found in broken, rocky areas at the northern edge of its habitat. Within the northern edge of its
690:
The common five-lined skink's diet consists primarily of a variety of arthropods, particularly spiders, crickets, beetles and other insects. However, they have been reported to also eat newborn mice, frogs, and other lizards. Wild skinks will make short forays into heavily used core areas to find
507:
The
American five-lined skink is small to medium-sized, growing to about 12.5 to 21.5 centimetres (4.9 to 8.5 in) total length (including tail). Young American five-lined skinks are dark brown to black with five distinctive white to yellowish stripes running along the body and a bright blue
665:
Adult male
American five-lined skinks exhibit complex courtship and aggressive behavior. Although males tolerate juveniles and females in their territories, they actively defend these areas against other males. It has been proposed that one of the functions of their blue tails is intraspecific
604:
tends to be most abundant on the coastal plain in the southeastern United States and along the Gulf Coast. It has now been seen in increasing numbers in the northern
Chesapeake Bay Region of Maryland particularly along the shores of the Elk River, and northern Virginia.It has also been seen in
648:
The parchment-like eggs of the
American five-lined skink, similar to many other reptiles, are thin and easily punctured. Freshly laid eggs range from spherical to oval in shape averaging 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in length. Absorption of water from the soil leads to increased egg size. Egg
645:
nests in regions where soil moisture is higher than in adjacent areas. Vertical position of the nest also varies with moisture, with nests located deeper in a soil cavity at dry sites. Even when nesting sites are not limited, a significant amount of aggregation occurs.
508:
tail. The blue color fades to light blue with age, and the stripes also may slowly disappear. Females however, are more likely to retain the blue tail color as they age. The dark brown color fades, too, and older individuals are often uniformly brownish. The
636:
will lay its eggs in June, and four to six weeks after the incubation, the young hatch. Thus the birthing process consists of laying eggs and external incubation. Fertilization occur shortly after copulation, unlike many other lizard species
540:. Research suggests that are sexually dimorphic in terms of size. The males are often larger than the females, but this depends on the area they live. Their claws are short and curved downward; they make a right angle at the axis of each toe.
631:
Fertilization in the
American five-lined skink is internal, with eggs laid by the female between the middle of May and July, at least one month after mating. Males will mate with multiple females. The mating season begins in May. The female
1314:
770:
1452:
Hecnar, S. J., & M.’Closkey, R. T. (1998). Effects of human disturbance on five-lined skink, Eumeces fasciatus, abundance and distribution. Biological
Conservation, 85(3), 213–222.
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females are unable to store sperm between successive clutches. One study found that most clutches had multiple sires, but within those clutches, there was unequal sharing of paternity.
2117:
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predators to the expendable tail. Skinks run to shelter to escape their death as the disconnected tail continues to twitch. Skinks may also utilize biting as a defensive strategy.
1572:
Quirt, Kate C.; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Howes, Briar J.; Lougheed, Stephen C. (2006). "Microhabitat Selection of Five-lined Skinks in Northern Peripheral Populations".
1778:
Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata.
955:
2091:
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habitat, it was found that they prefer areas with longer than average rock cover in areas with few trees. While little is known about any hibernation patterns,
1443:
Clark, D. R., & Hall, R. J. (1970). Function of the Blue Tail-Coloration of the Five-Lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus). Herpetologica, 26(2), 271–274.
1558:
2021:
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938:
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. Lacertidæ, Gerrhosauridæ, Scincidæ ...
758:
2163:
1995:
809:
2224:
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is very similar to this species and there is some overlap in range. The two species can be distinguished by their scales. The
1818:
2244:
2086:
797:
889:
2239:
1376:
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London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I-XL. (
20:
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1961:
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734:
536:. Adult male broad-headed skinks, with their large size and swollen red head, are readily distinguished from
509:
2234:
1743:
1507:
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A pair of skinks may live in a 25-30 US gallon terrarium, and may live for 5–10 years with adequate care.
2219:
1974:
1969:
453:
517:
105:
1212:
1533:
1811:
Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
2052:
746:
1213:"Effects of human disturbance on five-lined skink, Eumeces fasciatus, abundance and distribution"
933:
909:
857:
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467:
318:
292:
279:
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1948:
1748:
A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
785:
200:
2104:
2039:
1943:
1851:
8:
2209:
1884:
1860:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 579 pp. (Five-lined Skink, p. 308).
1813:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures.
70:
532:. The former species usually lacks the two enlarged postlabial scales characteristic of
1589:
1426:
1342:
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1116:
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348:
239:
100:
1228:
1149:
Quirt, Kate C.; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Howes, Briar J.; Lougheed, Stephen C. (2006).
1049:
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Head, showing two enlarged postlabial scales, diagnostic for this species compared to
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1982:
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1224:
1162:
1100:
1061:
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565:
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401:
1407:"Function of the Blue Tail-Coloration of the Five-Lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus)"
2073:
1267:
1006:
305:
1649:
1453:
1151:"Microhabitat Selection of Five-Lined Skinks in Northern Peripheral Populations"
1721:
913:
322:
1825:, pp. 307–308 + Plate 29 + Figures 113, 147, 148 + photo on p. 493).
2198:
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484:
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The range of the American five-lined skink extends in the north to southern
552:
Subadult with partly regrown tail pictured in parkland in Memphis, Tennessee
374:
657:
2078:
1621:
1315:"Multiple Paternity in the Common Five-lined Skink (Plestiodon fasciatus)"
1313:
Bateson, Zachary W.; Krenz, John D.; Sorensen, Robert E. (December 2011).
1268:"Multiple Paternity in the Common Five-lined Skink (Plestiodon fasciatus)"
1266:
Bateson, Zachary W.; Krenz, John D.; Sorensen, Robert E. (December 2011).
2047:
2008:
1928:
1726:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
1466:"Common Five-lined Skink | State of Tennessee, Wildlife Resources Agency"
593:
2168:
2000:
1430:
1406:
1182:
1150:
1120:
495:
360:
177:
1534:"Species Profile (Five-lined Skink) - Species at Risk Public Registry"
2013:
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404:
117:
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Life History and Ecology of the Five-Lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus
957:
Life History and Ecology of the Five-Lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus
894:
585:
581:
573:
561:
548:
408:
157:
137:
56:
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147:
1673:
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Palmer, William M.; Braswell, Alvin L.; Kuhler, Renaldo (1995).
1956:
1571:
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920:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (
671:
577:
448:
397:
127:
983:
Palmer, William M., Alvin L. Braswell, Renaldo Kuhler (1995).
597:
167:
19:
For other species sometimes known as blue-tailed skink, see
1750:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
1624:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 29 January 2021.
1532:
Canada, Government of Canada, Environment (27 April 2011).
1050:"Male body size varies with latitude in a temperate lizard"
443:(for adults). It is technically appropriate to call it the
48:
1833:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1256:. Virginia Herpetological Society. Retrieved 2 August 2015
674:. Copulation events typically last four to eight minutes.
1650:"skinks - Care Sheets Information about Five lined skink"
1586:
10.1670/0022-1511(2006)40[335:MSOFSI]2.0.CO;2
1167:
10.1670/0022-1511(2006)40[335:MSOFSI]2.0.CO;2
1089:"An Albino Five-Lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus Linnaeus"
703:
is listed as "special concern" in Ontario and Canada by
528:, is similar, and may be difficult to distinguish from
918:
A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles
415:. It is one of the most common lizards in the eastern
1789:
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia
1527:
1525:
1707:
1363:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1312:
1265:
1210:
1004:
905:
903:
1791:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1770:, pp. 122–123, Figure 26 + Plate 19 + Map 75).
1087:Brungs, William A.; Britt, N. Wilson (1960-12-30).
1011:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
987:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1522:
1048:Howes, Briar J.; Lougheed, Stephen C. (May 2007).
1361:Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region
900:
2196:
1608:"Captive Reptile & Amphibian Permit/License"
1198:Life History and Ecology of the Five-Lined Skink
1136:Life History and Ecology of the Five-Lined Skink
1211:Hecnar, S. J.; M.'Closkey, R. T. (1998-09-01).
832:
1622:"Indiana's Reptile and Amphibian Regulations"
1502:
1500:
1454:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00014-7
1047:
699:The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence population of
1557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
858:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64227A12756007.en
815:Juvenile on the side of a man-made structure
471:(otherwise known as the western skink). The
465:to distinguish it from its western relative
1740:, pp. 570–571 + Plates 427, 437, 443).
1610:. Maryland Department of Natural Resources.
1405:Clark, Donald R.; Hall, Russell J. (1970).
1086:
1497:
605:northern South America, such as Colombia.
230:
79:
55:
38:
1404:
856:
1784:, new species, p. 209). (in Latin).
972:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians.
656:
547:
373:
359:
1674:"Caudata.org Newt and Salamander Forum"
1638:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
419:and one of the seven native species of
2197:
1854:and Matt J. Elliott (editors) (2008).
1531:
694:
1895:
1894:
1728:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
1488:
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1369:
1195:
1133:
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803:Juvenile with a still vivid blue tail
764:Female or sub-adult male, dorsal view
2182:656B2802-D3FD-4D04-B647-EBFF377F2416
2205:IUCN Red List least concern species
1787:Martof, Bernard S., et al. (1980).
1031:Beane, Jeff (2006). "Love Skinks".
844:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
826:
543:
13:
2230:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1887:, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.
1857:Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia
1835:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.
1715:
1708:Palmer, Braswell & Kuhler 1995
1636:"Specialty Licenses & Permits"
1366:
872:
21:Blue-tailed skink (disambiguation)
14:
2256:
1872:
1850:Jensen, John B., Carlos D. Camp,
1780:Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (
808:
796:
784:
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104:
1831:, and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982).
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974:Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications.
714:
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998:
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964:
954:Fitch, Henry S. (2019-12-13).
947:
927:
502:
1:
2225:Reptiles of the United States
1229:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00014-7
820:
510:southeastern five-lined skink
1508:"Species at risk in Ontario"
499:species may be called this.
7:
2245:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1250:"Common five-lined skink -
1054:Canadian Journal of Zoology
720:permit), Indiana and Ohio.
652:
596:, Louisiana, Tennessee and
568:. The western border is in
454:Trachylepis quinquetaeniata
447:to distinguish it from the
384:(American) five-lined skink
10:
2261:
2240:Reptiles described in 1758
1033:Wildlife in North Carolina
1008:Reptiles of North Carolina
985:Reptiles of North Carolina
897:. www.reptile-database.org
752:Part of the tail regrowing
608:
518:Southeastern United States
18:
2138:
1903:
445:American five-lined skink
245:
238:
229:
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199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
77:
68:
63:
54:
46:
37:
30:
2215:Lizards of North America
1881:, Canadian Biodiversity.
1724:, and F.W. King (1979).
1493:. Good Press. p. 3.
1489:Fitch, Henry S. (2019).
1038:: 14-19. ISSN 0043-549X.
833:Hammerson, G.A. (2007).
463:eastern red-headed skink
2092:common-five-lined-skink
1217:Biological Conservation
970:Breen, John F. (1992).
942:Eumeces quinquelineatus
740:Clutch of eggs hatching
685:
477:Cryptoblepharus egeriae
468:Plestiodon skiltonianus
431:Other common names for
287:Eumeces quinquelineatus
1574:Journal of Herpetology
1538:www.sararegistry.gc.ca
1319:Journal of Herpetology
1272:Journal of Herpetology
1155:Journal of Herpetology
662:
553:
379:
371:
369:Francis Beidler Forest
265:Lacerta quinquelineata
1196:Finch, Henry (2019).
851:: e.T64227A12756007.
660:
551:
487:the juveniles of any
377:
363:
1962:plestiodon-fasciatus
1949:Plestiodon_fasciatus
1935:Plestiodon fasciatus
1905:Plestiodon fasciatus
1823:Plestiodon fasciatus
1385:Animal Diversity Web
1379:Plestiodon fasciatus
1359:Harding, J. (1997).
1252:Plestiodon fasciatus
1134:Beane, Jeff (2018).
922:Plestiodon fasciatus
895:The Reptile Database
890:Plestiodon fasciatus
837:Plestiodon fasciatus
639:Plestiodon fasciatus
457:(otherwise known as
439:(for juveniles) and
389:Plestiodon fasciatus
365:Plestiodon fasciatus
343:Plestiodon fasciatus
313:Plestiodon fasciatus
274:Plestiodon fasciatus
210:Plestiodon fasciatus
32:Plestiodon fasciatus
2235:Reptiles of Ontario
1381:(Five-lined Skink)"
695:Conservation status
623:northern habitats.
71:Conservation status
2220:Reptiles of Canada
1847:, pp. 76–77).
670:into the female's
663:
554:
522:broad-headed skink
380:
372:
16:Species of reptile
2192:
2191:
2100:Open Tree of Life
1897:Taxon identifiers
1845:Eumeces fasciatus
1819:978-0-544-12997-9
1782:Lacerta fasciatus
1768:Eumeces fasciatus
1738:Eumeces fasciatus
473:blue-tailed skink
459:five-lined mabuya
437:blue-tailed skink
421:lizards in Canada
407:. The species is
358:
357:
330:Eumeces fasciatus
300:Eumeces fasciatus
192:P. fasciatus
94:
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2140:Lacerta fasciata
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1885:Five-lined Skink
1879:Five-lined Skink
1805:, R. Conant and
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791:View of the tail
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544:Geographic range
481:Christmas Island
441:red-headed skink
367:on boardwalk at
352:
339:
326:
309:
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283:
270:
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249:Lacerta fasciata
234:
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109:
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27:
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1716:Further reading
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1678:www.caudata.org
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1767:
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1722:Behler, J.L.
1703:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
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848:
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715:Captive care
701:P. fasciatus
700:
698:
689:
680:
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664:
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643:
638:
633:
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627:Reproduction
615:
612:
602:P. fasciatus
601:
576:and eastern
564:and eastern
555:
538:P. fasciatus
537:
534:P. fasciatus
533:
530:P. fasciatus
529:
525:
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494:
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433:P. fasciatus
432:
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427:Common names
388:
387:
383:
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351:et al., 2004
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329:
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273:
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209:
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191:
190:
178:
31:
25:
2048:NatureServe
2009:iNaturalist
1929:Wikispecies
1829:Smith, H.M.
864:6 September
778:P. laticeps
594:Mississippi
526:P. laticeps
503:Description
2210:Plestiodon
2199:Categories
2155:Q122903415
1866:0820331112
1803:Powell, R.
1744:Conant, R.
1683:2016-03-12
1659:2016-03-12
1654:Repticzone
1475:2019-03-12
1470:www.tn.gov
1099:(4): 369.
914:T. Barbour
821:References
634:Plestiodon
496:Plestiodon
475:proper is
179:Plestiodon
2118:fasciatus
1423:0018-0831
1339:0022-1511
1292:0022-1511
1237:0006-3207
1175:0022-1511
1113:0045-8511
1074:0008-4301
924:, p. 69).
668:hemipenes
620:fasciatus
570:Minnesota
516:, of the
483:, but in
461:) or the
405:Scincidae
319:Stejneger
293:Boulenger
186:Species:
168:Scincidae
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
64:Juvenile
2149:Wikidata
2053:2.104988
2027:10362356
1914:Wikidata
1809:(2016).
1776:(1758).
1746:(1975).
1594:85677729
1553:cite web
1347:86218116
1300:86218116
936:(1887).
916:(1917).
887:Species
653:Behavior
586:Oklahoma
582:Nebraska
574:Missouri
566:New York
562:Michigan
435:include
306:Heilprin
254:Linnaeus
240:Synonyms
218:Linnaeus
164:Family:
158:Squamata
148:Reptilia
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
2177:ZooBank
2169:4287432
2128:8054574
2001:5789613
1920:Q167366
1431:3890750
1183:4093002
1121:1439781
709:COSEWIC
705:COSSARO
609:Habitat
590:Florida
558:Ontario
490:Eumeces
449:African
409:endemic
400:in the
394:species
392:) is a
349:Schmitz
323:Barbour
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
2125:uBio:
2105:979463
2079:102376
2066:463523
1975:169286
1957:ARKive
1864:
1839:
1817:
1795:
1762:
1754:
1732:
1592:
1543:19 May
1514:19 May
1429:
1421:
1390:19 May
1345:
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1235:
1181:
1173:
1119:
1111:
1093:Copeia
1072:
1015:
991:
912:, and
672:cloaca
618:
578:Kansas
451:skink
402:family
398:lizard
338:, 1936
336:Taylor
325:, 1917
321:&
308:, 1888
295:, 1887
282:, 1849
47:Adult
2040:64227
2022:IRMNG
2014:73788
1988:6W2DX
1590:S2CID
1427:JSTOR
1343:S2CID
1296:S2CID
1179:JSTOR
1117:JSTOR
598:Texas
479:from
280:Baird
2164:GBIF
2087:ODNR
2061:NCBI
2035:IUCN
1996:GBIF
1970:BOLD
1862:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1559:link
1545:2017
1516:2017
1419:ISSN
1392:2017
1335:ISSN
1288:ISSN
1233:ISSN
1171:ISSN
1109:ISSN
1097:1960
1070:ISSN
1013:ISBN
989:ISBN
866:2018
849:2007
707:and
686:Diet
417:U.S.
382:The
258:1758
222:1758
49:male
1983:CoL
1944:ADW
1843:. (
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
