307:(AMC) to develop a vaccine against pneumococcus was launched by GAVI in June 2009 as a strategy to address two of the major policy challenges to vaccine introduction: a lack of affordable vaccines on the market, and insufficient commercial incentives to develop vaccines for diseases concentrated in developing countries. Under the terms of an AMC, donors make a legally binding guarantee that, if a future vaccine is developed against a particular disease, they will purchase a predetermined amount at an agreed-upon price. The guarantee is linked to safety and efficacy standards that the vaccine must meet and is structured in a way to allow several firms to compete to develop and produce the best possible new product. AMCs reduce risk to donor governments by eliminating the need to fund individual research and development projects that may never produce a vaccine. If no company produces a vaccine that meets the predetermined standards, governments (and thus their taxpayers) spend nothing. For the bio-pharmaceutical industry, AMCs create a guaranteed market, with a promise of returns that would not normally exist. For
448:(PCV 7) (e.g. Prevnar, called Prevenar in some countries) was recommended for all children aged 2–23 months and for at-risk children aged 24–59 months in 2000. The normal four-dose series is given at 2, 4, 6 and 12–14 months of age. In February 2010, a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine which protects against an additional six serotypes was introduced (PCV 13/brand name: Prevnar 13) and can be given instead of the original Prevnar. On 10 June 2021, a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine which protects against 20 serotypes was approved with the brand name Prevnar 20. In April 2023, the FDA approved the use of Prevnar 20 vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease in children aged six weeks to 17 years.
480:, which has several consequences. The vaccine is ineffective in children less than 2 years old, presumably due to their less mature immune systems. Non-response is also common amongst older adults. Immunity is not lifelong, so individuals must be re-vaccinated at age 65 if their initial vaccination was given at age 60 or younger. Since no mucosal immunity is provoked, the vaccine does not affect carrier rates, promote herd immunity, or protect against upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Finally, provoking immune responses using unconjugated polysaccharides from the capsules of other bacteria, such as H. influenzae, has proven significantly more difficult.
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6, 19, 18, 9, 23, 7, 4, 1 and 15. In developing countries, the order was 6, 14, 8, 5, 1, 19, 9, 23, 18, 15 and 7. In order to further pneumococcal vaccine research and reduce childhood mortality, five countries and the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation established a pilot Advance Market Commitment for pneumococcal vaccines worth US$ 1.5 billion. Advance Market Commitments are a new approach to public health funding designed to stimulate the development and manufacture of vaccines for developing countries.
407:
to introduce PCV7 into its routine immunization program. Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) – including cases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria – have fallen substantially in South Africa following the introduction of PCV7. Among children under two years of age, the overall incidence of IPD declined nearly 70% after PCV introduction, and rates of IPD caused by bacteria specifically targeted by the vaccine decreased nearly 90%. Due to the indirect protection conferred by
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production of memory B cells. Among other things, this results in mucosal immunity and the eventual establishment of lifelong immunity after several exposures. The main drawbacks to conjugated vaccines are that they only provide protection against a subset of the serotypes covered by the polysaccharide vaccines. depitte, J.; Gove, Sandy; Breiman, Robert F.
512:
The development of serotype-specific anticapsular monoclonal antibodies has also been researched in recent years. These antibodies have been shown to prolong survival in a mouse model of pneumococcal infection characterized by a reduction in bacterial loads and a suppression of the host inflammatory
496:
covalently bound to the diphtheria toxoid CRM197, which is highly immunogenic but non-toxic. This combination provokes a significantly more robust immune response by recruiting CRM197-specific type 2 helper T cells, which allow for immunoglobulin type switching (to produce non-IgM immunoglobulin) and
406:
The 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13) were introduced into the national
Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in South Africa in 2009 and 2011, respectively. South Africa became the first African country – and the first nation in the world with a high HIV prevalence –
505:
Due to the geographic distribution of pneumococcal serotypes, additional research is needed to find the most efficacious vaccine for developing-world populations. In a previous study, the most common pneumococcal serotypes or groups from developed countries were found to be, in descending order, 14,
427:
It was announced in
February 2006, that the UK government would introduce vaccination with the conjugate vaccine in children aged 2, 4 and 13 months. This included changes to the immunisation programme in general. In 2009, the European Medicines Agency approved the use of a 10 valent pneumococcal
414:
Pneumovax 23 is used for all ages and, according to the enclosed patient information leaflet, has a reported 76% to 92% protective efficacy (pneumococcal types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B**, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V**, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14**, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A**, 19F**, 20, 22F, 23F** and 33F** are included, where **
337:; somewhat higher prices for GAVI, and unaffordable prices (about ten time the GAVI price) for middle-income countries too rich for GAVI aid. The pneumococcal program (unlike previous market-shaping programs from GAVI) did not include any mechanism for increasing competition.
255:. The recommended three or four doses are between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe pneumococcal disease. The polysaccharide vaccines, while effective in healthy adults, are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function.
348:
The national vaccination program started vaccinating newborns in 2004 with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 7). This was changed into the 13-valent conjugate (PCV 13) in 2011. The switch to the 10-valent conjugate (PCV 10) was made in July 2015 in
903:
1557:"Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site pneumococcal isolates from children--implications for vaccine strategies"
473:(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F). Immunity is induced primarily through stimulation of B-cells which release IgM without the assistance of T cells.
996:
2035:
368:'s general recommendations are 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 13) vaccine for children aged 2 months to 18 years and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV 23) vaccine for adults.
311:, AMCs provide funding to ensure that those vaccines will be affordable once they have been developed. It is estimated that the pneumococcal AMC could prevent more than 1.5 million childhood deaths by 2020.
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The Health
Council advised in 2018 that those who are over the age of 60 should also be vaccinated on a 5-year recurring schedule. The resulting program from this, NPPV, started at the end of 2020.
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There is research into producing vaccines than can be given into the nose rather than by injection. It is believed that this improves vaccine efficacy and also avoids the need for injection.
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1899:"The end of pneumonia? New vaccine offers hope: Vaccine under development provides the 'most comprehensive coverage' to date and alleviates antimicrobial concerns, new study finds"
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The
Humanitarian Mechanism makes the pneumococcal vaccine available to humanitarian actors (but not governments) at a lower than normal price during humanitarian emergencies.
1601:
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1722:"Modulation of the lung inflammatory response to serotype 8 pneumococcal infection by a human immunoglobulin m monoclonal antibody to serotype 8 capsular polysaccharide"
1004:
873:
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As of 2017, pneumonia vaccines target up to 23 forms of the bacterium that cause pneumonia with a new version under development covering 72 strains of the bacterium.
1323:
1477:
Pletz MW, Maus U, Krug N, Welte T, Lode H (September 2008). "Pneumococcal vaccines: mechanism of action, impact on epidemiology and adaption of the species".
99:
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These vaccines are generally safe. With the conjugate vaccine about 10% of babies develop redness at the site of injection, fever, or change in sleep.
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patients also have an indication for this vaccine because of the damage their lungs incurred. Vaccinating this group is not part of the NPPV program.
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conjugate vaccine for use in Europe. The 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine was introduced in the routine immunization schedule of the UK in April 2010.
296:(PneumoADIP) is a program to accelerate the evaluation and access to new pneumococcal vaccines in the developing world. PneumoADIP is funded by the
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response. Additional pneumococcal vaccine research is taking place to find a vaccine that offers broad protection against pneumococcal disease.
2337:
1337:
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
357:. In late 2020 a start was made with the vaccination of care home residents with the 23-valant pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV 23).
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for not encouraging innovation, discouraging competition from new market entrants, and raising vaccine costs. They said that it had allowed
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1673:"Intranasal immunization with killed unencapsulated whole cells prevents colonization and invasive disease by capsulated pneumococci"
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300:. Thirty GAVI countries have expressed interest in participating by 2010. PneumoADIP aims to save 5.4 million children by 2030.
2774:
1185:
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1771:"A human monoclonal immunoglobulin M reduces bacteremia and inflammation in a mouse model of systemic pneumococcal infection"
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Whole cell vaccinations were developed alongside characterisation of the subtypes of pneumococcus from the early 1900s.
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1436:
680:. Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Archived from
1632:"Mucosal delivery of a pneumococcal vaccine using Lactococcus lactis affords protection against respiratory infection"
746:"Shaping markets to benefit global health - A 15-year history and lessons learned from the pentavalent vaccine market"
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2017:
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indicates drug-resistant pneumococcal infections; these are the 23 most prevalent or invasive pneumococcal types of
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von
Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Tempia S, Quan V, Meiring S, von Mollendorf C, et al. (November 2014).
1273:
1398:
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The national vaccination program started including the pneumococcal vaccine for newborns in April 2006.
3281:
2799:
2236:
2219:
304:
1520:
Stein KE (June 1992). "Thymus-independent and thymus-dependent responses to polysaccharide antigens".
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2001:
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645:
556:
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Diagram with visual representation of the current indications for both the
Prevnar and the Pneumovax.
244:
970:[Jab against pneumacoccal; All babies vaccinated against bacteria from April of next year].
846:[Pneumococcal: New advice from High Health Council concerning the vaccination of newborns].
673:
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56:
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795:"Pneumococcal Vaccine is Launched in Africa, But Are Donors Getting a Fair Deal from Companies?"
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2114:
2098:
237:
1848:
Jones CH, Zhang G, Nayerhoda R, Beitelshees M, Hill A, Rostami P, et al. (October 2017).
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In May 2017, the
Government of India decided to include pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in its
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2452:
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2044:
1291:
1240:
280:
1671:
Malley R, Lipsitch M, Stack A, Saladino R, Fleisher G, Pelton S, et al. (August 2001).
1555:
Sniadack DH, Schwartz B, Lipman H, Bogaerts J, Butler JC, Dagan R, et al. (June 1995).
851:
436:
411:, a significant decline in IPD in children and in unvaccinated adults has also been shown.
91:
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8:
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1865:
721:"Gavi must stop giving millions in subsidies to Pfizer and GSK for pneumococcal vaccine"
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1974:
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1721:
1613:
1502:
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744:
Malhame M, Baker E, Gandhi G, Jones A, Kalpaxis P, Iqbal R, et al. (August 2019).
705:
627:
308:
284:
13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar 13) produced by Pfizer Japan in 2013.
1490:
967:"Prik tegen pneumokokken; Alle baby's vanaf april volgend jaar tegen bacterie ingeënt"
3323:
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2013:
1979:
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164:
69:
22:
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1936:
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1506:
1060:"Critical decline in pneumococcal disease and antibiotic resistance in South Africa"
631:
3114:
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2955:
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2729:
2034:
Salisbury D, Ramsay M, Noakes K, eds. (November 2006). "Chapter 25: Pneumococcal".
2005:
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1486:
1208:"Synflorix, GlaxoSmithKline's pneumococcal vaccine receives European authorisation"
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1994:
The immunological basis for immunization series: module 12: pneumococcal vaccines
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36:
1429:"Supplemental Approval: 20-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PREVNAR 20)"
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1983:
1937:"Global Pneumonia Vaccine Market Analysis 2016-2020 and Forecast 2021-2026"
1903:
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127:
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1095:
999:[Health council: 'continue pneumococcal vaccination of elderly'].
3003:
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2511:
2437:
2299:
2190:
2182:
1786:
1096:"Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa"
876:[Free pneumococcal vaccination for the residents of care homes].
844:"Pneumokokken - Nieuw advies Hoge Gezondheidsraad vaccinatie zuigelingen"
259:
658:
573:
268:
The first pneumococcal vaccine was developed in the 1980s. It is on the
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2009:
1368:"FDA Greenlights Pfizer's Pneumococcal Vaccine in Infants and Children"
293:
217:
182:
64:
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2617:
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930:
213:
85:
1587:
1160:"Pneumococcal vaccine added to the childhood immunisation programme"
997:"Gezondheidsraad: 'Doorgaan met pneumokokkenvaccinatie van ouderen'"
16:
Vaccine to prevent infection by the bacteria
Stretococcus pneumoniae
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Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan
252:
476:
This immune response is less robust than the response provoked by
2739:
2178:
2063:. In Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S (eds.).
1230:"Pneumococcal Vaccination: Information for Health Care Providers"
1211:
203:
45:
1850:"Comprehensive vaccine design for commensal disease progression"
1093:
559:(April 2012). "Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper--2012".
3042:
3027:
2313:
1991:
Käyhty H, Nurkka A, Soininen A, Väkeväinen M (September 2009).
322:
221:
1990:
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to maintain a duopoly, while making it more difficult for the
3037:
2922:
2523:
2457:
1029:[COVID-19 and vaccination against pneumococcal (2)].
3302:
1948:
Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM (January 2013).
1630:
Hanniffy SB, Carter AT, Hitchin E, Wells JM (January 2007).
1602:"Saving Lives with New Vaccines: Advance Market Commitments"
874:"Gratis pneumokokkenvaccin voor bewoners van woonzorgcentra"
681:
30:
2332:
2115:"Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Information Statement"
2066:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1947:
1670:
1609:
1399:"FDA clears Pfizer's Prevnar 20 vaccine for IPD prevention"
700:
1950:"Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults"
1768:
1629:
718:
598:"A century of pneumococcal vaccination research in humans"
1089:
1087:
644:
555:
394:
Health authorities reported in December 2020 that former
247:(WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in the
3329:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
1769:
Fabrizio K, Groner A, Boes M, Pirofski LA (April 2007).
1263:"Prevenar — Annex I: Summary of Product Characteristics"
792:
1819:"Acute Respiratory Infections (Update September 2009):
743:
270:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
2099:"Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Information Statement"
1084:
817:
3279:
2033:
1606:
Advance Market Commitments for Vaccines (vaccineAMC)
926:"Pneumonia vaccine to be part of immunisation drive"
298:
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)
2058:
904:"Pneumococcal vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide"
333:to sell their cheaper vaccine. The duopoly allowed
1719:
1476:
965:
595:
3195:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1182:"Changes to the immunisation programme in the UK"
666:
35:23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine by
3315:
1184:. Meningitis Research Foundation. Archived from
224:. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines:
1027:"COVID-19 en vaccinatie tegen pneumokokken (2)"
688:
465:most commonly used today consists of purified
719:Photography by Apostolia S (3 December 2019).
696:"Pneumococcal Advance Market Commitment (AMC)"
2155:
1720:Burns T, Abadi M, Pirofski LA (August 2005).
1479:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
793:Photography by De Cock B (23 February 2011).
1036:(in Dutch). 17 December 2020. Archived from
994:
251:given to children. This includes those with
1954:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
880:(in Dutch). 9 November 2020. Archived from
596:Grabenstein JD, Klugman KP (October 2012).
169:In general: â„ž (Prescription only)
2162:
2148:
2121:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2105:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2071:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1841:
1235:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
551:
549:
29:
2132:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1973:
1881:
1794:
1745:
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1647:
1111:
850:(in Dutch). 15 April 2019. Archived from
769:
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541:
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531:
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1564:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
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1454:
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435:
279:
2069:(14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S.
2059:Gierke R, Wodi AP, Kobayashi M (2021).
2037:Immunisation against infectious disease
1292:"Vaccine Approved for Child Infections"
3316:
1289:
1128:
638:
526:
212:. Their use can prevent some cases of
2143:
2077:from the original on 30 December 2016
1827:Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
1519:
1513:
1451:
1322:(FDA). 12 January 2012. STN: 125324.
1304:from the original on 4 November 2015.
652:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
483:
232:. They are given by injection either
158:
90:
1326:from the original on 18 August 2011.
1164:Department of Health and Social Care
444:In the United States, a heptavalent
131:
121:
111:
1534:10.1093/infdis/165-supplement_1-s49
1174:
1100:The New England Journal of Medicine
995:van Twillert M (17 December 2020).
602:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
463:pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
13:
3222:Eradication of infectious diseases
2979:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2061:"Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease"
1934:
1927:
1636:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1522:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1136:"Children to be given new vaccine"
910:. 16 February 2020. Archived from
383:
319:criticized GAVI's pneumococcal AMC
275:
14:
3340:
2812:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2091:
1907:. 20 October 2017. Archived from
1491:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.021
1166:. 8 February 2006. Archived from
1148:from the original on 30 May 2006.
1072:from the original on 23 July 2015
1032:Health Council of the Netherlands
422:
3301:
3289:
3201:Alternative vaccination schedule
2171:Artificial induction of immunity
1576:10.1097/00006454-199506000-00007
615:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03943.x
431:
378:Universal Immunization Programme
1811:
1775:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
1762:
1738:10.1128/IAI.73.8.4530-4538.2005
1713:
1689:10.1128/IAI.69.8.4870-4873.2001
1664:
1623:
1612:. November 2012. Archived from
1594:
1548:
1439:from the original on 1 May 2023
1421:
1409:from the original on 3 May 2023
1390:
1378:from the original on 3 May 2023
1360:
1330:
1308:
1283:
1255:
1222:
1214:. 31 March 2009. Archived from
1200:
1052:
1019:
988:
958:
918:
896:
866:
836:
818:Photograph by Ekholm K (2015).
401:
3033:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1966:10.1002/14651858.CD000422.pub3
1344:. 10 June 2021. Archived from
1239:. 11 July 2016. Archived from
811:
786:
737:
712:
589:
490:pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
446:pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
1:
2564:Group B streptococcal disease
2383:Vaccines for Children Program
1290:Wilson D (24 February 2010).
561:Weekly Epidemiological Record
519:
1433:Food and Drug Administration
1397:Hazarika I (28 April 2023).
1342:Food and Drug Administration
1320:Food and Drug Administration
451:
288:
7:
976:(in Dutch). 3 December 2005
762:10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100033
500:
39:as it is marketed in Japan.
10:
3345:
1003:(in Dutch). Archived from
662:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
343:
3240:
3209:
3148:
3080:
2971:
2943:
2910:
2579:
2410:
2403:
2322:
2250:
2202:
2002:World Health Organization
1831:World Health Organization
1403:Pharmaceutical Technology
1270:European Medicines Agency
646:World Health Organization
557:World Health Organization
360:
305:Advance Market Commitment
245:World Health Organization
181:
176:
148:
143:
98:
80:
75:
63:
51:
44:
28:
2559:Clostridioides difficile
2134:Medical Subject Headings
1821:Streptococcus pneumoniae
417:Streptococcus pneumoniae
371:
331:Serum Institute of India
209:Streptococcus pneumoniae
57:Streptococcus pneumoniae
2822:Tick-borne encephalitis
1941:Industry Research Place
825:Doctors Without Borders
800:Doctors Without Borders
726:Doctors Without Borders
315:Doctors Without Borders
230:polysaccharide vaccines
3232:List of vaccine topics
2227:Mathematical modelling
1874:10.1126/sciadv.1701797
1726:Infection and Immunity
1677:Infection and Immunity
457:Polysaccharide vaccine
441:
285:
206:against the bacterium
3227:Vaccinate Your Family
2678:Japanese encephalitis
2130:Pneumococcal Vaccines
2045:Public Health England
2029:on 14 September 2022.
1833:(WHO). Archived from
1113:10.1056/NEJMoa1401914
807:on 14 September 2022.
492:consists of capsular
439:
283:
249:routine immunizations
200:Pneumococcal vaccines
3110:John Franklin Enders
1787:10.1128/CVI.00374-06
1528:(Suppl 1): S49–S52.
1279:on 17 December 2008.
1040:on 19 September 2021
984:– via Delpher.
914:on 1 September 2022.
908:Government of Canada
335:price discrimination
309:developing countries
23:Pneumococcal vaccine
2291:Virus-like particle
2215:Vaccine ingredients
1866:2017SciA....3E1797J
1348:on 6 September 2022
1170:on 23 October 2006.
1144:. 8 February 2006.
878:laatjevaccineren.be
684:on 8 February 2011.
478:conjugated vaccines
238:just under the skin
46:Vaccine description
25:
3267:Never to phase III
3066:Hexavalent vaccine
2880:Epstein–Barr virus
2775:Oxford–AstraZeneca
2463:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1896:; Lay summary in:
1590:on 28 August 2021.
1297:The New York Times
884:on 28 October 2021
854:on 1 February 2022
608:(Suppl 5): 15–24.
484:Conjugated vaccine
442:
286:
226:conjugate vaccines
21:
3277:
3276:
3189:Vaccines and SIDS
3076:
3075:
2850:Hepatitis A and B
2826:Varicella zoster
2283:Subunit/component
2054:on 11 March 2022.
1435:. 27 April 2023.
1374:. 28 April 2023.
1218:on 4 August 2009.
1210:(Press release).
1162:(Press release).
1106:(20): 1889–1899.
1034:(Gezondheidsraad)
946:on 18 August 2022
733:on 2 August 2022.
197:
196:
162:
3336:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3168:MMR autism fraud
3115:Maurice Hilleman
3100:Hilary Koprowski
2408:
2407:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2125:. 27 April 2023.
2110:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2055:
2053:
2047:. Archived from
2042:
2030:
2028:
2022:. Archived from
1999:
1987:
1977:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:on 8 August 2022
1895:
1885:
1860:(10): e1701797.
1854:Science Advances
1845:
1839:
1838:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1732:(8): 4530–4538.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1683:(8): 4870–4873.
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1619:on 6 March 2016.
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1586:. Archived from
1561:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1474:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:. Archived from
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
973:Algemeen Dagblad
969:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
942:. Archived from
922:
916:
915:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
840:
834:
833:
832:on 27 June 2022.
828:. Archived from
815:
809:
808:
803:. Archived from
790:
784:
783:
773:
741:
735:
734:
729:. Archived from
716:
710:
709:
704:. Archived from
692:
686:
685:
670:
664:
663:
661:
642:
636:
635:
617:
593:
587:
586:
576:
553:
353:and May 2016 in
260:Severe allergies
160:
157:
135:
125:
115:
94:
33:
26:
24:
20:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3257:Clinical trials
3236:
3205:
3144:
3120:Stanley Plotkin
3082:
3072:
2984:Cancer vaccines
2967:
2961:Schistosomiasis
2939:
2933:Trypanosomiasis
2906:
2870:Cytomegalovirus
2780:Pfizer–BioNTech
2575:
2399:
2348:Vaccine wastage
2318:
2246:
2198:
2168:
2113:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2051:
2040:
2026:
2020:
1997:
1960:(1): CD000422.
1930:
1928:Further reading
1925:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1846:
1842:
1837:on 23 May 2012.
1817:
1816:
1812:
1767:
1763:
1718:
1714:
1669:
1665:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1518:
1514:
1475:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:on 23 July 2016
1228:
1227:
1223:
1212:GlaxoSmithKline
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1188:on 13 July 2007
1180:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1092:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1001:Medisch Contact
993:
989:
979:
977:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
934:. 14 May 2017.
924:
923:
919:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
842:
841:
837:
816:
812:
791:
787:
742:
738:
717:
713:
708:on 7 June 2013.
694:
693:
689:
672:
671:
667:
643:
639:
594:
590:
567:(14): 129–144.
554:
527:
522:
503:
494:polysaccharides
486:
467:polysaccharides
459:
454:
434:
425:
404:
386:
384:The Netherlands
374:
363:
346:
327:GlaxoSmithKline
291:
278:
276:Recommendations
262:are very rare.
193:
172:
139:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:Katalin KarikĂł
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Herpes simplex
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Sinopharm BIBP
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Bharat Biotech
2737:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:Vaccine injury
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2323:Administration
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2111:
2109:. 11 May 2023.
2093:
2092:External links
2090:
2088:
2087:
2056:
2031:
2018:
1988:
1945:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1840:
1810:
1781:(4): 382–390.
1761:
1712:
1663:
1649:10.1086/509807
1642:(2): 185–193.
1622:
1593:
1570:(6): 503–510.
1547:
1512:
1485:(3): 199–206.
1450:
1420:
1389:
1359:
1329:
1307:
1282:
1254:
1221:
1199:
1173:
1151:
1127:
1083:
1051:
1018:
1007:on 15 May 2021
987:
957:
917:
895:
865:
835:
810:
785:
736:
711:
687:
674:"Vaccine Fund"
665:
637:
588:
524:
523:
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518:
502:
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485:
482:
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453:
450:
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423:United Kingdom
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34:
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2:
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3287:
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3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3140:Drew Weissman
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:H. Fred Clark
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Louis Pasteur
3093:
3091:
3090:Edward Jenner
3088:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:DTwP-HepB-Hib
3059:
3057:
3056:DTaP-IPV-HepB
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:combination:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:Helminthiasis
2942:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:combination:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2542:
2541:
2540:combination:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:Meningococcus
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Leptospirosis
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
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2419:
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2413:
2409:
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2402:
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2378:Vaccine court
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:GAVI Alliance
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
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2277:
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2268:
2266:
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2259:
2256:
2255:
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2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
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2225:
2221:
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2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
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2176:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
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2146:
2145:
2142:
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2131:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
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2096:
2095:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2019:9789241598217
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
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1963:
1959:
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1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1910:
1906:
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1893:
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1884:
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2842:Yellow fever
2755:EpiVacCorona
2507:Tuberculosis
2480:Pneumococcal
2479:
2448:Lyme disease
2276:Heterologous
2175:Immunization
2118:
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2079:. Retrieved
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1350:. Retrieved
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1332:
1316:"Prevnar 13"
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150:Legal status
144:Legal status
65:Vaccine type
55:
18:
3253:from market
3149:Controversy
3083:researchers
2999:Hepatitis B
2885:Hepatitis C
2830:Chicken pox
2656:Hepatitis E
2651:Hepatitis B
2646:Hepatitis A
2592:Chikungunya
2569:Shigellosis
2423:Brucellosis
2309:Therapeutic
2263:Inactivated
2203:Development
2191:Inoculation
2183:Vaccination
2081:12 November
2010:10665/44135
1011:4 September
980:4 September
888:5 September
858:5 September
177:Identifiers
3318:Categories
3184:Thiomersal
3130:Paul Offit
3105:Jonas Salk
3081:Inventors/
2952:research:
2929:research:
2866:research:
2795:Skycovione
2785:Sanofi–GSK
2730:SARS-CoV-2
2641:Hantavirus
2602:rVSV-ZEBOV
2587:Adenovirus
2555:research:
2433:Diphtheria
2271:Attenuated
1935:Kakade R.
756:: 100033.
678:PneumoADIP
520:References
218:meningitis
183:ChemSpider
3263:Phase III
3251:Withdrawn
3179:Pox party
2989:ALVAC-CEA
2911:Protozoan
2800:Sputnik V
2750:CoronaVac
2720:Rotavirus
2618:Pandemrix
2470:Pertussis
2411:Bacterial
2295:Synthetic
2258:Conjugate
2210:Adjuvants
2187:Infection
1044:19 August
940:0971-751X
931:The Hindu
471:serotypes
452:Mechanism
289:Worldwide
214:pneumonia
92:Monograph
86:Drugs.com
70:Conjugate
3324:Vaccines
3296:Medicine
3021:Prostvac
3014:Gardasil
3009:Cervarix
2956:Hookworm
2835:Shingles
2817:Smallpox
2735:Corbevax
2671:Gardasil
2666:Cervarix
2404:Vaccines
2358:Schedule
2329:Global:
2237:Timeline
2179:Vaccines
2075:Archived
1984:23440780
1892:29057325
1805:17301214
1756:16040964
1707:11447162
1658:17191163
1507:10514479
1499:18378430
1437:Archived
1407:Archived
1376:Archived
1372:BioSpace
1324:Archived
1302:Archived
1146:Archived
1141:BBC News
1122:25386897
1070:Archived
780:31384748
648:(2023).
632:25558809
624:22882735
583:24340399
501:Research
469:from 23
396:COVID-19
355:Wallonia
351:Flanders
303:A pilot
253:HIV/AIDS
204:vaccines
100:ATC code
3308:Viruses
3282:Portals
3210:Related
3156:General
2918:Malaria
2805:Valneva
2770:Novavax
2765:Moderna
2760:Janssen
2745:CanSino
2725:Rubella
2683:Measles
2549:Td/Tdap
2519:Typhoid
2502:Tetanus
2497:Q fever
2428:Cholera
2418:Anthrax
2287:Peptide
2251:Classes
2232:Storage
2073:(CDC).
2004:(WHO).
1975:7045867
1915:12 July
1883:5647123
1862:Bibcode
1796:1865609
1747:1201218
1584:7667055
1542:1588177
1352:20 June
1318:. U.S.
1247:26 July
1076:20 July
771:6668221
750:Vaccine
344:Belgium
130: (
128:J07AL52
120: (
118:J07AL02
116:)
110: (
108:J07AL01
3246:WHO-EM
3166:Lancet
3043:TA-NIC
3028:NicVAX
2875:Dengue
2715:Rabies
2536:Typhus
2475:Plague
2353:Policy
2314:Toxoid
2242:Trials
2136:(MeSH)
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323:Pfizer
222:sepsis
220:, and
165:â„ž-only
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3174:NCVIA
3038:TA-CD
2972:Other
2923:RTS,S
2703:Sabin
2698:Polio
2693:Mumps
2597:Ebola
2580:Viral
2529:ViCPS
2524:Ty21a
2458:MeNZB
2388:VAERS
2338:NITAG
2267:Live
2123:(CDC)
2119:U.S.
2107:(CDC)
2103:U.S.
2052:(PDF)
2041:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1698:98576
1617:(PDF)
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1413:3 May
1382:3 May
1277:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1237:(CDC)
1192:6 May
628:S2CID
372:India
2900:Zika
2860:MMRV
2708:Salk
2688:Mpox
2634:LAIV
2629:H5N8
2624:H5N1
2614:H1N1
2490:PPSV
2373:ACIP
2369:US:
2343:SAGE
2304:mRNA
2220:list
2083:2019
2014:ISBN
1980:PMID
1917:2018
1888:PMID
1801:PMID
1752:PMID
1703:PMID
1654:PMID
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1580:PMID
1538:PMID
1495:PMID
1445:2023
1415:2023
1384:2023
1354:2021
1249:2016
1194:2017
1118:PMID
1078:2015
1065:NICD
1046:2021
1013:2021
982:2021
952:2017
936:ISSN
890:2021
860:2020
776:PMID
701:GAVI
620:PMID
579:PMID
488:The
461:The
325:and
317:has
243:The
228:and
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190:none
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3161:MMR
3004:HPV
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2895:HIV
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2661:HPV
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2485:PCV
2438:Hib
2393:VSD
2300:DNA
2195:J07
2006:hdl
1970:PMC
1962:doi
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1870:doi
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