1085:
Novum viri computatorii genus nomine Code Red in praesenti in
Interreti grassatur, ut nuntiavit institutum SANS, cuius est securitati retis informatici providere. Code Red II, quod per cursum electronicum diffunditur, priore viro acerbius est et, postquam in servitoria penetravit, in systema lacunam
331:
were over-represented. As the distribution of
Internet users shifted to be more representative of the population as a whole during the 2000s, the non-standard forms saw decline in usage. A tendency towards prescriptivism in the computer enthusiast community, combined with the growing awareness that
534:
In life sciences, "viruses" generally refers to several distinct strains or species of virus. "Virus" is used in the original way as an uncountable mass noun, e.g. "a vial of virus". Individual, physical particles are called
1086:
facit. Ita fieri potest, ut alia vira eaque etiam periculosiora in machinas computatorias irrepant. Iam vermis Code Red I molestissimus fuit, cum biduo in trecenta milia computatrorum in omni orbe terrarum invasit."
983:
492:
community, who researched the issue and wrote what eventually became referred to in various online discussions as the authoritative essay on the subject, favoring
354:, denoting something uncountable. These pluralize only under special circumstances, and no plural form of the word can be found in contemporary texts.
806:
as the plural, but in practice this form is hardly attested outside of discussions about pluralization. In scientific contexts, biologists often use
1032:
323:
was always a small percentage of the
English-speaking population, the variation was notable because it coincided with the growth of the
1218:
716:
1268:
920:
having prior claim to that name—though the common plural is "Priuses". Conversely, Toyota has also said that the plural of their
445:
274:"table of contents"; since it is not a classical word, some argue that it does not have a classical plural. However, the form
702:
296:. In most speaking communities, this is non-controversial and speakers would not attempt to use the non-standard plural in -
91:
Some
English words of Latin origin do not commonly take the Latin plural, but rather the regular English plurals in -(e)s:
1230:
1293:
1056:
396:, a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of 'viruses', leading to the following declension:
1194:
504:
could be construed as a claim of superior knowledge of language when in fact more detailed research finds the native
794:; the word is etymologically Greek despite its Latinized ending, and so pluralizing it as if it were Latin (i.e. as
736:
1280:
1081:
Nuntii Latini: Finnish
Broadcasting Company (Radiophonia Finnica Generalis). Archiv I. 19.5.2000 - 6.12.2002
488:
within
Internet communities has met with some resistance, most notably by Tom Christiansen, a figure in the
1306:
42:. There are many exceptions, some because the word does not derive from Latin, and others due to custom (
597:
300:. However, in computer enthusiast circles in the late 20th century and early 21st, the non-standard
1346:
684:
81:
1052:
85:
1206:
958:
1318:
1036:
1269:"Toyota decrees the plural of 'Prius' is 'Prii,' your Latin teacher looks on admonishingly"
8:
1095:
1041:. Translated by Côté, Emma. Cincinnati: Moore, Anderson, Wilstach & Keys. p. 48.
848:
is popularly used as both singular and plural, and is cited as both singular and plural.
933:
167:
630:
164:
1190:
1173:
1080:
929:
884:
362:
190:
20:
1294:
Breaking Minds and
Spirits Everywhere, Lexus Says the Plural of 'Lexus' Is 'Lexus'
831:
767:
513:
347:
373:) are rare enough that inferring rules is difficult. (One rare attested plural,
324:
309:
633:. (The long "ū" is not used in the 2nd declension.) Rather, it is (Latinized)
569:
557:
1340:
894:
634:
186:
1113:
David & Charles, third edition, 1983. Quote: "Virus: virus (s.n. II),
818:, but laypersons and scientists alike often use the simple English plural
916:
500:. The impetus of this discussion was the potential irony that the use of
563:
1058:
A Practical
Treatise of Diseases of the Urinary & Generative Organs
874:
are sometimes found for words ending with a sound (vaguely) similar to
418:
319:
While the number of users employing these non-standard plural forms of
267:
1111:
Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and
Vocabulary.
810:
as both the singular and plural form of the word, in the tradition of
1140:
861:
653:
639:
393:
351:
236:
Some
English words derive from Latin idiosyncratically. For example,
1071:
June 1999 issue of ASM News by the American Society for Microbiology
786:
752:
466:
435:
414:
340:
are not etymologically supported plural forms, also played a part.
247:
551:
844:, which has become the prevalent usage in English. Regardless,
984:"Which Is The Correct Plural Spelling? (It's a Trick Question)"
836:
536:
462:
251:
48:
770:
Octopoda but has no classical equivalent. The collective form
242:
898:
imitators). The Toyota corporation has determined that their
660:
646:
209:, and fourth declension masculine and feminine nouns such as
88:
may simply describe them as a natural evolution of language.
31:
60:
and Latin words that did not have their Latin plurals with
840:
follows standard Latin rules for pluralization and becomes
577:
is occasionally used by scientists for taxonomic purposes.
489:
385:.) Plural neuter nouns of other declensions always end in
822:. Different dictionaries make different recommendations.
523:
appears in the official Scrabble words list, but neither
381:, is borrowed from Greek, so does not give guidance for
270:(16th c.) word, derived from a misreading of the Greek
1061:(third ed.). London: John Churchill. p. 293.
740:
states that "the only acceptable plural in English is
802:, importing Greek morphology into English would have
584:
is the most common form in the UK as well as the US;
278:is used and considered acceptable by some sources.
1038:A Homœopathic Treatise on the Diseases of Children
774:is usually reserved for animals consumed as food.
316:is also found in some nineteenth-century sources.
308:) was well attested, generally in the context of
1338:
1138:
932:were famously referred to as "the Winklevi" in
365:, but neuter second declension nouns ending in
508:is actually more appropriate. In other words,
389:(in the nominative, accusative and vocative).
103:; while others regularly use the Latin forms:
56:). Conversely, some non-Latin words ending in
1132:
1010:(1950) H. W. Fowler, Oxford University Press
80:(the standard English plural is octopuses).
623:
227:
219:
621:derives from the mistaken assumption that
1189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
852:is also an acceptable plural in English.
1281:"GREEN: Toyota Readies Fleet Of Priuses"
855:
798:) is sometimes ill-considered. As with
1339:
717:Webster's New World College Dictionary
178:. However, some Latin nouns ending in
1139:Tom Christiansen (17 December 1999).
1051:
1031:
651:, gender masculine), whose plural is
1187:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
1008:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
834:(as distinct from Classical Latin),
84:consider these forms incorrect, but
16:English language pluralization rules
592:is often objected to as incorrect.
13:
1256:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
1125:vīrorum (to be distinguished from
902:model should have the plural form
866:Facetious mock-erudite plurals in
825:
683:is "still occasionally used"; the
262:is a verb form, 'we do not know'.
76:is sometimes used as a plural for
14:
1358:
679:, although the latter notes that
189:). For example, third declension
1271:, Tim Stevens, 21 February 2011
1219:Chambers 21st Century Dictionary
669:Chambers 21st Century Dictionary
549:There are three plural forms of
361:was a neuter noun of the second
119:). Still others may use either:
64:form their English plurals with
30:, especially those derived from
1299:
1286:
1274:
1261:
1249:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1141:"What's the Plural of 'Virus'?"
1103:
25:plural form of words ending in
1319:"What is the plural of virus?"
1244:Fowler's Modern English Usage,
1089:
1074:
1065:
1045:
1025:
1013:
1001:
976:
963:Online Etymological Dictionary
951:
151:mostly in technical contexts,
1:
1246:Oxford University Press, 539.
1221:. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
944:
906:, even though the Latin word
737:Fowler's Modern English Usage
327:, a medium on which users of
1309:, Dana Vachon, December 2011
1296:, Alanis King, 26 April 2019
1083:: "NOVUM VIRUS COMPUTATORIUM
784:The situation with the word
654:
640:
631:second declension Latin noun
77:
7:
1233:Retrieved October 19, 2007.
1209:Retrieved November 2, 2023.
1162:OSW Official Scrabble Words
777:
613:(in that order); it labels
398:
182:are not second declension (
10:
1363:
1307:"The Code of the Winklevi"
1176:. Retrieved March 18, 2018
1174:PubMed search for octopods
859:
661:
647:
542:
158:
1231:Compact Oxford Dictionary
1207:Oxford English Dictionary
673:Compact Oxford Dictionary
598:Oxford English Dictionary
539:" or "virus particles".
281:
1022:, Issues #1, #3, #5, #7
685:British National Corpus
617:"rare", and notes that
240:is a shortened form of
139:in technical contexts,
790:is similar to that of
624:
288:The English plural of
228:
220:
703:Collegiate Dictionary
701:Merriam-Webster 11th
304:form (sometimes even
174:form their plural in
1185:Peters, Pam (2004).
882:(supposed plural of
856:Facetious formations
766:) is taken from the
748:is misconceived and
687:has 29 instances of
246:'for everyone', the
1109:William T. Stearn:
1242:Burchfield, R.W.,
34:, often replaces
1323:reference.com FAQ
892:(as a plural for
732:(in that order).
714:, in that order;
482:
481:
165:second declension
1354:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1136:
1130:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
955:
930:Winklevoss twins
664:
663:
657:
650:
649:
643:
627:
573:. A fourth form
399:
310:computer viruses
231:
223:
170:nouns ending in
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1347:English grammar
1337:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:, John Voelcker
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:(1989) Chambers
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
988:Merriam-Webster
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
957:
956:
952:
947:
878:. Examples are
864:
858:
832:Botanical Latin
828:
826:Botanical Latin
782:
768:taxonomic order
547:
514:hypercorrection
465:
443:
417:
413:
377:as a plural of
357:The Latin word
348:Classical Latin
286:
163:In Latin, most
161:
82:Prescriptivists
17:
12:
11:
5:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1334:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1273:
1260:
1248:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1131:
1102:
1088:
1073:
1064:
1053:Acton, William
1044:
1024:
1012:
1000:
975:
949:
948:
946:
943:
938:Social Network
857:
854:
827:
824:
781:
776:
546:
541:
480:
479:
474:
469:
459:
458:
453:
438:
432:
431:
426:
421:
409:
408:
405:
402:
285:
280:
193:nouns such as
160:
157:
86:descriptivists
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:Vanity Fair,
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1195:0-521-62181-X
1192:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1020:VLAD Magazine
1016:
1009:
1004:
989:
985:
979:
964:
960:
954:
950:
942:
940:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
910:has a plural
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
830:As a word in
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
644:
642:
636:
635:Ancient Greek
632:
628:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
593:
591:
588:is rare, and
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
545:
540:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
447:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
411:
410:
406:
403:
401:
400:
397:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:(rather than
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
234:
232:
230:
224:
222:
217:have plurals
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:have plurals
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Latin grammar
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
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106:
102:
98:
94:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
22:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1301:
1288:
1276:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1186:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:
953:
937:
934:
925:
921:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
889:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
849:
845:
841:
835:
829:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
778:
771:
763:
759:
757:
749:
745:
741:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
715:
711:
707:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
652:
638:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
589:
585:
581:
579:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
548:
543:
533:
528:
524:
520:
518:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
476:
471:
455:
449:
446:heteroclitic
440:
428:
423:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
343:
342:
337:
333:
328:
320:
318:
313:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
282:
275:
271:
263:
259:
255:
254:) plural of
241:
237:
235:
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
155:otherwise).
152:
148:
144:
143:otherwise),
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
35:
26:
24:
18:
1147:29 December
1143:. Rick Moen
1129:, of men)."
1033:Teste, Alph
917:Lada Priora
744:" and that
580:Currently,
496:instead of
1292:jalopnik,
1267:engadget,
1115:gen. sing.
968:21 October
959:"Syllabus"
945:References
885:stewardess
860:See also:
820:platypuses
804:platypodes
742:octopuses,
675:list only
444:(antique,
419:accusative
412:nominative
363:declension
268:Late Latin
1328:2 January
1197:, p. 388.
993:26 August
862:Dog Latin
758:The term
750:octopodes
730:octopodes
722:octopuses
708:octopuses
697:octopodes
695:and 4 of
689:octopuses
681:octopodes
677:octopuses
662:ὀκτώποδες
655:oktṓpodes
615:octopodes
611:octopodes
607:octopuses
586:octopodes
582:octopuses
570:octopodes
558:octopuses
519:The form
484:Usage of
394:Neo-Latin
352:mass noun
260:ignoramus
168:masculine
52:, plural
1341:Category
1123:gen. pl.
1119:nom. pl.
1055:(1860).
1035:(1854).
928:. The
924:line is
880:stewardi
870:or even
850:Cactuses
808:platypus
787:platypus
779:Platypus
764:octopods
762:(plural
753:pedantic
691:, 11 of
671:and the
648:ὀκτώπους
641:oktṓpous
575:octopods
467:ablative
436:genitive
415:vocative
404:singular
272:sittybos
264:Syllabus
248:ablative
141:formulas
137:formulae
129:corpuses
54:campuses
1127:virorum
800:octopus
796:platypi
792:octopus
772:octopus
760:octopod
637:, from
625:octōpūs
552:octopus
544:Octopus
537:virions
521:viruses
506:viruses
494:viruses
456:vīrōrum
407:plural
379:pelagus
294:viruses
276:syllabi
243:omnibus
207:corpora
159:History
153:indexes
149:indices
133:formula
125:corpora
113:alumnus
78:octopus
21:English
1258:(2006)
1193:
1121:vira,
1117:viri,
1096:Pons:
914:, the
912:priora
888:) and
846:cactus
837:cactus
746:octopi
726:octopi
720:lists
712:octopi
706:lists
693:octopi
619:octopi
603:octopi
601:lists
590:octopi
567:, and
564:octopi
531:does.
463:dative
375:pelage
350:was a
258:, and
252:dative
229:tribūs
215:tribus
199:corpus
191:neuter
121:corpus
117:alumni
111:) and
105:radius
99:, and
93:campus
74:octopi
49:campus
23:, the
1098:virus
926:Lexus
922:Lexus
908:prius
900:Prius
895:Elvis
842:cacti
812:sheep
629:is a
529:virii
512:is a
510:virii
502:virii
498:virii
486:virii
477:vīrīs
450:vīrus
424:vīrus
383:virus
359:vīrus
344:Vīrus
338:virii
321:virus
306:virii
290:virus
283:Virus
266:is a
256:omnis
250:(and
221:sinūs
211:sinus
203:opera
145:index
109:radii
97:bonus
38:with
32:Latin
1330:2005
1191:ISBN
1149:2010
995:2023
970:2018
904:Prii
890:Elvi
816:fish
728:and
710:and
609:and
595:The
527:nor
525:viri
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